内容正文:
重难点01 语法填空之词性转换(综合练)
考点
五年考情(2020-2024)
命题趋势
词性转化
5年4考
1.形容词与名词的相互转换
2.形容词与副词的相互转换
3.名词与形容词相互转换
一.动词性后缀变化细则
A动词后缀-en
内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。
(1)以-d, -f, -h, -k, -p, -t结尾的形容词或名词直接加-en
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
broad
broaden
拓宽
hard
harden
变硬,硬化
dead
deaden
变迟钝
deaf
deafen
震耳欲聋
rough
rough
变粗糙
length
lengthen
延长
tough
toughen
强化
strength
strengthen
加强
quick
quicken
加快
weak
weaken
减弱
dark
darken
变暗
thick
thicken
加厚,变稠
black
blacken
变黑
sick
sicken
患病,使震怒
sharp
sharpen
磨利
deep
deepen
加深,深化
short
shorten
缩短
soft
soften
软化
fast
fasten
加固,拴住
height
heighten
增高
light
lighten
减轻
threat
threaten
威胁
bright
brighten
变亮
fright
frighten
惊吓
tight
tighten
紧缩
注意:粗体部分为常考易错词例(下同),斜体部分为“名词加-en”构成动词的词例。
(2)以-e结尾的形容词只需加-n
形容词
派生动词
中文含义
形容词
派生动词
中文含义
wide
widen
拓宽
white
whiten
变白
awake
awaken
唤醒
loose
loosen
放松
(3)重读闭音节结尾的双写辅音字母再加-en
形容词
派生动词
中文含义
形容词
派生动词
中文含义
fat
fatten
变胖
flat
flatten
弄平,弄扁
mad
madden
使生气/发疯
sad
sadden
使悲伤
red
redden
变红
(4)有些形容词比较级也可加-(e)n构成动词
adj.比较级
派生动词
中文含义
adj.比较级
派生动词
中文含义
less
lessen
减少
worse
worsen
恶化
B.动词后缀-ify
内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。
(1)以-d, -r, -s, -t结尾的直接加-ify
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
solid
solidify
凝固
terror
terrify
使恐惧
class
classify
分类
horror
horrify
使惊恐
just
justify
证明,辩解
(2)以-e结尾的去-e再加-ify
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
simple
simplify
简化
pure
purify
净化
false
falsify
伪造
diverse
diversify
多样化
(3)以-y结尾的去-y再加-ify
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
beauty
beautify
美化
pretty
prettify
粉饰,美化
(4)与名词性后缀-ity互为“反转型后缀”
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
quality
qualify
使合格
identity
identify
确认身份
unity
unify
联合
C.动词后缀-ise/-ize
内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。
(1)以-d,-l,-n,-r结尾的直接加-ise/-ize
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
standard
standardize
标准化
organ
organize
组织
legal
legalize
合法化
modern
modernize
现代化
real
realize
实现
popular
popularize
普及,推广
symbol
symbolize
象征
familiar
familiarize
熟悉
special
specialize
专攻
(2)以-y结尾的去-y再加-ise/-ize
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
apology歉意
apologize
道歉
summary
summarize
总结,概括
energy能量
energize
增添能量
priority
prioritize
优先处理
(3)与名词性后缀-mum, -ism, -sis等互为“反转型后缀”
名词
派生动词
中文含义
名词
派生动词
中文含义
maximum
maximize
最大化
minimum
minimize
最小化
criticism
criticize
批评
emphasis
emphasize
强调
注意-ize的一个变体后缀-yze
analysis
analyze
分析
D,动词后缀-ate
内在含义:表示“赋予……性质”。
(1)直接在名词之后加-ate
名词
派生动词
中文含义
origin
originate
源于,创立
(1) 与名词性后缀-ation互为“反转型后缀”
动词
名词
中文含义
动词
名词
中文含义
celebrate
celebration
庆祝;庆贺
congratulate
congratulation
祝贺
decorate
decoration
装饰
translate
translation
翻译;译文
separate
separation
分离,分开
regulate
regulation
规章制度
operate
operation
操作,手术
motivate
motivation
动机,积极性
cooperate
cooperation
合作
innovate
innovation
创新,改革
liberate
liberation
解放
participate
participation
参加
generate
generation
产生,一代
hesitate
hesitation
犹豫
narrate
narration
叙述,解说
appreciate
appreciation
欣赏;感激
communicate
communication
交流
associate
association
联系;联盟
locate
location
地点,定位
graduate
graduation
毕业
accommodate
accommodation
住处,住宿
educate
education
教育
二.副词性后缀变化细则
英语中出镜率最高的副词后缀-ly其实还兼具形容词和名词的功能,笔者以表格的形式将其三大功能、八条变化细则以及中学常见词例汇集于此。
A:-ly作副词性后缀
内在含义:表示“以……方式,……地”。
(1)以-d, -f, -h, -k, -m,-n, -p, -r, -s, -t, -w结尾的,直接加-ly
根词
派生副词
中文含义
根词
派生副词
中文含义
bad
badly
严重地,很
deep
deeply
深深地
sad
sadly
悲伤地
sharp
sharply
急剧地
mad
madly
疯狂地
clear
clearly
清楚地
cold
coldly
冷淡的
near
nearly
将近,几乎
brief
briefly
简要地
poor
poorly
很差,不足
chief
chiefly
主要地
over
overly
过分地
high
highly
高度地
obvious
obviously
显然
rough
roughly
粗略地
curious
curiously
好奇地
tough
toughly
强硬地
generous
generously
慷慨地
smooth
smoothly
顺利地
dangerous
dangerously
危险地
month
monthly
每月一次地
great
greatly
极大地
quick
quickly
很快地
short
shortly
立即
warm
warmly
温暖地
slight
slightly
轻微地
firm
firmly
坚定的
important
importantly
重要地
calm
calmly
淡定地
patient
patiently
耐心地
even
evenly
均匀地
slow
slowly
慢慢地
sudden
suddenly
突然地
narrow
narrowly
侥幸地
注意:粗体部分为常考易错词例(下同),斜体部分为“非形容词加-ly”构成副词的词例。
(2)以-y结尾的词绝大多数变y为i再加-ly(包括“元音字母+y”的单词)。
根词
派生副词
中文含义
根词
派生副词
中文含义
happy
happily
幸福地
merry
merrily
快乐地
angry
angrily
生气地
hungry
hungrily
饥饿地
easy
easily
轻松地
healthy
healthily
健康地
necessary
necessarily
必然地
heavy
heavily
沉重地
unnecessary
unnecessarily
未必
lucky
luckily
幸运地
steady
steadily
稳定地
unlucky
unluckily
不幸地
ready
readily
乐意地
shaky
shakily
颤抖地
day
daily
每日一次地
gay
gaily
开心地
当y为词中唯一元音时,则y不变,直接加-ly:
shy
shyly
羞怯地
(3)以“单个辅音字母加-e”结尾的形容词,绝大多数直接加-ly
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
accurate
accurately
精确地
appropriate
appropriately
适当地
active
actively
积极地
attentive
attentively
专心地
attractive
attractively
诱人地
impressive
impressively
深刻地
complete
completely
完全地
nice
nicely
很好地
entire
entirely
完全地
immediate
immediately
立即
fortunate
fortunately
幸运地
unfortunate
unfortunately
不幸地
deliberate
deliberately
故意地
brave
bravely
勇敢地
extreme
extremely
极其
huge
hugely
巨大地
large
largely
大大地
strange
strangely
奇怪地
mere
merely
仅仅
sincere
sincerely
诚恳地
sure
surely
确切地
pure
purely
纯粹地
safe
safely
安全地
rare
rarely
很少
wide
widely
广泛地
wise
wisely
明智地
(4)以-ble, -gle, -ple, -tle结尾的形容词只需变-e为-y
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
terrible
terribly
非常
horrible
horribly
可怕地
possible
possibly
有可能
impossible
impossibly
不可能
probable
probably
大概
improbable
improbably
不可能
comfortable
comfortably
舒适地
reasonable
reasonably
尚可,合理地
single
singly
仅仅
unreasonable
unreasonably
不可理喻地
gentle
gently
轻柔地
simple
simply
仅仅,简直
(5) 以-ue, -ole结尾的形容词则需去-e再加-ly:
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
true
truly
真诚地
whole
wholly
完全地
due
duly
准时地
注意:中学英语中只有三个词是去-e加-ly的!
(6) 以-ic结尾的形容词需加-al再加-ly,即在-ic之后加-ally:
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
basic
basically
基本上
economic
economically
在经济方面
heroic
heroically
英勇地
scenic
scenically
在风景方面
athletic
athletically
健壮地
historic
historically
历史性地
poetic
poetically
富有诗意地
politic
politically
在政治方面
scientific
scientifically
科学地
classic
classically
典雅地
authentic
authentically
真正地
comic
comically
滑稽地
automatic
automatically
自动地
dramatic
dramatically
戏剧性地
注意:public只需直接加-ly:
public
publicly
公开地
(7)以-al, -ul结尾的形容词还要再加-ly:
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
actual
actually
事实上
real
really
真正地
natural
naturally
自然地
final
finally
最后
traditional
traditionally
传统地
personal
personally
就本人而言
conventional
conventionally
传统地
accidental
accidentally
意外地
universal
universally
普遍地
practical
practically
实际地
careful
carefully
小心地
hopeful
hopefully
有希望地
thankful
thankfully
感激地
successful
successfully
成功地
(8)以-ll结尾的形容词则只需加-y:
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
full
fully
充分地
dull
dully
木然地
B.-ly作形容词性后缀
内在含义:表示“有…性质的”。
根词
派生副词
中文含义
根词
派生副词
中文含义
friend
friendly
友好的
love
lovely
可爱的
father
fatherly
父亲般的
like
likely
很可能的
brother
brotherly
兄弟般的
live
lively
生气勃勃的
man
manly
像爷们的
cost
costly
昂贵的
time
timely
及时的
dead
deadly
致命的
C.-ly兼作形容词、副词和名词性后缀
内在含义:详见下表。
名词
派生词
形容词含义
副词含义
名词含义
day
daily
每天一次的
每天一次地
日报
week
weekly
每周一次的
每周一次地
周报,周刊
month
monthly
每月一次的
每月一次地
月报,月刊
year
yearly
每年一次的
每年一次地
年报,年鉴
quarter
quarterly
每季一次的
每季一次地
季刊
fortnight
fortnightly
每两周一次的
每两周一次地
————
hour
hourly
每小时一次的
每小时一次地
————
三.名词性后缀变化细则
A.名词性后缀-er
内在含义:表示执行该动作的人物、工具或具有该动作功能的试剂等。
(1)大多数动词直接加-er
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
fighter
战士;战机
sweeter
甜味剂
hunter
猎人
counter
柜台
painter
画家
interpreter
口译员
reporter
记者
poster
招贴画
owner
主人
cleaner
清洁工/剂/器
porter
搬运工
prisoner
囚犯
farmer
农民
performer
表演者
foreigner
外国人
recorder
录音机
leader
领袖
reader
读者
speaker
演讲人
cooker
炊具
founder
创立者
teacher
教师
killer
杀手
traveler
旅行者
researcher
研究者
thriller
恐怖片
photographer
摄影师
singer
歌手
container
容器
reminder
提醒物
* 注意remain这个词的特殊变化:
remain
remainder
剩余物
(2) 重读闭音节结尾的动词需双写辅音字母再加-er
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
begin
beginner
初学者
win
winner
获胜者
rob
robber
抢劫犯
run
runner
奔跑者
rub
rubber
橡皮擦
dig
digger
挖掘机/者
(3)以-e结尾的动词只需直接加-r
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
writer
作家,作者
officer
军官; 警官
user
用户
rider
骑手
ruler
统治者;尺
eraser
橡皮擦
smoker
吸烟者
settler
移居者
driver
司机
joker
爱搞笑的人
manager
经理
diver
潜水员
villager
村民
stranger
陌生人
receiver
电话听筒
(4)以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词变y为i再加-er
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
carry
carrier
搬运者
worry
worrier
多愁善感者
(5)以元音字母加-y结尾的动词则直接加-er
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
pay
payer
付账者
play
player
表演者
employ
employer
雇主
destroy
destroyer
毁灭者,
(6)以-aw结尾的动词先加-y再加-er
名词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
law
lawyer
律师
saw
sawyer
锯木工人
B.名词性后缀-or
内在含义:表示执行该动作的人物、工具等。
(1)大多数动词直接加-or
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
actor
男演员
director
董事;导演
detector
探测器
visitor
参观者
inventor
发明家
protector
保护者
conductor
指挥家;导体
collector
收藏家
connector
连接器
instructor
教练,导师
constructor
建造者
editor
编辑
sailor
水手,海员
conqueror
征服者
error
错误
(2) 以-te结尾的动词去-e再加-or
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
educate
educator
教育家
translate
translator
翻译家
calculate
calculator
计算器
generate
generator
发电机
operate
operator
接线员
accelerate
accelerator
加速器,油门
cooperate
cooperator
合作者
create
creator
创立者
* 注意donate这个词的特殊变化:
donate
donor
捐赠者
C.名词性后缀-ist
内在含义:表示“……信仰者”、专家、从事……的人。
(1) 以-l, -n, -r, -t结尾的形容词、名词直接加-ist
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
socialist
社会主义者
novelist
小说家
specialist
专家
journalist
记者
medalist
奖牌得主
violinist
小提琴家
perfectionist
完美主义者
receptionist
接待员
conservationist
环保主义者
tourist
游客
artist
艺术家
(2)以-e, -o结尾的词先去除-e, -o再加-ist
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
cycle
cyclist
骑单车者
pure
purist
纯粹主义者
type
typist
打字员
piano
pianist
钢琴家
(3)以下几个变化特殊,请注意观察
名词
名词
含义
名词
名词
含义
physics
physicist
物理学家
science
scientist
科学家
chemistry
chemist
化学家
D.名词性后缀-ian
内在含义:表示“具有某专长的人”或“来自某地的人”。
(1)以-c, -t, -il结尾的名词直接加-ian
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
music
musician
音乐家
magic
magician
魔术师
Egypt
Egyptian
埃及人
Christ
Christian
基督教徒
civil
civilian
平民
Brazil
Brazilian
巴西人
(2)以-y结尾的名词去-y加-ian
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
library
