重难点05 语法填空之词性转换(综合练)-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练(北京专用)

2025-01-13
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重难点01 语法填空之词性转换(综合练) 考点 五年考情(2020-2024) 命题趋势 词性转化 5年4考 1.形容词与名词的相互转换 2.形容词与副词的相互转换 3.名词与形容词相互转换 一.动词性后缀变化细则 A动词后缀-en 内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。 (1)以-d, -f, -h, -k, -p, -t结尾的形容词或名词直接加-en 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 broad broaden 拓宽 hard harden 变硬,硬化 dead deaden 变迟钝 deaf deafen 震耳欲聋 rough rough 变粗糙 length lengthen 延长 tough toughen 强化 strength strengthen 加强 quick quicken 加快 weak weaken 减弱 dark darken 变暗 thick thicken 加厚,变稠 black blacken 变黑 sick sicken 患病,使震怒 sharp sharpen 磨利 deep deepen 加深,深化 short shorten 缩短 soft soften 软化 fast fasten 加固,拴住 height heighten 增高 light lighten 减轻 threat threaten 威胁 bright brighten 变亮 fright frighten 惊吓 tight tighten 紧缩 注意:粗体部分为常考易错词例(下同),斜体部分为“名词加-en”构成动词的词例。 (2)以-e结尾的形容词只需加-n 形容词 派生动词 中文含义 形容词 派生动词 中文含义 wide widen 拓宽 white whiten 变白 awake awaken 唤醒 loose loosen 放松 (3)重读闭音节结尾的双写辅音字母再加-en 形容词 派生动词 中文含义 形容词 派生动词 中文含义 fat fatten 变胖 flat flatten 弄平,弄扁 mad madden 使生气/发疯 sad sadden 使悲伤 red redden 变红 (4)有些形容词比较级也可加-(e)n构成动词 adj.比较级 派生动词 中文含义 adj.比较级 派生动词 中文含义 less lessen 减少 worse worsen 恶化 B.动词后缀-ify 内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。 (1)以-d, -r, -s, -t结尾的直接加-ify 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 solid solidify 凝固 terror terrify 使恐惧 class classify 分类 horror horrify 使惊恐 just justify 证明,辩解 (2)以-e结尾的去-e再加-ify 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 simple simplify 简化 pure purify 净化 false falsify 伪造 diverse diversify 多样化 (3)以-y结尾的去-y再加-ify 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 beauty beautify 美化 pretty prettify 粉饰,美化 (4)与名词性后缀-ity互为“反转型后缀” 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 quality qualify 使合格 identity identify 确认身份 unity unify 联合 C.动词后缀-ise/-ize 内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。 (1)以-d,-l,-n,-r结尾的直接加-ise/-ize 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 standard standardize 标准化 organ organize 组织 legal legalize 合法化 modern modernize 现代化 real realize 实现 popular popularize 普及,推广 symbol symbolize 象征 familiar familiarize 熟悉 special specialize 专攻 (2)以-y结尾的去-y再加-ise/-ize 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 apology歉意 apologize 道歉 summary summarize 总结,概括 energy能量 energize 增添能量 priority prioritize 优先处理 (3)与名词性后缀-mum, -ism, -sis等互为“反转型后缀” 名词 派生动词 中文含义 名词 派生动词 中文含义 maximum maximize 最大化 minimum minimize 最小化 criticism criticize 批评 emphasis emphasize 强调 注意-ize的一个变体后缀-yze analysis analyze 分析 D,动词后缀-ate 内在含义:表示“赋予……性质”。 (1)直接在名词之后加-ate 名词 派生动词 中文含义 origin originate 源于,创立 (1) 与名词性后缀-ation互为“反转型后缀” 动词 名词 中文含义 动词 名词 中文含义 celebrate celebration 庆祝;庆贺 congratulate congratulation 祝贺 decorate decoration 装饰 translate translation 翻译;译文 separate separation 分离,分开 regulate regulation 规章制度 operate operation 操作,手术 motivate motivation 动机,积极性 cooperate cooperation 合作 innovate innovation 创新,改革 liberate liberation 解放 participate participation 参加 generate generation 产生,一代 hesitate hesitation 犹豫 narrate narration 叙述,解说 appreciate appreciation 欣赏;感激 communicate communication 交流 associate association 联系;联盟 locate location 地点,定位 graduate graduation 毕业 accommodate accommodation 住处,住宿 educate education 教育 二.副词性后缀变化细则 英语中出镜率最高的副词后缀-ly其实还兼具形容词和名词的功能,笔者以表格的形式将其三大功能、八条变化细则以及中学常见词例汇集于此。 A:-ly作副词性后缀 内在含义:表示“以……方式,……地”。 (1)以-d, -f, -h, -k, -m,-n, -p, -r, -s, -t, -w结尾的,直接加-ly 根词 派生副词 中文含义 根词 派生副词 中文含义 bad badly 严重地,很 deep deeply 深深地 sad sadly 悲伤地 sharp sharply 急剧地 mad madly 疯狂地 clear clearly 清楚地 cold coldly 冷淡的 near nearly 将近,几乎 brief briefly 简要地 poor poorly 很差,不足 chief chiefly 主要地 over overly 过分地 high highly 高度地 obvious obviously 显然 rough roughly 粗略地 curious curiously 好奇地 tough toughly 强硬地 generous generously 慷慨地 smooth smoothly 顺利地 dangerous dangerously 危险地 month monthly 每月一次地 great greatly 极大地 quick quickly 很快地 short shortly 立即 warm warmly 温暖地 slight slightly 轻微地 firm firmly 坚定的 important importantly 重要地 calm calmly 淡定地 patient patiently 耐心地 even evenly 均匀地 slow slowly 慢慢地 sudden suddenly 突然地 narrow narrowly 侥幸地 注意:粗体部分为常考易错词例(下同),斜体部分为“非形容词加-ly”构成副词的词例。 (2)以-y结尾的词绝大多数变y为i再加-ly(包括“元音字母+y”的单词)。 根词 派生副词 中文含义 根词 派生副词 中文含义 happy happily 幸福地 merry merrily 快乐地 angry angrily 生气地 hungry hungrily 饥饿地 easy easily 轻松地 healthy healthily 健康地 necessary necessarily 必然地 heavy heavily 沉重地 unnecessary unnecessarily 未必 lucky luckily 幸运地 steady steadily 稳定地 unlucky unluckily 不幸地 ready readily 乐意地 shaky shakily 颤抖地 day daily 每日一次地 gay gaily 开心地 当y为词中唯一元音时,则y不变,直接加-ly: shy shyly 羞怯地 (3)以“单个辅音字母加-e”结尾的形容词,绝大多数直接加-ly 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 accurate accurately 精确地 appropriate appropriately 适当地 active actively 积极地 attentive attentively 专心地 attractive attractively 诱人地 impressive impressively 深刻地 complete completely 完全地 nice nicely 很好地 entire entirely 完全地 immediate immediately 立即 fortunate fortunately 幸运地 unfortunate unfortunately 不幸地 deliberate deliberately 故意地 brave bravely 勇敢地 extreme extremely 极其 huge hugely 巨大地 large largely 大大地 strange strangely 奇怪地 mere merely 仅仅 sincere sincerely 诚恳地 sure surely 确切地 pure purely 纯粹地 safe safely 安全地 rare rarely 很少 wide widely 广泛地 wise wisely 明智地 (4)以-ble, -gle, -ple, -tle结尾的形容词只需变-e为-y 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 terrible terribly 非常 horrible horribly 可怕地 possible possibly 有可能 impossible impossibly 不可能 probable probably 大概 improbable improbably 不可能 comfortable comfortably 舒适地 reasonable reasonably 尚可,合理地 single singly 仅仅 unreasonable unreasonably 不可理喻地 gentle gently 轻柔地 simple simply 仅仅,简直 (5) 以-ue, -ole结尾的形容词则需去-e再加-ly: 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 true truly 真诚地 whole wholly 完全地 due duly 准时地 注意:中学英语中只有三个词是去-e加-ly的! (6) 以-ic结尾的形容词需加-al再加-ly,即在-ic之后加-ally: 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 basic basically 基本上 economic economically 在经济方面 heroic heroically 英勇地 scenic scenically 在风景方面 athletic athletically 健壮地 historic historically 历史性地 poetic poetically 富有诗意地 politic politically 在政治方面 scientific scientifically 科学地 classic classically 典雅地 authentic authentically 真正地 comic comically 滑稽地 automatic automatically 自动地 dramatic dramatically 戏剧性地 注意:public只需直接加-ly: public publicly 公开地 (7)以-al, -ul结尾的形容词还要再加-ly: 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 actual actually 事实上 real really 真正地 natural naturally 自然地 final finally 最后 traditional traditionally 传统地 personal personally 就本人而言 conventional conventionally 传统地 accidental accidentally 意外地 universal universally 普遍地 practical practically 实际地 careful carefully 小心地 hopeful hopefully 有希望地 thankful thankfully 感激地 successful successfully 成功地 (8)以-ll结尾的形容词则只需加-y: 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 full fully 充分地 dull dully 木然地 B.-ly作形容词性后缀 内在含义:表示“有…性质的”。 根词 派生副词 中文含义 根词 派生副词 中文含义 friend friendly 友好的 love lovely 可爱的 father fatherly 父亲般的 like likely 很可能的 brother brotherly 兄弟般的 live lively 生气勃勃的 man manly 像爷们的 cost costly 昂贵的 time timely 及时的 dead deadly 致命的 C.-ly兼作形容词、副词和名词性后缀 内在含义:详见下表。 名词 派生词 形容词含义 副词含义 名词含义 day daily 每天一次的 每天一次地 日报 week weekly 每周一次的 每周一次地 周报,周刊 month monthly 每月一次的 每月一次地 月报,月刊 year yearly 每年一次的 每年一次地 年报,年鉴 quarter quarterly 每季一次的 每季一次地 季刊 fortnight fortnightly 每两周一次的 每两周一次地 ———— hour hourly 每小时一次的 每小时一次地 ———— 三.名词性后缀变化细则 A.名词性后缀-er 内在含义:表示执行该动作的人物、工具或具有该动作功能的试剂等。 (1)大多数动词直接加-er 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 fighter 战士;战机 sweeter 甜味剂 hunter 猎人 counter 柜台 painter 画家 interpreter 口译员 reporter 记者 poster 招贴画 owner 主人 cleaner 清洁工/剂/器 porter 搬运工 prisoner 囚犯 farmer 农民 performer 表演者 foreigner 外国人 recorder 录音机 leader 领袖 reader 读者 speaker 演讲人 cooker 炊具 founder 创立者 teacher 教师 killer 杀手 traveler 旅行者 researcher 研究者 thriller 恐怖片 photographer 摄影师 singer 歌手 container 容器 reminder 提醒物 * 注意remain这个词的特殊变化: remain remainder 剩余物 (2) 重读闭音节结尾的动词需双写辅音字母再加-er 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 begin beginner 初学者 win winner 获胜者 rob robber 抢劫犯 run runner 奔跑者 rub rubber 橡皮擦 dig digger 挖掘机/者 (3)以-e结尾的动词只需直接加-r 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 writer 作家,作者 officer 军官; 警官 user 用户 rider 骑手 ruler 统治者;尺 eraser 橡皮擦 smoker 吸烟者 settler 移居者 driver 司机 joker 爱搞笑的人 manager 经理 diver 潜水员 villager 村民 stranger 陌生人 receiver 电话听筒 (4)以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词变y为i再加-er 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 carry carrier 搬运者 worry worrier 多愁善感者 (5)以元音字母加-y结尾的动词则直接加-er 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 pay payer 付账者 play player 表演者 employ employer 雇主 destroy destroyer 毁灭者, (6)以-aw结尾的动词先加-y再加-er 名词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 law lawyer 律师 saw sawyer 锯木工人 B.名词性后缀-or 内在含义:表示执行该动作的人物、工具等。 (1)大多数动词直接加-or 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 actor 男演员 director 董事;导演 detector 探测器 visitor 参观者 inventor 发明家 protector 保护者 conductor 指挥家;导体 collector 收藏家 connector 连接器 instructor 教练,导师 constructor 建造者 editor 编辑 sailor 水手,海员 conqueror 征服者 error 错误 (2) 以-te结尾的动词去-e再加-or 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 educate educator 教育家 translate translator 翻译家 calculate calculator 计算器 generate generator 发电机 operate operator 接线员 accelerate accelerator 加速器,油门 cooperate cooperator 合作者 create creator 创立者 * 注意donate这个词的特殊变化: donate donor 捐赠者 C.名词性后缀-ist 内在含义:表示“……信仰者”、专家、从事……的人。 (1) 以-l, -n, -r, -t结尾的形容词、名词直接加-ist 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 socialist 社会主义者 novelist 小说家 specialist 专家 journalist 记者 medalist 奖牌得主 violinist 小提琴家 perfectionist 完美主义者 receptionist 接待员 conservationist 环保主义者 tourist 游客 artist 艺术家 (2)以-e, -o结尾的词先去除-e, -o再加-ist 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 cycle cyclist 骑单车者 pure purist 纯粹主义者 type typist 打字员 piano pianist 钢琴家 (3)以下几个变化特殊,请注意观察 名词 名词 含义 名词 名词 含义 physics physicist 物理学家 science scientist 科学家 chemistry chemist 化学家 D.名词性后缀-ian 内在含义:表示“具有某专长的人”或“来自某地的人”。 (1)以-c, -t, -il结尾的名词直接加-ian 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 music musician 音乐家 magic magician 魔术师 Egypt Egyptian 埃及人 Christ Christian 基督教徒 civil civilian 平民 Brazil Brazilian 巴西人 (2)以-y结尾的名词去-y加-ian 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 library librarian 图书管理员 Italy Italian 意大利人 (3)以-ia结尾的洲名、国名只需加-n 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 Asia Asian 亚洲人 India Indian 印度人 Russia Russian 俄国人 Australia Australian 澳大利亚人 (4)其它变化 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 politics politician 政治家 mathematics mathematician 数学家 physical physician 内科医生 Canada Canadian 加拿大人 E.名词性后缀-ant 内在含义:表示做某事的人、起某种作用的物。 (1)以-t结尾的动词直接加-ian 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 account accountant 会计 assist assistant 助手 consult consultant 顾问 (2)以-e结尾的动词去-e加-ant 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 pollute pollutant 污染物 serve servant 仆人 (3)特殊变化 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 participate participant 参与者 apply applicant 申请人 F.名词性后缀-ess 内在含义:表示“……信仰者”、专家、从事……的人。 (2) 以-l, -n, -r, -t结尾的形容词、名词直接加-ist 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 socialist 社会主义者 novelist 小说家 specialist 专家 journalist 记者 medalist 奖牌得主 violinist 小提琴家 perfectionist 完美主义者 receptionist 接待员 conservationist 环保主义者 tourist 游客 artist 艺术家 (2)以-e, -o结尾的词先去除-e, -o再加-ist 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 cycle cyclist 骑单车者 pure purist 纯粹主义者 type typist 打字员 piano pianist 钢琴家 (3)以下几个变化特殊,请注意观察 名词 名词 含义 名词 名词 含义 physics physicist 物理学家 science scientist 科学家 chemistry chemist 化学家 G.名词性后缀-eer 内在含义:表示“与……有关的人。 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 mountain mountaineer 登山运动员 engine engineer 工程师 voluntary volunteer 志愿者 H.名词性后缀-ee 内在含义:表示“动作的承受者”,与-er结尾的同根词有相反关系,试比较: 派生词 含义 派生词 含义 派生词 含义 employer 雇主 interviewer 面试官 trainer 培训教官 employee 雇员 interviewee 面试者 trainee 培训学员 I.名词性后缀–ion (-tion /-ation /-sion /-ssion/-ition) 内在含义:表示行为过程或结果。 (1)直接加-ion变为名词(以-ct, -st, -ent, -ss结尾的动词)为主: 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 act action 行动 interact interaction 交流,互动 react reaction 反应 infect infection 传染,感染 attract attraction 吸引;景点 suggest suggestion 建议 predict prediction 预言;预报 digest digestion 消化 protect protection 保护 invent invention 发明 collect collection 收集;藏品 prevent prevention 阻止 connect connection 连接;关系 discuss discussion 讨论 correct correction 改正;纠正 possess possession 所有;财产 construct construction 建设;建筑物 express expression 表达;表情 instruct instruction 指令,说明 impress impression 印象 direct direction 方向,说明 exhibit exhibition 展览 extinct extinction 灭绝 prohibit prohibition 禁止,阻止 (2)去e再加-ion变为名词(以-ate, -ote, -ute,-ete,-ise 结尾的动词为主): 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 celebrate celebration 庆祝;庆贺 congratulate congratulation 祝贺 decorate decoration 装饰 translate translation 翻译;译文 separate separation 分离,分开 regulate regulation 规章制度 operate operation 操作,手术 motivate motivation 动机,积极性 cooperate cooperation 合作 innovate innovation 创新,改革 liberate liberation 解放 pollute pollution 污染 generate generation 产生,一代 contribute contribution 贡献 narrate narration 叙述,解说 distribute distribution 分布,分发 communicate communication 交流 devote devotion 奉献;热爱 educate education 教育 graduate graduation 毕业 locate location 地点,定位 complete completion 完成 accommodate accommodation 住处,住宿 appreciate appreciation 欣赏;感激 participate participation 参加 associate association 联系;联盟 hesitate hesitation 犹豫 negotiate negotiation 协商,谈判 televise television 电视 revise revision 复习,校订 (3)直接加-ation 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 expect expectation 预料;期待 relax relaxation 放松,松弛 limit limitation 限制,局限 tax taxation 征税,税款 adapt adaptation 适应;改编 consider consideration 考虑;体谅 present presentation 显示;演出 inform information 信息,资讯 found foundation 建立,创立 consult consultation 咨询,咨询会 注意explain的特殊变化:去-i加-ation explain explanation 解释 (4)去e再加-ation(以-ve, -ne, -re结尾的动词为主) 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 observe observation 观察;观测 explore exploration 探险,探测 reserve reservation 保留,预定 prepare preparation 准备;预备 conserve conservation 保存;保护 inspire inspiration 灵感;鼓舞 starve starvation 挨饿;饿死 admire admiration 欣赏,羡慕 combine combination 结合;组合 invite invitation 邀请;请柬 imagine imagination 想象力 organize organization 组织;机构 determine determination 决心;果断 accuse accusation 谴责;控告 civilize civilization 文明 register registration 登记,注册 pronounce变化特殊:去o去e再加-iation: pronounce pronunciation 发音,宣布 (5)以-d 或 –de结尾的动词变抽象名词时,通常把-d 或 –de 变为-sion 或-tion: 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 decide decision 决定,决心 attend attention 注意;关注 divide division 划分;分配 intend intention 意图 include inclusion 包括,包含 extend extension 延伸 exclude exclusion 排除,排斥 suspend suspension 悬挂,暂缓 conclude conclusion 结论;结束 comprehend comprehension 理解 persuade persuasion 信服;说服 expand expansion 扩展 erode erosion 腐蚀 explode explosion 爆炸 (6)以-mit结尾且词尾重读的动词,其抽象名词变t为ss再加-ion结尾 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 permit permission 许可;允许 admit admission 入场费;承认 submit submission 提交,屈服 commit commission 犯罪 emit emission 排放 (7)以-duce结尾的动词,其抽象名词变e为-tion 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 produce production 生产;制造 introduce introduction 介绍,引进 reduce reduction 减少;降低 (8)以-me,-b(e), -eive结尾的动词,其抽象名词以-ption结尾 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 assume assumption 假定;设想 consume consumption 消费,消耗 absorb absorption 吸收;痴迷 describe description 描写;描述 receive reception 接待,反响 conceive conception 构想,概念 (9)以-olve结尾的动词,其抽象名词则以-lution结尾 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 solve solution 解决方法 resolve resolution 决心,计划 evolve evolution 进化,演变 revolve revolution 旋转,革命 (10)以-ify, -ply结尾的动词,其抽象名词则变y为i再加-cation 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 classify classification 分类 purify purification 净化 qualify qualification 资格;资历 identify identification 鉴定;身份 simplify simplification 简化 clarify clarification 澄清,说明 apply application 申请;应用 multiply multiplication 相乘,繁殖 (11)下面几个以-y结尾的动词,其抽象名词变化各异 变化细则 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 去-y加-ation occupy occupation 职业,占领 去-y加-iation vary variation 变化,变体 去-y加-action satisfy satisfaction 满意 dissatisfy dissatisfaction 不满意 (12)有些动词是在词尾加-ition构成抽象名词, 其变化形式各异,现汇聚于此,务请详察 变化细则 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 直接加-ition add addition 增加,附加 去-a加-ition repeat repetition 重复 去-e加-ition compete competition 比赛,竞争 compose composition 作曲,作文 去-ize加-ition recognize recognition 认出;承认 去-re加-sition acquire acquisition 获得,习得 J.名词性后缀–ness 内在含义:表示状态或特征。 (1) 直接加-ness(以-t,-d,-e,-h,-k,-s结尾的形容词居多) 根词 派生名词 中文含义 根词 派生名词 中文含义 kind kindness 善良;好意 sick sickness 疾病;恶心 blind blindness 失明 thick thickness 厚度 good goodness 善良,美德 dark darkness 黑暗;暗处 bad badness 恶劣 black blackness 黑暗 sad sadness 悲哀;悲伤 weak weakness 弱点;虚弱 mad madness 疯狂,糊涂 eager eagerness 渴望 cold coldness 寒冷;冷漠 bitter bitterness 苦 hard hardness 硬度 fair fairness 公平性 tired tiredness 疲劳感 new newness 新鲜感 fit fitness 健康 slow slowness 缓慢 fat fatness 肥胖 narrow narrowness 狭窄 bright brightness 明亮;聪颖 fresh freshness 新鲜度 quiet quietness 宁静 selfish selfishness 自私 sweet sweetness 甜美 foolish foolishness 愚蠢 soft softness 柔软度 rough roughness 粗糙 late lateness 迟,晚 tough toughness 坚强 aware awareness 意识 rich richness 丰富性 unique uniqueness 独特性 grateful gratefulness 感激 close closeness 亲密度 thoughtful thoughtfulness 周到 polite politeness 礼貌 faithful faithfulness 恪守 attractive attractiveness 魅力 careful carefulness 细心 effective effectiveness 有效性 careless carelessness 粗心 competitive competitiveness 竞争力 hopeless hopelessness 无望 forgive forgiveness 原谅,宽恕 helpless helplessness 无助 well wellness 健康 sleepless sleeplessness 失眠 ill illness 疾病 weightless weightlessness 失重 still stillness 静止 nervous nervousness 紧张 calm calmness 镇静 serious seriousness 严重 open openness 坦率,开放 conscious consciousness 意识 stubborn stubbornness 固执 deaf deafness 失聪 (2) 以元音字母+y结尾的形容词,也直接加-ness 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 gay gayness 同性恋 grey greyness 灰色 gray grayness 灰色 (3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词,改y为i再加-ness 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 happy happiness 高兴;幸福 busy business 事务;生意 pretty prettiness 美好 ugly ugliness 丑陋 empty emptiness 空虚,空旷 lonely loneliness 孤独 dizzy dizziness 眩晕 friendly friendliness 友好 lazy laziness 懒惰 ready readiness 就绪,乐意 crazy craziness 痴迷,疯狂 steady steadiness 稳定 (4) 如果字母y为单词的主体元音,即使它以辅音字母+y结尾,也直接加-ness 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 shy shyness 腼腆,羞怯 dry dryness 干燥 K.名词性后缀–ity 内在含义:表示状态或特征。 (1)直接加-ity(以-l, -r, -c结尾的形容词居多) 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 real reality 真实,现实 equal equality 平等 personal personality 个性;人格 punctual punctuality 守时 national nationality 国籍 mental mentality 心态 vital vitality 活力 individual individuality 个性 popular popularity 流行 similar similarity 相似性 particular particularity 特殊性 familiar familiarity 熟悉,亲近 major majority 大多数 minor minority 少数 electric electricity 电,电学 public publicity 宣传报道 authenticity authenticity 真实性 (2)以-able或-ible结尾的形容词,应在b后面先加i,再去e加-ity 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 able ability 能力 suitable suitability 适合度 changeable changeability 可变性 reliable reliability 可信度 stable stability 稳定性 probable probability 可能性 possible possibility 可能性 responsible responsibility 责任 impossible impossibility 不可能 flexible flexibility 灵活性 (3)其它以-e结尾的形容词,只需去e加-ity 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 active activity 活动 secure security 安全;保障 diverse diversity 多样性 simple simplicity 简单 (4)以-ous结尾的形容词,要去掉后缀中的u再加-ity 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 curious curiosity 好奇心 generous generosity 慷慨 (5) 特殊变化 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 necessary necessity 必要性 unable inability 无能;不能 L.名词性后缀–ment 内在含义:表示行为过程或结果。 变化规则最为简单:无需双写辅音字母,无需变-y为-i,绝大多数无需去-e(argue除外) 唯一必须去-e再加-ment的动词 argue argument 争论,论点 词尾-e可去可不去的动词 judge judg(e)ment 判断,评判 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 amaze amazement 惊讶;惊愕 adjust adjustment 调整;调节 amuse amusement 消遣;娱乐 appoint appointment 约会;任命 agree agreement 同意,协议 disappoint disappointment 失望 disagree disagreement 分歧 commit commitment 承诺,义务 arrange arrangement 安排;排列 treat treatment 治疗;待遇 encourage encouragement 鼓励;奖励 depart department 部门,系 discourage discouragement 灰心,泄气 invest investment 投资 manage management 管理;处理 develop development 发展;开发 engage engagement 订婚,约定 equip equipment 设备;装备 advance advancement 发展;前进 assess assessment 评价;评定 announce announcement 公告,宣布 embarrass embarrassment 尴尬;窘迫 base basement 地下室 attach attachment 附件;依恋 excite excitement 兴奋;刺激 astonish astonishment 惊讶 state statement 陈述;声明 punish punishment 处罚;惩罚 measure measurement 测量;尺寸 accomplish accomplishment 成就,才艺 require requirement 需要;要求 establish establishment 建立 retire retirement 退休,退役 refresh refreshment 恢复活力 replace replacement 替换 enjoy enjoyment 享受;欢乐 achieve achievement 成就;功绩 employ employment 雇佣,就业 improve improvement 改善,提高 pay payment 支付,报答 move movement 运动;动作 entertain entertainment 款待;娱乐 pave pavement 人行道 assign assignment 分配;任务 involve involvement 参与,投入 govern government 政府 advertise advertisement 广告 abandon abandonment 抛弃,放弃 puzzle puzzlement 困惑,迷惘 个别副词也可加-ment构成名词,如: settle settlement 定居;解决 apart apartment 公寓 M.名词性后缀–al 内在含义:表示过程或状态。 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 arrive arrival 到达 refuse refusal 拒绝 survive survival 幸存 propose proposal 提议 revive revival 复活 dispose disposal 清除,处理 remove removal 清除 rehearse rehearsal 排练 approve approval 批准,同意 bury burial 埋葬,葬礼 disapprove disapproval 不认可,反对 try trial 试验,审判 N.名词性后缀–th 内在含义:表示过程或状况。 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 根词 派生名词 中文含义 warm warmth 暖和;温暖 grow growth 增长;生长 true truth 真相;真理 heal health 健康 wide width 宽度 die death 死亡 young youth 青春;青年 deep depth 深度;深处 右边三词变化方式完全同步,值得关注: (1)在形容词基础上变o为e (2)在词尾加-th long length 长度 strong strength 力气;强项 broad breadth 宽度 O.词性后缀–age 内在含义:表示动作、结果、状态、数量、费用、地方等。 变化细则 根词 派生名词 中文含义 (1)大多数直接加-age: break breakage 破损 leak leakage 泄漏 short shortage 短缺,缺乏 post postage 邮资 pass passage 路费、走廊 cover coverage 报道,占比 mile mileage 里程 (2)去-e再加-age: store storage 储存 (3)变-y为-i再加-age: marry marriage 婚姻 carry carriage 运费、车厢 (4)双写词尾辅音字母再加-age: bag baggage 行李 P.名词性后缀–ance/-ence 内在含义:表示行动或状况。 (1)在动词后面直接加-ance/-ence: 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 accept acceptance 接受 allow allowance 补贴 assist assistance 协助 annoy annoyance 恼怒 appear appearance 出现;外貌 perform performance 表演 disappear disappearance 消失 resist resistance 抵抗 differ difference 区别 refer reference 参考 exist existence 存在 prefer preference 偏好 个别词需双写词尾辅音字母再加-ence: occur occurrence 发生 (2) 去-e再加-ance: 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 guide guidance 指导 insure insurance 保险 enter entrance 进入,入口 (3)与形容词后缀-ant/-ent互变(参见本网站《带“反转型后缀”的派生词集中检测》) 形容词 名词 中文含义 形容词 名词 中文含义 important importance 重要性 distant distance 距离 significant significance 意义 resistant resistance 抵抗 ignorant ignorance 无知 assistant assistance 援助 fragrant fragrance 芳香 tolerant tolerance 宽容 elegant elegance 优雅 abundant abundance 丰富 absent absence 缺席 patient patience 耐心 present presence 在场 silent silence 沉默 confident confidence 信心 convenient convenience 方便 coincident coincidence 巧合 different difference 区别 evident evidence 证据 violent violence 暴力 excellent excellence 优秀 adolescent adolescence 青春期 dependent dependence 依靠 innocent innocence 无辜 independent independence 独立 intelligent intelligence 智力 Q.名词性后缀–ancy/-ency 内在含义:表示状况或性质。 (1)直接加在动词之后 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 expect expectancy 期待 tend tendency 趋势 (2)与形容词后缀-ant/-ency互变(参见本网站《带“反转型后缀”的派生词集中检测》) 形容词 名词 中文含义 形容词 名词 中文含义 pregnant pregnancy 怀孕,孕期 fluent fluency 流畅性 efficient efficiency 效率 frequent frequency 频率 proficient proficiency 熟练程度 current currency 通货 emergent emergency 紧急情况 R.名词性后缀–ty 内在含义:表示特性或状况。 (1)直接加在形容词之后 形容词 名词 中文含义 形容词 名词 中文含义 safe safety 安全 cruel cruelty 残酷 certain certainty 确实 novel novelty 新颖性 uncertain uncertainty 不确定性 loyal loyalty 忠诚 (2) 以-t结尾的形容词,则只需加-y 形容词 名词 中文含义 形容词 名词 中文含义 honest honesty 诚实 dishonest dishonesty 不诚实 difficult difficulty 困难 modest modesty 谦虚 (3) 复杂变化 名词性后缀-iety与 形容词后缀-ious互变 anxious anxiety 焦虑 various variety 多样性 名词性后缀-iety与形容词后缀-ial互变 social society 社会 名词性后缀-ty与形容词后缀-al互变 liberal liberty 自由 特殊变化 poor poverty 贫穷 S.名词性后缀–y (-ary /-ery / -iry / -ory / -ury) 内在含义:表示过程、结果、技艺或场所。 (1) 以-er结尾的动词只需加-y: 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 recover recovery 康复 deliver delivery 发送 discover discovery 发现 (2) 以-e结尾的词加-ry 根词 派生名词 中文含义 根词 派生名词 中文含义 nurse护理 nursery 托儿所 slave苦干 slavery 奴隶制 bake烘焙 bakery 面包房 brave勇敢 bravery 勇气 (3) 以-re结尾的动词变名词时只需改e为y 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 injure injury 伤情 enquire enquiry 咨询 (4)以重读闭音节结尾的动词变为名词时,双写辅音字母再加-ery或-ary 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 rob robbery 抢劫 sum summary 摘要 T.名词性后缀-ure 内在含义:表示过程或结果。 (1)直接加在动词之后 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 fail failure 失败 press pressure 压力 create creature 生物 please pleasure 快乐 close closure 关闭 expose exposure 暴露 mix mixture 混合物 sign signature 签名 (2)以-e结尾的动词去-e再加-ure 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 create creature 生物 please pleasure 快乐 close closure 关闭 expose exposure 暴露 (3)特殊变化(在动词后加-ture或-ature) 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 mix mixture 混合物 sign signature 签名 U.名词性后缀–ship 内在含义:表示关系、资格、地位、品质、技艺等。 名词 派生名词 中文含义 名词 派生名词 中文含义 relation relationship 关系 citizen citizenship 公民权 friend friendship 友谊 owner ownership 所有权 fellow fellowship 交情 leader leadership 领导地位 partner partnership 合伙人关系 horseman horsemanship 骑士精神 member membership 会员资格 sportsman sportsmanship 体育精神 scholar scholarship 奖学金 craftsman craftsmanship 工匠精神 V.名词性后缀-dom 内在含义:表示状态或领域。 (1)直接加-dom 根词 派生词 中文含义 根词 派生词 中文含义 free freedom 自由 king kingdom 王国 bore boredom 厌倦 (2) 去-e再加-dom 根词 派生词 中文含义 wise wisdom 智慧 W.名词性后缀-ing 内在含义:表示状态、行为和结果。 (1)直接加-ing 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 build building 建筑物 draw drawing 素描 find finding 调研结果 paint painting 油画 engineer engineering 工程学 end ending 结局 feel feeling 感情 suffer suffering 苦难 hear hearing 听力 say saying 谚语 read reading 阅读,读物 greet greeting 问候 find finding 调研结果 found founding 成立 (3) 去-e再加-ing 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 live living 生计 write writing 写作,作品 (4) 双写词尾辅音字母再加-ing 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 begin beginning 开端 program programming 编程 (5) 下列几个派生名词通常以复数形式出现 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 belong belongings 财物 surround surroundings 环境 earn earnings 收入 save savings 积蓄,存款 四.形容词性后缀变化细则 1.名词+y ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究! 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 guilt 罪恶——guilty 内疚的 health——healthy 健康的 luck——lucky 幸运的 cloud——cloudy 多云的 wind—windy 多风的 rain——rainy 多雨的 snow——snowy 多雪的 tourist —— touristy 游客多的 fog—— foggy 有雾的 sun—— sunny 阳关灿烂的 fur—— furry 毛皮的 shine——shiny 发亮的 taste —— tasty 美味的 2. 名词/动词+ ed 辅音+辅音结尾单词,直接加ed talent —— talented 有天赋的 offend ——offended 生气的 crowd ——crowded 拥挤的 以元音字母e结尾单词直接加d balance —— balanced 平衡的 organize——organized 有组织的 pollute ——polluted 被污染的 please ——pleased 高兴的 【特别留意】 spot —— spotted 有斑点的 3.名词+ ful/less care —— careful/ careless 小心的/ 粗心的 help—— helpful / helpless 有帮助的/ 无助的 use—— useful/ useless有用的 / 无用的 meaning —— meaningful / meaningless有意义的/无意义的 colour—— colourful /colourless多彩的/无色的 pain 疼痛 ——painful /painless痛苦的/ 不痛的 thank—— thankful / thankless 充满感激的/ 不知感恩的  peace 和平 —— peaceful 和平的 play游戏 —— playful 爱玩耍的 home —— homeless 无家可归的 4.名词/动词+ able adjust——adjustable 可调整的 comfort——comfortable 舒适的 suit ——suitable 合适的 deny—— deniable 可否认的 rely—— reliable 可靠的 【特别留意】 knowledge——knowledgeable 知识渊博的 change —— changeable 易变的 5.名词+ ous courage——courageous 勇敢的 danger—— dangerous 危险的 mystery 神秘—— mysterious 神秘的 6.ce变 t confidence—— confident 自信的 difference——different 不同的 dependence —— dependent 依赖他人的 independence—— independent 独立的 7.词尾加 al addition—— additional 附加的,额外的 music—— musical 音乐的 person——personal (私人的) nation—— national 国家的 education——educational有教育意义的 tradition—— traditional 传统的 origin起源——original 新颖的;独创的 【特别留意】 nature——natural 自然的 globe—— global 全球的 class—— classical 经典的 medicine 药——medical 医学的 grammar—— grammatical 语法的 8.名词+ ly friend—— friendly 友好的 live——lively 活跃的,有生气的 love——lovely 可爱的 week——weekly 每周的 man——manly 男子气概的;强壮的 9.词尾+ en wood—— wooden 木制的 wool—— woolen 羊毛的 10.表示方位的词 East——eastern West——western South——southern North——northern 11.四大洲 Asia 亚洲—— Asian Africa 非洲——African Europe欧洲—— European America 美洲——American 12.其他 energy精力——energetic 精力充沛的 strategy——strategic 战略的 scientist——scientific 科学的 fool 傻子——foolish 愚蠢的 love——loving 慈爱的 pleasure——pleasant令人愉快的 / pleased高兴的 pride——proud 自豪的 1.【2024北京卷】 Slowing down can contribute significantly to personal growth. Taking the time ___11___ (rest) allows us to develop a deeper sense of ___12___ (self-aware). 【11题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意:花时间休息可以让我们发展出更深层次的自我意识。take (the) time to do sth.为固定搭配,表示“花时间做某事”,所以空处应用动词不定式形式。故填to rest。 考查名词。句意:花时间休息可以让我们发展出更深层次的自我意识。空处作介词of的宾语,应用名词self-awareness,sense of self-awareness表示“自我意识”。故填self-awareness。 2.【2023北京卷】Every culture is riddled with unwritten rules, such as ones on punctuality (守时). I’m British. Soon after moving to Switzerland, I 11.threw (throw) a house-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests showed up 12 (exact) on time. Years later, having moved to France. 11. 【答案】exactly 【解析】考查副词。句意:搬到瑞士后不久,我要举办一个乔迁派对,当所有30位客人都准时出现时,我感到非常惊讶。此处修饰介词短语on time,应用副词exactly,作状语。故填exactly。 3.【2021年北京卷】Sam walked her to a nearby convenience store so that she could ____16____(safe) wait for the police to take her home. 【16题详解】safely 考查副词。句意:山姆带她去了附近的一家便利店,这样她就可以安全地等警察带她回家了。修饰动词wait用副词作状语,故填safely。 4.【2020年北京卷】 Oliver says if you're___2___(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them___3_if/whether__you can join in when it's possible. 【2题详解】 考查形容词。句意:奥利弗说,如果你足够幸运,身边有一个喜欢烹饪的人。空前有be动词,所以空处填形容词做表语。故填lucky。 (建议用时:40分钟) 1.To 1.     (true) understand our planet, we must explore the oceans which cover most of it. Opponents may be concerned, but sea 2.     (explore) is important for our future. For example, 3.     (science) research ships can help address important issues such as climate change. We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action. Therefore, more research is necessary.  答案 1. truly  2. exploration  3. scientific   2.Some people would prefer to stop the use of man-made chemicals in agriculture 1.     (entire). What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world. Organic farming is nowhere near able to meet that need. Therefore, there is still a long way to find a 2.     (suit) solution that puts sufficient food on the dinner table while keeping people and the environment as 3.     (health) as possible.  答案 1. entirely  2. suitable  3. healthy   3.While studying abroad does have potential benefits, young people who study in China also have a great future to look forward to! As China has boomed, the 1.     (education) environment has improved 2.     (significant), with many great universities now available. They have great facilities and outstanding professors, helping to educate young people who will contribute to the economy and further 3.     (strength) our country.  答案 1. educational  2. significantly  3. strengthen   4.Qian Xuesen read a lot and was extremely 1.     (knowledge), 2.     (especial) in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and 3.     (create) scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him 4.     (inspire) in his scientific research.  答案 1. knowledgeable  2. especially  3. creative  4. inspiration   5.The population of the world is growing and we need new resources for future 1.     (develop). There are probably vast amounts of resources under the sea and ice, not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals. Of course, there are still 2.     (environment) risks. However, these should be balanced with economic needs. 3.     (hopeful), as technology improves, we may have more options for managing this balance.  答案 1. development  2. environmental  3. Hopefully   6.Studying abroad provides a great opportunity to contribute to the development of our motherland. China's global outlook, with projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has helped us make 1.     (connect) across the world. Therefore, China needs more talented young people with a global perspective who are 2.     (high) competent with languages, have leadership and organisational skills, and have strong 3.     (culture) awareness. Students who study abroad will develop such skills and abilities, and these in turn will provide them with better career opportunities.  答案 1. connections  2. highly  3. cultural   7.The 1.     (construct) of waste water treatment facilities improved the water quality and water conservation. The collection and transport of household waste was also improved. Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved. The local government set up strict regulations regarding further 2.     (industry) development. New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods. Furthermore, the local authorities began to use the media to spread environmental awareness and encourage greater use of clean energy. At the same time, they started to carry out inspections 3.     (regular) and fine tourist organisations for abuses.  