重难点04 语法填空之代词、介词、连词-2025年高考英语【热点·重点·难点】专练（北京专用）

重难点04 语法填空之代词、介词、连词 考点 五年考情（2020-2024） 命题趋势 代词 （5年1考） 语法填空对代词的考查主要集中在不定代词、反身代词、形容词性物主代词和代词的格等的用法上。侧重对it用法的考查。 介词 （5年5考） 语法填空题对介词的考查形式为纯空格，即没有提示词，这对考生正确理解句意和掌握的知识提出了较高的要求 连列 （5年7考） 方向1 并列连词and, but, so, or, while, not only ... but (also)等的用法 方向2 状语从句的连词 方向3 名词性从句的连词 方向4 定语从句的连词 一．代词 解题技法 1.当提示词为代词时，需分析判断用其主格、宾格、物主代词、反身代词中的哪种形式。 1.如空后无提示词，且空格处在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时，考虑填代词。 解题规则 1.人称代词、物主代词和反身代词常考点 (1)人称代词中第三人称的主格(he, she, it, they)与宾格(him, her, it, them)常指代前文或后文出现的人或物。当提示词为人称代词的主格时需考虑是否变为宾格。(如题3) (2)形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)在句中作定语，常表示物体的所属；而名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语，但不可以作定语。(如题2) (3)反身代词(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者，可以在句中作宾语、表语和同位语。(如题1,6) 2.替代词和不定代词常考点 (1)替代词that, those, one, ones ①that可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，其复数形式为those。 ②one指代前面出现过的同类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones。(如题8) (2)不定代词的用法 ①both, either, neither都强调两者，可作主语、宾语和定语。neither表示“两者都不”； either表示“两者中任何一个”； both表示“两者都”。 ②all和none都强调三者或三者以上，all表示“全部都”，而none表示“全部都不”。(如题4) ③another表示“(三者或三者以上中的)另一个，再一个”； the other意为“(两者中的)另一个”；other意为“其余的，另外的”； others泛指其余的人或物。(如题5,9) 3．it的常考点 (1)it可指代事物或上文提到过的内容。 (2)it可作形式主语或形式宾语，用来指代不定式、动词­ing形式或从句，而把真正的主语或宾语后置。 (3)表示“喜欢，恨”等情感的动词后面跟从句时，要先接it，再接从句，这类动词有like, love, hate, dislike, appreciate等。 (4)it常用于一些固定搭配中，如it is no wonder that “难怪……”；make it“成功；赶上”；when it comes to ...“当提到……”等。 1. Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of 　　　　　　(they) contents.   2. The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony, opening 　　　　　　(it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.  3. As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in 　　　　　　(I).  4. Ecotourism has 　　　　　　(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.  5. She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of 　　　　　　(she), everything in good taste and in perfect order.  6. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine 　　　　　　(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.  7. Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of 　　　　　　(we) Further Resources section featured in each volume.  8. Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 　　　　　　(it) plans for a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.  9. When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 　　　　　　(they) alive.  10. Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 　　　　　　 can be to eat out.  11. Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with 　　　　　　 of their parents.  12. 　　　　　　 will be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change.  13. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 　　　　　　 every day.  14. If you want to go to the party with me, you should behave 　　　　　　(you) well.  15. Running is cheap, easy and it's always energetic. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 　　　　　　 a try.  16. The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but 　　　　　　 contained any useful suggestions.  二．介词 解题技法 1.若空格后是名词、代词或动名词，且它们在句中不是作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，那么空格处一般是填介词。 2．看空格前的动词或形容词，若空格处能与之构成固定搭配，且空格后的成分又作宾语，那么空格处一般填介词。 解题规则 1.几组常见介词的辨析 (1)表示时间的in, on, at ①in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等。 ②on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等。 ③at表示某个时间点、时刻等。 (2)表示时间的in和after ①in表示“在……时间之内/之后”，所在的句子必须表示将来。 ②after表示“在……时间之后”，通常“after＋时间段”与过去时连用。 (3)表示方位的through和across ①through表示“从……的内部穿过”。 ②across表示“从……表面穿过”。 (4)表示交通方式的by和on/in ①by后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词，名词前不加冠词。 ②on/in后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。 (5)表示“用……”的by, in, with ①by指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词。 ②in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前。 ③with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。 (6)表示“除……之外”的besides和except ①besides表示“除……之外还……”。 ②except表示“除……之外”。 2.其他常考的介词 with (1)(表示状态)具有，带有 (2)(表示伴随)随着 (3)(表示原因)由于，因为 (4)(表示关系)和……一起 (5)构成with复合结构 against (1)(表示态度)反对 (2)(表示对比)以……为背景 (3)(表示方位)倚靠着…… of (1)表示“……的” (2)“of＋n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词 for “for＋时间段”表示“长达……” despite 尽管，虽然 without 如果没有 beyond 超出，超越 3.介词在固定搭配中的考查 介词在固定搭配中的考查主要有以下几种形式： (1)介词与名词的搭配 (2)介词与形容词的搭配 (3)介词与动词的搭配 1. I could tell they weren't making fun 　　　　　 me: they laughed because I had the power to tell a funny story.  2. There, you'll find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup—and the wrappers are pressed 　　　　　 hand rather than rolled.  3. And who do they speak English 　　　　　? Not the pandas, even though the language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.  4. Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern. From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong 　　　　　 royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.  5. She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility 　　　　　 saving their environment.  6. Giant pandas also serve 　　　　　 an umbrella species, bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.  7. May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially 　　　　　 the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.  8. He flew 4,700 kilometers 　　　　　 Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi'an in five months.  9. Luc Gandarias, who's now thirteen, went blind suddenly 　　　　　 age seven.  10. Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types 　　　　　 trips are now being classified as ecotourism.  11. In 1844 they bought the house 　　　　　 $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842.  12. The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased 　　　　　 2.1 in women and men.  13. The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist 　　　　　 earth, Mother Nature.  14. Some time after 10,000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 　　　　　, through agriculture.  15. This aging of the population is driven 　　　　　 two factors.  三．连词 方向1 并列连词and, but, so, or, while, not only ... but (also)等的用法 (一)表示并列或递进关系的并列连词 表示并列或递进关系的并列连词有and, not only ... but (also)．.., both ... and ..., neither ... nor等。 The train was comfortable and the people were nice.火车很舒适，而且人们很友好。 He not only read the book, but also remembered what he had read.他不但读了这本书，而且记得所读的内容。 (二)表示转折关系的并列连词 表示转折关系的并列连词有but, yet, whereas, while等。 The son was sleeping at home while the parents were working in the fields.儿子在家睡觉而父母在田里劳作。 点津：but表示转折关系，不能和although/though连用。 (三)表示选择关系的并列连词 表示选择关系的并列连词有or, either ... or ..., not ... but ...等。 Either you or I am wrong.要么你，要么我，是错的。 I wouldn't like to have a cup of tea, but a cup of coffee.我不想喝茶，而想喝咖啡。 (四)表示因果关系的并列连词 表示因果关系的并列连词有for, so等。 The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.树叶在落，因为秋天已经到了。 (五)特殊并列连词及祈使句 1．when可用作并列连词，意为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this time/that time。常用于下列句式：①be doing sth. when ...；②be about to do sth. when ...；③be on the point of doing sth. when ...；④had just done sth. when ...。 We were having a meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会，这时有人闯了进来。 2.“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。 Work hard and you'll pass the exam.努力学习，那么你考试会及格的。 More healthy food, or you'll break down sooner or later.多吃健康食品，不然你的身体迟早会垮掉的。 1. To eat one soup dumpling, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first, releasing the steam and risking a spill(溢出), 　　　　　　 to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.  2. It's been an honor to watch the panda programme develop 　　　　　　 to see the pandas settle into their new home.  3. It is a distinct visual contrast(反差) that shouldn't work, 　　　　　　 somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.  4. Miss Zhao told us the names of the insects 　　　　　　 described their living habits.  5. He hung on for a few minutes 　　　　　　 screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.  6. The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued(发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation 　　　　　　 cultural exchanges.  方向2 状语从句的连词 1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别； 2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句； 3.before和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型； 4.till和until的用法； 5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法； 6.结果状语从句中“so ...that”与“such ...that”的区别； 7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法； 8.“疑问词＋­ever”和“no matter＋疑问词”引导从句的用法； 9.where引导的状语从句； 10.与祈使句、定语从句、名词性从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。 攻重点难点 (一)引导时间状语从句的从属连词及重点句式 1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as, no sooner ...than, hardly/scarcely ...when, immediately, instantly, the moment, every/each time等。 