librarian
图书管理员
Italy
Italian
意大利人
(3)以-ia结尾的洲名、国名只需加-n
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
Asia
Asian
亚洲人
India
Indian
印度人
Russia
Russian
俄国人
Australia
Australian
澳大利亚人
(4)其它变化
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
politics
politician
政治家
mathematics
mathematician
数学家
physical
physician
内科医生
Canada
Canadian
加拿大人
E.名词性后缀-ant
内在含义:表示做某事的人、起某种作用的物。
(1)以-t结尾的动词直接加-ian
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
account
accountant
会计
assist
assistant
助手
consult
consultant
顾问
(2)以-e结尾的动词去-e加-ant
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
pollute
pollutant
污染物
serve
servant
仆人
(3)特殊变化
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
participate
participant
参与者
apply
applicant
申请人
F.名词性后缀-ess
内在含义:表示“……信仰者”、专家、从事……的人。
(2) 以-l, -n, -r, -t结尾的形容词、名词直接加-ist
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
socialist
社会主义者
novelist
小说家
specialist
专家
journalist
记者
medalist
奖牌得主
violinist
小提琴家
perfectionist
完美主义者
receptionist
接待员
conservationist
环保主义者
tourist
游客
artist
艺术家
(2)以-e, -o结尾的词先去除-e, -o再加-ist
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
cycle
cyclist
骑单车者
pure
purist
纯粹主义者
type
typist
打字员
piano
pianist
钢琴家
(3)以下几个变化特殊,请注意观察
名词
名词
含义
名词
名词
含义
physics
physicist
物理学家
science
scientist
科学家
chemistry
chemist
化学家
G.名词性后缀-eer
内在含义:表示“与……有关的人。
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
mountain
mountaineer
登山运动员
engine
engineer
工程师
voluntary
volunteer
志愿者
H.名词性后缀-ee
内在含义:表示“动作的承受者”,与-er结尾的同根词有相反关系,试比较:
派生词
含义
派生词
含义
派生词
含义
employer
雇主
interviewer
面试官
trainer
培训教官
employee
雇员
interviewee
面试者
trainee
培训学员
I.名词性后缀–ion (-tion /-ation /-sion /-ssion/-ition)
内在含义:表示行为过程或结果。
(1)直接加-ion变为名词(以-ct, -st, -ent, -ss结尾的动词)为主:
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
act
action
行动
interact
interaction
交流,互动
react
reaction
反应
infect
infection
传染,感染
attract
attraction
吸引;景点
suggest
suggestion
建议
predict
prediction
预言;预报
digest
digestion
消化
protect
protection
保护
invent
invention
发明
collect
collection
收集;藏品
prevent
prevention
阻止
connect
connection
连接;关系
discuss
discussion
讨论
correct
correction
改正;纠正
possess
possession
所有;财产
construct
construction
建设;建筑物
express
expression
表达;表情
instruct
instruction
指令,说明
impress
impression
印象
direct
direction
方向,说明
exhibit
exhibition
展览
extinct
extinction
灭绝
prohibit
prohibition
禁止,阻止
(2)去e再加-ion变为名词(以-ate, -ote, -ute,-ete,-ise 结尾的动词为主):
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
celebrate
celebration
庆祝;庆贺
congratulate
congratulation
祝贺
decorate
decoration
装饰
translate
translation
翻译;译文
separate
separation
分离,分开
regulate
regulation
规章制度
operate
operation
操作,手术
motivate
motivation
动机,积极性
cooperate
cooperation
合作
innovate
innovation
创新,改革
liberate
liberation
解放
pollute
pollution
污染
generate
generation
产生,一代
contribute
contribution
贡献
narrate
narration
叙述,解说
distribute
distribution
分布,分发
communicate
communication
交流
devote
devotion
奉献;热爱
educate
education
教育
graduate
graduation
毕业
locate
location
地点,定位
complete
completion
完成
accommodate
accommodation
住处,住宿
appreciate
appreciation
欣赏;感激
participate
participation
参加
associate
association
联系;联盟
hesitate
hesitation
犹豫
negotiate
negotiation
协商,谈判
televise
television
电视
revise
revision
复习,校订
(3)直接加-ation
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
expect
expectation
预料;期待
relax
relaxation
放松,松弛
limit
limitation
限制,局限
tax
taxation
征税,税款
adapt
adaptation
适应;改编
consider
consideration
考虑;体谅
present
presentation
显示;演出
inform
information
信息,资讯
found
foundation
建立,创立
consult
consultation
咨询,咨询会
注意explain的特殊变化:去-i加-ation
explain
explanation
解释
(4)去e再加-ation(以-ve, -ne, -re结尾的动词为主)
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
observe
observation
观察;观测
explore
exploration
探险,探测
reserve
reservation
保留,预定
prepare
preparation
准备;预备
conserve
conservation
保存;保护
inspire
inspiration
灵感;鼓舞
starve
starvation
挨饿;饿死
admire
admiration
欣赏,羡慕
combine
combination
结合;组合
invite
invitation
邀请;请柬
imagine
imagination
想象力
organize
organization
组织;机构
determine
determination
决心;果断
accuse
accusation
谴责;控告
civilize
civilization
文明
register
registration
登记,注册
pronounce变化特殊:去o去e再加-iation:
pronounce
pronunciation
发音,宣布
(5)以-d 或 –de结尾的动词变抽象名词时,通常把-d 或 –de 变为-sion 或-tion:
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
decide
decision
决定,决心
attend
attention
注意;关注
divide
division
划分;分配
intend
intention
意图
include
inclusion
包括,包含
extend
extension
延伸
exclude
exclusion
排除,排斥
suspend
suspension
悬挂,暂缓
conclude
conclusion
结论;结束
comprehend
comprehension
理解
persuade
persuasion
信服;说服
expand
expansion
扩展
erode
erosion
腐蚀
explode
explosion
爆炸
(6)以-mit结尾且词尾重读的动词,其抽象名词变t为ss再加-ion结尾
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
permit
permission
许可;允许
admit
admission
入场费;承认
submit
submission
提交,屈服
commit
commission
犯罪
emit
emission
排放
(7)以-duce结尾的动词,其抽象名词变e为-tion
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
produce
production
生产;制造
introduce
introduction
介绍,引进
reduce
reduction
减少;降低
(8)以-me,-b(e), -eive结尾的动词,其抽象名词以-ption结尾
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
assume
assumption
假定;设想
consume
consumption
消费,消耗
absorb
absorption
吸收;痴迷
describe
description
描写;描述
receive
reception
接待,反响
conceive
conception
构想,概念
(9)以-olve结尾的动词,其抽象名词则以-lution结尾
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
solve
solution
解决方法
resolve
resolution
决心,计划
evolve
evolution
进化,演变
revolve
revolution
旋转,革命
(10)以-ify, -ply结尾的动词,其抽象名词则变y为i再加-cation
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
classify
classification
分类
purify
purification
净化
qualify
qualification
资格;资历
identify
identification
鉴定;身份
simplify
simplification
简化
clarify
clarification
澄清,说明
apply
application
申请;应用
multiply
multiplication
相乘,繁殖
(11)下面几个以-y结尾的动词,其抽象名词变化各异
变化细则
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
去-y加-ation
occupy
occupation
职业,占领
去-y加-iation
vary
variation
变化,变体
去-y加-action
satisfy
satisfaction
满意
dissatisfy
dissatisfaction
不满意
(12)有些动词是在词尾加-ition构成抽象名词, 其变化形式各异,现汇聚于此,务请详察
变化细则
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
直接加-ition
add
addition
增加,附加
去-a加-ition
repeat
repetition
重复
去-e加-ition
compete
competition
比赛,竞争
compose
composition
作曲,作文
去-ize加-ition
recognize
recognition
认出;承认
去-re加-sition
acquire
acquisition
获得,习得
J.名词性后缀–ness
内在含义:表示状态或特征。
(1) 直接加-ness(以-t,-d,-e,-h,-k,-s结尾的形容词居多)
根词
派生名词
中文含义
根词
派生名词
中文含义
kind
kindness
善良;好意
sick
sickness
疾病;恶心
blind
blindness
失明
thick
thickness
厚度
good
goodness
善良,美德
dark
darkness
黑暗;暗处
bad
badness
恶劣
black
blackness
黑暗
sad
sadness
悲哀;悲伤
weak
weakness
弱点;虚弱
mad
madness
疯狂,糊涂
eager
eagerness
渴望
cold
coldness
寒冷;冷漠
bitter
bitterness
苦
hard
hardness
硬度
fair
fairness
公平性
tired
tiredness
疲劳感
new
newness
新鲜感
fit
fitness
健康
slow
slowness
缓慢
fat
fatness
肥胖
narrow
narrowness
狭窄
bright
brightness
明亮;聪颖
fresh
freshness
新鲜度
quiet
quietness
宁静
selfish
selfishness
自私
sweet
sweetness
甜美
foolish
foolishness
愚蠢
soft
softness
柔软度
rough
roughness
粗糙
late
lateness
迟,晚
tough
toughness
坚强
aware
awareness
意识
rich
richness
丰富性
unique
uniqueness
独特性
grateful
gratefulness
感激
close
closeness
亲密度
thoughtful
thoughtfulness
周到
polite
politeness
礼貌
faithful
faithfulness
恪守
attractive
attractiveness
魅力
careful
carefulness
细心
effective
effectiveness
有效性
careless
carelessness
粗心
competitive
competitiveness
竞争力
hopeless
hopelessness
无望
forgive
forgiveness
原谅,宽恕
helpless
helplessness
无助
well
wellness
健康
sleepless
sleeplessness
失眠
ill
illness
疾病
weightless
weightlessness
失重
still
stillness
静止
nervous
nervousness
紧张
calm
calmness
镇静
serious
seriousness
严重
open
openness
坦率,开放
conscious
consciousness
意识
stubborn
stubbornness
固执
deaf
deafness
失聪
(2) 以元音字母+y结尾的形容词,也直接加-ness
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
gay
gayness
同性恋
grey
greyness
灰色
gray
grayness
灰色
(3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词,改y为i再加-ness
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
happy
happiness
高兴;幸福
busy
business
事务;生意
pretty
prettiness
美好
ugly
ugliness
丑陋
empty
emptiness
空虚,空旷
lonely
loneliness
孤独
dizzy
dizziness
眩晕
friendly
friendliness
友好
lazy
laziness
懒惰
ready
readiness
就绪,乐意
crazy
craziness
痴迷,疯狂
steady
steadiness
稳定
(4) 如果字母y为单词的主体元音,即使它以辅音字母+y结尾,也直接加-ness
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
shy
shyness
腼腆,羞怯
dry
dryness
干燥
K.名词性后缀–ity
内在含义:表示状态或特征。
(1)直接加-ity(以-l, -r, -c结尾的形容词居多)
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
real
reality
真实,现实
equal
equality
平等
personal
personality
个性;人格
punctual
punctuality
守时
national
nationality
国籍
mental
mentality
心态
vital
vitality
活力
individual
individuality
个性
popular
popularity
流行
similar
similarity
相似性
particular
particularity
特殊性
familiar
familiarity
熟悉,亲近
major
majority
大多数
minor
minority
少数
electric
electricity
电,电学
public
publicity
宣传报道
authenticity
authenticity
真实性
(2)以-able或-ible结尾的形容词,应在b后面先加i,再去e加-ity
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
able
ability
能力
suitable
suitability
适合度
changeable
changeability
可变性
reliable
reliability
可信度
stable
stability
稳定性
probable
probability
可能性
possible
possibility
可能性
responsible
responsibility
责任
impossible
impossibility
不可能
flexible
flexibility
灵活性
(3)其它以-e结尾的形容词,只需去e加-ity
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
active
activity
活动
secure
security
安全;保障
diverse
diversity
多样性
simple
simplicity
简单
(4)以-ous结尾的形容词,要去掉后缀中的u再加-ity
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
curious
curiosity
好奇心
generous
generosity
慷慨
(5) 特殊变化
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
necessary
necessity
必要性
unable
inability
无能;不能
L.名词性后缀–ment
内在含义:表示行为过程或结果。
变化规则最为简单:无需双写辅音字母,无需变-y为-i,绝大多数无需去-e(argue除外)
唯一必须去-e再加-ment的动词
argue
argument
争论,论点
词尾-e可去可不去的动词
judge
judg(e)ment
判断,评判
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
amaze
amazement
惊讶;惊愕
adjust
adjustment
调整;调节
amuse
amusement
消遣;娱乐
appoint
appointment
约会;任命
agree
agreement
同意,协议
disappoint
disappointment
失望
disagree
disagreement
分歧
commit
commitment
承诺,义务
arrange
arrangement
安排;排列
treat
treatment
治疗;待遇
encourage
encouragement
鼓励;奖励
depart
department
部门,系
discourage
discouragement
灰心,泄气