答案 1. construction  2. industrial  3. regularly   8.Scientists visiting tiny Henderson Island in the South Pacific recently made an alarming 1.     (discover). Although it is one of the most remote places on the earth and 2.     (previous) untouched by humans, the island was covered in plastic waste. They calculated there were 38 million pieces of plastic, weighing almost 18 tons, with thousands of new pieces washing up each day. “No country has a free pass—we found plastic from everywhere,” said one scientist. “We all have a 3.     (responsible), and we have to sit up and pay attention. This is not an issue to ignore. We need to do something now to protect the sea.”  答案 1. discovery  2. previously  3. responsibility   (建议用时:40分钟) 1.【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】The Terracotta Army (兵马俑) was found in 1974 near Xi’an. It is formed of more than 8,000 sculptures, which 17 (bury) alongside the emperor Qin Shi Huang more than 2,200 years ago. Now, researchers have recreated the shoes of one soldier and analysis of them 18 (suggest) that shoes worn by the terracotta sculptures were surprisingly flexible and slip resistant. If the recreated shoes 19 (true) reflect the real ones, they can help build a better picture of 20 Qin dynasty soldiers wore and how this might have aided them in battles. 【答案】17.were buried 18.suggests 19.truly 20.what 【导语】本文为一篇说明文,介绍了研究者对于兵马俑鞋子的研究和发现。 17.考查动词时态和语态。句意:它由8000多尊雕塑组成,这些雕塑在2200多年前与秦始皇一起埋葬。分析句子可知,which引导非限制性定语从句,空处作从句谓语,which指代先行词sculptures,表示复数,与bury构成被动关系,且结合more than 2,200 years ago可知,描述过去的事情,用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were buried。 18.考查动词时态。句意:现在,研究人员重新制作了一名士兵的鞋子,对鞋子的分析表明,兵马俑雕塑所穿的鞋子具有惊人的柔韧性和防滑性。and并列两个句子,空处为后一个句子的谓语,主语analysis为单数,suggest意思为:表明,句子描述客观事实,用一般现在时,谓语用第三人称单数形式。故填suggests。 19.考查副词。句意:如果重现的鞋子真实地反映了真实的鞋子,它们可以帮助我们更好地了解秦朝士兵的穿着,以及这对他们在战斗中的帮助。分析句子可知,空处修饰动词reflect,用副词作状语。故填truly。 20.考查宾语从句。句意同上。分析句子可知,of为介词,其后为宾语从句,从句Qin dynasty soldiers wore中wore后缺少宾语,表示事物,用连接代词what引导从句。故填what。 2.【2024年清华大学附属附中高三三模】Crying is a natural response to emotions. Regardless of 17 causes the tears to flow, the physical reaction is usually the same with puffy cheeks and tight eyes 18 (lead) to streaming tears down one’s face. Despite its stigma (污名), crying can be an act 19 relieves tension and clears feelings of negativity and sadness. Crying can communicate our emotions to others and foster greater understanding and compassion. Ultimately, crying is a powerful tool we ought to use to free ourselves 20 negativity. 【答案】17.what 18.leading 19.which/that 20.from 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哭泣的好处。 17.考查宾语从句。句意:不管什么原因导致眼泪流出来,身体上的反应通常都是一样的,面颊浮肿,眼睛紧绷,导致眼泪从脸上流下来。介词短语Regardless of后接宾语从句,从句缺少主语,指物,所以用连接代词what引导。故填what。 18.考查非谓语动词。句意:不管什么原因导致眼泪流出来,身体上的反应通常都是一样的,面颊浮肿,眼睛紧绷,导致眼泪从脸上流下来。“with +名词/代词(宾语)+非谓语动词(宾补)”with复合结构 ,该空非谓语动词作宾补,宾语puffy cheeks and tight eyes和lead to是主动关系,所以用现在分词形式。故填leading。 19.考查定语从句。句意:尽管哭泣是一种耻辱,但它可以是一种缓解紧张、清除消极和悲伤情绪的行为。句中先行词为act,指物,关系词在定语从句中作主语,所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。 20.考查介词。句意:最终,哭泣是一种强大的工具,我们应该用它来摆脱消极情绪。free from免于;摆脱。故填from。 3.(2024·北京通州·模拟预测)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空 A strong work ethic (道德) is vital to a company. Certain 4 (factor) come together to create a strong work ethic. A sense of responsibility is a factor. It affects 5 an employee works. When the employee feels 6 (personal) responsible for his job performance, he shows up on time and completes projects to the best of his ability. A sense of team work is another factor. An employee with a high sense of team work helps a team meet its goals. These employees respect and help each other, 7 (make) cooperation go smoother. 【答案】4.factors 5.how 6.personally 7.making 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要论述了强烈的职业道德对一家公司至关重要。某些因素共同造就了强烈的职业道德。 4.考查名词的数。句意:某些因素共同造就了强烈的职业道德。后文动词come为原形,可知主语应用复数。故填factors。 5.考查宾语从句。句意:它会影响员工的工作方式。引导宾语从句,从句缺少方式状语,应用how。故填how。 6.考查副词。句意:当员工感到对自己的工作表现负有个人责任时,他就会准时出现,并尽其所能完成项目。修饰形容词responsible应用副词personally,故填personally。 7.考查非谓语动词。句意:这些员工互相尊重,互相帮助,使合作更加顺利。此处make与上文句子构成主动关系,故用现在分词作伴随状语。故填making。 4.(2024·北京·三模)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 The tiger shark 15 (consider) to be one of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Why are tiger sharks so dangerous? First, they like to live 16 waters where humans usually swim, so the chances of an encounter are much greater. Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can easily hit a person. And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly 17 (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain 18 the damage will be disastrous. 【答案】15.is considered/ has been considered 16.in/ around/near 17.designed 18.that 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为什么虎鲨如此危险。 15.考查动词时态和语态。句意:虎鲨被认为是世界上最危险的鲨鱼之一。这是一个客观事实可以用一般现在时,或者这是到目前为止一种认知,所以也可以用现在完成时。主语是the tiger shark,是单数形式,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。而且虎鲨跟认为之间是被动关系,所以也要用被动语态。故填is considered/has been considered。 16.考查介词。句意:首先,它们喜欢生活在人类经常游泳的水域/水域附近,所以遇到它们的几率要大得多。在水域或者在水域附近,要用介词in或者around或者near。故填in/ around/ near。 17.考查非谓语。句意:第三,虎鲨有完美的设计来切割它们的食物牙齿,所以肯定会造成灾难性的破坏。空处为非谓语动词,teeth与design为被动关系,用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填designed。 18.考查连接词。句意:第三,虎鲨有完美的设计来切割它们的食物牙齿,所以肯定会造成灾难性的破坏。It is certain that“……是确定的”为固定句型。故填that。 5.(2024·北京大兴·模拟预测)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 Connected to each other like never before, young people today are becoming agents of change, increasingly 19 (contribute) to innovative solutions that improve people’s lives and the planet’s health. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research 20 (be) therefore delighted to launch the Young Leaders Online Training Programme, a four-week e-Learning course, to provide participants 21 the knowledge and skills to fully unfold their potential as global leaders. 【答案】19.contributing 20.is 21.with 【导语】这是一篇说明文。如今的年轻人正在成为变革的推动者,联合国训练研究所推出青年领袖在线培训方案以充分发挥他们作为全球领导者的潜力。 19.考查现在分词。句意:今天的年轻人前所未有地相互联系,正在成为变革的推动者,越来越多地为改善人民生活和地球健康的创新解决方案作出贡献。动词短语contribute to意为“为……做出贡献”,和主语构成主动关系,且空格处和系动词之间没有连词,所以应用现在分词形式。故填contributing。 20.考查一般现在时和主谓一致。句意:因此,联合国训练研究所很高兴推出青年领袖在线培训方案,这是一个为期四周的电子学习课程,为参与者提供知识和技能,以充分发挥他们作为全球领导者的潜力。此处描述客观事实,应用一般现在时。主语为第三人称单数,系动词应用is。故填is。 21.考查介词。句意:因此,联合国训练研究所很高兴推出青年领袖在线培训方案,这是一个为期四周的电子学习课程,为参与者提供知识和技能,以充分发挥他们作为全球领导者的潜力。provide sb with sth意为“为某人提供某物”,所以此处应用介词with。故填with。 6.(2024·北京石景山·一模)阅读短文,在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。 Are you still discussing and getting your head round Chat GPT, 26 potential will disturb everything from marketing to education? Well, Sora is about 27 (blow) those debates wide open. OpenAI’s Sora, a text-to-video AI model capable of generating 28 (remarkable) realistic and imaginative scenes from text instructions, just entered the chat room. A world where reality bends to the will of words has arrived, 29 (shape)a new era not just for technology but for humanity itself. 【答案】26.whose 27.to blow 28.remarkably 29.shaping 【导语】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了人工智能OpenAI’s Sora。 26.考查定语从句。句意:你是否还在讨论和理解ChatGPT,它的潜力将会扰乱从市场营销到教育的一切?先行词为Chat GPT,作定语从句的定语,关系代词为whose。故填whose。 27.考查不定式。句意:好吧, Sora即将把这些争论彻底公开。be about to do sth“即将做某事”。故填to blow。 28.考查副词。句意:OpenAI的Sora是一种文本到视频的人工智能模型,能够根据文本指令生成非常逼真和富有想象力的场景,刚刚进入聊天室。副词remarkably修饰形容词作状语。故填remarkably。 29.考查非谓语。句意:一个现实屈从于文字意志的世界已经到来,不仅为技术,也为人类本身塑造了一个新时代。空处为非谓,表示一种自然而然的结果,用现在分词作结果状语。故填shaping。 7.(2024·北京西城·一模)Your hometown could affect your navigational (导航的) skills. New research indicates that individuals 33 (raise) in cities with structured street patterns may encounter difficulties in navigation compared to those from rural areas with more organic layouts. This conclusion was drawn from a study 34 (involve) players of a mobile game about sea, 35 tests 3-D navigation skills. However, there’s hope for city residents: an urban version of the game showed slight improvements for them. 【答案】33.raised 34.involving 35.which 【导语】这是一篇说明文。一项新的研究表明,与那些来自有机布局的农村地区的人相比,在有结构化街道模式的城市中长大的人在导航方面可能会遇到困难。 33.考查非谓语动词。句意:一项新的研究表明,与那些来自有机布局的农村地区的人相比,在有结构化街道模式的城市中长大的人在导航方面可能会遇到困难。分析句子结构可知raise与逻辑主语individuals构成被动关系,故用过去分词作定语。故填raised。 34.考查非谓语动词。句意:这一结论来自一项研究,研究对象是一款关于海洋的手机游戏的玩家,该游戏测试的是3D导航技能。分析句子结构可知involve与逻辑主语study构成主动关系,故用现在分词作状语,故填involving。 35.考查定语从句。句意:这一结论来自一项研究,研究对象是一款关于海洋的手机游戏的玩家,该游戏测试的是3D导航技能。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词game,在从句作主语,指物,故填which。 语法填空语篇训练 (一) Like many other students, you may have various people, __1__ (include) family members and friends, giving input on your college decision. While many of your trusted relatives and peers(同龄人) may have very __2__(value) advice that can help you to make the decision, finally the choice is yours and yours alone. Only you can fully realize which aspects of a college will make you truly happy and __3__ (satisfy) so keep that at the front of your mind. Moreover, fully consider each option. It can be easy __4__(let) a particular school become a front-runner early on __5__ your decision-making process, and it may even become the winning choice —but be sure to carefully evaluate every school __6__ has accepted you, since you had particular reasons for applying to each school. Do keep __7__ open mind. Students can change majors, but remember that there's no re-living a certain semester(学期), and there's no making up for lost time. Don't go to a school __8__(specific) for a high school relationship __9__ to make someone else happy. A __10__ (student) college experience is his or her own, and the student must put his or her education first. 【答案】1. including 2.valuable 3.satisfied 4.to let 5.in/during6. that 7.an 8.specifically 9.or 10.student's 【解析】本篇为说明文,主要讲的是高中生在决定上哪所大学时的建议——要自己做决定,并考虑清楚每种可能的选择,以及保持开阔的思想。 1.考查词性转换。动词include转换为介词including,意为“包括”。 2.考查词性转换。此处修饰修饰名词advice,所以将value转换为形容词valuable(宝贵的)。 3.考查形容词。此处与前面的形容词happy并列作宾语补足语(make sb.+adj.),所以动词satisfy转换为形容词satisfied(满意的)。 4.考查非谓语动词。本句为it is to do结构,其中it作形式主语,动词不定式为真正的主语。 5.考查介词,表示“在……过程中”,用in/during...process。注意本句中early on为一个短语,意为“在初期;在开始阶段;早先”,这里的on与process没有关系。 6.考查定语从句。定语从句...has accepted you缺主语,用that作主语,指代先行词school,因先行词前有every修饰,一般用that而不用which。 7.考查冠词。句意:一定要保持开放的心态。因open是元音开头,用an。 8.考查词性转换。句意:不要特意为了高中的感情关系或是为了让别人开心而去某所大学。故形容词specific转换为副词specifically ,意为“特意;专门地”。 9.考查连词。“for a high school relationship”与“to make someone else happy”为选择关系,所以填or(或者)。 10.考查名词所有格。表示“学生的”,用 student’s。句意:学生的大学经历是他或她自己的,必须把教育放在首位。 (二) Smile is a universal language, which ___1___ (use) throughout the world. However, the meaning of a smile in different cultures may be different. Depending on different cultures, smiling can express joy and ___2___ (amuse), but it can also indicate embarrassment. The following examples show this point of view. In an attempt to be open and ___3___ (friend), people in the United States smile a lot. Every one smiles at each other and this nonverbal communication shows being polite in the United States. But in China, smiling is not only ___4___ expression of happiness, but also a way to avoid ___5___(be) embarrassed. Chinese people like smiling when they are embarrassed in order to avoid embarrassment. Smiling is a kind of good will but not sneer (嘲笑). For example: When a child falls off from a bike, the adults in China may smile, ___6___ is a kind of gentle encouragement and may not be a kind of impolite laugh. The laugh is ___7___ (relate) to the smile. Also, different cultures have various ___8___ (meaning) about laugh. Americans can enjoy a very heartfelt belly (腹部) laugh that comes ___9___ the deepest emotions while most Chinese may think ___10___ silly to laugh that way. 