2.在掌握时间状语从句时，要注意以下几个重点句式： (1)not ...until ...“直到……才……” (2)It＋will be/was＋一段时间＋before ... “过……(时间)才……” (3)It＋is/has been＋一段时间＋since ... “自从……以来多长时间了” (4)It＋was＋not long before ...“不久……就……” (5)No sooner＋had＋主语＋过去分词 ...than ...(正常语序：主语＋had no sooner＋过去分词＋than ...) “一……就……” (6)Hardly/Scarcely＋had＋主语＋过去分词 ...when ... (正常语序：主语＋had hardly/scarcely＋过去分词＋when ...)“一……就……” When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。 Please don't talk so loud while others are working.在别人工作的时候，请别这么大声音说话。 It was some time before I realized the truth.过了很长一段时间我才悟出真相。 He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.＝No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。 (二)引导条件状语从句的从属连词的用法 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless(除非), as long as/so long as(只要), in case(以防，万一), only if(要是……就好了), on condition that, providing/provided (that), suppose/supposing (that)等。 1.if和unless引导的条件状语从句。if表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless(＝if ...not)表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。 If we go on polluting the environment, the earth won't be fit for us to live in.如果我们继续污染环境，地球将不再适合我们居住。 You'll fail the exam unless you study hard(＝if you don't study hard)．除非你努力学习，否则你考试会不及格。 2.in case, on condition that, providing (that), provided (that), supposing (that), suppose (that)等词汇意思相近，意为“万一，假使，假如，在……条件下”。 In case there is a fire, what will we do first?万一发生火灾，我们首先要做什么？ Suppose/Supposing (that) they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help?假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁？ They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend.他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们在周末前归还。 3.as long as(＝so long as)引导语气强烈的条件状语从句，意为“只要”。 As long as you don't lose heart, you will succeed.只要你不灰心，就会成功。 (三)引导原因状语从句的从属连词的用法 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since(既然，因为)，now (that)(既然), seeing (that), in that等。 1.because语气最强，表示必然的因果关系，用来回答why的提问； 2.since语气稍弱，表示对方已知的原因或事实，意为“既然；因为；由于”，相当于now (that)； 3.as语气最弱，往往不是明显的原因，只是对结果的附带说明。 I was absent from the meeting because I was ill.因为我病了，所以我缺席了这次会议。 As it is raining, we shall not go to the park.由于在下雨，我们不去公园了。 Now (that)/Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.既然大家都在这里，我们开始开会吧。 (四)引导让步状语从句的从属连词的用法 引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：although, though, as, even if/though(尽管，即使), while(然而), whether ... or (not), however, whatever, whoever, no matter how/what/who等。 1.although/though(尽管，虽然), even if/though(即使)引导的让步状语从句 although与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。even if与even though表示“尽管，即使”时，有退一步设想的意味。二者引导让步状语从句时，可用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气。 Although/Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football.虽然正下着大雨，但他们还是继续踢足球。 Even if/though it is raining, we'll go there.(陈述语气)即使下雨，我们也要去那里。 Even if/though I were busy, I would go.(虚拟语气)即使忙，我也要去。 2.as或though引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况 as或though引导的从句放在主句之前时，常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。 Child as/though he is, he can tell the names of all the cars.尽管他是个孩子，但他能说出所有车的名字。 Much as/though I like it, I won't buy it, for it's too expensive.虽然我很喜欢它，但不会买，因为它太贵了。 3.whether ...or .../whether ...or not(不管……还是……)；疑问词＋­ever与no matter＋疑问词(不管……；无论……)。 I have decided to take the job offer, whether it is good or bad.不管好坏，我已经决定接受这份工作邀请。 Whatever (＝No matter what) you say, he won't believe you.(让步状语从句)无论你说什么，他都不会相信你。 4.while也可作从属连词引导让步状语从句，相当于although。 (五)引导地点状语从句及其他状语从句的从属连词的用法 引导地点状语从句的连词有：where, wherever等；引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in case/for fear (that), in order that等；引导结果状语从句的连词有：so ... that，such ... that, so that等；引导方式状语从句的连词有： as, as if, as though等；引导比较状语从句的连词有：as ... as, the same as, more than ..., no more than, such ... as ...等。 We should go where the country needs us most.我们应到国家最需要我们的地方去。 It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。 He acted as if nothing had happened.他表现得好像什么也没发生。 1. They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is 　　　　　　 they need an English trainer.  2. Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 　　　　　　 she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed.  3. Mental health involves 　　　　　　 you process things such as stress and anxiety.  4. 　　　　　　 is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.  5. It seemed that I had become 　　　　　　 my parents had wanted me to be.  6. Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on 　　　　　　 could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.  7. What students do at college seems to matter much more than 　　　　　　 they go.  8. The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence 　　　　　　 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.  9. Your support is important to our work. 　　　　　　 you can do helps.  10. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is 　　　　　　 one can be entirely free from dust.  方向3 名词性从句的连词 语法填空常考点 1.连接代词what, who(m)，whoever, which, whose等的用法； 2.连接副词when, where, why和how等的用法； 3.连接词that, whether和if的用法。 攻重点难点 (一)引导名词性从句的连接代词(如what)，连接副词(如when)，连接词(that, if, whether)的用法和区别 解答名词性从句中连接词的选用题目时，可采用“句子翻译法”，即看空缺处在句中是什么意思，充当什么成分。若在从句中不作成分只起引导作用，用that；若表达“是否”意义，用if/whether；若充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，用连接代词；若充当状语，则用连接副词。 What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回到家。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到玛丽可能生病了。 (二)连接代词who/whom, what, which与whoever/whomever, whatever, whichever的用法和区别 在这两类连接词中，前面三个连接词在引导名词性从句时依然带有疑问的语气和含义，分别表示“谁”“什么”和“哪一个”。后面三个连接词则表示“无论……”的含义，并带有具体的针对性，不带疑问的语气和含义。 The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们找谁去替代她。 Whoever did it should be punished.无论是谁干的都应当受到惩罚。 (三)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用 一般来说，在某些特定动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。常见的这类动词有“一个坚持”(insist)；“两个命令”(order, command)；“三个建议”(suggest, advise, recommend)；“四个要求”(desire, require, demand, request)；“外加一个敦促”(urge)。 I insist that she (should) do her work alone.我坚持她应当单独做她的工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。 (四)同位语从句与定语从句的区别 同位语从句的作用相当于名词，用来解释说明前面名词(短语)的内容，常见的名词(通常是抽象名词)有idea, thought, fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, proposal, truth, news, possibility等；定语从句的作用相当于形容词，充当定语用来修饰主句中的某个名词或代词。 The news that our football team won the match was true.(同位语从句)我们足球队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 The news (that) we heard on the radio was true.(定语从句)我们在收音机里听到的那则消息是真的。 1.【2022年北京卷】It’s easy to explain how we determine ____15____ smells are dangerous or not: we learn. This has been adopted to ensure easier detection of gas leaks. 2.【2021年北京卷】The poor woman wasn't able to give him any information about ____15____ she lived． 3.【2020年北京卷】 Oliver says if you're___2___(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them___3___you can join in when it's possible. 方向4 定语从句的连词 语法填空常考点 1.关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as的用法； 2.关系副词where, when, why的用法； 3.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。 攻重点难点 (一)who, whom, whose引导定语从句的用法 1.先行词是人，关系词在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，关系词不可省略；关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/who/that，关系词可以省略。 2.先行词those后常用who引导定语从句。 3.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，如果先行词指人，用whom指代人且不能省略。 4．whose引导定语从句时，作定语，且不能省略。 I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的同校同学成了好朋友。 I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.我要寄贺卡给我的很多朋友。 The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.这家主要顾客是学生的校内商店，放假时关闭。 点津：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆是这些工程师中唯一一个想出解决方法的人。 (二)that, which引导定语从句的用法 1.that引导定语从句 既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。 2.定语从句中用that不用which的情况： (1)当先行词是all, any, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词或被它们修饰时。 (2)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。 (3)当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时。 (4)当先行词既有人又有物时。 (5)当定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时。 (6)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另一个宜用that。 (7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。 (8)主句以here, there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。 3.which引导定语从句 (1)先行词为物。 (2)which在从句中作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。 4．定语从句中用which而不用that的情况： (1)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用which而不用that。 (2)关系代词前面有介词时，用which而不用that。 (3)先行词为that/those时，用which而不用that。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which was constructed three years ago.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 Who is the man that is sitting on the rock smoking?坐在岩石上抽烟的那个人是谁？ The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。 (三)as引导定语从句的用法 关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 1.as引导限制性定语从句时常用于下列句式： (1) 其中关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 (2)...such as ...凡是……的人(或事物)，所有……人(或事物) 其意义相当于everything that, all those, those that (who)等。as引导定语从句并在从句中担当成分，定语从句修饰先行词such。 Take such as you need.你需要什么就拿什么。 You may choose such as you prefer.你可挑选自己想要的东西。 2.关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别： as意为“正如，正像”，引导的非限制性定语从句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which意为“这件事，这一点”，引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的这样的机器是中国制造的。 Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使他父母很高兴。 “There is no such thing as a free lunch，” as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“天下没有免费的午餐。” (四)关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句的用法 1.when引导定语从句 关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 2.where引导定语从句 (1)在定语从句中作地点状语。 (2)先行词可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place, home, school, village, city等)。 (3)先行词也可以是表示抽象意义的名词(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity等)。 3.why引导定语从句 关系副词why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于for which。 I'm looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feeling for her. 我正期盼那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。 Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.《中国新歌声》为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？ (五)“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法 1.介词和关系代词的确定 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手： (1)先行词的意义； (2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配； (3)句子的意思。 Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to “献身，致力于”，固定搭配) Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中微小的细节也应该考虑在内。 Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which (＝whose price) was very reasonable.最近我买了一个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。 2.“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。 He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。 1.【2024北京卷】Tinniswood, ___17___ doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. “If you eat too much or do too much of anything, you’re going to suffer eventually,” he said. 2.【2023北京卷】Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, 18 thousands were attending a water conference. 3.【2022年北京卷】That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____18____ are only good for one use. 4.【2021年北京卷】Dreams might be a side effect of memory making.When you sleep,your brain sorts through everything ____12____ happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories. （建议用时：40分钟） 【类型一：代词综合练】 1．Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. 2．This area, with (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy as a national park. 3．Since people can’t always eat out or cook for (they), they get takeout or order delivery. 【类型二：并列连词综合练】 1．Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh. 2．Recalling watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language see how Tang’s play was being performed.” 3．To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill(溢出), to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 4．It’s been an honor to watch the panda programme develop to see the pandas settle into their new home. 【类型三：状语从句综合练】 1．________ gardening may be hard physical work, those who love it find it very relaxing mentally. A．Although B．Once C．Since D．Unless 2．________ gardening may be hard physical work, those who love it find it very relaxing mentally. A．Although B．Once C．Since D．Unless 【类型四：定语从句综合练】 1．The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 2．Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 3．Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way will make them the most money. 4．Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”. 5．Yellowstone was the largest United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 【类型五：名词性从句综合练】 1．If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that’s they’ll promote. But that leaves the solo (单独) customers out of pocket and disappointed. 2．This is they need an English trainer. 3．Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed. 4．He saved my son’s life," said Mrs. Brown. "I don't know to thank him. ” "I just didn't want the boy to be hurt," said Henry. 5．It’s easy to explain how we determine smells are dangerous or not: we learn. 6．Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed. 【类型六：综合训练】 1.【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】For brands to succeed, they must grasp and adapt to evolving consumer taste. Over the past decade, China 18 (witness) a shift in consumer behavior marked by the rise of guochao, a trend emphasizing nationalistic branding. Chinese consumers displayed a strong 19 (prefer) for locally-made products. Therefore, it’s crucial for brands to genuinely comprehend and honor local customs, traditions, and values. While integrating Chinese elements into marketing strategies can be effective, it should be handled thoughtfully 20 (avoid) cultural insensitivity. 2.【2024年清华大学附属附中高三三模】The African penguin is expected to go extinct in the wild in just over a decade, given its current population decline. The main reason is a lack of food caused by disturbance to ocean conditions from global heating and 14 (compete) from the commercial fishing industry. According to a study, recently scientists 15 (identify) a possible additional cause, one that is an entirely new threat and that further 16 (prevent) the penguins from finding food: noise pollution from marine ships in a bay. 3.【2024年北京交通大学附中高三三模】It’s evident that not everybody has a sense of humor. Learning about theories of humor doesn’t guarantee that one’s ability to tell a joke will improve in any measurable degree. It would be distressing to learn about humor’s many benefits only 18 (discover) that it’s an entirely a product of genetics. Still, psychologists are divided on whether humor is an innate or learnable trait. In the past, they believed that only some cultures developed humor, but this 19 (believe) has changed, as no culture has ever been found lacking of comedy. So, if you want to improve your sense of humor, trying to look on the funny side of life 20 (work). 4.【2024年人大附中高三三模】The tiger shark 17 (consider) to be one of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Why are tiger sharks so dangerous? First, they like to live 18 waters where humans usually swim, so the chances of an encounter are much greater. Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can easily hit a person. And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly 19 (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain 20 the damage will be disastrous. 5.（2024·北京朝阳·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 The horse-face skirt, or mamianqun in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese skirt that dates back to the Song Dynasty. Traditionally it has two panels 15 (attach) to a single waistband, which overlap in front of the body to form a “skirt door”, like the horse-face defenses on ancient city walls. It primarily 16 (represent) a Chinese philosophical concept that harmonizes strength and gentleness. The skirt has gone beyond time and space to become a fashion item today. It 17 (prefer) by fans of traditional clothing, who have continued to develop it. 6.（2024·北京海淀·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Nathen 11 (cycle) along a remote road when he came across an abandoned kitten. Moved by her sad eyes and pitiful meowing, Nathen decided to adopt her and named her Milo. Together, they experienced kindness, 12 (visit) charities, and rescued animals, forming an unbreakable bond. Milo especially liked going to the railway station near their home during rush hour, 13 commuting (通勤) was challenging for most people. Often 14 (find) sitting on a ticket gate, Milo greeted commuters and brought smiles to all she encountered, making the spring morning a little brighter. 