invest
investment
投资
manage
management
管理;处理
develop
development
发展;开发
engage
engagement
订婚,约定
equip
equipment
设备;装备
advance
advancement
发展;前进
assess
assessment
评价;评定
announce
announcement
公告,宣布
embarrass
embarrassment
尴尬;窘迫
base
basement
地下室
attach
attachment
附件;依恋
excite
excitement
兴奋;刺激
astonish
astonishment
惊讶
state
statement
陈述;声明
punish
punishment
处罚;惩罚
measure
measurement
测量;尺寸
accomplish
accomplishment
成就,才艺
require
requirement
需要;要求
establish
establishment
建立
retire
retirement
退休,退役
refresh
refreshment
恢复活力
replace
replacement
替换
enjoy
enjoyment
享受;欢乐
achieve
achievement
成就;功绩
employ
employment
雇佣,就业
improve
improvement
改善,提高
pay
payment
支付,报答
move
movement
运动;动作
entertain
entertainment
款待;娱乐
pave
pavement
人行道
assign
assignment
分配;任务
involve
involvement
参与,投入
govern
government
政府
advertise
advertisement
广告
abandon
abandonment
抛弃,放弃
puzzle
puzzlement
困惑,迷惘
个别副词也可加-ment构成名词,如:
settle
settlement
定居;解决
apart
apartment
公寓
M.名词性后缀–al
内在含义:表示过程或状态。
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
arrive
arrival
到达
refuse
refusal
拒绝
survive
survival
幸存
propose
proposal
提议
revive
revival
复活
dispose
disposal
清除,处理
remove
removal
清除
rehearse
rehearsal
排练
approve
approval
批准,同意
bury
burial
埋葬,葬礼
disapprove
disapproval
不认可,反对
try
trial
试验,审判
N.名词性后缀–th
内在含义:表示过程或状况。
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
根词
派生名词
中文含义
warm
warmth
暖和;温暖
grow
growth
增长;生长
true
truth
真相;真理
heal
health
健康
wide
width
宽度
die
death
死亡
young
youth
青春;青年
deep
depth
深度;深处
右边三词变化方式完全同步,值得关注:
(1)在形容词基础上变o为e
(2)在词尾加-th
long
length
长度
strong
strength
力气;强项
broad
breadth
宽度
O.词性后缀–age
内在含义:表示动作、结果、状态、数量、费用、地方等。
变化细则
根词
派生名词
中文含义
(1)大多数直接加-age:
break
breakage
破损
leak
leakage
泄漏
short
shortage
短缺,缺乏
post
postage
邮资
pass
passage
路费、走廊
cover
coverage
报道,占比
mile
mileage
里程
(2)去-e再加-age:
store
storage
储存
(3)变-y为-i再加-age:
marry
marriage
婚姻
carry
carriage
运费、车厢
(4)双写词尾辅音字母再加-age:
bag
baggage
行李
P.名词性后缀–ance/-ence
内在含义:表示行动或状况。
(1)在动词后面直接加-ance/-ence:
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
accept
acceptance
接受
allow
allowance
补贴
assist
assistance
协助
annoy
annoyance
恼怒
appear
appearance
出现;外貌
perform
performance
表演
disappear
disappearance
消失
resist
resistance
抵抗
differ
difference
区别
refer
reference
参考
exist
existence
存在
prefer
preference
偏好
个别词需双写词尾辅音字母再加-ence:
occur
occurrence
发生
(2) 去-e再加-ance:
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
guide
guidance
指导
insure
insurance
保险
enter
entrance
进入,入口
(3)与形容词后缀-ant/-ent互变(参见本网站《带“反转型后缀”的派生词集中检测》)
形容词
名词
中文含义
形容词
名词
中文含义
important
importance
重要性
distant
distance
距离
significant
significance
意义
resistant
resistance
抵抗
ignorant
ignorance
无知
assistant
assistance
援助
fragrant
fragrance
芳香
tolerant
tolerance
宽容
elegant
elegance
优雅
abundant
abundance
丰富
absent
absence
缺席
patient
patience
耐心
present
presence
在场
silent
silence
沉默
confident
confidence
信心
convenient
convenience
方便
coincident
coincidence
巧合
different
difference
区别
evident
evidence
证据
violent
violence
暴力
excellent
excellence
优秀
adolescent
adolescence
青春期
dependent
dependence
依靠
innocent
innocence
无辜
independent
independence
独立
intelligent
intelligence
智力
Q.名词性后缀–ancy/-ency
内在含义:表示状况或性质。
(1)直接加在动词之后
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
expect
expectancy
期待
tend
tendency
趋势
(2)与形容词后缀-ant/-ency互变(参见本网站《带“反转型后缀”的派生词集中检测》)
形容词
名词
中文含义
形容词
名词
中文含义
pregnant
pregnancy
怀孕,孕期
fluent
fluency
流畅性
efficient
efficiency
效率
frequent
frequency
频率
proficient
proficiency
熟练程度
current
currency
通货
emergent
emergency
紧急情况
R.名词性后缀–ty
内在含义:表示特性或状况。
(1)直接加在形容词之后
形容词
名词
中文含义
形容词
名词
中文含义
safe
safety
安全
cruel
cruelty
残酷
certain
certainty
确实
novel
novelty
新颖性
uncertain
uncertainty
不确定性
loyal
loyalty
忠诚
(2) 以-t结尾的形容词,则只需加-y
形容词
名词
中文含义
形容词
名词
中文含义
honest
honesty
诚实
dishonest
dishonesty
不诚实
difficult
difficulty
困难
modest
modesty
谦虚
(3) 复杂变化
名词性后缀-iety与
形容词后缀-ious互变
anxious
anxiety
焦虑
various
variety
多样性
名词性后缀-iety与形容词后缀-ial互变
social
society
社会
名词性后缀-ty与形容词后缀-al互变
liberal
liberty
自由
特殊变化
poor
poverty
贫穷
S.名词性后缀–y (-ary /-ery / -iry / -ory / -ury)
内在含义:表示过程、结果、技艺或场所。
(1) 以-er结尾的动词只需加-y:
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
recover
recovery
康复
deliver
delivery
发送
discover
discovery
发现
(2) 以-e结尾的词加-ry
根词
派生名词
中文含义
根词
派生名词
中文含义
nurse护理
nursery
托儿所
slave苦干
slavery
奴隶制
bake烘焙
bakery
面包房
brave勇敢
bravery
勇气
(3) 以-re结尾的动词变名词时只需改e为y
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
injure
injury
伤情
enquire
enquiry
咨询
(4)以重读闭音节结尾的动词变为名词时,双写辅音字母再加-ery或-ary
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
rob
robbery
抢劫
sum
summary
摘要
T.名词性后缀-ure
内在含义:表示过程或结果。
(1)直接加在动词之后
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
fail
failure
失败
press
pressure
压力
create
creature
生物
please
pleasure
快乐
close
closure
关闭
expose
exposure
暴露
mix
mixture
混合物
sign
signature
签名
(2)以-e结尾的动词去-e再加-ure
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
create
creature
生物
please
pleasure
快乐
close
closure
关闭
expose
exposure
暴露
(3)特殊变化(在动词后加-ture或-ature)
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
mix
mixture
混合物
sign
signature
签名
U.名词性后缀–ship
内在含义:表示关系、资格、地位、品质、技艺等。
名词
派生名词
中文含义
名词
派生名词
中文含义
relation
relationship
关系
citizen
citizenship
公民权
friend
friendship
友谊
owner
ownership
所有权
fellow
fellowship
交情
leader
leadership
领导地位
partner
partnership
合伙人关系
horseman
horsemanship
骑士精神
member
membership
会员资格
sportsman
sportsmanship
体育精神
scholar
scholarship
奖学金
craftsman
craftsmanship
工匠精神
V.名词性后缀-dom
内在含义:表示状态或领域。
(1)直接加-dom
根词
派生词
中文含义
根词
派生词
中文含义
free
freedom
自由
king
kingdom
王国
bore
boredom
厌倦
(2) 去-e再加-dom
根词
派生词
中文含义
wise
wisdom
智慧
W.名词性后缀-ing
内在含义:表示状态、行为和结果。
(1)直接加-ing
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
build
building
建筑物
draw
drawing
素描
find
finding
调研结果
paint
painting
油画
engineer
engineering
工程学
end
ending
结局
feel
feeling
感情
suffer
suffering
苦难
hear
hearing
听力
say
saying
谚语
read
reading
阅读,读物
greet
greeting
问候
find
finding
调研结果
found
founding
成立
(3) 去-e再加-ing
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
live
living
生计
write
writing
写作,作品
(4) 双写词尾辅音字母再加-ing
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
begin
beginning
开端
program
programming
编程
(5) 下列几个派生名词通常以复数形式出现
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
belong
belongings
财物
surround
surroundings
环境
earn
earnings
收入
save
savings
积蓄,存款
四.形容词性后缀变化细则
1.名词+y
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guilt 罪恶——guilty 内疚的
health——healthy 健康的
luck——lucky 幸运的
cloud——cloudy 多云的
wind—windy 多风的
rain——rainy 多雨的
snow——snowy 多雪的
tourist —— touristy 游客多的
fog—— foggy 有雾的
sun—— sunny 阳关灿烂的
fur—— furry 毛皮的
shine——shiny 发亮的
taste —— tasty 美味的
2. 名词/动词+ ed
辅音+辅音结尾单词,直接加ed
talent —— talented 有天赋的
offend ——offended 生气的
crowd ——crowded 拥挤的
以元音字母e结尾单词直接加d
balance —— balanced 平衡的
organize——organized 有组织的
pollute ——polluted 被污染的
please ——pleased 高兴的
【特别留意】
spot —— spotted 有斑点的
3.名词+ ful/less
care —— careful/ careless 小心的/ 粗心的
help—— helpful / helpless 有帮助的/ 无助的
use—— useful/ useless有用的 / 无用的
meaning —— meaningful / meaningless有意义的/无意义的
colour—— colourful /colourless多彩的/无色的
pain 疼痛 ——painful /painless痛苦的/ 不痛的
thank—— thankful / thankless 充满感激的/ 不知感恩的
peace 和平 —— peaceful 和平的
play游戏 —— playful 爱玩耍的
home —— homeless 无家可归的
4.名词/动词+ able
adjust——adjustable 可调整的
comfort——comfortable 舒适的
suit ——suitable 合适的
deny—— deniable 可否认的
rely—— reliable 可靠的
【特别留意】
knowledge——knowledgeable 知识渊博的
change —— changeable 易变的
5.名词+ ous
courage——courageous 勇敢的
danger—— dangerous 危险的
mystery 神秘—— mysterious 神秘的
6.ce变 t
confidence—— confident 自信的
difference——different 不同的
dependence —— dependent 依赖他人的
independence—— independent 独立的
7.词尾加 al
addition—— additional 附加的,额外的
music—— musical 音乐的
person——personal (私人的)
nation—— national 国家的
education——educational有教育意义的
tradition—— traditional 传统的
origin起源——original 新颖的;独创的
【特别留意】
nature——natural 自然的
globe—— global 全球的
class—— classical 经典的
medicine 药——medical 医学的
grammar—— grammatical 语法的
8.名词+ ly
friend—— friendly 友好的
live——lively 活跃的,有生气的
love——lovely 可爱的
week——weekly 每周的
man——manly 男子气概的;强壮的
9.词尾+ en
wood—— wooden 木制的
wool—— woolen 羊毛的
10.表示方位的词
East——eastern
West——western
South——southern
North——northern
11.四大洲
Asia 亚洲—— Asian
Africa 非洲——African
Europe欧洲—— European
America 美洲——American
12.其他
energy精力——energetic 精力充沛的
strategy——strategic 战略的
scientist——scientific 科学的
fool 傻子——foolish 愚蠢的
love——loving 慈爱的
pleasure——pleasant令人愉快的 / pleased高兴的
pride——proud 自豪的
1.【2024北京卷】 Slowing down can contribute significantly to personal growth. Taking the time ___11___ (rest) allows us to develop a deeper sense of ___12___ (self-aware).
【11题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意:花时间休息可以让我们发展出更深层次的自我意识。take (the) time to do sth.为固定搭配,表示“花时间做某事”,所以空处应用动词不定式形式。故填to rest。
考查名词。句意:花时间休息可以让我们发展出更深层次的自我意识。空处作介词of的宾语,应用名词self-awareness,sense of self-awareness表示“自我意识”。故填self-awareness。
2.【2023北京卷】Every culture is riddled with unwritten rules, such as ones on punctuality (守时). I’m British. Soon after moving to Switzerland, I 11.threw (throw) a house-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests showed up 12 (exact) on time. Years later, having moved to France.
11. 【答案】exactly
【解析】考查副词。句意:搬到瑞士后不久,我要举办一个乔迁派对,当所有30位客人都准时出现时,我感到非常惊讶。此处修饰介词短语on time,应用副词exactly,作状语。故填exactly。
3.【2021年北京卷】Sam walked her to a nearby convenience store so that she could ____16____(safe) wait for the police to take her home.
【16题详解】safely
考查副词。句意:山姆带她去了附近的一家便利店,这样她就可以安全地等警察带她回家了。修饰动词wait用副词作状语,故填safely。
4.【2020年北京卷】 Oliver says if you're___2___(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them___3_if/whether__you can join in when it's possible.
【2题详解】
考查形容词。句意:奥利弗说,如果你足够幸运,身边有一个喜欢烹饪的人。空前有be动词,所以空处填形容词做表语。故填lucky。
(建议用时:40分钟)
1.To 1. (true) understand our planet, we must explore the oceans which cover most of it. Opponents may be concerned, but sea 2. (explore) is important for our future. For example, 3. (science) research ships can help address important issues such as climate change. We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action. Therefore, more research is necessary.
