Unit 2 Section Ⅱ Grammar and usage-【金版教程】2025-2026学年高中英语选择性必修第三册创新导学案Word（译林版2019）

英语 选择性必修 第三册(译林) Section Ⅱ　Grammar and usage Ⅰ.重点词汇 1．a business or an organization that provides a particular service especially on behalf of other businesses or organizations——n. agency 2．a layer of bricks, concrete, etc. that forms the solid underground base of a building——n. foundation 3．the activities that are done in order to plan, organize and run a business, school or other institution——n. administration 4．to look at every part of sth carefully, especially because you are looking for a particular thing or person——vt.& vi. scan 5．extremely important, because it will affect other things——adj. crucial 6．used meaning “only” or “simply” to emphasize a fact or sth that you are saying——adv. merely 7．a piece of equipment shaped like a tube, containing lenses, that you look through to make objects that are far away appear larger and nearer——n. telescope 8．to have sb/sth as parts or members——vt. comprise 9．a curved path followed by a planet or an object as it moves around another planet, star, moon, etc.——n. orbit 10．the whole of space and everything in it, including the earth, the planets and the stars——n. universe 11．a scientist who studies the stars, planets, and other natural objects in space——n. astronomer 12．plain__to__see 显而易见的 13．lay__the__foundation__for 为……打下基础 Ⅱ.教材原句 1．In the early 1600s, Galileo was ____________________ (第一个用) his telescope to explore the sky and since then, telescopes have continually improved. 答案：the first to use 2．____________________ (一个重大突破) came in 1990, when the Hubble Space Telescope was launched. 答案：One major breakthrough 3．Hubble observations ______________________ (发挥关键作用) in the discovery of the mysterious dark energy. 答案：have played a crucial role 4．__________________________________ (生命是否在其他星球上存在) is yet to be proved, but the signs are promising ... 答案：Whether life on other planets does exist 5．With a dish the size of 30 football fields, FAST is able to ____________ (执行) observations with extraordinary sensitivity. 答案：carry out 6．One of its scientific goals is ____________ (发现) communication signals between the stars in the universe. 答案：to detect 7．____________________ (显而易见的是) telescopes are crucial tools for space exploration and that developing the required technology will help astronomers all over the world make exciting discoveries. 答案：It is clear that 8．__________________________ (我们将了解多少) from the telescopes is merely limited by our imagination. 答案：How much we will learn 1 crucial adj. 至关重要的，关键性的(教材P21) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 ①Winning this contract is crucial to the success of the company. 赢得这份合同对这家公司的成败至关重要。 ②It's crucial that you (should) spend some time cultivating genuine love with the members of your family. 花点时间和你的家庭成员培养真诚的爱是至关重要的。 ③It is crucial for success in any field to understand how the iconoclastic mind works. 要想在任何领域取得成功，了解不同于传统观念的思维如何发挥作用是至关重要的。 (1)单句语法填空 ①Resolving this issue is crucial to ________ (make) peace work. ②The answer to this question is crucial ________ the future of the human race. ③It is also crucial that you ________ (show) some emotion; if you don't display enthusiasm, why should your audience care? ④It's crucial for parents and schools ________ (teach) children how to protect themselves. 答案：①making　②to/for　③(should) show　④to teach (2)完成句子 我们喜不喜欢他对他来说都不重要。 Whether we like him or not ______________________________． 答案：is not crucial for him 2 comprise vt. 包括，包含；组成，构成(教材P21) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 ①Older people comprise a large proportion of those living in poverty. 