【答案】1. is used 2. amusement 3. friendly 4. an 5. being 6. which 7. related 8. meanings 9. from 10. it/it's 【解析】1.考查被动语态。句意:微笑是世界语言,在全世界被广泛使用。但是,在不同的文化中,微笑的意思是不同的。 .考查名词。该空在句中和joy并列,做express的宾语,故要用名词。 3.考查形容词。friendly是形容词,和open并列,做be的表语。 4.考查冠词。句意:微笑不仅仅是快乐的表示,而且是避免尴尬的方式。expression意为“表达,表示,表现”,是可数名词。结合句意,该处应用不定冠词。且expression的发音开头是元音音素,故该空应填不定冠词an。 5.考查非谓语动词。avoid意为“避免”,后面接名词或动名词做宾语。 6.考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,“__________is a kind of gentle encouragement and may not be a kind of impolite laugh”是非限制性定语从句,修饰前面整个句子,引导词在从句中做主语,故要用关系代词which引导该从句。 7.考查介词。be related to意为“和……有关”,是固定搭配。 8.考查名词。meaning意为“意思”,是可数名词,该空前有different修饰,故要填复数形式。 9.考查介词。come from 来自于。 10.考查代词。it在句中做形式宾语,指代“to laugh that way”。另外,“___________silly to laugh that way”还可看作think的宾语从句,在该从句中,it是形式主语,代指“to laugh that way”,is是系动词。 (三) The earliest exiting collection of Chinese poetry, Shi Jing (Book of Songs), _____1___(date) back to as early as the 11th century BC, but the history of Chinese poetry may be even longer than that.____2____(develop) and changing for thousands of years, Chinese poetry is like a beautiful and fathomless ocean to _____3_ Chinese-speaking people couldn’t help but keep being drawn. The very ancient poetry that was written 1000 or more years ago was simpler and about common things ____4____ love, romance and nature that people appreciate._____5 ___much poetry was written in the eras following the Song Dynasty, it is thought the poets became _____6_____(increase) academic and abstract so that modern Chinese can’t appreciate the style and meaning. For foreigners, ancient Chinese poetry is more difficult to understand. One of the reasons is the nature of Chinese characteristics____7____(they).Often the words have many meanings, and this make the translation of Chinese into English ____8____key part of reading and understanding Chinese poetry. Put simply, good translation is essential to fully understand Chinese poems. If the greatest Chinese poets_____9____(name), Du Fu and Li Bai of Tang Dynasty who were _____10_____(contemporary) and who both traveled widely in China often come up on top. Along with them, another famous ancient poet is Su Shi of the Song Dynasty. 【答案】1.dates 2. Developing 3. which 4. like 5. Though/Although/While 6. increasingly 7. themselves 8. a 9. are named 10. contemporaries/contemporary 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的古代诗歌以及著名的诗人。 1.考查动词时态。句意:中国最早的诗歌集《诗经》可以追溯到公元前11世纪,但是中国诗歌的历史可能更长。根据句意,句子用一般现在时。分析句子可知,此处填谓语动词,主语Shi Jing为第三人称单数,主谓一致,故填dates。 2.考查非谓语现在分词。句意:中国诗歌千百年来的发展变化,犹如一片美丽深邃的海洋,不断吸引着说汉语的人们。and连接两个并列的成分,根据changing可知,此处应用develop的现在分词developing,作状语,(动词develop和主语Chinese poetry是主动关系,)注意首字母大写,故填Developing。 3.考查定语从句。句意:中国诗歌千百年来的发展变化,犹如一片美丽深邃的海洋,不断吸引着说汉语的人们。分析句子可知,空格处引导定语从句,先行词为a beautiful and fathomless ocean, be drawn to意为“被……吸引”,介词to+关系代词 which引导从句,which指代 先行词,做to的宾语。故填which。 4.考查介词。句意:写于1000多年前的非常古老的诗歌比较简单,是关于人们欣赏的爱情、浪漫和自然之类的普通事物。分析句子可知,此处列举哪些是诗歌经常写作的内容,介词like意为“像;比如”,符合句意。故填like。 5.考查从属连词。句意:虽然宋代以后的诗歌创作很多,但由于诗人的学术性和抽象性越来越强,使得现代汉语不能欣赏诗歌的风格和意义。后文“it is thought the poets became _______(increase) academic and abstract so that modern Chinese can’t appreciate the style and meaning.”和前文“much poetry was written in the eras following the Song Dynasty”语义转折,所以应用从属连词though或although或while引导让步状语从句,注意首字母大写,故填Though/Although/While。 6.考查副词。句意:虽然宋代以后的诗歌创作很多,但由于诗人的学术性和抽象性越来越强,使得现代汉语不能欣赏诗歌的风格和意义。修饰形容词应用副词,increase是动词,increasing是形容词,副词为 increasingly。故填increasingly。 7.考查反身代词。句意:原因之一是中国特色的本质。分析句子可知,此处应用反身代词,作Chinese characteristics的同位语,起强调作用。故填themselves。 8.考查冠词。句意:这些词通常有很多含义,这使得汉英翻译成为阅读和理解中国诗歌的一个关键部分。空格后的名词part是可数名词单数,所以应用不定冠词限定,泛指“一个关键部分”,因所连接的形容词key为辅音音素开头,故填a。 9.考查时态语态。句意:如果说中国最伟大的诗人是谁,唐代的杜甫和李白,他们同时代,在中国游历甚广,往往名列前茅。根据句意可判断为被动语态,谓语动词name“说出…的名字;列举”与主语 poets之间为被动关系,应用被动语态,结构为be+动词的过去分词。根据句意,本句这一部分应为一般现在时,故填are named。 10.考查名词和形容词。句意:如果说中国最伟大的诗人是谁,唐代的杜甫和李白,他们同时代,在中国游历甚广,往往名列前茅。分析句子可知,此处contemporary可作为名词使用,意为“同时代的人”,根据were可判断为复数,作表语;contemporary也可作为形容词使用,作表语。故填contemporaries/contemporary。 $$重难点01 语法填空之词性转换(综合练) 考点 五年考情(2020-2024) 命题趋势 词性转化 5年4考 1.形容词与名词的相互转换 2.形容词与副词的相互转换 3.名词与形容词相互转换 一.动词性后缀变化细则 A动词后缀-en 内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。 (1)以-d, -f, -h, -k, -p, -t结尾的形容词或名词直接加-en 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 broad broaden hard harden dead deaden deaf deafen rough rough length lengthen tough toughen strength strengthen quick quicken weak weaken dark darken thick thicken black blacken sick sicken sharp sharpen deep deepen short shorten soft soften fast fasten height heighten light lighten threat threaten bright brighten fright frighten tight tighten 注意:粗体部分为常考易错词例(下同),斜体部分为“名词加-en”构成动词的词例。 (2)以-e结尾的形容词只需加-n 形容词 派生动词 中文含义 形容词 派生动词 中文含义 wide widen white whiten awake awaken loose loosen (3)重读闭音节结尾的双写辅音字母再加-en 形容词 派生动词 中文含义 形容词 派生动词 中文含义 fat fatten flat flatten mad madden sad sadden red redden (4)有些形容词比较级也可加-(e)n构成动词 adj.比较级 派生动词 中文含义 adj.比较级 派生动词 中文含义 less lessen 减少 worse worsen 恶化 B.动词后缀-ify 内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。 (1)以-d, -r, -s, -t结尾的直接加-ify 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 solid solidify terror terrify class classify horror horrify just justify (2)以-e结尾的去-e再加-ify 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 simple simplify pure purify false falsify diverse diversify (3)以-y结尾的去-y再加-ify 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 beauty beautify pretty prettify (4)与名词性后缀-ity互为“反转型后缀” 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 quality qualify identity identify unity unify C.动词后缀-ise/-ize 内在含义:表示“使成为……,变得……,……化”。 (1)以-d,-l,-n,-r结尾的直接加-ise/-ize 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 standard standardize organ organize legal legalize modern modernize real realize popular popularize symbol symbolize familiar familiarize special specialize (2)以-y结尾的去-y再加-ise/-ize 根词 派生动词 中文含义 根词 派生动词 中文含义 apology歉意 apologize summary summarize energy能量 energize priority prioritize (3)与名词性后缀-mum, -ism, -sis等互为“反转型后缀” 名词 派生动词 中文含义 名词 派生动词 中文含义 maximum maximize minimum minimize criticism criticize emphasis emphasize 注意-ize的一个变体后缀-yze analysis analyze D,动词后缀-ate 内在含义:表示“赋予……性质”。 (1)直接在名词之后加-ate 名词 派生动词 中文含义 origin originate 源于,创立 (1) 与名词性后缀-ation互为“反转型后缀” 动词 名词 中文含义 动词 名词 中文含义 celebrate celebration congratulate congratulation decorate decoration translate translation separate separation regulate regulation operate operation motivate motivation cooperate cooperation innovate innovation liberate liberation participate participation generate generation hesitate hesitation narrate narration appreciate appreciation communicate communication associate association locate location graduate graduation accommodate accommodation educate education 二.副词性后缀变化细则 英语中出镜率最高的副词后缀-ly其实还兼具形容词和名词的功能,笔者以表格的形式将其三大功能、八条变化细则以及中学常见词例汇集于此。 A:-ly作副词性后缀 内在含义:表示“以……方式,……地”。 (1)以-d, -f, -h, -k, -m,-n, -p, -r, -s, -t, -w结尾的,直接加-ly 根词 派生副词 中文含义 根词 派生副词 中文含义 bad badly deep deeply sad sadly sharp sharply mad madly clear clearly cold coldly near nearly brief briefly poor poorly chief chiefly over overly high highly obvious obviously rough roughly curious curiously tough toughly generous generously smooth smoothly dangerous dangerously month monthly great greatly quick quickly short shortly warm warmly slight slightly firm firmly important importantly calm calmly patient patiently even evenly slow slowly sudden suddenly narrow narrowly 注意:粗体部分为常考易错词例(下同),斜体部分为“非形容词加-ly”构成副词的词例。 (2)以-y结尾的词绝大多数变y为i再加-ly(包括“元音字母+y”的单词)。 根词 派生副词 中文含义 根词 派生副词 中文含义 happy happily merry merrily angry angrily hungry hungrily easy easily healthy healthily necessary necessarily heavy heavily unnecessary unnecessarily lucky luckily steady steadily unlucky unluckily ready readily shaky shakily day daily gay gaily 当y为词中唯一元音时,则y不变,直接加-ly: shy shyly (3)以“单个辅音字母加-e”结尾的形容词,绝大多数直接加-ly 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 accurate accurately appropriate appropriately active actively attentive attentively attractive attractively impressive impressively complete completely nice nicely entire entirely immediate immediately fortunate fortunately unfortunate unfortunately deliberate deliberately brave bravely extreme extremely huge hugely large largely strange strangely mere merely sincere sincerely sure surely pure purely safe safely rare rarely wide widely wise wisely (4)以-ble, -gle, -ple, -tle结尾的形容词只需变-e为-y 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 terrible terribly horrible horribly possible possibly impossible impossibly probable probably improbable improbably comfortable comfortably reasonable reasonably single singly unreasonable unreasonably gentle gently simple simply (5) 以-ue, -ole结尾的形容词则需去-e再加-ly: 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 true truly whole wholly due duly 注意:中学英语中只有三个词是去-e加-ly的! (6) 以-ic结尾的形容词需加-al再加-ly,即在-ic之后加-ally: 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 basic basically economic economically heroic heroically scenic scenically athletic athletically historic historically poetic poetically politic politically scientific scientifically classic classically authentic authentically comic comically automatic automatically dramatic dramatically 注意:public只需直接加-ly: public publicly (7)以-al, -ul结尾的形容词还要再加-ly: 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 actual actually real really natural naturally final finally traditional traditionally personal personally conventional conventionally accidental accidentally universal universally practical practically careful carefully hopeful hopefully thankful thankfully successful successfully (8)以-ll结尾的形容词则只需加-y: 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 形容词 派生副词 中文含义 full fully dull dully B.-ly作形容词性后缀 内在含义:表示“有…性质的”。 根词 派生副词 中文含义 根词 派生副词 中文含义 friend friendly love lovely father fatherly like likely brother brotherly live lively man manly cost costly time timely dead deadly C.-ly兼作形容词、副词和名词性后缀 内在含义:详见下表。 名词 派生词 形容词含义 副词含义 名词含义 day daily 每天一次的 每天一次地 日报 week weekly 每周一次的 每周一次地 周报,周刊 month monthly 每月一次的 每月一次地 月报,月刊 year yearly 每年一次的 每年一次地 年报,年鉴 quarter quarterly 每季一次的 每季一次地 季刊 fortnight fortnightly 每两周一次的 每两周一次地 ———— hour hourly 每小时一次的 每小时一次地 ———— 三.名词性后缀变化细则 A.名词性后缀-er 内在含义:表示执行该动作的人物、工具或具有该动作功能的试剂等。 (1)大多数动词直接加-er 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 fighter 战士;战机 sweeter 甜味剂 hunter 猎人 counter 柜台 painter 画家 interpreter 口译员 reporter 记者 poster 招贴画 owner 主人 cleaner 清洁工/剂/器 porter 搬运工 prisoner 囚犯 farmer 农民 performer 表演者 foreigner 外国人 recorder 录音机 leader 领袖 reader 读者 speaker 演讲人 cooker 炊具 founder 创立者 teacher 教师 killer 杀手 traveler 旅行者 researcher 研究者 thriller 恐怖片 photographer 摄影师 singer 歌手 container 容器 reminder 提醒物 * 注意remain这个词的特殊变化: remain remainder 剩余物 (2) 重读闭音节结尾的动词需双写辅音字母再加-er 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 begin beginner 初学者 win winner 获胜者 rob robber 抢劫犯 run runner 奔跑者 rub rubber 橡皮擦 dig digger 挖掘机/者 (3)以-e结尾的动词只需直接加-r 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 writer 作家,作者 officer 军官; 警官 user 用户 rider 骑手 ruler 统治者;尺 eraser 橡皮擦 smoker 吸烟者 settler 移居者 driver 司机 joker 爱搞笑的人 manager 经理 diver 潜水员 villager 村民 stranger 陌生人 receiver 电话听筒 (4)以辅音字母加-y结尾的动词变y为i再加-er 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 carry carrier 搬运者 worry worrier 多愁善感者 (5)以元音字母加-y结尾的动词则直接加-er 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 pay payer 付账者 play player 表演者 employ employer 雇主 destroy destroyer 毁灭者, (6)以-aw结尾的动词先加-y再加-er 名词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 law lawyer 律师 saw sawyer 锯木工人 B.名词性后缀-or 内在含义:表示执行该动作的人物、工具等。 (1)大多数动词直接加-or 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 actor 男演员 director 董事;导演 detector 探测器 visitor 参观者 inventor 发明家 protector 保护者 conductor 指挥家;导体 collector 收藏家 connector 连接器 instructor 教练,导师 constructor 建造者 editor 编辑 sailor 水手,海员 conqueror 征服者 error 错误 (2) 以-te结尾的动词去-e再加-or 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 educate educator 教育家 translate translator 翻译家 calculate calculator 计算器 generate generator 发电机 operate operator 接线员 accelerate accelerator 加速器,油门 cooperate cooperator 合作者 create creator 创立者 * 注意donate这个词的特殊变化: donate donor 捐赠者 C.名词性后缀-ist 内在含义:表示“……信仰者”、专家、从事……的人。 (1) 以-l, -n, -r, -t结尾的形容词、名词直接加-ist 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 socialist 社会主义者 novelist 小说家 specialist 专家 journalist 记者 medalist 奖牌得主 violinist 小提琴家 perfectionist 完美主义者 receptionist 接待员 conservationist 环保主义者 tourist 游客 artist 艺术家 (2)以-e, -o结尾的词先去除-e, -o再加-ist 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 cycle cyclist 骑单车者 pure purist 纯粹主义者 type typist 打字员 piano pianist 钢琴家 (3)以下几个变化特殊,请注意观察 名词 名词 含义 名词 名词 含义 physics physicist 物理学家 science scientist 科学家 chemistry chemist 化学家 D.名词性后缀-ian 内在含义:表示“具有某专长的人”或“来自某地的人”。 (1)以-c, -t, -il结尾的名词直接加-ian 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 music musician 音乐家 magic magician 魔术师 Egypt Egyptian 埃及人 Christ Christian 基督教徒 civil civilian 平民 Brazil Brazilian 巴西人 (2)以-y结尾的名词去-y加-ian 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 library librarian 图书管理员 Italy Italian 意大利人 (3)以-ia结尾的洲名、国名只需加-n 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 Asia Asian 亚洲人 India Indian 印度人 Russia Russian 俄国人 Australia Australian 澳大利亚人 (4)其它变化 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 politics politician 政治家 mathematics mathematician 数学家 physical physician 内科医生 Canada Canadian 加拿大人 E.名词性后缀-ant 内在含义:表示做某事的人、起某种作用的物。 (1)以-t结尾的动词直接加-ian 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 account accountant 会计 assist assistant 助手 consult consultant 顾问 (2)以-e结尾的动词去-e加-ant 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 pollute pollutant 污染物 serve servant 仆人 (3)特殊变化 动词 名词 含义 动词 名词 含义 participate participant 参与者 apply applicant 申请人 F.名词性后缀-ess 内在含义:表示“……信仰者”、专家、从事……的人。 (2) 以-l, -n, -r, -t结尾的形容词、名词直接加-ist 词例 含义 词例 含义 词例 含义 socialist 社会主义者 novelist 小说家 specialist 专家 journalist 记者 medalist 奖牌得主 violinist 小提琴家 perfectionist 完美主义者 receptionist 接待员 conservationist 环保主义者 tourist 游客 artist 艺术家 (2)以-e, -o结尾的词先去除-e, -o再加-ist 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 cycle cyclist 骑单车者 pure purist 纯粹主义者 type typist 打字员 piano pianist 钢琴家 (3)以下几个变化特殊,请注意观察 名词 名词 含义 名词 名词 含义 physics physicist 物理学家 science scientist 科学家 chemistry chemist 化学家 G.名词性后缀-eer 内在含义:表示“与……有关的人。 根词 派生词 含义 根词 派生词 含义 mountain mountaineer 登山运动员 engine engineer 工程师 voluntary volunteer 志愿者 H.名词性后缀-ee 内在含义:表示“动作的承受者”,与-er结尾的同根词有相反关系,试比较: 派生词 含义 派生词 含义 派生词 含义 employer 雇主 interviewer 面试官 trainer 培训教官 employee 雇员 interviewee 面试者 trainee 培训学员 I.名词性后缀–ion (-tion /-ation /-sion /-ssion/-ition) 内在含义:表示行为过程或结果。 (1)直接加-ion变为名词(以-ct, -st, -ent, -ss结尾的动词)为主: 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 act action 行动 interact interaction 交流,互动 react reaction 反应 infect infection 传染,感染 attract attraction 吸引;景点 suggest suggestion 建议 predict prediction 预言;预报 digest digestion 消化 protect protection 保护 invent invention 发明 collect collection 收集;藏品 prevent prevention 阻止 connect connection 连接;关系 discuss discussion 讨论 correct correction 改正;纠正 possess possession 所有;财产 construct construction 建设;建筑物 express expression 表达;表情 instruct instruction 指令,说明 impress impression 印象 direct direction 方向,说明 exhibit exhibition 展览 extinct extinction 灭绝 prohibit prohibition 禁止,阻止 (2)去e再加-ion变为名词(以-ate, -ote, -ute,-ete,-ise 结尾的动词为主): 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 celebrate celebration 庆祝;庆贺 congratulate congratulation 祝贺 decorate decoration 装饰 translate translation 翻译;译文 separate separation 分离,分开 regulate regulation 规章制度 operate operation 操作,手术 motivate motivation 动机,积极性 cooperate cooperation 合作 innovate innovation 创新,改革 liberate liberation 解放 pollute pollution 污染 generate generation 产生,一代 contribute contribution 贡献 narrate narration 叙述,解说 distribute distribution 分布,分发 communicate communication 交流 devote devotion 奉献;热爱 educate education 教育 graduate graduation 毕业 locate location 地点,定位 complete completion 完成 accommodate accommodation 住处,住宿 appreciate appreciation 欣赏;感激 participate participation 参加 associate association 联系;联盟 hesitate hesitation 犹豫 negotiate negotiation 协商,谈判 televise television 电视 revise revision 复习,校订 (3)直接加-ation 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 expect expectation 预料;期待 relax relaxation 放松,松弛 limit limitation 限制,局限 tax taxation 征税,税款 adapt adaptation 适应;改编 consider consideration 考虑;体谅 present presentation 显示;演出 inform information 信息,资讯 found foundation 建立,创立 consult consultation 咨询,咨询会 注意explain的特殊变化:去-i加-ation explain explanation 解释 (4)去e再加-ation(以-ve, -ne, -re结尾的动词为主) 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 observe observation 观察;观测 explore exploration 探险,探测 reserve reservation 保留,预定 prepare preparation 准备;预备 conserve conservation 保存;保护 inspire inspiration 灵感;鼓舞 starve starvation 挨饿;饿死 admire admiration 欣赏,羡慕 combine combination 结合;组合 invite invitation 邀请;请柬 imagine imagination 想象力 organize organization 组织;机构 determine determination 决心;果断 accuse accusation 谴责;控告 civilize civilization 文明 register registration 登记,注册 pronounce变化特殊:去o去e再加-iation: pronounce pronunciation 发音,宣布 (5)以-d 或 –de结尾的动词变抽象名词时,通常把-d 或 –de 变为-sion 或-tion: 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 decide decision 决定,决心 attend attention 注意;关注 divide division 划分;分配 intend intention 意图 include inclusion 包括,包含 extend extension 延伸 exclude exclusion 排除,排斥 suspend suspension 悬挂,暂缓 conclude conclusion 结论;结束 comprehend comprehension 理解 persuade persuasion 信服;说服 expand expansion 扩展 erode erosion 腐蚀 explode explosion 爆炸 (6)以-mit结尾且词尾重读的动词,其抽象名词变t为ss再加-ion结尾 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 permit permission 许可;允许 admit admission 入场费;承认 submit submission 提交,屈服 commit commission 犯罪 emit emission 排放 (7)以-duce结尾的动词,其抽象名词变e为-tion 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 produce production 生产;制造 introduce introduction 介绍,引进 reduce reduction 减少;降低 (8)以-me,-b(e), -eive结尾的动词,其抽象名词以-ption结尾 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 assume assumption 假定;设想 consume consumption 消费,消耗 absorb absorption 吸收;痴迷 describe description 描写;描述 receive reception 接待,反响 conceive conception 构想,概念 (9)以-olve结尾的动词,其抽象名词则以-lution结尾 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 solve solution 解决方法 resolve resolution 决心,计划 evolve evolution 进化,演变 revolve revolution 旋转,革命 (10)以-ify, -ply结尾的动词,其抽象名词则变y为i再加-cation 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 classify classification 分类 purify purification 净化 qualify qualification 资格;资历 identify identification 鉴定;身份 simplify simplification 简化 clarify clarification 澄清,说明 apply application 申请;应用 multiply multiplication 相乘,繁殖 (11)下面几个以-y结尾的动词,其抽象名词变化各异 变化细则 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 去-y加-ation occupy occupation 职业,占领 去-y加-iation vary variation 变化,变体 去-y加-action satisfy satisfaction 满意 dissatisfy dissatisfaction 不满意 (12)有些动词是在词尾加-ition构成抽象名词, 其变化形式各异,现汇聚于此,务请详察 变化细则 动词词根 派生名词 中文含义 直接加-ition add addition 增加,附加 去-a加-ition repeat repetition 重复 去-e加-ition compete competition 比赛,竞争 compose composition 作曲,作文 去-ize加-ition recognize recognition 认出;承认 去-re加-sition acquire acquisition 获得,习得 J.名词性后缀–ness 内在含义:表示状态或特征。 (1) 直接加-ness(以-t,-d,-e,-h,-k,-s结尾的形容词居多) 根词 派生名词 中文含义 根词 派生名词 中文含义 kind kindness 善良;好意 sick sickness 疾病;恶心 blind blindness 失明 thick thickness 厚度 good goodness 善良,美德 dark darkness 黑暗;暗处 bad badness 恶劣 black blackness 黑暗 sad sadness 悲哀;悲伤 weak weakness 弱点;虚弱 mad madness 疯狂,糊涂 eager eagerness 渴望 cold coldness 寒冷;冷漠 bitter bitterness 苦 hard hardness 硬度 fair fairness 公平性 tired tiredness 疲劳感 new newness 新鲜感 fit fitness 健康 slow slowness 缓慢 fat fatness 肥胖 narrow narrowness 狭窄 bright brightness 明亮;聪颖 fresh freshness 新鲜度 quiet quietness 宁静 selfish selfishness 自私 sweet sweetness 甜美 foolish foolishness 愚蠢 soft softness 柔软度 rough roughness 粗糙 late lateness 迟,晚 tough toughness 坚强 aware awareness 意识 rich richness 丰富性 unique uniqueness 独特性 grateful gratefulness 感激 close closeness 亲密度 thoughtful thoughtfulness 周到 polite politeness 礼貌 faithful faithfulness 恪守 attractive attractiveness 魅力 careful carefulness 细心 effective effectiveness 有效性 careless carelessness 粗心 competitive competitiveness 竞争力 hopeless hopelessness 无望 forgive forgiveness 原谅,宽恕 helpless helplessness 无助 well wellness 健康 sleepless sleeplessness 失眠 ill illness 疾病 weightless weightlessness 失重 still stillness 静止 nervous nervousness 紧张 calm calmness 镇静 serious seriousness 严重 open openness 坦率,开放 conscious consciousness 意识 stubborn stubbornness 固执 deaf deafness 失聪 (2) 以元音字母+y结尾的形容词,也直接加-ness 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 gay gayness 同性恋 grey greyness 灰色 gray grayness 灰色 (3) 以辅音字母+y结尾的形容词,改y为i再加-ness 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 happy happiness 高兴;幸福 busy business 事务;生意 pretty prettiness 美好 ugly ugliness 丑陋 empty emptiness 空虚,空旷 lonely loneliness 孤独 dizzy dizziness 眩晕 friendly friendliness 友好 lazy laziness 懒惰 ready readiness 就绪,乐意 crazy craziness 痴迷,疯狂 steady steadiness 稳定 (4) 如果字母y为单词的主体元音,即使它以辅音字母+y结尾,也直接加-ness 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 shy shyness 腼腆,羞怯 dry dryness 干燥 K.名词性后缀–ity 内在含义:表示状态或特征。 (1)直接加-ity(以-l, -r, -c结尾的形容词居多) 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 real reality 真实,现实 equal equality 平等 personal personality 个性;人格 punctual punctuality 守时 national nationality 国籍 mental mentality 心态 vital vitality 活力 individual individuality 个性 popular popularity 流行 similar similarity 相似性 particular particularity 特殊性 familiar familiarity 熟悉,亲近 major majority 大多数 minor minority 少数 electric electricity 电,电学 public publicity 宣传报道 authenticity authenticity 真实性 (2)以-able或-ible结尾的形容词,应在b后面先加i,再去e加-ity 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 able ability 能力 suitable suitability 适合度 changeable changeability 可变性 reliable reliability 可信度 stable stability 稳定性 probable probability 可能性 possible possibility 可能性 responsible responsibility 责任 impossible impossibility 不可能 flexible flexibility 灵活性 (3)其它以-e结尾的形容词,只需去e加-ity 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 active activity 活动 secure security 安全;保障 diverse diversity 多样性 simple simplicity 简单 (4)以-ous结尾的形容词,要去掉后缀中的u再加-ity 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 curious curiosity 好奇心 generous generosity 慷慨 (5) 特殊变化 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 necessary necessity 必要性 unable inability 无能;不能 L.