答案 1. truly 2. exploration 3. scientific
2.Some people would prefer to stop the use of man-made chemicals in agriculture
1. (entire). What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world. Organic farming is nowhere near able to meet that need. Therefore, there is still a long way to find a 2. (suit) solution that puts sufficient food on the dinner table while keeping people and the environment as 3. (health) as possible.
答案 1. entirely 2. suitable 3. healthy
3.While studying abroad does have potential benefits, young people who study in China also have a great future to look forward to! As China has boomed, the 1. (education) environment has improved 2. (significant), with many great universities now available. They have great facilities and outstanding professors, helping to educate young people who will contribute to the economy and further 3. (strength) our country.
答案 1. educational 2. significantly 3. strengthen
4.Qian Xuesen read a lot and was extremely 1. (knowledge), 2. (especial) in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and 3. (create) scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him
4. (inspire) in his scientific research.
答案 1. knowledgeable 2. especially 3. creative 4. inspiration
5.The population of the world is growing and we need new resources for future
1. (develop). There are probably vast amounts of resources under the sea and ice, not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals. Of course, there are still 2. (environment) risks. However, these should be balanced with economic needs. 3. (hopeful), as technology improves, we may have more options for managing this balance.
答案 1. development 2. environmental 3. Hopefully
6.Studying abroad provides a great opportunity to contribute to the development of our motherland. China's global outlook, with projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has helped us make 1. (connect) across the world. Therefore, China needs more talented young people with a global perspective who are 2. (high) competent with languages, have leadership and organisational skills, and have strong 3. (culture) awareness. Students who study abroad will develop such skills and abilities, and these in turn will provide them with better career opportunities.
答案 1. connections 2. highly 3. cultural
7.The 1. (construct) of waste water treatment facilities improved the water quality and water conservation. The collection and transport of household waste was also improved. Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved. The local government set up strict regulations regarding further 2. (industry) development. New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods. Furthermore, the local authorities began to use the media to spread environmental awareness and encourage greater use of clean energy. At the same time, they started to carry out inspections
3. (regular) and fine tourist organisations for abuses.
答案 1. construction 2. industrial 3. regularly
8.Scientists visiting tiny Henderson Island in the South Pacific recently made an alarming 1. (discover). Although it is one of the most remote places on the earth and 2. (previous) untouched by humans, the island was covered in plastic waste. They calculated there were 38 million pieces of plastic, weighing almost 18 tons, with thousands of new pieces washing up each day. “No country has a free pass—we found plastic from everywhere,” said one scientist. “We all have a 3. (responsible), and we have to sit up and pay attention. This is not an issue to ignore. We need to do something now to protect the sea.”
答案 1. discovery 2. previously 3. responsibility
(建议用时:40分钟)
1.【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】The Terracotta Army (兵马俑) was found in 1974 near Xi’an. It is formed of more than 8,000 sculptures, which 17 (bury) alongside the emperor Qin Shi Huang more than 2,200 years ago. Now, researchers have recreated the shoes of one soldier and analysis of them 18 (suggest) that shoes worn by the terracotta sculptures were surprisingly flexible and slip resistant. If the recreated shoes 19 (true) reflect the real ones, they can help build a better picture of 20 Qin dynasty soldiers wore and how this might have aided them in battles.
【答案】17.were buried 18.suggests 19.truly 20.what
【导语】本文为一篇说明文,介绍了研究者对于兵马俑鞋子的研究和发现。
17.考查动词时态和语态。句意:它由8000多尊雕塑组成,这些雕塑在2200多年前与秦始皇一起埋葬。分析句子可知,which引导非限制性定语从句,空处作从句谓语,which指代先行词sculptures,表示复数,与bury构成被动关系,且结合more than 2,200 years ago可知,描述过去的事情,用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were buried。
18.考查动词时态。句意:现在,研究人员重新制作了一名士兵的鞋子,对鞋子的分析表明,兵马俑雕塑所穿的鞋子具有惊人的柔韧性和防滑性。and并列两个句子,空处为后一个句子的谓语,主语analysis为单数,suggest意思为:表明,句子描述客观事实,用一般现在时,谓语用第三人称单数形式。故填suggests。
19.考查副词。句意:如果重现的鞋子真实地反映了真实的鞋子,它们可以帮助我们更好地了解秦朝士兵的穿着,以及这对他们在战斗中的帮助。分析句子可知,空处修饰动词reflect,用副词作状语。故填truly。
20.考查宾语从句。句意同上。分析句子可知,of为介词,其后为宾语从句,从句Qin dynasty soldiers wore中wore后缺少宾语,表示事物,用连接代词what引导从句。故填what。
2.【2024年清华大学附属附中高三三模】Crying is a natural response to emotions. Regardless of 17 causes the tears to flow, the physical reaction is usually the same with puffy cheeks and tight eyes 18 (lead) to streaming tears down one’s face. Despite its stigma (污名), crying can be an act 19 relieves tension and clears feelings of negativity and sadness. Crying can communicate our emotions to others and foster greater understanding and compassion. Ultimately, crying is a powerful tool we ought to use to free ourselves 20 negativity.
【答案】17.what 18.leading 19.which/that 20.from
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哭泣的好处。
17.考查宾语从句。句意:不管什么原因导致眼泪流出来,身体上的反应通常都是一样的,面颊浮肿,眼睛紧绷,导致眼泪从脸上流下来。介词短语Regardless of后接宾语从句,从句缺少主语,指物,所以用连接代词what引导。故填what。
18.考查非谓语动词。句意:不管什么原因导致眼泪流出来,身体上的反应通常都是一样的,面颊浮肿,眼睛紧绷,导致眼泪从脸上流下来。“with +名词/代词(宾语)+非谓语动词(宾补)”with复合结构 ,该空非谓语动词作宾补,宾语puffy cheeks and tight eyes和lead to是主动关系,所以用现在分词形式。故填leading。
19.考查定语从句。句意:尽管哭泣是一种耻辱,但它可以是一种缓解紧张、清除消极和悲伤情绪的行为。句中先行词为act,指物,关系词在定语从句中作主语,所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。
20.考查介词。句意:最终,哭泣是一种强大的工具,我们应该用它来摆脱消极情绪。free from免于;摆脱。故填from。
3.(2024·北京通州·模拟预测)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空
A strong work ethic (道德) is vital to a company. Certain 4 (factor) come together to create a strong work ethic. A sense of responsibility is a factor. It affects 5 an employee works. When the employee feels 6 (personal) responsible for his job performance, he shows up on time and completes projects to the best of his ability. A sense of team work is another factor. An employee with a high sense of team work helps a team meet its goals. These employees respect and help each other, 7 (make) cooperation go smoother.
【答案】4.factors 5.how 6.personally 7.making
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要论述了强烈的职业道德对一家公司至关重要。某些因素共同造就了强烈的职业道德。
4.考查名词的数。句意:某些因素共同造就了强烈的职业道德。后文动词come为原形,可知主语应用复数。故填factors。
5.考查宾语从句。句意:它会影响员工的工作方式。引导宾语从句,从句缺少方式状语,应用how。故填how。
6.考查副词。句意:当员工感到对自己的工作表现负有个人责任时,他就会准时出现,并尽其所能完成项目。修饰形容词responsible应用副词personally,故填personally。
7.考查非谓语动词。句意:这些员工互相尊重,互相帮助,使合作更加顺利。此处make与上文句子构成主动关系,故用现在分词作伴随状语。故填making。
4.(2024·北京·三模)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The tiger shark 15 (consider) to be one of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Why are tiger sharks so dangerous? First, they like to live 16 waters where humans usually swim, so the chances of an encounter are much greater. Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can easily hit a person. And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly 17 (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain 18 the damage will be disastrous.
【答案】15.is considered/ has been considered 16.in/ around/near 17.designed 18.that
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为什么虎鲨如此危险。
15.考查动词时态和语态。句意:虎鲨被认为是世界上最危险的鲨鱼之一。这是一个客观事实可以用一般现在时,或者这是到目前为止一种认知,所以也可以用现在完成时。主语是the tiger shark,是单数形式,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。而且虎鲨跟认为之间是被动关系,所以也要用被动语态。故填is considered/has been considered。
16.考查介词。句意:首先,它们喜欢生活在人类经常游泳的水域/水域附近,所以遇到它们的几率要大得多。在水域或者在水域附近,要用介词in或者around或者near。故填in/ around/ near。
17.考查非谓语。句意:第三,虎鲨有完美的设计来切割它们的食物牙齿,所以肯定会造成灾难性的破坏。空处为非谓语动词,teeth与design为被动关系,用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填designed。
18.考查连接词。句意:第三,虎鲨有完美的设计来切割它们的食物牙齿,所以肯定会造成灾难性的破坏。It is certain that“……是确定的”为固定句型。故填that。
5.(2024·北京大兴·模拟预测)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。
Connected to each other like never before, young people today are becoming agents of change, increasingly 19 (contribute) to innovative solutions that improve people’s lives and the planet’s health.
The United Nations Institute for Training and Research 20 (be) therefore delighted to launch the Young Leaders Online Training Programme, a four-week e-Learning course, to provide participants 21 the knowledge and skills to fully unfold their potential as global leaders.
【答案】19.contributing 20.is 21.with
【导语】这是一篇说明文。如今的年轻人正在成为变革的推动者,联合国训练研究所推出青年领袖在线培训方案以充分发挥他们作为全球领导者的潜力。
19.考查现在分词。句意:今天的年轻人前所未有地相互联系,正在成为变革的推动者,越来越多地为改善人民生活和地球健康的创新解决方案作出贡献。动词短语contribute to意为“为……做出贡献”,和主语构成主动关系,且空格处和系动词之间没有连词,所以应用现在分词形式。故填contributing。
20.考查一般现在时和主谓一致。句意:因此,联合国训练研究所很高兴推出青年领袖在线培训方案,这是一个为期四周的电子学习课程,为参与者提供知识和技能,以充分发挥他们作为全球领导者的潜力。此处描述客观事实,应用一般现在时。主语为第三人称单数,系动词应用is。故填is。
21.考查介词。句意:因此,联合国训练研究所很高兴推出青年领袖在线培训方案,这是一个为期四周的电子学习课程,为参与者提供知识和技能,以充分发挥他们作为全球领导者的潜力。provide sb with sth意为“为某人提供某物”,所以此处应用介词with。故填with。
6.(2024·北京石景山·一模)阅读短文,在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。
Are you still discussing and getting your head round Chat GPT, 26 potential will disturb everything from marketing to education? Well, Sora is about 27 (blow) those debates wide open. OpenAI’s Sora, a text-to-video AI model capable of generating 28 (remarkable) realistic and imaginative scenes from text instructions, just entered the chat room. A world where reality bends to the will of words has arrived, 29 (shape)a new era not just for technology but for humanity itself.
【答案】26.whose 27.to blow 28.remarkably 29.shaping
【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了人工智能OpenAI’s Sora。
26.考查定语从句。句意:你是否还在讨论和理解ChatGPT,它的潜力将会扰乱从市场营销到教育的一切?先行词为Chat GPT,作定语从句的定语,关系代词为whose。故填whose。
27.考查不定式。句意:好吧, Sora即将把这些争论彻底公开。be about to do sth“即将做某事”。故填to blow。
28.考查副词。句意:OpenAI的Sora是一种文本到视频的人工智能模型,能够根据文本指令生成非常逼真和富有想象力的场景,刚刚进入聊天室。副词remarkably修饰形容词作状语。故填remarkably。
29.考查非谓语。句意:一个现实屈从于文字意志的世界已经到来,不仅为技术,也为人类本身塑造了一个新时代。空处为非谓,表示一种自然而然的结果,用现在分词作结果状语。故填shaping。
7.(2024·北京西城·一模)Your hometown could affect your navigational (导航的) skills. New research indicates that individuals 33 (raise) in cities with structured street patterns may encounter difficulties in navigation compared to those from rural areas with more organic layouts. This conclusion was drawn from a study 34 (involve) players of a mobile game about sea, 35 tests 3-D navigation skills. However, there’s hope for city residents: an urban version of the game showed slight improvements for them.
【答案】33.raised 34.involving 35.which
【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明,与那些来自有机布局的农村地区的人相比,在有结构化街道模式的城市中长大的人在导航方面可能会遇到困难。
33.考查非谓语动词。句意:一项新的研究表明,与那些来自有机布局的农村地区的人相比,在有结构化街道模式的城市中长大的人在导航方面可能会遇到困难。分析句子结构可知raise与逻辑主语individuals构成被动关系,故用过去分词作定语。故填raised。
34.考查非谓语动词。句意:这一结论来自一项研究,研究对象是一款关于海洋的手机游戏的玩家,该游戏测试的是3D导航技能。分析句子结构可知involve与逻辑主语study构成主动关系,故用现在分词作状语,故填involving。
35.考查定语从句。句意:这一结论来自一项研究,研究对象是一款关于海洋的手机游戏的玩家,该游戏测试的是3D导航技能。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词game,在从句作主语,指物,故填which。
语法填空语篇训练
(一)
Like many other students, you may have various people, __1__ (include) family members and friends, giving input on your college decision.
While many of your trusted relatives and peers(同龄人) may have very __2__(value) advice that can help you to make the decision, finally the choice is yours and yours alone.
Only you can fully realize which aspects of a college will make you truly happy and __3__ (satisfy) so keep that at the front of your mind.
Moreover, fully consider each option. It can be easy __4__(let) a particular school become a front-runner early on __5__ your decision-making process, and it may even become the winning choice —but be sure to carefully evaluate every school __6__ has accepted you, since you had particular reasons for applying to each school.