在那些生活贫困的人中，老年人占有很大的比例。 ②The group is comprised of/is composed of/is made up/consists of 15 members. 这个组由15名成员组成。 (1)单句语法填空 Today, it is estimated that a large part of the rice produced in China is comprised ________ Yuan Longping's hybrid strains. 答案：of (2)一句多译 我们班由28名男生、20名女生组成。 Our class is comprised of 28 boys and 20 girls. ＝Our class __________________ 28 boys and 20 girls. ＝Our class ____________ 28 boys and 20 girls. 答案：is made up of/is composed of; consists of 3 foundation n. 基础，根据；地基；创办；基金会(教材P21) 归纳 拓展 情景 助记 ①The organization has grown enormously since its foundation in 2000. 该组织自2000年创建以来已有重大的发展。 ②“The National South West Associated University laid a foundation for every achievement I have made，” Yang Zhenning recalled. “国立西南联合大学为我取得的每一项成就奠定了基础，”杨振宁回忆说。 ③We should founded our theory on facts. 我们应该把理论建立在事实的基础上。 ④Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba, makes great innovations in people's way of trading. 马云是阿里巴巴的创始人，极大地创新了人们贸易的方式。 (1)单句语法填空 ①Their friendship was founded ________ mutual respect. ②He was one of the ________ (found) of the university. ③This theory is built on a ________ (found) of factual knowledge. 答案：①on　②founders　③foundation (2)翻译 三年的高中生活为他的大学打下了坚实的基础。 ________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Three years' high school life laid a solid foundation for his college. Grammar　主语从句 语法体验 单句语法填空 1．________ surprised us is that we lost the game. 答案：What 2．________ will write the report is not yet decided. 答案：Who 3．________ she did is none of my business. 答案：Whatever 4．________ suddenly struck me that I was wasting my time. 答案：It 5．________ the famous scientist will visit our school has excited us all. 答案：That 6．________ Tom comes from is unknown. 答案：Where 7．________ it rains or not makes no differences to me. 答案：Whether 8．________ is important that students develop an awareness of how the Internet can be used. 答案：It 语法讲座 主语从句，即在复合句中充当主语成分的句子。主语从句的常用引导词有从属连词that; whether; wh­及how/however等。 一、that引导的主语从句 that引导主语从句时只起引导连接作用，在句子中不充当成分，常置于句首，且不可省略。 That the earth turns around the sun is known to all. 地球绕太阳转这一点是众所周知的。 That she survived the terrible accident is a miracle. 这次严重事故她幸免于难是个奇迹。 二、whether引导的主语从句 whether意为“是否”，引导主语从句时只起引导连接作用，在句子中不充当成分。whether引导主语从句时一般不能用if替代，但可以用it充当形式主语。 Whether they would support us was still a problem. 他们是否会支持我们仍然是个问题。 It makes no difference whether he will come here tomorrow. 明天他是否来这里无关紧要。 (1)单句语法填空 ①________ depends on whether we can get their cooperation or not. ②________ he will attend the meeting depends on his physical condition. ③It has not been decided ________ the class meeting will be held. 答案：①It　②Whether　③whether (2)翻译 她是否能按时来参加晚会取决于交通状况。 ________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Whether she can come to the party on time depends on the traffic. 三、连接代词引导的主语从句 可以引导主语从句的连接代词有：what, who, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever等。 What I say and what I think are no business of yours. 我说什么，想什么与你无关。 Who will present the meeting has not been decided yet. 由谁来主持会议还没有决定。 Which bus we should take is still a question. 我们应该乘哪路公共汽车还是个问题。 Whatever is worth doing is worth doing well. 任何值得做的事都值得做好。 (1)单句语法填空 ①________ you want is always fine with me. ②________ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. ③________ team will win the final game is still unclear. ④________ was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. ⑤________ books are overdue will be fined. 答案：①Whatever　②Whoever　③Which　④What　⑤Whosever (2)翻译 无论你在业余时间做什么都不应该伤害他人。 ________________________________________________________________________ 答案：Whatever you do in your spare time should do no harm to others. 四、连接副词引导的主语从句 可以引导主语从句的连接副词有：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever等。 When we'll set out for Beijing tomorrow will be told soon. 我们明天何时动身去北京很快会被告知。 Where the treasure was buried is still a puzzle. 宝藏埋在哪里仍然是个谜。 How we understand things has a lot of to deal with what we feel. 我们如何理解事物在很大程度上与我们所感受到的东西有关。 “疑问词＋ever”既能引导主语从句，又能引导让步状语从句。但是“no matter＋疑问词”只能引导让步状语从句。 Whenever he is willing to give up his foolish idea is of no interest to me. (主语从句) 无论他什么时候愿意放弃他的愚蠢的想法，我都不感兴趣。 No matter when you come, please call me first. (状语从句) 不管你什么时候来，都请先给我打个电话。 (1)单句语法填空 ①________ the traffic accident happened is not clear to anyone. ②________ the lecture will be given hasn't been decided. ③________ you make any noise late at night disturbs your neighbours greatly. ④________ will we hold the meeting is an important question. ⑤________ he did such a thing is not clear. 答案：①How　②Where/When　③Whenever　④When　⑤Why (2)翻译 这个任务是怎么解决的，谁也不清楚。 ________________________________________________________________________ 答案：How this mission was solved is not clear to anyone. 五、it作形式主语 有时为了平衡句子结构，用it充当形式主语，将that引导的主语从句后置，that不可省略。常用it作形式主语的句型有： (1)It＋be＋形容词(clear, certain, obvious等)＋that从句；当形容词是important, necessary, strange等时，that从句中的谓语动词要用“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气，其中should可以省略。 It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问，她考试成绩会很好。 It is obvious that he has done what he can to help you. 很明显，他已经尽了最大努力来帮助你。 It is likely that someone gave her a lift, or that she took a taxi. 可能有人开车捎了她一程，要不就是她打了辆出租车。 It is important that he (should) know why he failed in the experiment. 重要的是他必须知道他为什么实验失败了。 (2)It＋be＋名词(a pity, a shame, an honour, a fact, no wonder, no surprise等)＋that从句 It's an honour that we have been invited to the party. 很荣幸我们能被邀请参加宴会。 It's no surprise that he won the first prize in the English­speaking contest. 他在这次英语演讲比赛中获一等奖并不令人惊奇。 (3)It＋be＋过去分词 (said, reported, thought, expected等)＋that从句；当过去分词是suggested, required, demanded等时，that从句中的谓语动词要用“should＋动词原形”表示虚拟语气，其中should可以省略。 It is said that he has set up several companies of his own. 据说，他创办了好几家自己的公司。 It is expected that air quality will become better and better. 人们期望空气质量将会变得越来越好。 It is suggested that the government (should) take effective measures to control housing prices. 人们建议，政府应该采取有效措施控制房价。 (4)It＋不及物动词 (happen, occur, seem, appear, turn out等)＋that从句 It happened that he was out when I called on him. 当我拜访他时，他碰巧不在家。 It occurred to me that I had left the door unlocked. 我突然想起来忘记锁门了。 完成句子 ①人们普遍认为，大学教育对一个人的成长是必不可少的。 ____________________________ a college education is essential for a person's growth. ②你错过了这么精彩的足球赛，真可惜。 It is a pity ____________________________________________________________________. ③原来这些钻石一直都在银行里。 ________________________ the diamonds had been in the bank all the time. ④他有必要记住这些单词。 ________________________________ these words. ⑤你考试通过了？怪不得你看上去这么高兴。 You past the exam? __________________________ you look so happy. 答案：①It is generally thought/considered that　②that you missed such a wonderful football match　③It turned out that　④It is necessary that he (should) remember　⑤It is no wonder that Ⅰ.根据语境及汉语提示和首字母提示完成句子 1．These measures include better ________ (管理) of areas that are likely to turn into desert, and training people in how to use water without wasting it. 答案：administration 2．The earth's ________ (轨道) around the sun is not shaped like a perfect circle. 答案：orbit 3．Group activities can help children gain the concept that team spirit is ________ (至关重要的) to more achievements. 答案：crucial 4．