【类型七：语法填空语篇训练】 一 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Senior citizens are the first to come to our mind when you think of hearing loss, but in a recent report, hearing professionals worry teenagers will soon outnumber aging adults ___1___ it comes to living with hearing loss. The rise in popularity of personal audio devices from iPods to smart phones has had dangerous effect on the ears of those who use them most, teenagers! A research ___2___ (conduct) by the World Health Organization finds that nearly 50% of teens ___3___ (fall) into the habit of exposing themselves to unsafe levels of sound so far. A sound is considered unsafe when it goes beyond 85 decibels (分贝). At that level, it takes just 8 hours of listening over your lifetime to cause damage. The louder the sound is, the ___4___ (little) time it takes to cause damage. Because hearing loss is ___5___ (typical) considered a health problem for the elderly, it is difficult to convince already stubborn teenagers that they really are doing damage ___6___ their ears. Young adults ___7___ have been exposed to loud noise over a period of time may have some hearing loss symptoms. Their ___8___ (able) to learn is compromised, and they may have difficulty developing social skills. In an effort to help teens better protect their hearing, we suggest ___9___ (set) volume limits on personal audio devices. ___10___ is also good to limit the amount of time exposed to noise and to take listening breaks to give the ears a rest. 二 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 When Victor Gao was growing up in rural China in ___1___1970s, cars and trucks were so rare that he would chase them with the other children through the dirt roads, ___2___(thrill) by the strange sight. Today, China is the world’s largest automobile producer, ___3___more than double the capacity(产能) of the United States. "I never ___4___(expect) that an ordinary Chinese family would own a car and China would be a major automobile making country," Gao said, "It would be ___5___(complete) beyond my wildest dreams that China would produce more automobiles than the US." December 18, 2018 marks four ___6___(decade) since China started the process, ___7___would transform it from a poor country into an economic superpower. This era of great change ___8___(know) broadly as "Reform and Opening". At the beginning of the reform era, China’s GDP was just under $150 billion. Today, it has sharply increased to over $12 trillion(万亿), following only the United States. China holds about 10% of global wealth. In the last 20 years alone, wealth per adult has quadrupled(成四倍), ___9___(leave) fewer than 1% of the population in extreme poverty(贫困). China now has 600 billionaires, a ___1-___(high) number than anywhere else in the world. ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 重难点04 语法填空之代词、介词、连词 考点 五年考情（2020-2024） 命题趋势 代词 （5年1考） 语法填空对代词的考查主要集中在不定代词、反身代词、形容词性物主代词和代词的格等的用法上。侧重对it用法的考查。 介词 （5年5考） 语法填空题对介词的考查形式为纯空格，即没有提示词，这对考生正确理解句意和掌握的知识提出了较高的要求 连列 （5年7考） 方向1 并列连词and, but, so, or, while, not only ... but (also)等的用法 方向2 状语从句的连词 方向3 名词性从句的连词 方向4 定语从句的连词 一．代词 解题技法 1.当提示词为代词时，需分析判断用其主格、宾格、物主代词、反身代词中的哪种形式。 1.如空后无提示词，且空格处在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语时，考虑填代词。 解题规则 1.人称代词、物主代词和反身代词常考点 (1)人称代词中第三人称的主格(he, she, it, they)与宾格(him, her, it, them)常指代前文或后文出现的人或物。当提示词为人称代词的主格时需考虑是否变为宾格。(如题3) (2)形容词性物主代词(my, your, his, her, its, our, their)在句中作定语，常表示物体的所属；而名词性物主代词(mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs)在句中可以作主语、宾语和表语，但不可以作定语。(如题2) (3)反身代词(myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves)表示动作的承受者就是动作的执行者，可以在句中作宾语、表语和同位语。(如题1,6) 2.替代词和不定代词常考点 (1)替代词that, those, one, ones ①that可以指代前面出现过的不可数名词或单数可数名词，其复数形式为those。 ②one指代前面出现过的同类事物中的“一个”，其复数形式为ones。(如题8) (2)不定代词的用法 ①both, either, neither都强调两者，可作主语、宾语和定语。neither表示“两者都不”； either表示“两者中任何一个”； both表示“两者都”。 ②all和none都强调三者或三者以上，all表示“全部都”，而none表示“全部都不”。(如题4) ③another表示“(三者或三者以上中的)另一个，再一个”； the other意为“(两者中的)另一个”；other意为“其余的，另外的”； others泛指其余的人或物。(如题5,9) 3．it的常考点 (1)it可指代事物或上文提到过的内容。 (2)it可作形式主语或形式宾语，用来指代不定式、动词­ing形式或从句，而把真正的主语或宾语后置。 (3)表示“喜欢，恨”等情感的动词后面跟从句时，要先接it，再接从句，这类动词有like, love, hate, dislike, appreciate等。 (4)it常用于一些固定搭配中，如it is no wonder that “难怪……”；make it“成功；赶上”；when it comes to ...“当提到……”等。 1. Nanxiang aside, the best xiao long bao have a fine skin, allowing them to be lifted out of the steamer basket without tearing or spilling any of 　　　　　　(they) contents.   答案　their　 2. The Chinese Ancient Tea Museum was officially unveiled(揭幕) at the ceremony, opening 　　　　　　(it) first exhibition: The Avenue of Truth—A Special Exhibition of Pu'er Tea.  答案　its　 3. As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor's memory. It sure does in 　　　　　　(I).  答案　mine　 4. Ecotourism has 　　　　　　(it) origin with the environmental movement of the 1970s.  答案　its　 5. She was extremely pretty, and her house was a reflection of 　　　　　　(she), everything in good taste and in perfect order.  答案　herself　 6. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations(模拟)and imagine 　　　　　　(they) living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.  答案　themselves　 7. Readers are encouraged to continue exploring the digital world with the guidance of 　　　　　　(we) Further Resources section featured in each volume.  答案　our　 8. Data about the moon's composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 　　　　　　(it) plans for a future lunar(月球的) base are practical.  答案　its　 9. When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find 　　　　　　(they) alive.  答案　them　 10. Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap 　　　　　　 can be to eat out.  答案　it　 11. Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with 　　　　　　 of their parents.  答案　that　 12. 　　　　　　 will be a while before we can statistically show that the changes are happening because of climate change.  答案　It　 13. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using 　　　　　　 every day.  答案　it　 14. If you want to go to the party with me, you should behave 　　　　　　(you) well.  答案　yourself/yourselves　 15. Running is cheap, easy and it's always energetic. If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 　　　　　　 a try.  答案　it　 16. The research group produced two reports based on the survey, but 　　　　　　 contained any useful suggestions.  答案　neither　 二．介词 解题技法 1.若空格后是名词、代词或动名词，且它们在句中不是作主语、表语或动词的宾语时，那么空格处一般是填介词。 2．看空格前的动词或形容词，若空格处能与之构成固定搭配，且空格后的成分又作宾语，那么空格处一般填介词。 解题规则 1.几组常见介词的辨析 (1)表示时间的in, on, at ①in表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等。 ②on表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上等。 ③at表示某个时间点、时刻等。 (2)表示时间的in和after ①in表示“在……时间之内/之后”，所在的句子必须表示将来。 ②after表示“在……时间之后”，通常“after＋时间段”与过去时连用。 (3)表示方位的through和across ①through表示“从……的内部穿过”。 ②across表示“从……表面穿过”。 (4)表示交通方式的by和on/in ①by后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词，名词前不加冠词。 ②on/in后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。 (5)表示“用……”的by, in, with ①by指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词。 ②in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前。 ③with多用于表示工具或身体器官的名词前。 (6)表示“除……之外”的besides和except ①besides表示“除……之外还……”。 ②except表示“除……之外”。 2.其他常考的介词 with (1)(表示状态)具有，带有 (2)(表示伴随)随着 (3)(表示原因)由于，因为 (4)(表示关系)和……一起 (5)构成with复合结构 against (1)(表示态度)反对 (2)(表示对比)以……为背景 (3)(表示方位)倚靠着…… of (1)表示“……的” (2)“of＋n.”相当于该名词对应的形容词 for “for＋时间段”表示“长达……” despite 尽管，虽然 without 如果没有 beyond 超出，超越 3.介词在固定搭配中的考查 介词在固定搭配中的考查主要有以下几种形式： (1)介词与名词的搭配 (2)介词与形容词的搭配 (3)介词与动词的搭配 1. I could tell they weren't making fun 　　　　　 me: they laughed because I had the power to tell a funny story.  答案　of　 2. There, you'll find them prepared differently—more dumpling and less soup—and the wrappers are pressed 　　　　　 hand rather than rolled.  答案　by　 3. And who do they speak English 　　　　　? Not the pandas, even though the language used for the medical training instructions is actually English.  答案　to/with　 4. Beijing is a city bridging the ancient and the modern. From Buddhist temples to museums, narrow hutong 　　　　　 royal palaces, it is home to more than 3,000 years of glorious history even down to its layout, with the city keeping its carefully built system of ring roads.  答案　to　 5. She warns of the environmental dangers facing society, and she teaches that people must take responsibility 　　　　　 saving their environment.  答案　for　 6. Giant pandas also serve 　　　　　 an umbrella species, bringing protection to a host of plants and animals in the southwestern and northwestern parts of China.  答案　as　 7. May 21st this year marks the first International Tea Day, which was named officially 　　　　　 the United Nations on November 27th, 2019.  答案　by　 8. He flew 4,700 kilometers 　　　　　 Xi'an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, planning to hike back to Xi'an in five months.  答案　from　 9. Luc Gandarias, who's now thirteen, went blind suddenly 　　　　　 age seven.  答案　at　 10. Due to the growing popularity of environmentally-related and adventure travel, various types 　　　　　 trips are now being classified as ecotourism.  答案　of　 11. In 1844 they bought the house 　　　　　 $1,200 and some land from Charles Dresser, who performed their marriage ceremony in 1842.  答案　for　 12. The study found that between 1985 and 2017, average rural BMI increased 　　　　　 2.1 in women and men.  答案　by　 13. The artist was finally humbled(谦卑) by the greatest artist 　　　　　 earth, Mother Nature.  