Do keep __7__ open mind. Students can change majors, but remember that there's no re-living a certain semester(学期), and there's no making up for lost time. Don't go to a school __8__(specific) for a high school relationship __9__ to make someone else happy. A __10__ (student) college experience is his or her own, and the student must put his or her education first.
【答案】1. including 2.valuable 3.satisfied 4.to let 5.in/during6. that 7.an 8.specifically 9.or 10.student's
【解析】本篇为说明文,主要讲的是高中生在决定上哪所大学时的建议——要自己做决定,并考虑清楚每种可能的选择,以及保持开阔的思想。
1.考查词性转换。动词include转换为介词including,意为“包括”。
2.考查词性转换。此处修饰修饰名词advice,所以将value转换为形容词valuable(宝贵的)。
3.考查形容词。此处与前面的形容词happy并列作宾语补足语(make sb.+adj.),所以动词satisfy转换为形容词satisfied(满意的)。
4.考查非谓语动词。本句为it is to do结构,其中it作形式主语,动词不定式为真正的主语。
5.考查介词,表示“在……过程中”,用in/during...process。注意本句中early on为一个短语,意为“在初期;在开始阶段;早先”,这里的on与process没有关系。
6.考查定语从句。定语从句...has accepted you缺主语,用that作主语,指代先行词school,因先行词前有every修饰,一般用that而不用which。
7.考查冠词。句意:一定要保持开放的心态。因open是元音开头,用an。
8.考查词性转换。句意:不要特意为了高中的感情关系或是为了让别人开心而去某所大学。故形容词specific转换为副词specifically ,意为“特意;专门地”。
9.考查连词。“for a high school relationship”与“to make someone else happy”为选择关系,所以填or(或者)。
10.考查名词所有格。表示“学生的”,用 student’s。句意:学生的大学经历是他或她自己的,必须把教育放在首位。
(二)
Smile is a universal language, which ___1___ (use) throughout the world. However, the meaning of a smile in different cultures may be different. Depending on different cultures, smiling can express joy and ___2___ (amuse), but it can also indicate embarrassment. The following examples show this point of view. In an attempt to be open and ___3___ (friend), people in the United States smile a lot. Every one smiles at each other and this nonverbal communication shows being polite in the United States. But in China, smiling is not only ___4___ expression of happiness, but also a way to avoid ___5___(be) embarrassed. Chinese people like smiling when they are embarrassed in order to avoid embarrassment. Smiling is a kind of good will but not sneer (嘲笑). For example: When a child falls off from a bike, the adults in China may smile, ___6___ is a kind of gentle encouragement and may not be a kind of impolite laugh.
The laugh is ___7___ (relate) to the smile. Also, different cultures have various ___8___ (meaning) about laugh. Americans can enjoy a very heartfelt belly (腹部) laugh that comes ___9___ the deepest emotions while most Chinese may think ___10___ silly to laugh that way.
【答案】1. is used 2. amusement 3. friendly 4. an 5. being 6. which 7. related 8. meanings 9. from 10. it/it's
【解析】1.考查被动语态。句意:微笑是世界语言,在全世界被广泛使用。但是,在不同的文化中,微笑的意思是不同的。
.考查名词。该空在句中和joy并列,做express的宾语,故要用名词。
3.考查形容词。friendly是形容词,和open并列,做be的表语。
4.考查冠词。句意:微笑不仅仅是快乐的表示,而且是避免尴尬的方式。expression意为“表达,表示,表现”,是可数名词。结合句意,该处应用不定冠词。且expression的发音开头是元音音素,故该空应填不定冠词an。
5.考查非谓语动词。avoid意为“避免”,后面接名词或动名词做宾语。
6.考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,“__________is a kind of gentle encouragement and may not be a kind of impolite laugh”是非限制性定语从句,修饰前面整个句子,引导词在从句中做主语,故要用关系代词which引导该从句。
7.考查介词。be related to意为“和……有关”,是固定搭配。
8.考查名词。meaning意为“意思”,是可数名词,该空前有different修饰,故要填复数形式。
9.考查介词。come from 来自于。
10.考查代词。it在句中做形式宾语,指代“to laugh that way”。另外,“___________silly to laugh that way”还可看作think的宾语从句,在该从句中,it是形式主语,代指“to laugh that way”,is是系动词。
(三)
The earliest exiting collection of Chinese poetry, Shi Jing (Book of Songs), _____1___(date) back to as early as the 11th century BC, but the history of Chinese poetry may be even longer than that.____2____(develop) and changing for thousands of years, Chinese poetry is like a beautiful and fathomless ocean to _____3_ Chinese-speaking people couldn’t help but keep being drawn.
The very ancient poetry that was written 1000 or more years ago was simpler and about common things ____4____ love, romance and nature that people appreciate._____5 ___much poetry was written in the eras following the Song Dynasty, it is thought the poets became _____6_____(increase) academic and abstract so that modern Chinese can’t appreciate the style and meaning.
For foreigners, ancient Chinese poetry is more difficult to understand. One of the reasons is the nature of Chinese characteristics____7____(they).Often the words have many meanings, and this make the translation of Chinese into English ____8____key part of reading and understanding Chinese poetry. Put simply, good translation is essential to fully understand Chinese poems.
If the greatest Chinese poets_____9____(name), Du Fu and Li Bai of Tang Dynasty who were _____10_____(contemporary) and who both traveled widely in China often come up on top. Along with them, another famous ancient poet is Su Shi of the Song Dynasty.
【答案】1.dates 2. Developing 3. which 4. like 5. Though/Although/While
6. increasingly 7. themselves 8. a 9. are named 10. contemporaries/contemporary
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的古代诗歌以及著名的诗人。
1.考查动词时态。句意:中国最早的诗歌集《诗经》可以追溯到公元前11世纪,但是中国诗歌的历史可能更长。根据句意,句子用一般现在时。分析句子可知,此处填谓语动词,主语Shi Jing为第三人称单数,主谓一致,故填dates。
2.考查非谓语现在分词。句意:中国诗歌千百年来的发展变化,犹如一片美丽深邃的海洋,不断吸引着说汉语的人们。and连接两个并列的成分,根据changing可知,此处应用develop的现在分词developing,作状语,(动词develop和主语Chinese poetry是主动关系,)注意首字母大写,故填Developing。
3.考查定语从句。句意:中国诗歌千百年来的发展变化,犹如一片美丽深邃的海洋,不断吸引着说汉语的人们。分析句子可知,空格处引导定语从句,先行词为a beautiful and fathomless ocean, be drawn to意为“被……吸引”,介词to+关系代词 which引导从句,which指代 先行词,做to的宾语。故填which。
4.考查介词。句意:写于1000多年前的非常古老的诗歌比较简单,是关于人们欣赏的爱情、浪漫和自然之类的普通事物。分析句子可知,此处列举哪些是诗歌经常写作的内容,介词like意为“像;比如”,符合句意。故填like。
5.考查从属连词。句意:虽然宋代以后的诗歌创作很多,但由于诗人的学术性和抽象性越来越强,使得现代汉语不能欣赏诗歌的风格和意义。后文“it is thought the poets became _______(increase) academic and abstract so that modern Chinese can’t appreciate the style and meaning.”和前文“much poetry was written in the eras following the Song Dynasty”语义转折,所以应用从属连词though或although或while引导让步状语从句,注意首字母大写,故填Though/Although/While。
6.考查副词。句意:虽然宋代以后的诗歌创作很多,但由于诗人的学术性和抽象性越来越强,使得现代汉语不能欣赏诗歌的风格和意义。修饰形容词应用副词,increase是动词,increasing是形容词,副词为 increasingly。故填increasingly。
7.考查反身代词。句意:原因之一是中国特色的本质。分析句子可知,此处应用反身代词,作Chinese characteristics的同位语,起强调作用。故填themselves。
8.考查冠词。句意:这些词通常有很多含义,这使得汉英翻译成为阅读和理解中国诗歌的一个关键部分。空格后的名词part是可数名词单数,所以应用不定冠词限定,泛指“一个关键部分”,因所连接的形容词key为辅音音素开头,故填a。
9.考查时态语态。句意:如果说中国最伟大的诗人是谁,唐代的杜甫和李白,他们同时代,在中国游历甚广,往往名列前茅。根据句意可判断为被动语态,谓语动词name“说出…的名字;列举”与主语 poets之间为被动关系,应用被动语态,结构为be+动词的过去分词。根据句意,本句这一部分应为一般现在时,故填are named。
10.考查名词和形容词。句意:如果说中国最伟大的诗人是谁,唐代的杜甫和李白,他们同时代,在中国游历甚广,往往名列前茅。分析句子可知,此处contemporary可作为名词使用,意为“同时代的人”,根据were可判断为复数,作表语;contemporary也可作为形容词使用,作表语。故填contemporaries/contemporary。
$$重难点01 语法填空之词性转换(综合练)
考点
五年考情(2020-2024)
命题趋势
词性转化
5年4考
1.形容词与名词的相互转换
2.形容词与副词的相互转换
3.名词与形容词相互转换
一.动词性后缀变化细则
A动词后缀-en
内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。
(1)以-d, -f, -h, -k, -p, -t结尾的形容词或名词直接加-en
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
broad
broaden
hard
harden
dead
deaden
deaf
deafen
rough
rough
length
lengthen
tough
toughen
strength
strengthen
quick
quicken
weak
weaken
dark
darken
thick
thicken
black
blacken
sick
sicken
sharp
sharpen
deep
deepen
short
shorten
soft
soften
fast
fasten
height
heighten
light
lighten
threat
threaten
bright
brighten
fright
frighten
tight
tighten
注意:粗体部分为常考易错词例(下同),斜体部分为“名词加-en”构成动词的词例。
(2)以-e结尾的形容词只需加-n
形容词
派生动词
中文含义
形容词
派生动词
中文含义
wide
widen
white
whiten
awake
awaken
loose
loosen
(3)重读闭音节结尾的双写辅音字母再加-en
形容词
派生动词
中文含义
形容词
派生动词
中文含义
fat
fatten
flat
flatten
mad
madden
sad
sadden
red
redden
(4)有些形容词比较级也可加-(e)n构成动词
adj.比较级
派生动词
中文含义
adj.比较级
派生动词
中文含义
less
lessen
减少
worse
worsen
恶化
B.动词后缀-ify
内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。
(1)以-d, -r, -s, -t结尾的直接加-ify
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
solid
solidify
terror
terrify
class
classify
horror
horrify
just
justify
(2)以-e结尾的去-e再加-ify
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
simple
simplify
pure
purify
false
falsify
diverse
diversify
(3)以-y结尾的去-y再加-ify
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
beauty
beautify
pretty
prettify
(4)与名词性后缀-ity互为“反转型后缀”
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
quality
qualify
identity
identify
unity
unify
C.动词后缀-ise/-ize
内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。
(1)以-d,-l,-n,-r结尾的直接加-ise/-ize
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
standard
standardize
organ
organize
legal
legalize
modern
modernize
real
realize
popular
popularize
symbol
symbolize
familiar
familiarize
special
specialize
(2)以-y结尾的去-y再加-ise/-ize
根词
派生动词
中文含义
根词
派生动词
中文含义
apology歉意
apologize
summary
summarize
energy能量
energize
priority
prioritize
(3)与名词性后缀-mum, -ism, -sis等互为“反转型后缀”
名词
派生动词
中文含义
名词
派生动词
中文含义
maximum
maximize
minimum
minimize
criticism
criticize
emphasis
emphasize
注意-ize的一个变体后缀-yze
analysis
analyze
D,动词后缀-ate
内在含义:表示“赋予……性质”。
(1)直接在名词之后加-ate
名词
派生动词
中文含义
origin
originate
源于,创立
(1) 与名词性后缀-ation互为“反转型后缀”
动词
名词
中文含义
动词
名词
中文含义
celebrate
celebration
congratulate
congratulation
decorate
decoration
translate
translation
separate
separation
regulate
regulation
operate
operation
motivate
motivation
cooperate
cooperation
innovate
innovation
liberate
liberation
participate
participation
generate
generation
hesitate
hesitation
narrate
narration
appreciate
appreciation
communicate
communication
associate
association
locate
location
graduate
graduation
accommodate
accommodation
educate
education
二.副词性后缀变化细则
英语中出镜率最高的副词后缀-ly其实还兼具形容词和名词的功能,笔者以表格的形式将其三大功能、八条变化细则以及中学常见词例汇集于此。
A:-ly作副词性后缀
内在含义:表示“以……方式,……地”。
(1)以-d, -f, -h, -k, -m,-n, -p, -r, -s, -t, -w结尾的,直接加-ly
根词
派生副词
中文含义
根词
派生副词
中文含义
bad
badly
deep
deeply
sad
sadly
sharp
sharply
mad
madly
clear
clearly
cold
coldly
near
nearly
brief
briefly
poor
poorly
chief
chiefly
over
overly
high
highly
obvious
obviously
rough
roughly
curious
curiously
tough
toughly
generous
generously
smooth
smoothly
dangerous
dangerously
month
monthly
great
greatly
quick
quickly
short
shortly
warm
warmly
slight
slightly
firm
firmly
important
importantly
calm
calmly
patient
patiently
even
evenly
slow
slowly
sudden
suddenly
narrow
narrowly
注意:粗体部分为常考易错词例(下同),斜体部分为“非形容词加-ly”构成副词的词例。
(2)以-y结尾的词绝大多数变y为i再加-ly(包括“元音字母+y”的单词)。
根词
派生副词
中文含义
根词
派生副词
中文含义
happy
happily
merry
merrily
angry
angrily
hungry
hungrily
easy
easily
healthy
healthily
necessary
necessarily
heavy
heavily
unnecessary
unnecessarily
lucky
luckily
steady
steadily
unlucky
unluckily
ready
readily
shaky
shakily
day
daily
gay
gaily
当y为词中唯一元音时,则y不变,直接加-ly:
shy
shyly
(3)以“单个辅音字母加-e”结尾的形容词,绝大多数直接加-ly
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
accurate
accurately
appropriate
appropriately
active
actively
attentive
attentively
attractive
attractively
impressive
impressively
complete
completely
nice
nicely
entire
entirely
immediate
immediately
fortunate
fortunately
unfortunate
unfortunately
deliberate
deliberately
brave
bravely
extreme
extremely
huge
hugely
large
largely
strange
strangely
mere
merely
sincere
sincerely
sure
surely
pure
purely
safe
safely
rare
rarely
wide
widely
wise
wisely
(4)以-ble, -gle, -ple, -tle结尾的形容词只需变-e为-y
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
terrible
terribly
horrible
horribly
possible
possibly
impossible
impossibly
probable
probably
improbable
improbably
comfortable
comfortably
reasonable
reasonably
single
singly
unreasonable
unreasonably
gentle
gently
simple
simply
(5) 以-ue, -ole结尾的形容词则需去-e再加-ly:
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
true
truly
whole
wholly
due
duly
注意:中学英语中只有三个词是去-e加-ly的!