The travel a________ will make all the arrangements for you. 答案：agency 5．Friendship does not m________ involve a sharing of activities; it is a sharing of the self on a very personal level. 答案：merely Ⅱ.单句语法填空 1．It's ________ (universe) acknowledged that success never comes out of thin air. 答案：universally 2．________ will take part in my birthday party has not been decided yet. 答案：Who 3．I know it is important to know my own limitation, but ________ is difficult is to help others to know their own limitations. 答案：what 4．What we learn in school now will lay the foundation ________ our future. 答案：for 5．All living things are composed ________ cells. 答案：of Ⅲ.完成句子 1．袁隆平给人印象最深的是他不断实现梦想的能力。 ____________________________________________________ is his ongoing ability to fulfill his dreams. 答案：What impresses people most about Yuan Longping 2．随着互联网的快速发展，互联网的优势显而易见。 With the rapid development of the Internet, the advantages of the Internet is ______________. 答案：plain to see 3．才能、勤奋和运气对事业成功都是至关重要的。 Talent, hard work and sheer luck __________________________ career success. 答案：are all crucial to 4．我们明天是否会去郊游仍旧未知。 ______________________________________ remains unknown. 答案：Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow 5．这座在19世纪建设的工业城市不能吸引游客真是一件遗憾的事情。 ____________________ the industrial city built in the nineteenth century doesn't attract visitors. 答案：It is a pity that 课后课时作业 Ⅰ　完形填空 For a little girl growing up in Colombia, a science career with NASA may seem impossible. Trujillo, however, is an aerospace __1__ who leads a team at the NASA laboratory __2__ for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover (火星探测器)． How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe to __3__ exploring it? That's a tale of __4__ written in the stars. Born in 1983, even as a young girl Trujillo was __5__ of her passion for science. But she doubted how far she'd be able to __6__ in a male­dominated field. Then her dad offered to send her to Miami. Only 17 at the time, she __7__ the offer. Trujillo took a series of housekeeping __8__ to put herself through Miami Dade College. Sometimes she was cleaning bathrooms to help pay her way through her __9__. But she didn't __10__. “I saw everything coming my way as an opportunity.” Then came another life­changing moment. She became the first Hispanic (西班牙语国家的) woman to be __11__ to the NASA Academy. Later, she became an engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. This February, when the Perseverance rover __12__ on the surface of Mars, it was __13__ by commentary (解说) from Trujillo in NASA's first­ever Spanish­language __14__． Trujillo's own story is __15__ that just beyond the barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to reach for the stars. 篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Trujillo(特鲁希略)作为一位女性，靠着努力和毅力一步步成为了美国宇航局的工程师的故事。 1．A.astronaut B．pilot C．engineer D．guide 答案：C　根据下文“Later, she became an engineer at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.”可知，Trujillo成为美国宇航局工程师。故选C。 2．A.eager B．responsible C．concerned D．grateful 答案：B　根据上文“Trujillo, however, is an aerospace __1__ who leads a team at the NASA laboratory”可知，Trujillo领导的团队负责最新火星探测器的机械臂。故选B。 3．A.actually B．hardly C．accurately D．repeatedly 答案：A　根据上文“How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe”可知，此处表示Trujillo从梦到宇宙到真正探索宇宙。故选A。 4．A.innovation B．kindness C．passion D．sympathy 答案：C　根据上文“For a little girl growing up in Colombia, a science career with NASA may seem impossible.”可知，此处表示Trujillo的整个经历充满了激情。故选C。 5．A.certain B．approved C．afraid D．fond 答案：A　根据上文“How did Trujillo go from simply dreaming about the universe to __3__ exploring it？”