答案　on　 14. Some time after 10,000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 　　　　　, through agriculture.  答案　in　 15. This aging of the population is driven 　　　　　 two factors.  答案　by　 三．连词 方向1 并列连词and, but, so, or, while, not only ... but (also)等的用法 (一)表示并列或递进关系的并列连词 表示并列或递进关系的并列连词有and, not only ... but (also)．.., both ... and ..., neither ... nor等。 The train was comfortable and the people were nice.火车很舒适，而且人们很友好。 He not only read the book, but also remembered what he had read.他不但读了这本书，而且记得所读的内容。 (二)表示转折关系的并列连词 表示转折关系的并列连词有but, yet, whereas, while等。 The son was sleeping at home while the parents were working in the fields.儿子在家睡觉而父母在田里劳作。 点津：but表示转折关系，不能和although/though连用。 (三)表示选择关系的并列连词 表示选择关系的并列连词有or, either ... or ..., not ... but ...等。 Either you or I am wrong.要么你，要么我，是错的。 I wouldn't like to have a cup of tea, but a cup of coffee.我不想喝茶，而想喝咖啡。 (四)表示因果关系的并列连词 表示因果关系的并列连词有for, so等。 The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn.树叶在落，因为秋天已经到了。 (五)特殊并列连词及祈使句 1．when可用作并列连词，意为“这时，那时”，相当于and at this time/that time。常用于下列句式：①be doing sth. when ...；②be about to do sth. when ...；③be on the point of doing sth. when ...；④had just done sth. when ...。 We were having a meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会，这时有人闯了进来。 2.“祈使句＋and/or＋陈述句”，有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。 Work hard and you'll pass the exam.努力学习，那么你考试会及格的。 More healthy food, or you'll break down sooner or later.多吃健康食品，不然你的身体迟早会垮掉的。 1. To eat one soup dumpling, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first, releasing the steam and risking a spill(溢出), 　　　　　　 to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue.  答案　or　 2. It's been an honor to watch the panda programme develop 　　　　　　 to see the pandas settle into their new home.  答案　and　 3. It is a distinct visual contrast(反差) that shouldn't work, 　　　　　　 somehow these two very different worlds make a good combination.  答案　but/yet　 4. Miss Zhao told us the names of the insects 　　　　　　 described their living habits.  答案　and　 5. He hung on for a few minutes 　　　　　　 screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.  答案　and　 6. The “First International Tea Day Tea Road Cooperative Initiative” issued(发布) at the ceremony calls for people working in the tea industry to come together to promote international cooperation 　　　　　　 cultural exchanges.  答案　and　 方向2 状语从句的连词 1.when, while, as引导时间状语从句的区别； 2.名词词组the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句； 3.before和since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型； 4.till和until的用法； 5.although, though, as以及even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法； 6.结果状语从句中“so ...that”与“such ...that”的区别； 7.条件状语从句unless, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法； 8.“疑问词＋­ever”和“no matter＋疑问词”引导从句的用法； 9.where引导的状语从句； 10.与祈使句、定语从句、名词性从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。 攻重点难点 (一)引导时间状语从句的从属连词及重点句式 1.引导时间状语从句的从属连词有：when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as, no sooner ...than, hardly/scarcely ...when, immediately, instantly, the moment, every/each time等。 2.在掌握时间状语从句时，要注意以下几个重点句式： (1)not ...until ...“直到……才……” (2)It＋will be/was＋一段时间＋before ... “过……(时间)才……” (3)It＋is/has been＋一段时间＋since ... “自从……以来多长时间了” (4)It＋was＋not long before ...“不久……就……” (5)No sooner＋had＋主语＋过去分词 ...than ...(正常语序：主语＋had no sooner＋过去分词＋than ...) “一……就……” (6)Hardly/Scarcely＋had＋主语＋过去分词 ...when ... (正常语序：主语＋had hardly/scarcely＋过去分词＋when ...)“一……就……” When I lived there, I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时，星期天常到海滨去。 Please don't talk so loud while others are working.在别人工作的时候，请别这么大声音说话。 It was some time before I realized the truth.过了很长一段时间我才悟出真相。 He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheering.＝No sooner had he finished his speech than the students started cheering.他刚完成演讲学生们就开始欢呼起来。 (二)引导条件状语从句的从属连词的用法 引导条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless(除非), as long as/so long as(只要), in case(以防，万一), only if(要是……就好了), on condition that, providing/provided (that), suppose/supposing (that)等。 1.if和unless引导的条件状语从句。if表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless(＝if ...not)表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。 If we go on polluting the environment, the earth won't be fit for us to live in.如果我们继续污染环境，地球将不再适合我们居住。 You'll fail the exam unless you study hard(＝if you don't study hard)．除非你努力学习，否则你考试会不及格。 2.in case, on condition that, providing (that), provided (that), supposing (that), suppose (that)等词汇意思相近，意为“万一，假使，假如，在……条件下”。 In case there is a fire, what will we do first?万一发生火灾，我们首先要做什么？ Suppose/Supposing (that) they refuse us, who else can we turn to for help?假如他们拒绝了我们，我们还能求助于谁？ They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend.他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们在周末前归还。 3.as long as(＝so long as)引导语气强烈的条件状语从句，意为“只要”。 As long as you don't lose heart, you will succeed.只要你不灰心，就会成功。 (三)引导原因状语从句的从属连词的用法 引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since(既然，因为)，now (that)(既然), seeing (that), in that等。 1.because语气最强，表示必然的因果关系，用来回答why的提问； 2.since语气稍弱，表示对方已知的原因或事实，意为“既然；因为；由于”，相当于now (that)； 3.as语气最弱，往往不是明显的原因，只是对结果的附带说明。 I was absent from the meeting because I was ill.因为我病了，所以我缺席了这次会议。 As it is raining, we shall not go to the park.由于在下雨，我们不去公园了。 Now (that)/Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.既然大家都在这里，我们开始开会吧。 (四)引导让步状语从句的从属连词的用法 引导让步状语从句的从属连词有：although, though, as, even if/though(尽管，即使), while(然而), whether ... or (not), however, whatever, whoever, no matter how/what/who等。 1.although/though(尽管，虽然), even if/though(即使)引导的让步状语从句 although与though两者意思相同，一般可互换，都可以与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能和but连用。even if与even though表示“尽管，即使”时，有退一步设想的意味。二者引导让步状语从句时，可用陈述语气，也可以用虚拟语气。 Although/Though it was raining hard, yet they went on playing football.虽然正下着大雨，但他们还是继续踢足球。 Even if/though it is raining, we'll go there.(陈述语气)即使下雨，我们也要去那里。 Even if/though I were busy, I would go.(虚拟语气)即使忙，我也要去。 2.as或though引导让步状语从句时倒装的情况 as或though引导的从句放在主句之前时，常用倒装语序。从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首。若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。 Child as/though he is, he can tell the names of all the cars.尽管他是个孩子，但他能说出所有车的名字。 Much as/though I like it, I won't buy it, for it's too expensive.虽然我很喜欢它，但不会买，因为它太贵了。 3.whether ...or .../whether ...or not(不管……还是……)；疑问词＋­ever与no matter＋疑问词(不管……；无论……)。 I have decided to take the job offer, whether it is good or bad.不管好坏，我已经决定接受这份工作邀请。 Whatever (＝No matter what) you say, he won't believe you.(让步状语从句)无论你说什么，他都不会相信你。 4.while也可作从属连词引导让步状语从句，相当于although。 (五)引导地点状语从句及其他状语从句的从属连词的用法 引导地点状语从句的连词有：where, wherever等；引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in case/for fear (that), in order that等；引导结果状语从句的连词有：so ... that，such ... that, so that等；引导方式状语从句的连词有： as, as if, as though等；引导比较状语从句的连词有：as ... as, the same as, more than ..., no more than, such ... as ...等。 We should go where the country needs us most.我们应到国家最需要我们的地方去。 It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。 He acted as if nothing had happened.他表现得好像什么也没发生。 1. They also need to be ready to give interviews in English with international journalists. This is 　　　　　　 they need an English trainer.  答案　why　 2. Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 　　　　　　 she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed.  答案　whether/if　 3. Mental health involves 　　　　　　 you process things such as stress and anxiety.  答案　how　 4. 　　　　　　 is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes.  答案　What　 5. It seemed that I had become 　　　　　　 my parents had wanted me to be.  答案　what　 6. Over thousands of years, they began to depend less on 　　　　　　 could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.  答案　what　 7. What students do at college seems to matter much more than 　　　　　　 they go.  答案　where　 8. The polar bear is found in the Arctic Circle and some big land masses as far south as Newfoundland. While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence 　　　　　　 they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada.  答案　that　 9. Your support is important to our work. 　　　　　　 you can do helps.  答案　Whatever/What　 10. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is 　　　　　　 one can be entirely free from dust.  答案　that　 方向3 名词性从句的连词 语法填空常考点 1.连接代词what, who(m)，whoever, which, whose等的用法； 2.连接副词when, where, why和how等的用法； 3.连接词that, whether和if的用法。 攻重点难点 (一)引导名词性从句的连接代词(如what)，连接副词(如when)，连接词(that, if, whether)的用法和区别 解答名词性从句中连接词的选用题目时，可采用“句子翻译法”，即看空缺处在句中是什么意思，充当什么成分。若在从句中不作成分只起引导作用，用that；若表达“是否”意义，用if/whether；若充当主语、宾语、表语或定语，用连接代词；若充当状语，则用连接副词。 What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回到家。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到玛丽可能生病了。 (二)连接代词who/whom, what, which与whoever/whomever, whatever, whichever的用法和区别 在这两类连接词中，前面三个连接词在引导名词性从句时依然带有疑问的语气和含义，分别表示“谁”“什么”和“哪一个”。