(6) 以-ic结尾的形容词需加-al再加-ly,即在-ic之后加-ally:
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
basic
basically
economic
economically
heroic
heroically
scenic
scenically
athletic
athletically
historic
historically
poetic
poetically
politic
politically
scientific
scientifically
classic
classically
authentic
authentically
comic
comically
automatic
automatically
dramatic
dramatically
注意:public只需直接加-ly:
public
publicly
(7)以-al, -ul结尾的形容词还要再加-ly:
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
actual
actually
real
really
natural
naturally
final
finally
traditional
traditionally
personal
personally
conventional
conventionally
accidental
accidentally
universal
universally
practical
practically
careful
carefully
hopeful
hopefully
thankful
thankfully
successful
successfully
(8)以-ll结尾的形容词则只需加-y:
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
形容词
派生副词
中文含义
full
fully
dull
dully
B.-ly作形容词性后缀
内在含义:表示“有…性质的”。
根词
派生副词
中文含义
根词
派生副词
中文含义
friend
friendly
love
lovely
father
fatherly
like
likely
brother
brotherly
live
lively
man
manly
cost
costly
time
timely
dead
deadly
C.-ly兼作形容词、副词和名词性后缀
内在含义:详见下表。
名词
派生词
形容词含义
副词含义
名词含义
day
daily
每天一次的
每天一次地
日报
week
weekly
每周一次的
每周一次地
周报,周刊
month
monthly
每月一次的
每月一次地
月报,月刊
year
yearly
每年一次的
每年一次地
年报,年鉴
quarter
quarterly
每季一次的
每季一次地
季刊
fortnight
fortnightly
每两周一次的
每两周一次地
————
hour
hourly
每小时一次的
每小时一次地
————
三.名词性后缀变化细则
A.名词性后缀-er
内在含义:表示执行该动作的人物、工具或具有该动作功能的试剂等。
(1)大多数动词直接加-er
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
fighter
战士;战机
sweeter
甜味剂
hunter
猎人
counter
柜台
painter
画家
interpreter
口译员
reporter
记者
poster
招贴画
owner
主人
cleaner
清洁工/剂/器
porter
搬运工
prisoner
囚犯
farmer
农民
performer
表演者
foreigner
外国人
recorder
录音机
leader
领袖
reader
读者
speaker
演讲人
cooker
炊具
founder
创立者
teacher
教师
killer
杀手
traveler
旅行者
researcher
研究者
thriller
恐怖片
photographer
摄影师
singer
歌手
container
容器
reminder
提醒物
* 注意remain这个词的特殊变化:
remain
remainder
剩余物
(2) 重读闭音节结尾的动词需双写辅音字母再加-er
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
begin
beginner
初学者
win
winner
获胜者
rob
robber
抢劫犯
run
runner
奔跑者
rub
rubber
橡皮擦
dig
digger
挖掘机/者
(3)以-e结尾的动词只需直接加-r
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
writer
作家,作者
officer
军官; 警官
user
用户
rider
骑手
ruler
统治者;尺
eraser
橡皮擦
smoker
吸烟者
settler
移居者
driver
司机
joker
爱搞笑的人
manager
经理
diver
潜水员
villager
村民
stranger
陌生人
receiver
电话听筒
(4)以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词变y为i再加-er
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
carry
carrier
搬运者
worry
worrier
多愁善感者
(5)以元音字母加-y结尾的动词则直接加-er
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
pay
payer
付账者
play
player
表演者
employ
employer
雇主
destroy
destroyer
毁灭者,
(6)以-aw结尾的动词先加-y再加-er
名词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
law
lawyer
律师
saw
sawyer
锯木工人
B.名词性后缀-or
内在含义:表示执行该动作的人物、工具等。
(1)大多数动词直接加-or
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
actor
男演员
director
董事;导演
detector
探测器
visitor
参观者
inventor
发明家
protector
保护者
conductor
指挥家;导体
collector
收藏家
connector
连接器
instructor
教练,导师
constructor
建造者
editor
编辑
sailor
水手,海员
conqueror
征服者
error
错误
(2) 以-te结尾的动词去-e再加-or
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
educate
educator
教育家
translate
translator
翻译家
calculate
calculator
计算器
generate
generator
发电机
operate
operator
接线员
accelerate
accelerator
加速器,油门
cooperate
cooperator
合作者
create
creator
创立者
* 注意donate这个词的特殊变化:
donate
donor
捐赠者
C.名词性后缀-ist
内在含义:表示“……信仰者”、专家、从事……的人。
(1) 以-l, -n, -r, -t结尾的形容词、名词直接加-ist
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
socialist
社会主义者
novelist
小说家
specialist
专家
journalist
记者
medalist
奖牌得主
violinist
小提琴家
perfectionist
完美主义者
receptionist
接待员
conservationist
环保主义者
tourist
游客
artist
艺术家
(2)以-e, -o结尾的词先去除-e, -o再加-ist
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
cycle
cyclist
骑单车者
pure
purist
纯粹主义者
type
typist
打字员
piano
pianist
钢琴家
(3)以下几个变化特殊,请注意观察
名词
名词
含义
名词
名词
含义
physics
physicist
物理学家
science
scientist
科学家
chemistry
chemist
化学家
D.名词性后缀-ian
内在含义:表示“具有某专长的人”或“来自某地的人”。
(1)以-c, -t, -il结尾的名词直接加-ian
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
music
musician
音乐家
magic
magician
魔术师
Egypt
Egyptian
埃及人
Christ
Christian
基督教徒
civil
civilian
平民
Brazil
Brazilian
巴西人
(2)以-y结尾的名词去-y加-ian
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
library
librarian
图书管理员
Italy
Italian
意大利人
(3)以-ia结尾的洲名、国名只需加-n
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
Asia
Asian
亚洲人
India
Indian
印度人
Russia
Russian
俄国人
Australia
Australian
澳大利亚人
(4)其它变化
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
politics
politician
政治家
mathematics
mathematician
数学家
physical
physician
内科医生
Canada
Canadian
加拿大人
E.名词性后缀-ant
内在含义:表示做某事的人、起某种作用的物。
(1)以-t结尾的动词直接加-ian
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
account
accountant
会计
assist
assistant
助手
consult
consultant
顾问
(2)以-e结尾的动词去-e加-ant
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
pollute
pollutant
污染物
serve
servant
仆人
(3)特殊变化
动词
名词
含义
动词
名词
含义
participate
participant
参与者
apply
applicant
申请人
F.名词性后缀-ess
内在含义:表示“……信仰者”、专家、从事……的人。
(2) 以-l, -n, -r, -t结尾的形容词、名词直接加-ist
词例
含义
词例
含义
词例
含义
socialist
社会主义者
novelist
小说家
specialist
专家
journalist
记者
medalist
奖牌得主
violinist
小提琴家
perfectionist
完美主义者
receptionist
接待员
conservationist
环保主义者
tourist
游客
artist
艺术家
(2)以-e, -o结尾的词先去除-e, -o再加-ist
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
cycle
cyclist
骑单车者
pure
purist
纯粹主义者
type
typist
打字员
piano
pianist
钢琴家
(3)以下几个变化特殊,请注意观察
名词
名词
含义
名词
名词
含义
physics
physicist
物理学家
science
scientist
科学家
chemistry
chemist
化学家
G.名词性后缀-eer
内在含义:表示“与……有关的人。
根词
派生词
含义
根词
派生词
含义
mountain
mountaineer
登山运动员
engine
engineer
工程师
voluntary
volunteer
志愿者
H.名词性后缀-ee
内在含义:表示“动作的承受者”,与-er结尾的同根词有相反关系,试比较:
派生词
含义
派生词
含义
派生词
含义
employer
雇主
interviewer
面试官
trainer
培训教官
employee
雇员
interviewee
面试者
trainee
培训学员
I.名词性后缀–ion (-tion /-ation /-sion /-ssion/-ition)
内在含义:表示行为过程或结果。
(1)直接加-ion变为名词(以-ct, -st, -ent, -ss结尾的动词)为主:
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
act
action
行动
interact
interaction
交流,互动
react
reaction
反应
infect
infection
传染,感染
attract
attraction
吸引;景点
suggest
suggestion
建议
predict
prediction
预言;预报
digest
digestion
消化
protect
protection
保护
invent
invention
发明
collect
collection
收集;藏品
prevent
prevention
阻止
connect
connection
连接;关系
discuss
discussion
讨论
correct
correction
改正;纠正
possess
possession
所有;财产
construct
construction
建设;建筑物
express
expression
表达;表情
instruct
instruction
指令,说明
impress
impression
印象
direct
direction
方向,说明
exhibit
exhibition
展览
extinct
extinction
灭绝
prohibit
prohibition
禁止,阻止
(2)去e再加-ion变为名词(以-ate, -ote, -ute,-ete,-ise 结尾的动词为主):
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
celebrate
celebration
庆祝;庆贺
congratulate
congratulation
祝贺
decorate
decoration
装饰
translate
translation
翻译;译文
separate
separation
分离,分开
regulate
regulation
规章制度
operate
operation
操作,手术
motivate
motivation
动机,积极性
cooperate
cooperation
合作
innovate
innovation
创新,改革
liberate
liberation
解放
pollute
pollution
污染
generate
generation
产生,一代
contribute
contribution
贡献
narrate
narration
叙述,解说
distribute
distribution
分布,分发
communicate
communication
交流
devote
devotion
奉献;热爱
educate
education
教育
graduate
graduation
毕业
locate
location
地点,定位
complete
completion
完成
accommodate
accommodation
住处,住宿
appreciate
appreciation
欣赏;感激
participate
participation
参加
associate
association
联系;联盟
hesitate
hesitation
犹豫
negotiate
negotiation
协商,谈判
televise
television
电视
revise
revision
复习,校订
(3)直接加-ation
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
expect
expectation
预料;期待
relax
relaxation
放松,松弛
limit
limitation
限制,局限
tax
taxation
征税,税款
adapt
adaptation
适应;改编
consider
consideration
考虑;体谅
present
presentation
显示;演出
inform
information
信息,资讯
found
foundation
建立,创立
consult
consultation
咨询,咨询会
注意explain的特殊变化:去-i加-ation
explain
explanation
解释
(4)去e再加-ation(以-ve, -ne, -re结尾的动词为主)
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
observe
observation
观察;观测
explore
exploration
探险,探测
reserve
reservation
保留,预定
prepare
preparation
准备;预备
conserve
conservation
保存;保护
inspire
inspiration
灵感;鼓舞
starve
starvation
挨饿;饿死
admire
admiration
欣赏,羡慕
combine
combination
结合;组合
invite
invitation
邀请;请柬
imagine
imagination
想象力
organize
organization
组织;机构
determine
determination
决心;果断
accuse
accusation
谴责;控告
civilize
civilization
文明
register
registration
登记,注册
pronounce变化特殊:去o去e再加-iation:
pronounce
pronunciation
发音,宣布
(5)以-d 或 –de结尾的动词变抽象名词时,通常把-d 或 –de 变为-sion 或-tion:
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
decide
decision
决定,决心
attend
attention
注意;关注
divide
division
划分;分配
intend
intention
意图
include
inclusion
包括,包含
extend
extension
延伸
exclude
exclusion
排除,排斥
suspend
suspension
悬挂,暂缓
conclude
conclusion
结论;结束
comprehend
comprehension
理解
persuade
persuasion
信服;说服
expand
expansion
扩展
erode
erosion
腐蚀
explode
explosion
爆炸
(6)以-mit结尾且词尾重读的动词,其抽象名词变t为ss再加-ion结尾
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
permit
permission
许可;允许
admit
admission
入场费;承认
submit
submission
提交,屈服
commit
commission
犯罪
emit
emission
排放
(7)以-duce结尾的动词,其抽象名词变e为-tion
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
produce
production
生产;制造
introduce
introduction
介绍,引进
reduce
reduction
减少;降低
(8)以-me,-b(e), -eive结尾的动词,其抽象名词以-ption结尾
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
assume
assumption
假定;设想
consume
consumption
消费,消耗
absorb
absorption
吸收;痴迷
describe
description
描写;描述
receive
reception
接待,反响
conceive
conception
构想,概念
(9)以-olve结尾的动词,其抽象名词则以-lution结尾
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
solve
solution
解决方法
resolve
resolution
决心,计划
evolve
evolution
进化,演变
revolve
revolution
旋转,革命
(10)以-ify, -ply结尾的动词,其抽象名词则变y为i再加-cation
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
classify
classification
分类
purify
purification
净化
qualify
qualification
资格;资历
identify
identification
鉴定;身份
simplify
simplification
简化
clarify
clarification
澄清,说明
apply
application
申请;应用
multiply
multiplication
相乘,繁殖
(11)下面几个以-y结尾的动词,其抽象名词变化各异
变化细则
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
去-y加-ation
occupy
occupation
职业,占领
去-y加-iation
vary
variation
变化,变体
去-y加-action
satisfy
satisfaction
满意
dissatisfy
dissatisfaction
不满意
(12)有些动词是在词尾加-ition构成抽象名词, 其变化形式各异,现汇聚于此,务请详察
变化细则
动词词根
派生名词
中文含义
直接加-ition
add
addition
增加,附加
去-a加-ition
repeat
repetition
重复
去-e加-ition
compete
competition
比赛,竞争
compose
composition
作曲,作文
去-ize加-ition
recognize
recognition
认出;承认
去-re加-sition
acquire
acquisition
获得,习得
J.名词性后缀–ness
内在含义:表示状态或特征。
(1) 直接加-ness(以-t,-d,-e,-h,-k,-s结尾的形容词居多)
根词
派生名词
中文含义
根词
派生名词
中文含义
kind
kindness
善良;好意
sick
sickness
疾病;恶心
blind
blindness
失明
thick
thickness
厚度
good
goodness
善良,美德
dark
darkness
黑暗;暗处
bad
badness
恶劣
black
blackness
黑暗
sad
sadness
悲哀;悲伤
weak
weakness
弱点;虚弱
mad
madness
疯狂,糊涂
eager
eagerness
渴望
cold
coldness
寒冷;冷漠
bitter
bitterness
苦
hard
hardness
硬度
fair
fairness
公平性
tired
tiredness
疲劳感
new
newness
新鲜感
fit
fitness
健康
slow
slowness
缓慢
fat
fatness
肥胖
narrow
narrowness
狭窄
bright
brightness
明亮;聪颖
fresh
freshness
新鲜度
quiet
quietness
宁静
selfish
selfishness
自私
sweet
sweetness
甜美
foolish
foolishness
愚蠢
soft
softness
柔软度
rough
roughness
粗糙
late
lateness
迟,晚
tough
toughness
坚强
aware
awareness
意识
rich
richness
丰富性
unique
uniqueness
独特性
grateful
gratefulness
感激
close
closeness
亲密度
thoughtful
thoughtfulness
周到
polite
politeness
礼貌
faithful
faithfulness
恪守
attractive
attractiveness
魅力
careful
carefulness
细心
effective
effectiveness
有效性
careless
carelessness
粗心
competitive
competitiveness
竞争力
hopeless
hopelessness
无望
forgive
forgiveness
原谅,宽恕
helpless
helplessness
无助
well
wellness
健康
sleepless
sleeplessness
失眠
ill
illness
疾病
weightless
weightlessness