可知，此处表示甚至在她还很小时，就确定了对科学的追求和喜爱。故选A。 6．A.respond B．rise C．invest D．apply 答案：B　根据下文“in a male­dominated field”可知，Trujillo不知道她的努力和坚持让自己能走多远，地位能提高多少。故选B。 7．A.made up B．turned up C．picked up D．took up 答案：D　根据上文“Then her dad offered to send her to Miami.”可知，她爸爸提出送她去迈阿密，所以此处表示她接受了爸爸的提议。故选D。 8．A.measures B．activities C．jobs D．courses 答案：C　根据下文“to put herself through Miami Dade College”可知，她通过家务工作，挣钱完成学业。故选C。 9．A.studies B．purchases C．recreations D．trips 答案：A　根据上文“Sometimes she was cleaning bathrooms”可知，Trujillo通过打扫浴室帮助自己完成学业。故选A。 10．A.clarify B．fear C．perceive D．complain 答案：D　根据下文“I saw everything coming my way as an opportunity.”可知，她把遇到的一切都当作机会，所以她不抱怨。故选D。 11．A.applied B．admitted C．assigned D．introduced 答案：B　根据上文“Then came another life­changing moment.”可知，Trujillo被美国宇航局学院录取，这是她人生的转折点。故选B。 12．A.originated B．generated C．landed D．waited 答案：C　根据下文“on the surface of Mars”可知，此处表示“毅力号”在火星表面着陆。故选C。 13．A.accompanied B．distracted C．estimated D．occupied 答案：A　根据下文“by commentary (解说) from Trujillo in NASA's first­ever Spanish­language __14__”可知，此处表示的是“毅力号”着陆时，同时伴随着广播中Trujillo的西班牙语的解说。故选A。 14．A.theory B．broadcast C．comment D．performance 答案：B　此处表示Trujillo用西班牙语播报，解说“毅力号”着陆火星的情况。故选B。 15．A.career B．information C．competence D．proof 答案：D　根据下文“beyond the barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to reach for the stars”可知，她的故事是一种证明，表明了越过障碍，有一个充满机遇的宇宙在等待着任何愿意努力工作去接近宇宙的人。故选D。 Ⅱ　阅读 200，000 miles from Earth, the crew (机组成员) of the third manned mission (飞行任务) to the Moon faced an astronaut's worst nightmare： an explosion on the spacecraft. It's what happened in the Oscar­winning film Apollo 13, but it's also a true story. The lift­off of Apollo 13 took place on 11th April 1970.Two days into the mission, the three­man crew were in big trouble. They had been carrying out routine checks when there was a loud bang. Warning lights were starting to flash. Looking out into space, they could see a trail of gas—the spacecraft was leaking oxygen. They sent out a short message to the scientists back on Earth: “Houston, we've had a problem here.” At first, they thought that a meteor (流星) had hit them, but they later found out that a short circuit (短路) had caused an oxygen container to explode. Whatever the cause, they knew there was no time to lose. Their electricity supply in the command module (指令舱) depended on that oxygen and pretty soon they would run out of both. The only solution was to move into the lunar module—the section of the spacecraft that would have landed on the Moon. Now though, they were using it as a kind of lifeboat. With its own power supply, oxygen and water, the three men could survive in the lunar module and return to Earth. There was another problem though. In an enclosed space like a lunar module, the carbon dioxide the crew was breathing out was dangerous. The equipment to clear the air of carbon dioxide was only built for two people. Now it had to deal with three. Amazingly, the crew managed to build an adapter out of materials onboard to reduce the carbon dioxide to a safe level. There was one final obstacle. The lunar module wasn't strong enough to reenter Earth's atmosphere so the crew had to go back into the damaged command module. To everyone's relief， the crew of Apollo 13 arrived safely in the South Pacific Ocean on April 17th. Although the crew didn't land on the Moon, NASA still considered the mission a success. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了电影《阿波罗13号》背后真实的太空故事。 1．What was the astronauts' first reaction to the explosion? A．They went out to land on the Moon. B．They informed scientists on Earth. C．