后面三个连接词则表示“无论……”的含义，并带有具体的针对性，不带疑问的语气和含义。 The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们找谁去替代她。 Whoever did it should be punished.无论是谁干的都应当受到惩罚。 (三)虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用 一般来说，在某些特定动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”，should可省略。常见的这类动词有“一个坚持”(insist)；“两个命令”(order, command)；“三个建议”(suggest, advise, recommend)；“四个要求”(desire, require, demand, request)；“外加一个敦促”(urge)。 I insist that she (should) do her work alone.我坚持她应当单独做她的工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。 (四)同位语从句与定语从句的区别 同位语从句的作用相当于名词，用来解释说明前面名词(短语)的内容，常见的名词(通常是抽象名词)有idea, thought, fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, proposal, truth, news, possibility等；定语从句的作用相当于形容词，充当定语用来修饰主句中的某个名词或代词。 The news that our football team won the match was true.(同位语从句)我们足球队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 The news (that) we heard on the radio was true.(定语从句)我们在收音机里听到的那则消息是真的。 1.【2022年北京卷】It’s easy to explain how we determine ____15____ smells are dangerous or not: we learn. This has been adopted to ensure easier detection of gas leaks. 15.【答案】whether 【解析】考查宾语从句的引导词。句意：解释我们怎样确定气味是不是危险的是容易的：我们学习到的。分析句子结构可知，空格前的determine为及物动词，空格后是主+系+表的句子结构，所以空格处的词用来引导宾语从句。再结合句意及空格后句子中的or not可知，此处考查whether…or not的搭配。故填whether。 2.【2021年北京卷】The poor woman wasn't able to give him any information about ____15____ she lived． 【15题详解】where 考查宾语从句。句意：这个可怜的老妇人不能说清楚她住在哪里。介词about后是宾语从句，根据句意，此处用where“在哪里；……的地方”符合句意，从句中作地点状语，故填where。 3.【2020年北京卷】 Oliver says if you're___2___(luck) enough to have someone close to you who enjoys cooking, ask them___3___you can join in when it's possible. 【2题详解】 考查形容词。句意：奥利弗说，如果你足够幸运，身边有一个喜欢烹饪的人。空前有be动词，所以空处填形容词做表语。故填lucky。 【3题详解】 考查连词。句意：问他们你是否有可能加入他们。____ you can join in when it's possible.是宾语从句，从句成分完整，但缺“是否”的意思，故填if/whether。 方向4 定语从句的连词 语法填空常考点 1.关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that, as的用法； 2.关系副词where, when, why的用法； 3.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句。 攻重点难点 (一)who, whom, whose引导定语从句的用法 1.先行词是人，关系词在定语从句中作主语时，用who/that，关系词不可省略；关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，用whom/who/that，关系词可以省略。 2.先行词those后常用who引导定语从句。 3.“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，如果先行词指人，用whom指代人且不能省略。 4．whose引导定语从句时，作定语，且不能省略。 I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的同校同学成了好朋友。 I have many friends to whom I'm going to send post cards.我要寄贺卡给我的很多朋友。 The school shop, whose customers are mainly students, is closed for the holidays.这家主要顾客是学生的校内商店，放假时关闭。 点津：关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.汤姆是这些工程师中唯一一个想出解决方法的人。 (二)that, which引导定语从句的用法 1.that引导定语从句 既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which互换。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。 2.定语从句中用that不用which的情况： (1)当先行词是all, any, anything, everything, nothing等不定代词或被它们修饰时。 (2)当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。 (3)当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时。 (4)当先行词既有人又有物时。 (5)当定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时。 (6)有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另一个宜用that。 (7)当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时。 (8)主句以here, there开头且先行词是指物的名词时。 3.which引导定语从句 (1)先行词为物。 (2)which在从句中作主语时不可省略，作宾语时可省略。 4．定语从句中用which而不用that的情况： (1)在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词用which而不用that。 (2)关系代词前面有介词时，用which而不用that。 (3)先行词为that/those时，用which而不用that。 She showed the visitors around the museum that/which was constructed three years ago.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。 The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。 Who is the man that is sitting on the rock smoking?坐在岩石上抽烟的那个人是谁？ The boy was away from home for a week, which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了，这使他父母很担心。 (三)as引导定语从句的用法 关系代词as既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 1.as引导限制性定语从句时常用于下列句式： (1) 其中关系代词as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。 (2)...such as ...凡是……的人(或事物)，所有……人(或事物) 其意义相当于everything that, all those, those that (who)等。as引导定语从句并在从句中担当成分，定语从句修饰先行词such。 Take such as you need.你需要什么就拿什么。 You may choose such as you prefer.你可挑选自己想要的东西。 2.关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别： as意为“正如，正像”，引导的非限制性定语从句既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中；而which意为“这件事，这一点”，引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可替代整个主句的内容。 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的这样的机器是中国制造的。 Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步，这使他父母很高兴。 “There is no such thing as a free lunch，” as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样：“天下没有免费的午餐。” (四)关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句的用法 1.when引导定语从句 关系副词when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 2.where引导定语从句 (1)在定语从句中作地点状语。 (2)先行词可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place, home, school, village, city等)。 (3)先行词也可以是表示抽象意义的名词(如job, life, situation, point, case, stage, activity等)。 3.why引导定语从句 关系副词why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，相当于for which。 I'm looking forward to the day when my daughter can read this book and know my feeling for her. 我正期盼那一天的到来，那时我女儿可以读这本书，并且了解我对她的感情。 Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.《中国新歌声》为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。 Do you know the reason why/for which he didn't attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗？ (五)“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句的用法 1.介词和关系代词的确定 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。另外，whose也可以放在介词后，即“介词＋whose＋名词”结构。一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手： (1)先行词的意义； (2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配； (3)句子的意思。 Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devoted to “献身，致力于”，固定搭配) Care of the soul is a gradual process in which even the small details of life should be considered.心灵的呵护是一个渐进的过程，在这一过程中，即使是生活中微小的细节也应该考虑在内。 Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which (＝whose price) was very reasonable.最近我买了一个古代的花瓶，它的价钱很合理。 2.“of＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 在some, any, few, little, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。 He had a lot of friends, none of whom would offer help to him when he was in trouble.他有许多朋友，但当他遇到麻烦时没有人会给他提供帮助。 1.【2024北京卷】Tinniswood, ___17___ doesn’t smoke and rarely drinks, credited moderation for helping him stay healthy during his long life. “If you eat too much or do too much of anything, you’re going to suffer eventually,” he said. 【17题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：Tinniswood不吸烟，也很少喝酒，他认为适量饮酒有助于他在长寿期间保持健康。空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Tinniswood，先行词指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导从句。故填who。 2.【2023北京卷】Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, 18 thousands were attending a water conference. 【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。 3.【2022年北京卷】That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____18____ are only good for one use. 【答案】which 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子，其中大多数（东西）只有一种用途。分析可知，most of ______are only good for one use在句中为非限制性定语从句；先行词为cups, bottles, and bags，在从句中作介词of的宾语，所以此处用关系代词which。故填which。 4.【2021年北京卷】Dreams might be a side effect of memory making.When you sleep,your brain sorts through everything ____12____ happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories. 【12题详解】 考查定语从句。句意：当你睡觉时，你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切，试图将新经历与旧记忆联系起来。分析句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that。 （建议用时：40分钟） 【类型一：代词综合练】 1．Who knows, perhaps some of the more forward-looking (one) may yet come out with a whole range of “just for you” pack sizes with special offers as well. 2．This area, with (it) unique and breathtaking natural beauty, must be well preserved for all people of the nation to enjoy as a national park. 3．Since people can’t always eat out or cook for (they), they get takeout or order delivery. 1．ones【详解】考查代词。句意：谁知道呢，也许一些更有远见的人可能还会推出一系列“只为你”的包装尺寸，并提供特别优惠。代词one意为“一个人”，在some of后应用复数形式。故填ones。 2．its【详解】考查代词。句意：这个地区拥有独特而令人惊叹的自然美景，必须作为国家公园得到很好的保护，供全国所有人民享用。分析句子可知，此处作名词的定语，应用形容词性物主代词。故填its。 3．themselves【详解】考查反身代词。句意：因为人们不能总是在外面吃饭或者为他们自己做饭，所以他们点外带或者叫外卖。分析句子可知，空处作介词for的宾语，cook这一动作的实施者和承受者为同一人，空处应用they的反身代词形式themselves，意为“他们自己”。故填themselves。 【类型二：并列连词综合练】 1．Either your shopping is then too heavy to carry home you can’t use what you’ve bought while it’s still fresh. 2．Recalling watching a Chinese opera version of Shakespeare’s play Richard III in Shanghai and meeting Chinese actors who came to Stratford a few years ago to perform parts of The Peony Pavilion, Edmondson said, “It was very exciting to hear the Chinese language see how Tang’s play was being performed.” 