名词性后缀–ment 内在含义:表示行为过程或结果。 变化规则最为简单:无需双写辅音字母,无需变-y为-i,绝大多数无需去-e(argue除外) 唯一必须去-e再加-ment的动词 argue argument 争论,论点 词尾-e可去可不去的动词 judge judg(e)ment 判断,评判 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 amaze amazement 惊讶;惊愕 adjust adjustment 调整;调节 amuse amusement 消遣;娱乐 appoint appointment 约会;任命 agree agreement 同意,协议 disappoint disappointment 失望 disagree disagreement 分歧 commit commitment 承诺,义务 arrange arrangement 安排;排列 treat treatment 治疗;待遇 encourage encouragement 鼓励;奖励 depart department 部门,系 discourage discouragement 灰心,泄气 invest investment 投资 manage management 管理;处理 develop development 发展;开发 engage engagement 订婚,约定 equip equipment 设备;装备 advance advancement 发展;前进 assess assessment 评价;评定 announce announcement 公告,宣布 embarrass embarrassment 尴尬;窘迫 base basement 地下室 attach attachment 附件;依恋 excite excitement 兴奋;刺激 astonish astonishment 惊讶 state statement 陈述;声明 punish punishment 处罚;惩罚 measure measurement 测量;尺寸 accomplish accomplishment 成就,才艺 require requirement 需要;要求 establish establishment 建立 retire retirement 退休,退役 refresh refreshment 恢复活力 replace replacement 替换 enjoy enjoyment 享受;欢乐 achieve achievement 成就;功绩 employ employment 雇佣,就业 improve improvement 改善,提高 pay payment 支付,报答 move movement 运动;动作 entertain entertainment 款待;娱乐 pave pavement 人行道 assign assignment 分配;任务 involve involvement 参与,投入 govern government 政府 advertise advertisement 广告 abandon abandonment 抛弃,放弃 puzzle puzzlement 困惑,迷惘 个别副词也可加-ment构成名词,如: settle settlement 定居;解决 apart apartment 公寓 M.名词性后缀–al 内在含义:表示过程或状态。 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 arrive arrival 到达 refuse refusal 拒绝 survive survival 幸存 propose proposal 提议 revive revival 复活 dispose disposal 清除,处理 remove removal 清除 rehearse rehearsal 排练 approve approval 批准,同意 bury burial 埋葬,葬礼 disapprove disapproval 不认可,反对 try trial 试验,审判 N.名词性后缀–th 内在含义:表示过程或状况。 形容词 派生名词 中文含义 根词 派生名词 中文含义 warm warmth 暖和;温暖 grow growth 增长;生长 true truth 真相;真理 heal health 健康 wide width 宽度 die death 死亡 young youth 青春;青年 deep depth 深度;深处 右边三词变化方式完全同步,值得关注: (1)在形容词基础上变o为e (2)在词尾加-th long length 长度 strong strength 力气;强项 broad breadth 宽度 O.词性后缀–age 内在含义:表示动作、结果、状态、数量、费用、地方等。 变化细则 根词 派生名词 中文含义 (1)大多数直接加-age: break breakage 破损 leak leakage 泄漏 short shortage 短缺,缺乏 post postage 邮资 pass passage 路费、走廊 cover coverage 报道,占比 mile mileage 里程 (2)去-e再加-age: store storage 储存 (3)变-y为-i再加-age: marry marriage 婚姻 carry carriage 运费、车厢 (4)双写词尾辅音字母再加-age: bag baggage 行李 P.名词性后缀–ance/-ence 内在含义:表示行动或状况。 (1)在动词后面直接加-ance/-ence: 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 accept acceptance 接受 allow allowance 补贴 assist assistance 协助 annoy annoyance 恼怒 appear appearance 出现;外貌 perform performance 表演 disappear disappearance 消失 resist resistance 抵抗 differ difference 区别 refer reference 参考 exist existence 存在 prefer preference 偏好 个别词需双写词尾辅音字母再加-ence: occur occurrence 发生 (2) 去-e再加-ance: 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 guide guidance 指导 insure insurance 保险 enter entrance 进入,入口 (3)与形容词后缀-ant/-ent互变(参见本网站《带“反转型后缀”的派生词集中检测》) 形容词 名词 中文含义 形容词 名词 中文含义 important importance 重要性 distant distance 距离 significant significance 意义 resistant resistance 抵抗 ignorant ignorance 无知 assistant assistance 援助 fragrant fragrance 芳香 tolerant tolerance 宽容 elegant elegance 优雅 abundant abundance 丰富 absent absence 缺席 patient patience 耐心 present presence 在场 silent silence 沉默 confident confidence 信心 convenient convenience 方便 coincident coincidence 巧合 different difference 区别 evident evidence 证据 violent violence 暴力 excellent excellence 优秀 adolescent adolescence 青春期 dependent dependence 依靠 innocent innocence 无辜 independent independence 独立 intelligent intelligence 智力 Q.名词性后缀–ancy/-ency 内在含义:表示状况或性质。 (1)直接加在动词之后 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 expect expectancy 期待 tend tendency 趋势 (2)与形容词后缀-ant/-ency互变(参见本网站《带“反转型后缀”的派生词集中检测》) 形容词 名词 中文含义 形容词 名词 中文含义 pregnant pregnancy 怀孕,孕期 fluent fluency 流畅性 efficient efficiency 效率 frequent frequency 频率 proficient proficiency 熟练程度 current currency 通货 emergent emergency 紧急情况 R.名词性后缀–ty 内在含义:表示特性或状况。 (1)直接加在形容词之后 形容词 名词 中文含义 形容词 名词 中文含义 safe safety 安全 cruel cruelty 残酷 certain certainty 确实 novel novelty 新颖性 uncertain uncertainty 不确定性 loyal loyalty 忠诚 (2) 以-t结尾的形容词,则只需加-y 形容词 名词 中文含义 形容词 名词 中文含义 honest honesty 诚实 dishonest dishonesty 不诚实 difficult difficulty 困难 modest modesty 谦虚 (3) 复杂变化 名词性后缀-iety与 形容词后缀-ious互变 anxious anxiety 焦虑 various variety 多样性 名词性后缀-iety与形容词后缀-ial互变 social society 社会 名词性后缀-ty与形容词后缀-al互变 liberal liberty 自由 特殊变化 poor poverty 贫穷 S.名词性后缀–y (-ary /-ery / -iry / -ory / -ury) 内在含义:表示过程、结果、技艺或场所。 (1) 以-er结尾的动词只需加-y: 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 recover recovery 康复 deliver delivery 发送 discover discovery 发现 (2) 以-e结尾的词加-ry 根词 派生名词 中文含义 根词 派生名词 中文含义 nurse护理 nursery 托儿所 slave苦干 slavery 奴隶制 bake烘焙 bakery 面包房 brave勇敢 bravery 勇气 (3) 以-re结尾的动词变名词时只需改e为y 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 injure injury 伤情 enquire enquiry 咨询 (4)以重读闭音节结尾的动词变为名词时,双写辅音字母再加-ery或-ary 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 rob robbery 抢劫 sum summary 摘要 T.名词性后缀-ure 内在含义:表示过程或结果。 (1)直接加在动词之后 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 fail failure 失败 press pressure 压力 create creature 生物 please pleasure 快乐 close closure 关闭 expose exposure 暴露 mix mixture 混合物 sign signature 签名 (2)以-e结尾的动词去-e再加-ure 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 create creature 生物 please pleasure 快乐 close closure 关闭 expose exposure 暴露 (3)特殊变化(在动词后加-ture或-ature) 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 mix mixture 混合物 sign signature 签名 U.名词性后缀–ship 内在含义:表示关系、资格、地位、品质、技艺等。 名词 派生名词 中文含义 名词 派生名词 中文含义 relation relationship 关系 citizen citizenship 公民权 friend friendship 友谊 owner ownership 所有权 fellow fellowship 交情 leader leadership 领导地位 partner partnership 合伙人关系 horseman horsemanship 骑士精神 member membership 会员资格 sportsman sportsmanship 体育精神 scholar scholarship 奖学金 craftsman craftsmanship 工匠精神 V.名词性后缀-dom 内在含义:表示状态或领域。 (1)直接加-dom 根词 派生词 中文含义 根词 派生词 中文含义 free freedom 自由 king kingdom 王国 bore boredom 厌倦 (2) 去-e再加-dom 根词 派生词 中文含义 wise wisdom 智慧 W.名词性后缀-ing 内在含义:表示状态、行为和结果。 (1)直接加-ing 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 build building 建筑物 draw drawing 素描 find finding 调研结果 paint painting 油画 engineer engineering 工程学 end ending 结局 feel feeling 感情 suffer suffering 苦难 hear hearing 听力 say saying 谚语 read reading 阅读,读物 greet greeting 问候 find finding 调研结果 found founding 成立 (3) 去-e再加-ing 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 live living 生计 write writing 写作,作品 (4) 双写词尾辅音字母再加-ing 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 begin beginning 开端 program programming 编程 (5) 下列几个派生名词通常以复数形式出现 动词 派生名词 中文含义 动词 派生名词 中文含义 belong belongings 财物 surround surroundings 环境 earn earnings 收入 save savings 积蓄,存款 四.形容词性后缀变化细则 1.名词+y ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究! 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 guilt 罪恶——guilty 内疚的 health——healthy 健康的 luck——lucky 幸运的 cloud——cloudy 多云的 wind—windy 多风的 rain——rainy 多雨的 snow——snowy 多雪的 tourist —— touristy 游客多的 fog—— foggy 有雾的 sun—— sunny 阳关灿烂的 fur—— furry 毛皮的 shine——shiny 发亮的 taste —— tasty 美味的 2. 名词/动词+ ed 辅音+辅音结尾单词,直接加ed talent —— talented 有天赋的 offend ——offended 生气的 crowd ——crowded 拥挤的 以元音字母e结尾单词直接加d balance —— balanced 平衡的 organize——organized 有组织的 pollute ——polluted 被污染的 please ——pleased 高兴的 【特别留意】 spot —— spotted 有斑点的 3.名词+ ful/less care —— careful/ careless 小心的/ 粗心的 help—— helpful / helpless 有帮助的/ 无助的 use—— useful/ useless有用的 / 无用的 meaning —— meaningful / meaningless有意义的/无意义的 colour—— colourful /colourless多彩的/无色的 pain 疼痛 ——painful /painless痛苦的/ 不痛的 thank—— thankful / thankless 充满感激的/ 不知感恩的  peace 和平 —— peaceful 和平的 play游戏 —— playful 爱玩耍的 home —— homeless 无家可归的 4.名词/动词+ able adjust——adjustable 可调整的 comfort——comfortable 舒适的 suit ——suitable 合适的 deny—— deniable 可否认的 rely—— reliable 可靠的 【特别留意】 knowledge——knowledgeable 知识渊博的 change —— changeable 易变的 5.名词+ ous courage——courageous 勇敢的 danger—— dangerous 危险的 mystery 神秘—— mysterious 神秘的 6.ce变 t confidence—— confident 自信的 difference——different 不同的 dependence —— dependent 依赖他人的 independence—— independent 独立的 7.词尾加 al addition—— additional 附加的,额外的 music—— musical 音乐的 person——personal (私人的) nation—— national 国家的 education——educational有教育意义的 tradition—— traditional 传统的 origin起源——original 新颖的;独创的 【特别留意】 nature——natural 自然的 globe—— global 全球的 class—— classical 经典的 medicine 药——medical 医学的 grammar—— grammatical 语法的 8.名词+ ly friend—— friendly 友好的 live——lively 活跃的,有生气的 love——lovely 可爱的 week——weekly 每周的 man——manly 男子气概的;强壮的 9.词尾+ en wood—— wooden 木制的 wool—— woolen 羊毛的 10.表示方位的词 East——eastern West——western South——southern North——northern 11.四大洲 Asia 亚洲—— Asian Africa 非洲——African Europe欧洲—— European America 美洲——American 12.其他 energy精力——energetic 精力充沛的 strategy——strategic 战略的 scientist——scientific 科学的 fool 傻子——foolish 愚蠢的 love——loving 慈爱的 pleasure——pleasant令人愉快的 / pleased高兴的 pride——proud 自豪的 1.【2024北京卷】 Slowing down can contribute significantly to personal growth. Taking the time ___11___ (rest) allows us to develop a deeper sense of ___12___ (self-aware). 2.【2023北京卷】Every culture is riddled with unwritten rules, such as ones on punctuality (守时). I’m British. Soon after moving to Switzerland, I 11.threw (throw) a house-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests showed up 12 (exact) on time. Years later, having moved to France. 3.【2021年北京卷】Sam walked her to a nearby convenience store so that she could ____16____(safe) wait for the police to take her home. 4.【2020年北京卷】 Oliver says if you're___2___(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them___3_if/whether__you can join in when it's possible. (建议用时:40分钟) 1.To 1.     (true) understand our planet, we must explore the oceans which cover most of it. Opponents may be concerned, but sea 2.     (explore) is important for our future. For example, 3.     (science) research ships can help address important issues such as climate change. We need to understand what is happening to our planet so that we can take action. Therefore, more research is necessary.  2.Some people would prefer to stop the use of man-made chemicals in agriculture 1.     (entire). What keeps them from doing so is the fact that chemical farming serves the high demand for food around the world. Organic farming is nowhere near able to meet that need. Therefore, there is still a long way to find a 2.     (suit) solution that puts sufficient food on the dinner table while keeping people and the environment as 3.     (health) as possible.  3.While studying abroad does have potential benefits, young people who study in China also have a great future to look forward to! As China has boomed, the 1.     (education) environment has improved 2.     (significant), with many great universities now available. They have great facilities and outstanding professors, helping to educate young people who will contribute to the economy and further 3.     (strength) our country.  4.Qian Xuesen read a lot and was extremely 1.     (knowledge), 2.     (especial) in the area of frontier science research. However, what might have made him such an outstanding and 3.     (create) scientist was probably his strong interest in other things, such as music and drawing. His deep appreciation for art often gave him 4.     (inspire) in his scientific research.  5.The population of the world is growing and we need new resources for future 1.     (develop). There are probably vast amounts of resources under the sea and ice, not just oil and gas but also valuable minerals. Of course, there are still 2.     (environment) risks. However, these should be balanced with economic needs. 3.     (hopeful), as technology improves, we may have more options for managing this balance.  6.Studying abroad provides a great opportunity to contribute to the development of our motherland. China's global outlook, with projects such as the Belt and Road Initiative, has helped us make 1.     (connect) across the world. Therefore, China needs more talented young people with a global perspective who are 2.     (high) competent with languages, have leadership and organisational skills, and have strong 3.     (culture) awareness. Students who study abroad will develop such skills and abilities, and these in turn will provide them with better career opportunities.  7.The 1.     (construct) of waste water treatment facilities improved the water quality and water conservation. The collection and transport of household waste was also improved. Dozens of polluting enterprises were closed or moved. The local government set up strict regulations regarding further 2.     (industry) development. New rules were also introduced regarding tour boat routes and garbage disposal methods. Furthermore, the local authorities began to use the media to spread environmental awareness and encourage greater use of clean energy. At the same time, they started to carry out inspections 3.     (regular) and fine tourist organisations for abuses.  8.Scientists visiting tiny Henderson Island in the South Pacific recently made an alarming 1.     (discover). Although it is one of the most remote places on the earth and 2.     (previous) untouched by humans, the island was covered in plastic waste. They calculated there were 38 million pieces of plastic, weighing almost 18 tons, with thousands of new pieces washing up each day. “No country has a free pass—we found plastic from everywhere,” said one scientist. “We all have a 3.     (responsible), and we have to sit up and pay attention. This is not an issue to ignore. We need to do something now to protect the sea.”  (建议用时:40分钟) 1.【2024年北京市朝阳区高三一模】The Terracotta Army (兵马俑) was found in 1974 near Xi’an. It is formed of more than 8,000 sculptures, which 17 (bury) alongside the emperor Qin Shi Huang more than 2,200 years ago. Now, researchers have recreated the shoes of one soldier and analysis of them 18 (suggest) that shoes worn by the terracotta sculptures were surprisingly flexible and slip resistant. If the recreated shoes 19 (true) reflect the real ones, they can help build a better picture of 20 Qin dynasty soldiers wore and how this might have aided them in battles. 2.【2024年清华大学附属附中高三三模】Crying is a natural response to emotions. Regardless of 17 causes the tears to flow, the physical reaction is usually the same with puffy cheeks and tight eyes 18 (lead) to streaming tears down one’s face. Despite its stigma (污名), crying can be an act 19 relieves tension and clears feelings of negativity and sadness. Crying can communicate our emotions to others and foster greater understanding and compassion. Ultimately, crying is a powerful tool we ought to use to free ourselves 20 negativity. 3.(2024·北京通州·模拟预测)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空 A strong work ethic (道德) is vital to a company. Certain 4 (factor) come together to create a strong work ethic. A sense of responsibility is a factor. It affects 5 an employee works. When the employee feels 6 (personal) responsible for his job performance, he shows up on time and completes projects to the best of his ability. A sense of team work is another factor. An employee with a high sense of team work helps a team meet its goals. These employees respect and help each other, 7 (make) cooperation go smoother. 4.(2024·北京·三模)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词,在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 The tiger shark 15 (consider) to be one of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Why are tiger sharks so dangerous? First, they like to live 16 waters where humans usually swim, so the chances of an encounter are much greater. Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can easily hit a person. And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly 17 (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain 18 the damage will be disastrous. 5.(2024·北京大兴·模拟预测)阅读下列短文,根据短文内容或括号内所给词的恰当形式填空。 Connected to each other like never before, young people today are becoming agents of change, increasingly 19 (contribute) to innovative solutions that improve people’s lives and the planet’s health. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research 20 (be) therefore delighted to launch the Young Leaders Online Training Programme, a four-week e-Learning course, to provide participants 21 the knowledge and skills to fully unfold their potential as global leaders. 6.(2024·北京石景山·一模)阅读短文,在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。 Are you still discussing and getting your head round Chat GPT, 26 potential will disturb everything from marketing to education? Well, Sora is about 27 (blow) those debates wide open. OpenAI’s Sora, a text-to-video AI model capable of generating 28 (remarkable) realistic and imaginative scenes from text instructions, just entered the chat room. A world where reality bends to the will of words has arrived, 29 (shape)a new era not just for technology but for humanity itself. 7.(2024·北京西城·一模)Your hometown could affect your navigational (导航的) skills. New research indicates that individuals 33 (raise) in cities with structured street patterns may encounter difficulties in navigation compared to those from rural areas with more organic layouts. This conclusion was drawn from a study 34 (involve) players of a mobile game about sea, 35 tests 3-D navigation skills. However, there’s hope for city residents: an urban version of the game showed slight improvements for them. 语法填空语篇训练 (一) Like many other students, you may have various people, __1__ (include) family members and friends, giving input on your college decision. While many of your trusted relatives and peers(同龄人) may have very __2__(value) advice that can help you to make the decision, finally the choice is yours and yours alone. Only you can fully realize which aspects of a college will make you truly happy and __3__ (satisfy) so keep that at the front of your mind. Moreover, fully consider each option. It can be easy __4__(let) a particular school become a front-runner early on __5__ your decision-making process, and it may even become the winning choice —but be sure to carefully evaluate every school __6__ has accepted you, since you had particular reasons for applying to each school. Do keep __7__ open mind. Students can change majors, but remember that there's no re-living a certain semester(学期), and there's no making up for lost time. Don't go to a school __8__(specific) for a high school relationship __9__ to make someone else happy. A __10__ (student) college experience is his or her own, and the student must put his or her education first. (二) Smile is a universal language, which ___1___ (use) throughout the world. However, the meaning of a smile in different cultures may be different. Depending on different cultures, smiling can express joy and ___2___ (amuse), but it can also indicate embarrassment. The following examples show this point of view. In an attempt to be open and ___3___ (friend), people in the United States smile a lot. Every one smiles at each other and this nonverbal communication shows being polite in the United States. But in China, smiling is not only ___4___ expression of happiness, but also a way to avoid ___5___(be) embarrassed. Chinese people like smiling when they are embarrassed in order to avoid embarrassment. Smiling is a kind of good will but not sneer (嘲笑). For example: When a child falls off from a bike, the adults in China may smile, ___6___ is a kind of gentle encouragement and may not be a kind of impolite laugh. The laugh is ___7___ (relate) to the smile. Also, different cultures have various ___8___ (meaning) about laugh. Americans can enjoy a very heartfelt belly (腹部) laugh that comes ___9___ the deepest emotions while most Chinese may think ___10___ silly to laugh that way. (三) The earliest exiting collection of Chinese poetry, Shi Jing (Book of Songs), _____1___(date) back to as early as the 11th century BC, but the history of Chinese poetry may be even longer than that.____2____(develop) and changing for thousands of years, Chinese poetry is like a beautiful and fathomless ocean to _____3_ Chinese-speaking people couldn’t help but keep being drawn. The very ancient poetry that was written 1000 or more years ago was simpler and about common things ____4____ love, romance and nature that people appreciate._____5 ___much poetry was written in the eras following the Song Dynasty, it is thought the poets became _____6_____(increase) academic and abstract so that modern Chinese can’t appreciate the style and meaning. For foreigners, ancient Chinese poetry is more difficult to understand. One of the reasons is the nature of Chinese characteristics____7____(they).Often the words have many meanings, and this make the translation of Chinese into English ____8____key part of reading and understanding Chinese poetry. Put simply, good translation is essential to fully understand Chinese poems. If the greatest Chinese poets_____9____(name), Du Fu and Li Bai of Tang Dynasty who were _____10_____(contemporary) and who both traveled widely in China often come up on top. Along with them, another famous ancient poet is Su Shi of the Song Dynasty. $$

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重难点05 语法填空之词性转换(综合练)-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练(北京专用)
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重难点05 语法填空之词性转换(综合练)-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练(北京专用)
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重难点05 语法填空之词性转换(综合练)-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练(北京专用)
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