失重
still
stillness
静止
nervous
nervousness
紧张
calm
calmness
镇静
serious
seriousness
严重
open
openness
坦率,开放
conscious
consciousness
意识
stubborn
stubbornness
固执
deaf
deafness
失聪
(2) 以元音字母+y结尾的形容词,也直接加-ness
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
gay
gayness
同性恋
grey
greyness
灰色
gray
grayness
灰色
(3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词,改y为i再加-ness
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
happy
happiness
高兴;幸福
busy
business
事务;生意
pretty
prettiness
美好
ugly
ugliness
丑陋
empty
emptiness
空虚,空旷
lonely
loneliness
孤独
dizzy
dizziness
眩晕
friendly
friendliness
友好
lazy
laziness
懒惰
ready
readiness
就绪,乐意
crazy
craziness
痴迷,疯狂
steady
steadiness
稳定
(4) 如果字母y为单词的主体元音,即使它以辅音字母+y结尾,也直接加-ness
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
shy
shyness
腼腆,羞怯
dry
dryness
干燥
K.名词性后缀–ity
内在含义:表示状态或特征。
(1)直接加-ity(以-l, -r, -c结尾的形容词居多)
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
real
reality
真实,现实
equal
equality
平等
personal
personality
个性;人格
punctual
punctuality
守时
national
nationality
国籍
mental
mentality
心态
vital
vitality
活力
individual
individuality
个性
popular
popularity
流行
similar
similarity
相似性
particular
particularity
特殊性
familiar
familiarity
熟悉,亲近
major
majority
大多数
minor
minority
少数
electric
electricity
电,电学
public
publicity
宣传报道
authenticity
authenticity
真实性
(2)以-able或-ible结尾的形容词,应在b后面先加i,再去e加-ity
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
able
ability
能力
suitable
suitability
适合度
changeable
changeability
可变性
reliable
reliability
可信度
stable
stability
稳定性
probable
probability
可能性
possible
possibility
可能性
responsible
responsibility
责任
impossible
impossibility
不可能
flexible
flexibility
灵活性
(3)其它以-e结尾的形容词,只需去e加-ity
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
active
activity
活动
secure
security
安全;保障
diverse
diversity
多样性
simple
simplicity
简单
(4)以-ous结尾的形容词,要去掉后缀中的u再加-ity
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
curious
curiosity
好奇心
generous
generosity
慷慨
(5) 特殊变化
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
necessary
necessity
必要性
unable
inability
无能;不能
L.名词性后缀–ment
内在含义:表示行为过程或结果。
变化规则最为简单:无需双写辅音字母,无需变-y为-i,绝大多数无需去-e(argue除外)
唯一必须去-e再加-ment的动词
argue
argument
争论,论点
词尾-e可去可不去的动词
judge
judg(e)ment
判断,评判
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
amaze
amazement
惊讶;惊愕
adjust
adjustment
调整;调节
amuse
amusement
消遣;娱乐
appoint
appointment
约会;任命
agree
agreement
同意,协议
disappoint
disappointment
失望
disagree
disagreement
分歧
commit
commitment
承诺,义务
arrange
arrangement
安排;排列
treat
treatment
治疗;待遇
encourage
encouragement
鼓励;奖励
depart
department
部门,系
discourage
discouragement
灰心,泄气
invest
investment
投资
manage
management
管理;处理
develop
development
发展;开发
engage
engagement
订婚,约定
equip
equipment
设备;装备
advance
advancement
发展;前进
assess
assessment
评价;评定
announce
announcement
公告,宣布
embarrass
embarrassment
尴尬;窘迫
base
basement
地下室
attach
attachment
附件;依恋
excite
excitement
兴奋;刺激
astonish
astonishment
惊讶
state
statement
陈述;声明
punish
punishment
处罚;惩罚
measure
measurement
测量;尺寸
accomplish
accomplishment
成就,才艺
require
requirement
需要;要求
establish
establishment
建立
retire
retirement
退休,退役
refresh
refreshment
恢复活力
replace
replacement
替换
enjoy
enjoyment
享受;欢乐
achieve
achievement
成就;功绩
employ
employment
雇佣,就业
improve
improvement
改善,提高
pay
payment
支付,报答
move
movement
运动;动作
entertain
entertainment
款待;娱乐
pave
pavement
人行道
assign
assignment
分配;任务
involve
involvement
参与,投入
govern
government
政府
advertise
advertisement
广告
abandon
abandonment
抛弃,放弃
puzzle
puzzlement
困惑,迷惘
个别副词也可加-ment构成名词,如:
settle
settlement
定居;解决
apart
apartment
公寓
M.名词性后缀–al
内在含义:表示过程或状态。
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
arrive
arrival
到达
refuse
refusal
拒绝
survive
survival
幸存
propose
proposal
提议
revive
revival
复活
dispose
disposal
清除,处理
remove
removal
清除
rehearse
rehearsal
排练
approve
approval
批准,同意
bury
burial
埋葬,葬礼
disapprove
disapproval
不认可,反对
try
trial
试验,审判
N.名词性后缀–th
内在含义:表示过程或状况。
形容词
派生名词
中文含义
根词
派生名词
中文含义
warm
warmth
暖和;温暖
grow
growth
增长;生长
true
truth
真相;真理
heal
health
健康
wide
width
宽度
die
death
死亡
young
youth
青春;青年
deep
depth
深度;深处
右边三词变化方式完全同步,值得关注:
(1)在形容词基础上变o为e
(2)在词尾加-th
long
length
长度
strong
strength
力气;强项
broad
breadth
宽度
O.词性后缀–age
内在含义:表示动作、结果、状态、数量、费用、地方等。
变化细则
根词
派生名词
中文含义
(1)大多数直接加-age:
break
breakage
破损
leak
leakage
泄漏
short
shortage
短缺,缺乏
post
postage
邮资
pass
passage
路费、走廊
cover
coverage
报道,占比
mile
mileage
里程
(2)去-e再加-age:
store
storage
储存
(3)变-y为-i再加-age:
marry
marriage
婚姻
carry
carriage
运费、车厢
(4)双写词尾辅音字母再加-age:
bag
baggage
行李
P.名词性后缀–ance/-ence
内在含义:表示行动或状况。
(1)在动词后面直接加-ance/-ence:
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
accept
acceptance
接受
allow
allowance
补贴
assist
assistance
协助
annoy
annoyance
恼怒
appear
appearance
出现;外貌
perform
performance
表演
disappear
disappearance
消失
resist
resistance
抵抗
differ
difference
区别
refer
reference
参考
exist
existence
存在
prefer
preference
偏好
个别词需双写词尾辅音字母再加-ence:
occur
occurrence
发生
(2) 去-e再加-ance:
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
guide
guidance
指导
insure
insurance
保险
enter
entrance
进入,入口
(3)与形容词后缀-ant/-ent互变(参见本网站《带“反转型后缀”的派生词集中检测》)
形容词
名词
中文含义
形容词
名词
中文含义
important
importance
重要性
distant
distance
距离
significant
significance
意义
resistant
resistance
抵抗
ignorant
ignorance
无知
assistant
assistance
援助
fragrant
fragrance
芳香
tolerant
tolerance
宽容
elegant
elegance
优雅
abundant
abundance
丰富
absent
absence
缺席
patient
patience
耐心
present
presence
在场
silent
silence
沉默
confident
confidence
信心
convenient
convenience
方便
coincident
coincidence
巧合
different
difference
区别
evident
evidence
证据
violent
violence
暴力
excellent
excellence
优秀
adolescent
adolescence
青春期
dependent
dependence
依靠
innocent
innocence
无辜
independent
independence
独立
intelligent
intelligence
智力
Q.名词性后缀–ancy/-ency
内在含义:表示状况或性质。
(1)直接加在动词之后
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
expect
expectancy
期待
tend
tendency
趋势
(2)与形容词后缀-ant/-ency互变(参见本网站《带“反转型后缀”的派生词集中检测》)
形容词
名词
中文含义
形容词
名词
中文含义
pregnant
pregnancy
怀孕,孕期
fluent
fluency
流畅性
efficient
efficiency
效率
frequent
frequency
频率
proficient
proficiency
熟练程度
current
currency
通货
emergent
emergency
紧急情况
R.名词性后缀–ty
内在含义:表示特性或状况。
(1)直接加在形容词之后
形容词
名词
中文含义
形容词
名词
中文含义
safe
safety
安全
cruel
cruelty
残酷
certain
certainty
确实
novel
novelty
新颖性
uncertain
uncertainty
不确定性
loyal
loyalty
忠诚
(2) 以-t结尾的形容词,则只需加-y
形容词
名词
中文含义
形容词
名词
中文含义
honest
honesty
诚实
dishonest
dishonesty
不诚实
difficult
difficulty
困难
modest
modesty
谦虚
(3) 复杂变化
名词性后缀-iety与
形容词后缀-ious互变
anxious
anxiety
焦虑
various
variety
多样性
名词性后缀-iety与形容词后缀-ial互变
social
society
社会
名词性后缀-ty与形容词后缀-al互变
liberal
liberty
自由
特殊变化
poor
poverty
贫穷
S.名词性后缀–y (-ary /-ery / -iry / -ory / -ury)
内在含义:表示过程、结果、技艺或场所。
(1) 以-er结尾的动词只需加-y:
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
recover
recovery
康复
deliver
delivery
发送
discover
discovery
发现
(2) 以-e结尾的词加-ry
根词
派生名词
中文含义
根词
派生名词
中文含义
nurse护理
nursery
托儿所
slave苦干
slavery
奴隶制
bake烘焙
bakery
面包房
brave勇敢
bravery
勇气
(3) 以-re结尾的动词变名词时只需改e为y
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
injure
injury
伤情
enquire
enquiry
咨询
(4)以重读闭音节结尾的动词变为名词时,双写辅音字母再加-ery或-ary
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
rob
robbery
抢劫
sum
summary
摘要
T.名词性后缀-ure
内在含义:表示过程或结果。
(1)直接加在动词之后
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
fail
failure
失败
press
pressure
压力
create
creature
生物
please
pleasure
快乐
close
closure
关闭
expose
exposure
暴露
mix
mixture
混合物
sign
signature
签名
(2)以-e结尾的动词去-e再加-ure
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
create
creature
生物
please
pleasure
快乐
close
closure
关闭
expose
exposure
暴露
(3)特殊变化(在动词后加-ture或-ature)
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
mix
mixture
混合物
sign
signature
签名
U.名词性后缀–ship
内在含义:表示关系、资格、地位、品质、技艺等。
名词
派生名词
中文含义
名词
派生名词
中文含义
relation
relationship
关系
citizen
citizenship
公民权
friend
friendship
友谊
owner
ownership
所有权
fellow
fellowship
交情
leader
leadership
领导地位
partner
partnership
合伙人关系
horseman
horsemanship
骑士精神
member
membership
会员资格
sportsman
sportsmanship
体育精神
scholar
scholarship
奖学金
craftsman
craftsmanship
工匠精神
V.名词性后缀-dom
内在含义:表示状态或领域。
(1)直接加-dom
根词
派生词
中文含义
根词
派生词
中文含义
free
freedom
自由
king
kingdom
王国
bore
boredom
厌倦
(2) 去-e再加-dom
根词
派生词
中文含义
wise
wisdom
智慧
W.名词性后缀-ing
内在含义:表示状态、行为和结果。
(1)直接加-ing
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
build
building
建筑物
draw
drawing
素描
find
finding
调研结果
paint
painting
油画
engineer
engineering
工程学
end
ending
结局
feel
feeling
感情
suffer
suffering
苦难
hear
hearing
听力
say
saying
谚语
read
reading
阅读,读物
greet
greeting
问候
find
finding
调研结果
found
founding
成立
(3) 去-e再加-ing
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
live
living
生计
write
writing
写作,作品
(4) 双写词尾辅音字母再加-ing
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
begin
beginning
开端
program
programming
编程
(5) 下列几个派生名词通常以复数形式出现
动词
派生名词
中文含义
动词
派生名词
中文含义
belong
belongings
财物
surround
surroundings
环境
earn
earnings
收入
save
savings
积蓄,存款
四.形容词性后缀变化细则
1.名词+y
(
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guilt 罪恶——guilty 内疚的
health——healthy 健康的
luck——lucky 幸运的
cloud——cloudy 多云的
wind—windy 多风的
rain——rainy 多雨的
snow——snowy 多雪的
tourist —— touristy 游客多的
fog—— foggy 有雾的
sun—— sunny 阳关灿烂的
fur—— furry 毛皮的
shine——shiny 发亮的
taste —— tasty 美味的
2. 名词/动词+ ed
辅音+辅音结尾单词,直接加ed
talent —— talented 有天赋的
offend ——offended 生气的
crowd ——crowded 拥挤的
以元音字母e结尾单词直接加d
balance —— balanced 平衡的
organize——organized 有组织的
pollute ——polluted 被污染的
please ——pleased 高兴的
【特别留意】
spot —— spotted 有斑点的
3.名词+ ful/less
care —— careful/ careless 小心的/ 粗心的
help—— helpful / helpless 有帮助的/ 无助的
use—— useful/ useless有用的 / 无用的
meaning —— meaningful / meaningless有意义的/无意义的
colour—— colourful /colourless多彩的/无色的
pain 疼痛 ——painful /painless痛苦的/ 不痛的
thank—— thankful / thankless 充满感激的/ 不知感恩的
peace 和平 —— peaceful 和平的
play游戏 —— playful 爱玩耍的
home —— homeless 无家可归的
4.名词/动词+ able
adjust——adjustable 可调整的
comfort——comfortable 舒适的
suit ——suitable 合适的
deny—— deniable 可否认的
rely—— reliable 可靠的
【特别留意】
knowledge——knowledgeable 知识渊博的
change —— changeable 易变的
5.名词+ ous
courage——courageous 勇敢的
danger—— dangerous 危险的
mystery 神秘—— mysterious 神秘的
6.ce变 t
confidence—— confident 自信的
difference——different 不同的
dependence —— dependent 依赖他人的
independence—— independent 独立的
7.词尾加 al
addition—— additional 附加的,额外的
music—— musical 音乐的
person——personal (私人的)
nation—— national 国家的
education——educational有教育意义的
tradition—— traditional 传统的
origin起源——original 新颖的;独创的
【特别留意】
nature——natural 自然的
globe—— global 全球的
class—— classical 经典的
medicine 药——medical 医学的
grammar—— grammatical 语法的
8.名词+ ly
friend—— friendly 友好的
live——lively 活跃的,有生气的
love——lovely 可爱的
week——weekly 每周的
man——manly 男子气概的;强壮的
9.词尾+ en
wood—— wooden 木制的
wool—— woolen 羊毛的
10.表示方位的词
East——eastern
West——western
South——southern
North——northern
11.四大洲
Asia 亚洲—— Asian
Africa 非洲——African
Europe欧洲—— European
America 美洲——American
12.其他
energy精力——energetic 精力充沛的
strategy——strategic 战略的
scientist——scientific 科学的
fool 傻子——foolish 愚蠢的
love——loving 慈爱的
pleasure——pleasant令人愉快的 / pleased高兴的
pride——proud 自豪的
1.【2024北京卷】 Slowing down can contribute significantly to personal growth. Taking the time ___11___ (rest) allows us to develop a deeper sense of ___12___ (self-aware).
2.【2023北京卷】Every culture is riddled with unwritten rules, such as ones on punctuality (守时). I’m British. Soon after moving to Switzerland, I 11.threw (throw) a house-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests showed up 12 (exact) on time. Years later, having moved to France.
3.【2021年北京卷】Sam walked her to a nearby convenience store so that she could ____16____(safe) wait for the police to take her home.