3．To eat one, you have to decide whether to bite a small hole in it first, releasing the stream and risking a spill(溢出), to put the whole dumpling in your mouth, letting the hot soup explode on your tongue. 4．It’s been an honor to watch the panda programme develop to see the pandas settle into their new home. 1．or 【详解】考查连词。句意：要么你买的东西太重，搬不回家，要么你买的东西还新鲜，就不能用了。此处为either...or...意为“要么……要么……”，所以此处应用连词or。故填or。 2．and 【详解】考查连词。句意：回忆起几年前在上海观看莎士比亚戏剧《理查三世》的中国版，并遇见前来斯特拉特福德表演《牡丹亭》部分片段的中国演员时，Edmondson说：“听到中文，看到汤显祖的戏剧是如何被表演的，非常激动人心。”空前“hear the Chinese language”和空后“see how Tang’s play was being performed”为并列结构，用and连接。故填and。 3．or 【详解】考查连词。句意：吃小笼包的时候，你必须要决定是先咬一个小口，让汤汁流出，还是把整个小笼包放进嘴里，让热汤在舌头上爆炸。whether...or... “是……还是……”为固定搭配，连接并列结构。故填or。 4．and 【详解】考查连词。句意：我很荣幸能看到熊猫项目的发展，看到熊猫们在新家安顿下来。分析句子结构可知，此处应为连词连接两个不定式结构，结合句意，“to watch the panda programme develop”和“to see the pandas settle into their new home”两者是并列关系，应该用and连接。故填and。 【类型三：状语从句综合练】 1．________ gardening may be hard physical work, those who love it find it very relaxing mentally. A．Although B．Once C．Since D．Unless 2．________ gardening may be hard physical work, those who love it find it very relaxing mentally. A．Although B．Once C．Since D．Unless 1．A 【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然园艺有可能是艰难的体力工作，但是对于那些热爱园艺的人来讲，它却是脑力上的放松。A. Although尽管；B. Once一……就……；C. Since自从；D. Unless除非。由语意可知，“园艺是项艰难的体力工作”与“对于热爱园艺的人而言，园艺工作是脑力上的放松”之间是让步关系，所以此处应用连词although表让步。故选A项。 2．A 【详解】考查让步状语从句。句意：虽然园艺有可能是艰难的体力工作，但是对于那些热爱园艺的人来讲，它却是脑力上的放松。A. Although尽管；B. Once一……就……；C. Since自从；D. Unless除非。由语意可知，“园艺是项艰难的体力工作”与“对于热爱园艺的人而言，园艺工作是脑力上的放松”之间是让步关系，所以此处应用连词although表让步。故选A项。 【类型四：定语从句综合练】 1．The Glasshouse stands as a great achievement in contemporary design, to house the plants of the southwestern part of China at the end of a path retracing (追溯) the steps along the Silk Route brought the plants from their native habitat in Asia to come to define much of the richness of gardening in England. 2．Chinese cultural elements commemorating (纪念) Tang Xianzu, is known as “the Shakespeare of Asia,” add an international character to Stratford-upon-Avon, William Shakespeare’s hometown. 3．Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way will make them the most money. 4．Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow”. 5．Yellowstone was the largest United States national park — 2.2 million acres — until Wrangell-Saint Elias in southern Alaska, became a national monument in 1978, took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres. 1．which##that 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：温室作为当代设计的一项伟大成就，位于一条路径的尽头，这条路径追溯了丝绸之路的足迹，正是通过这条路，植物从它们在亚洲的原始栖息地被带到了英国，成为定义英国园艺丰富性的重要因素。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Silk Route，先行词指物，在定语从句中作主语，用关系代词which或that引导从句。故填which/that。 2．who 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：为了纪念被誉为“亚洲莎士比亚”的汤显祖，中国文化元素为莎士比亚的故乡——埃文河畔的斯特拉特福增添了国际化的色彩。空处引导非限定性定语从句，先行词为“Tang Xianzu”，在非限制性定语从句中担当主语，指人，用关系代词who引导该从句。故填who。 3．that##which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：当然，商店不是慈善机构——他们以最赚钱的方式给商品定价。在定语从句中缺少主语，且先行词为way，所以应用关系代词that或which。故填that或者which。 4．as 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。分析句式结构可知，引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。 5．which 【详解】考查定语从句。句意：黄石公园曾是美国最大的国家公园，面积达220万英亩，直到阿拉斯加南部的Wrangell-Saint Elias于1978年成为国家纪念地，并于1980年以1230万英亩的面积获得国家公园荣誉。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，设空处指代先行词Wrangell-Saint Elias，在从句中作主语，先行词指物，从句用关系代词which引导，故填which。 【类型五：名词性从句综合练】 1．If most of their customers are happy to buy larger quantities, that’s they’ll promote. But that leaves the solo (单独) customers out of pocket and disappointed. 2．This is they need an English trainer. 3．Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed. 4．He saved my son’s life," said Mrs. Brown. "I don't know to thank him. ” "I just didn't want the boy to be hurt," said Henry. 5．It’s easy to explain how we determine smells are dangerous or not: we learn. 6．Cobb, for her party, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of the time, they agreed. 1．what【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：如果他们的大多数客户都乐意大量购买，那他们就会推广。本句为包含表语从句的复合句，在表语从句中缺少宾语，且是指事物，所以应用连接代词what。故填what。 2．why【详解】考查表语从句。句意：这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因。分析句子结构可知，空处引导表语从句，从句中结构完整，应该用连接副词连接，前文提到需要培训师的原因，此处是表达“这就是他们需要英语培训师的原因”之意，应用why引导表语从句。故填why。 3．whether##if【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：对于她的出席，Cobb开始询问邀请她的组织者是否可以远程进行。大约四分之三的情况下，他们表示同意。分析句子可知，空处引导名词性从句作ask的宾语，宾语从句的成分完整，结合“she could do so remotely”和“they agreed”可知，空处需表达“是否”，应用连接词whether或if作引导词。故填whether/if。 4．how【详解】考查固定短语。句意：“他救了我儿子的命，”布朗夫人说，“我不知道如何感谢他。”“我只是不想让那个男孩受伤，”亨利说。设空处在句子中作宾语，使用“特殊疑问词+to do”结构。根据上文“He saved my son’s life(他救了我儿子的命)”，可知空白处应填表示“如何”含义的表达，故填how。 5．whether【详解】考查名词性从句。句意：很容易解释我们如何判断气味是否危险：我们学习。在宾语从句中不缺少主语、宾语或表语，根据or not可知，此处是指判断气味是否危险，所以应用从属连词whether表示“是否”。故填whether。 6．whether##if【详解】考查宾语从句。句意：对于她的出席，Cobb开始询问邀请她的组织者是否可以远程进行。大约四分之三的情况下，他们表示同意。分析句子可知，空处引导名词性从句作ask的宾语，宾语从句的成分完整，结合“she could do so remotely”和“they agreed”可知，空处需表达“是否”，应用连接词whether或if作引导词。故填whether/if。 【类型六：综合训练】 1.【2024年北京市海淀区高三一模】For brands to succeed, they must grasp and adapt to evolving consumer taste. Over the past decade, China 18 (witness) a shift in consumer behavior marked by the rise of guochao, a trend emphasizing nationalistic branding. Chinese consumers displayed a strong 19 (prefer) for locally-made products. Therefore, it’s crucial for brands to genuinely comprehend and honor local customs, traditions, and values. While integrating Chinese elements into marketing strategies can be effective, it should be handled thoughtfully 20 (avoid) cultural insensitivity. 【答案】18．has witnessed 19．preference 20．to avoid 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了在过去的十年里，中国见证了消费者行为的转变，一种强调民族主义品牌的趋势，即“国潮”开始兴起。 18．考查时态和主谓一致。句意：在过去的十年里，中国见证了消费者行为的转变，其标志是“国潮”的兴起，这是一种强调民族主义品牌的趋势。根据句中的“Over the past decade”可知，动词使用现在完成时，主语China为单数意义，助动词应用has，故填has witnessed。 19．考查名词。句意：中国消费者对国产产品表现出强烈的偏好。此处使用名词作宾语，需要的词义为“偏好”，即preference，前有a，应用单数，故填preference。 20．考查动词不定式。句意：虽然将中国元素融入营销策略是有效的，但也要慎重处理，避免文化不敏感。分析句子结构可知，avoid在句子中不作为谓语动词使用，空格处及之后表示“目的”，因此使用动词不定式作目的状语，故填to avoid。 2.【2024年清华大学附属附中高三三模】The African penguin is expected to go extinct in the wild in just over a decade, given its current population decline. The main reason is a lack of food caused by disturbance to ocean conditions from global heating and 14 (compete) from the commercial fishing industry. According to a study, recently scientists 15 (identify) a possible additional cause, one that is an entirely new threat and that further 16 (prevent) the penguins from finding food: noise pollution from marine ships in a bay. 【答案】14．competition 15．have identified 16．prevents 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章分析了非洲企鹅数量的下降的原因。 14．考查名词。句意：主要原因是全球变暖对海洋环境的干扰和商业捕鱼业的竞争造成了食物短缺。分析句子可知，提示词与名词disturbance是并列关系，作介词宾语，用名词competition，意为“竞争”。故填competition。 15．考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：根据一项研究，最近科学家们发现了一个可能的额外原因，这是一个全新的威胁，进一步阻止企鹅寻找食物：海湾中船舶的噪音污染。分析句子可知，identify(发现)是句中谓语动词，与主语scientists之间是主动关系，句中有时间状语recently，应使用现在完成时态，又因主语是复数名词，所以谓语动词也应使用复数形式。综上，谓语应用现在完成时主动语态，复数形式。故填have identified。 16．考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：根据一项研究，最近科学家们发现了一个可能的额外原因，这是一个全新的威胁，进一步阻止企鹅寻找食物：海湾中船舶的噪音污染。分析句子可知，prevent(阻止)是定语从句中谓语动词，与关系代词that(即先行词one)之间是主动关系，陈述客观事实，用一般现在时态，又因主语是单数代词，所以谓语动词也应使用单数形式。综上，谓语应用一般现在时主动语态，单数形式。故填prevents。 3.【2024年北京交通大学附中高三三模】It’s evident that not everybody has a sense of humor. Learning about theories of humor doesn’t guarantee that one’s ability to tell a joke will improve in any measurable degree. It would be distressing to learn about humor’s many benefits only 18 (discover) that it’s an entirely a product of genetics. Still, psychologists are divided on whether humor is an innate or learnable trait. In the past, they believed that only some cultures developed humor, but this 19 (believe) has changed, as no culture has ever been found lacking of comedy. So, if you want to improve your sense of humor, trying to look on the funny side of life 20 (work). 【答案】18．to discover 19．belief 20．works/will work 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了对于幽默是否可以通过后天学习获得的各种观点。 18．考查非谓语动词。句意：如果你去了解幽默的很多好处，结果却发现它完全是基因的产物，那将是一件令人痛心的事。根据空前的“only”可推知，此处是结果状语，表示出乎意料的结果，意为“不料，结果却”，空处应用discover的不定式形式to discover。故填to discover。 19．考查名词。句意：过去，他们认为只有某些文化才有幽默，但这种观点已经改变了，因为没有一种文化是缺乏喜剧的。分析句子可知，空处被this修饰，作句子的主语，结合句意可知，此处表示“这种观点”，空处应用believe的名词形式belief，意为“观点，想法”，且用单数形式。故填belief。 20．考查时态。句意：所以，如果你想提高你的幽默感，试着看到生活中有趣的一面会起作用。分析句子可知，空处作主句的谓语，前面if引导的条件状语从句时态为一般现在时，主句时态宜用一般现在时或一般将来时，用一般现在时的情况下，主语为动名词短语trying…，空处应用work的第三人称单数形式works，用一般将来时的情况下，空处应用will work。故填works/will work。 