They moved into the lunar module. D．They looked into the cause of the explosion. 答案：B　细节理解题。根据第二段第六句“They sent out ... a problem here.(他们向地球上的科学家发出了一条简短的信息：‘休斯顿，我们在这里遇到了一个问题。’)”可知，他们首先联系了地球上的科学家。故选B。 2．How did the astronauts solve their oxygen situation in the lunar module? A．By moving back to the command module. B．By lowering the carbon dioxide level. C．By creating a new oxygen supply. D．By limiting the oxygen use. 答案：B　细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“Amazingly, the crew managed ... a safe level.(令人惊讶的是，机组人员设法用飞船上的材料制造了一个适配器，将二氧化碳降低到安全水平。)”可知，他们通过降低二氧化碳水平来解决氧气问题。故选B。 3．What does the underlined word “obstacle” in the last paragraph mean? A．Step. B．Choice. C．Problem. D．Solution. 答案：C　词义猜测题。根据画线词后一句“The lunar module ... damaged command module.(登月舱不够强大，无法重新进入地球大气层，因此机组人员不得不回到受损的指挥舱中。)”可知，他们仍然面临最后一个困难——无法再次进入大气层。由此可推知，obstacle意思是“困难，障碍”。故选C。 4．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．A successful mission B．An amazing adventure C．Deep space exploration D．Life and death drama in space 答案：D　标题判断题。通读全文可知，主要介绍了电影《阿波罗13号》及其背后真实的生死逃亡的太空故事。由此可知，D项(太空中的生死剧)最适合作为文章标题。故选D。 1．nightmare n. 噩梦；可怕的事情 2．leak v. 渗漏，泄漏 3．enclosed adj. 围住的，封闭的 1．carry out 执行，开展 2．to one's relief 使某人欣慰的是…… Ⅲ　语法填空 China successfully exploded its first atomic bomb on Oct. 16, 1964, __1__ (shock) the rest of the world. It __2__ (follow) by the successful explosion of a hydrogen (氢) bomb in 1967. Later, a satellite with a recording of the tune of Dong Fang Hong declared to the world that China __3__ (master) the satellite technology. “It was the bombs and the satellite __4__ enabled China to take the lead in global __5__ (science) and technological development and improve the strength of the country's national defense，” commented Xinhua News Agency. Many people made __6__ (contribute) to these world­shaking events. Yu Min, a famous nuclear physicist who passed away in January at the age of 93, was one of them. Yu was one of the leading scientists who were able to overcome difficulties in the design of the hydrogen bomb. __7__ (know) as “the father of China's hydrogen bomb”， he was presented __8__ the Highest Science and Technology Award by President Xi Jinping in 2015. It is the nation's __9__ (high) scientific honour. However, Yu said the achievement belonged to the whole team. “A man's name will disappear in time, but __10__ will satisfy him is that he can contribute slightly to the nation's prosperity (繁荣)，” said Yu, according to China Daily. 1．________　2.________　3.________　4.________　5．________　6.________　7.________　8.________　9．________　10.________ 篇章导读：本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了原子弹和卫星使中国率先引领全球科学和技术发展，并介绍为此作出巨大贡献的“中国氢弹之父”于敏的事迹。 1．shocking　考查非谓语动词。shock和前面的句子是主动关系，应用现在分词作结果状语。故填shocking。 2．was followed　考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“in 1967”可知，应用一般过去时；根据设空后的“by”可知，此处为被动语态；主语为it，谓语动词应用第三人称单数。故填was followed。 3．had mastered　考查动词的时态。从句谓语动词master发生在主句谓语动词declared之前，表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。故填had mastered。 4．that　考查强调句型。“It was＋被强调部分＋that＋句子其他成分”为强调句的基本句型，此处对主语the bombs and the satellite进行强调。故填that。 5．scientific　考查词性转换。此处应用形容词与technological并列作定语修饰名词development。故填scientific。 6．contributions　考查词性转换。make contributions to为固定短语，意为“对……作出贡献”。故填contributions。 7．Known　考查非谓语动词。he和know为被动关系，应用过去分词，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填Known。 8．with　考查介词。present sb with sth为固定短语，意为“授予某人某物”。故填with。 9．highest　考查形容词的最高级。根据设空前的“the nation's”可知，此处表示“最高的”，应用形容词的最高级。故填highest。 10．what　考查主语从句的连接词。设空处引导主语从句，句子缺少主语，表示“让他满意的事”，需用连接代词what。故填what。 19 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$