4.【2020年北京卷】 Oliver says if you're___2___(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them___3_if/whether__you can join in when it's possible.
(建议用时:40分钟)
1.To 1. (true) understand our planet, we must explore the oceans which cover most of it. Opponents may be concerned, but sea 2. (explore) is important for our future. For example, 3. (science) research ships can help address important issues such as climate change. We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action. Therefore, more research is necessary.
2.Some people would prefer to stop the use of man-made chemicals in agriculture
1. (entire). What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world. Organic farming is nowhere near able to meet that need. Therefore, there is still a long way to find a 2. (suit) solution that puts sufficient food on the dinner table while keeping people and the environment as 3. (health) as possible.
3.While studying abroad does have potential benefits, young people who study in China also have a great future to look forward to! As China has boomed, the 1. (education) environment has improved 2. (significant), with many great universities now available. They have great facilities and outstanding professors, helping to educate young people who will contribute to the economy and further 3. (strength) our country.
4.Qian Xuesen read a lot and was extremely 1. (knowledge), 2. (especial) in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and 3. (create) scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him
4. (inspire) in his scientific research.
5.The population of the world is growing and we need new resources for future
1. (develop). There are probably vast amounts of resources under the sea and ice, not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals. Of course, there are still 2. (environment) risks. However, these should be balanced with economic needs. 3. (hopeful), as technology improves, we may have more options for managing this balance.
6.Studying abroad provides a great opportunity to contribute to the development of our motherland. China's global outlook, with projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has helped us make 1. (connect) across the world. Therefore, China needs more talented young people with a global perspective who are 2. (high) competent with languages, have leadership and organisational skills, and have strong 3. (culture) awareness. Students who study abroad will develop such skills and abilities, and these in turn will provide them with better career opportunities.
7.The 1. (construct) of waste water treatment facilities improved the water quality and water conservation. The collection and transport of household waste was also improved. Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved. The local government set up strict regulations regarding further 2. (industry) development. New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods. Furthermore, the local authorities began to use the media to spread environmental awareness and encourage greater use of clean energy. At the same time, they started to carry out inspections
3. (regular) and fine tourist organisations for abuses.
8.Scientists visiting tiny Henderson Island in the South Pacific recently made an alarming 1. (discover). Although it is one of the most remote places on the earth and 2. (previous) untouched by humans, the island was covered in plastic waste. They calculated there were 38 million pieces of plastic, weighing almost 18 tons, with thousands of new pieces washing up each day. “No country has a free pass—we found plastic from everywhere,” said one scientist. “We all have a 3. (responsible), and we have to sit up and pay attention. This is not an issue to ignore. We need to do something now to protect the sea.”
(建议用时:40分钟)
1.【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】The Terracotta Army (兵马俑) was found in 1974 near Xi’an. It is formed of more than 8,000 sculptures, which 17 (bury) alongside the emperor Qin Shi Huang more than 2,200 years ago. Now, researchers have recreated the shoes of one soldier and analysis of them 18 (suggest) that shoes worn by the terracotta sculptures were surprisingly flexible and slip resistant. If the recreated shoes 19 (true) reflect the real ones, they can help build a better picture of 20 Qin dynasty soldiers wore and how this might have aided them in battles.
2.【2024年清华大学附属附中高三三模】Crying is a natural response to emotions. Regardless of 17 causes the tears to flow, the physical reaction is usually the same with puffy cheeks and tight eyes 18 (lead) to streaming tears down one’s face. Despite its stigma (污名), crying can be an act 19 relieves tension and clears feelings of negativity and sadness. Crying can communicate our emotions to others and foster greater understanding and compassion. Ultimately, crying is a powerful tool we ought to use to free ourselves 20 negativity.
3.(2024·北京通州·模拟预测)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空
A strong work ethic (道德) is vital to a company. Certain 4 (factor) come together to create a strong work ethic. A sense of responsibility is a factor. It affects 5 an employee works. When the employee feels 6 (personal) responsible for his job performance, he shows up on time and completes projects to the best of his ability. A sense of team work is another factor. An employee with a high sense of team work helps a team meet its goals. These employees respect and help each other, 7 (make) cooperation go smoother.
4.(2024·北京·三模)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。
The tiger shark 15 (consider) to be one of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Why are tiger sharks so dangerous? First, they like to live 16 waters where humans usually swim, so the chances of an encounter are much greater. Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can easily hit a person. And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly 17 (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain 18 the damage will be disastrous.
5.(2024·北京大兴·模拟预测)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。
Connected to each other like never before, young people today are becoming agents of change, increasingly 19 (contribute) to innovative solutions that improve people’s lives and the planet’s health.
The United Nations Institute for Training and Research 20 (be) therefore delighted to launch the Young Leaders Online Training Programme, a four-week e-Learning course, to provide participants 21 the knowledge and skills to fully unfold their potential as global leaders.
6.(2024·北京石景山·一模)阅读短文,在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。
Are you still discussing and getting your head round Chat GPT, 26 potential will disturb everything from marketing to education? Well, Sora is about 27 (blow) those debates wide open. OpenAI’s Sora, a text-to-video AI model capable of generating 28 (remarkable) realistic and imaginative scenes from text instructions, just entered the chat room. A world where reality bends to the will of words has arrived, 29 (shape)a new era not just for technology but for humanity itself.
7.(2024·北京西城·一模)Your hometown could affect your navigational (导航的) skills. New research indicates that individuals 33 (raise) in cities with structured street patterns may encounter difficulties in navigation compared to those from rural areas with more organic layouts. This conclusion was drawn from a study 34 (involve) players of a mobile game about sea, 35 tests 3-D navigation skills. However, there’s hope for city residents: an urban version of the game showed slight improvements for them.
语法填空语篇训练
(一)
Like many other students, you may have various people, __1__ (include) family members and friends, giving input on your college decision.
While many of your trusted relatives and peers(同龄人) may have very __2__(value) advice that can help you to make the decision, finally the choice is yours and yours alone.
Only you can fully realize which aspects of a college will make you truly happy and __3__ (satisfy) so keep that at the front of your mind.
Moreover, fully consider each option. It can be easy __4__(let) a particular school become a front-runner early on __5__ your decision-making process, and it may even become the winning choice —but be sure to carefully evaluate every school __6__ has accepted you, since you had particular reasons for applying to each school.
Do keep __7__ open mind. Students can change majors, but remember that there's no re-living a certain semester(学期), and there's no making up for lost time. Don't go to a school __8__(specific) for a high school relationship __9__ to make someone else happy. A __10__ (student) college experience is his or her own, and the student must put his or her education first.
(二)
Smile is a universal language, which ___1___ (use) throughout the world. However, the meaning of a smile in different cultures may be different. Depending on different cultures, smiling can express joy and ___2___ (amuse), but it can also indicate embarrassment. The following examples show this point of view. In an attempt to be open and ___3___ (friend), people in the United States smile a lot. Every one smiles at each other and this nonverbal communication shows being polite in the United States. But in China, smiling is not only ___4___ expression of happiness, but also a way to avoid ___5___(be) embarrassed. Chinese people like smiling when they are embarrassed in order to avoid embarrassment. Smiling is a kind of good will but not sneer (嘲笑). For example: When a child falls off from a bike, the adults in China may smile, ___6___ is a kind of gentle encouragement and may not be a kind of impolite laugh.
The laugh is ___7___ (relate) to the smile. Also, different cultures have various ___8___ (meaning) about laugh. Americans can enjoy a very heartfelt belly (腹部) laugh that comes ___9___ the deepest emotions while most Chinese may think ___10___ silly to laugh that way.
(三)
The earliest exiting collection of Chinese poetry, Shi Jing (Book of Songs), _____1___(date) back to as early as the 11th century BC, but the history of Chinese poetry may be even longer than that.____2____(develop) and changing for thousands of years, Chinese poetry is like a beautiful and fathomless ocean to _____3_ Chinese-speaking people couldn’t help but keep being drawn.
The very ancient poetry that was written 1000 or more years ago was simpler and about common things ____4____ love, romance and nature that people appreciate._____5 ___much poetry was written in the eras following the Song Dynasty, it is thought the poets became _____6_____(increase) academic and abstract so that modern Chinese can’t appreciate the style and meaning.
For foreigners, ancient Chinese poetry is more difficult to understand. One of the reasons is the nature of Chinese characteristics____7____(they).Often the words have many meanings, and this make the translation of Chinese into English ____8____key part of reading and understanding Chinese poetry. Put simply, good translation is essential to fully understand Chinese poems.
If the greatest Chinese poets_____9____(name), Du Fu and Li Bai of Tang Dynasty who were _____10_____(contemporary) and who both traveled widely in China often come up on top. Along with them, another famous ancient poet is Su Shi of the Song Dynasty.
$$