4.【2024年人大附中高三三模】The tiger shark 17 (consider) to be one of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Why are tiger sharks so dangerous? First, they like to live 18 waters where humans usually swim, so the chances of an encounter are much greater. Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can easily hit a person. And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly 19 (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain 20 the damage will be disastrous. 【答案】17．is considered/ has been considered 18．in/ around/near 19．designed 20．that 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了为什么虎鲨如此危险。 17．考查动词时态和语态。句意：虎鲨被认为是世界上最危险的鲨鱼之一。这是一个客观事实可以用一般现在时，或者这是到目前为止一种认知，所以也可以用现在完成时。主语是the tiger shark，是单数形式，所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。而且虎鲨跟认为之间是被动关系，所以也要用被动语态。故填is considered/has been considered。 18．考查介词。句意：首先，它们喜欢生活在人类经常游泳的水域/水域附近，所以遇到它们的几率要大得多。在水域或者在水域附近，要用介词in或者around或者near。故填in/ around/ near。 19．考查非谓语。句意：第三，虎鲨有完美的设计来切割它们的食物牙齿，所以肯定会造成灾难性的破坏。空处为非谓语动词，teeth与design为被动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语。故填designed。 20．考查连接词。句意：第三，虎鲨有完美的设计来切割它们的食物牙齿，所以肯定会造成灾难性的破坏。It is certain that“……是确定的”为固定句型。故填that。 5.（2024·北京朝阳·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 The horse-face skirt, or mamianqun in Chinese, is a traditional Chinese skirt that dates back to the Song Dynasty. Traditionally it has two panels 15 (attach) to a single waistband, which overlap in front of the body to form a “skirt door”, like the horse-face defenses on ancient city walls. It primarily 16 (represent) a Chinese philosophical concept that harmonizes strength and gentleness. The skirt has gone beyond time and space to become a fashion item today. It 17 (prefer) by fans of traditional clothing, who have continued to develop it. 【答案】15．attached 16．represents 17．is preferred 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了马面裙的历史以及受欢迎的情况。 15．考查非谓语动词。句意：传统上，它有两个嵌板连接在一条腰带上，它们在身体前面重叠形成一个“裙门”，就像古代城墙上的马面防御一样。此处attach与panels构成被动关系，故用过去分词。故填attached。 16．考查时态。句意：它主要代表了一种中国哲学观念，即和谐的力量和温柔。陈述事实用一般现在时，主语为It，谓语用三单形式。故填represents。 17．考查时态语态。句意：它受到传统服装爱好者的青睐，他们一直在继续发展它。主语It与谓语构成被动关系，根据语境可知陈述事实用一般现在时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填is preferred。 6.（2024·北京海淀·二模）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。 Nathen 11 (cycle) along a remote road when he came across an abandoned kitten. Moved by her sad eyes and pitiful meowing, Nathen decided to adopt her and named her Milo. Together, they experienced kindness, 12 (visit) charities, and rescued animals, forming an unbreakable bond. Milo especially liked going to the railway station near their home during rush hour, 13 commuting (通勤) was challenging for most people. Often 14 (find) sitting on a ticket gate, Milo greeted commuters and brought smiles to all she encountered, making the spring morning a little brighter. 【答案】11．was cycling 12．visited 13．when 14．found 【导语】本文属于记叙文，Nathen在偏远路上偶遇弃猫，出于怜悯将其收养并取名Milo。他们共同传递爱心、访问慈善机构、拯救动物，建立深厚情谊。Milo尤其喜欢在高峰期到家附近的车站为通勤者带去慰藉，用它的存在点亮人们的清晨。 11．考查固定句型和时态。句意：Nathen在一条偏僻的路上骑自行车时，遇到了一只被遗弃的小猫。cycle“骑自行车”。根据句意和空后的when和came可知，此处为固定句型“was/were doing... when...”，本空用过去进行时，表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作，主语Nathen为第三人称单数，be动词用was。故填was cycling。 12．考查时态。句意：他们一起体验了善意，参观了慈善机构，救助了动物，形成了不可破的纽带。visit“参观”。本空用过去式visited，与experienced和rescued并列，用连词and连接。故填visited。 13．考查定语从句。句意：Milo尤其喜欢在上下班高峰期去家附近的火车站，那时上下班对大多数人来说都是一种挑战。本空引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是rush hour，关系词代替先行词在从句中作时间状语，应用关系副词when引导。故填when。 14．考查非谓语动词。句意：Milo经常被发现坐在检票口，向上下班往返的人打招呼，并给她遇到的所有人带来微笑，使春天的早晨变得更加明亮。本句谓语为greeted，此处为非谓语动词，且Milo与find“发现”为被动关系，应用过去分词，作状语，表示被动。故填found。 【类型七：语法填空语篇训练】 一 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Senior citizens are the first to come to our mind when you think of hearing loss, but in a recent report, hearing professionals worry teenagers will soon outnumber aging adults ___1___ it comes to living with hearing loss. The rise in popularity of personal audio devices from iPods to smart phones has had dangerous effect on the ears of those who use them most, teenagers! A research ___2___ (conduct) by the World Health Organization finds that nearly 50% of teens ___3___ (fall) into the habit of exposing themselves to unsafe levels of sound so far. A sound is considered unsafe when it goes beyond 85 decibels (分贝). At that level, it takes just 8 hours of listening over your lifetime to cause damage. The louder the sound is, the ___4___ (little) time it takes to cause damage. Because hearing loss is ___5___ (typical) considered a health problem for the elderly, it is difficult to convince already stubborn teenagers that they really are doing damage ___6___ their ears. Young adults ___7___ have been exposed to loud noise over a period of time may have some hearing loss symptoms. Their ___8___ (able) to learn is compromised, and they may have difficulty developing social skills. In an effort to help teens better protect their hearing, we suggest ___9___ (set) volume limits on personal audio devices. ___10___ is also good to limit the amount of time exposed to noise and to take listening breaks to give the ears a rest. 【分析】本文属于说明文。短文介绍了青少年由于长时间听过高音量的设备，因而听力损失的情况越来越严重， 有必要采取措施。 1. 【答案】when 考查固定句型。句意：当提到听力丧失时，我们首先想到的是老年人，但在最近的一份报告中，听力专家担心，就听力丧失而言，青少年的数量将很快超过老年人。本句为句型when it comes to sth当谈及某事，故填when。 2. 【答案】conducted 考查非谓语动词。句意：世界卫生组织做的一份调查发现接近一半的青少年已经养成了把自己暴露在过大音量的环境中。分析句子可知，conduct作定语修饰research，与其为动宾关系，故填过去分词形式conducted。 3.【答案】 have fallen 考查动词时态和语态。句意：世界卫生组织做的一份调查发现接近一半的青少年已经养成了把自己暴露在过大音量的环境中。由于有so far修饰，描述过去动作对现在的影响，故用现在完成时，主语为teens，故用have fallen。fall into the habit of 养成…的习惯。故填have fallen。 4.【答案】 less 考查比较级。句意：音量越大，那么造成损害的时间就越短。本句为结构the +比较级+句子，the+比较级+句子，故填less。 5.【答案】 typically 考查副词。句意：听力损失是一个典型的老年人问题，因此很难说服固执的青少年他们正在损害自己的耳朵。修饰动词用副词，故填typically。 6. 【答案】to 考查介词。句意：听力损失是一个典型的老年人问题，因此很难说服顽固青少年他们正在损害自己的耳朵。本句为固定短语do damage to sth 损害某物，故用to。 7. 【答案】who/that 考查定语从句。句意：在暴露于过大音量一段时间后，青少年会出现一些听力损失的症状。分析句子可知，have been exposed to loud noise over a period of time作定语从句修饰young adults ，从句缺少主语，故填关系代词who或者that。 8. 【答案】ability 考查名词。句意：他们学习的能力就会受到影响。由于代词their修饰，故用名词ability。故填ability。 9. 【答案】setting 考查非谓语动词。句意：为了更好保护青少年的听力，我建议对播放设备进行音量限制。本句为suggest的用法suggest doing sth 建议做某事，故填setting。 10. 【答案】It考查it。句意：这不仅可以减少被暴露在过高音量的时间，也可以让耳朵休息一下。本句为it作形式主语，真正主语为后面的不定式，故填It。 二 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 When Victor Gao was growing up in rural China in ___1___1970s, cars and trucks were so rare that he would chase them with the other children through the dirt roads, ___2___(thrill) by the strange sight. Today, China is the world’s largest automobile producer, ___3___more than double the capacity(产能) of the United States. "I never ___4___(expect) that an ordinary Chinese family would own a car and China would be a major automobile making country," Gao said, "It would be ___5___(complete) beyond my wildest dreams that China would produce more automobiles than the US." December 18, 2018 marks four ___6___(decade) since China started the process, ___7___would transform it from a poor country into an economic superpower. This era of great change ___8___(know) broadly as "Reform and Opening". At the beginning of the reform era, China’s GDP was just under $150 billion. Today, it has sharply increased to over $12 trillion(万亿), following only the United States. China holds about 10% of global wealth. In the last 20 years alone, wealth per adult has quadrupled(成四倍), ___9___(leave) fewer than 1% of the population in extreme poverty(贫困). China now has 600 billionaires, a ___1-___(high) number than anywhere else in the world. 【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了中国改革开放四十年取得了巨大的成就，从贫穷的国度一跃成为超级经济大国。 1.【答案】 the 考查冠词。句意：20世纪70年代，维克多 • 高在中国农村长大，那时，小汽车和卡车非常罕见，他会和其他孩子一起在土路上追逐它们，为这种奇怪的景象欣喜若狂，表示年代应用定冠词，故填the。 2.【答案】 thrilled 考查非谓语动词。句意参考上题解析，thrill与主语he之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，表示被动，用过去分词作状语,故填thrilled。 3. 【答案】with 考查介词。句意:如今，中国是世界上最大的汽车生产国，产量是美国的两倍多。分析句子结构可知，此处用with引导介词短语作伴随状语，故填with。 4. 【答案】expected 考查时态。句意:我从没想过一个普通的中国家庭会拥有一辆汽车，中国会成为一个主要的汽车生产国。此处应用一般过去时表示过去的动作，故填expected。 5. 【答案】completely 考查副词。句意:中国的汽车产量超过美国，这完全是我没想到的。修饰介词短语beyond my wildest dreams用副词，故填completely。 6. 【答案】decades 考查名词的数。句意:2018年12月18日是中国开始从一个贫穷国家转变为超级经济大国40周年。前有数词four修饰，故用可数名词复数形式，故填decades。 7. 【答案】which 考查非限定性定语从句。句意:2018年12月18日标志着中国从贫穷的国度一跃成为超级经济大国40周年。关系词指代先行词process在非限定性定语从句中作主语，故填which。 8.【答案】 is known 考查固定结构。句意：这个大变革的时代被广泛称为改革开放。be known as作为……而出名。主语是第三人称单数，且为客观事实，故填is known。 9. 【答案】leaving 考查非谓语动词。句意:仅在过去的20年里，每个成人的财富翻了两番，使得只有不到1%的人口仍处于贫困之中。此处用现在分词短语作结果状语，表示一种自然而然的结果，故填leaving。 10. 【答案】Higher考查形容词比较级。句意:中国现在有600位亿万富翁，比世界上任何地方都多。根据下文中的than判断此处应用比较级形式。故填higher。 ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$