专题03 阅读理解说明文-2025年高考英语模拟专项突破精题精选（新高考）

专题03阅读理解说明文 说明文的解题技巧及题型讲解 词义猜测类题型 可以根据以下几种方法猜测： 1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思. 2.根据因果关系猜测词义 通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如： You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。 3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。 4.通过句法功能来推测词义 例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。 5.根据前缀和后缀猜测词义 例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。 例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。 主旨大意类题型 通常有以下几种方法： （一）阅读文章的标题或副标题 文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。 （二）寻找文章中的主题句 分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下,根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。 高考模拟再现（阅读理解说明文） （一） （2024·河北石家庄·一模）As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe. But climate change, environmental disasters and wars threaten these modern Noah’s arks. Now, a team of researchers is brainstorming an out-of-this-world solution: building one of these vaults (库) on the moon. A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon’s south pole could be far more stable than those on Earth. This part of the moon usually remains around -196° Celsius, perfect for storing most animal cells long-term, marine biologist Mary Hagedorn and colleagues report in BioScience. Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway which takes advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. In 2017, melting (融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan. A different team has proposed building a lunar ark in lava (熔岩) tubes that run beneath the moon’s surface. But that design requires a solar-powered cooling system; any loss of power and the samples would be destroyed. In the moon’s forever-frozen shadowed regions, a lunar vault wouldn’t need energy or constant human maintenance, Hagedorn’s team says. Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says. The cells could be valuable for regenerating populations of threatened or extinct species and for building ecosystems in future human settlements on the moon or Mars. The proposal has its share of barriers. For instance, the moon’s permanently dark regions aren’t free from temperature swings, says lunar scientist Benjamin Greenhagen of the Johns Hopkins University. “They are still cold but perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of temperature management.” 1．Why is the moon an ideal place for the biobank? A．It’s not affected by wars. B．It’s not environmentally polluted. C．It has proper temperatures. D．It has rich resources for research. 2．What led to Hagedorn’s proposal of a lunar biobank? A．The solar-powered cooling system. B．The lava tubes on the moon’s surface. C．The problem facing the Norway Vault. D．The discovery of ice on the lunar pole. 3．What can scientists use fibroblasts to do? A．Form stem cells for cloning. B．Explore moon soil conditions. C．Help land humans on the moon. D．Improve the eco-system of the earth. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Lunar Exploration: The Next Frontier for Cloning B．Relieving Climate Change: The Moon Biobank Project C．The Moon as a Backup: A New Solution for Seed Storage D．Building Biobanks on the Moon: A Proposal to Save Biodiversity （二） （2024·江苏淮安·一模）The belief that failure leads to success may be both inaccurate and damaging to society, according to research published by the American Psychological Association. Researchers conducted 11 experiments with more than 1, 800 participants across many domains and compared national statistics to the participants’ responses. In one experiment, participants vastly overestimated the percentage of potential nurses, lawyers and teachers who pass licensing exams after previously failing them. “People expect success to follow failure much more often than it actually does, ” said lead researcher Lauren Winkler, PhD, an assistant professor of management and organizations at Northwestern University. “People usually assume that past behavior predicts future behavior, so it’s surprising that we often believe the opposite when it comes to succeeding after failure.” In some experiments, participants wrongly assumed that people pay attention to their mistakes and learn from them. In one field test, nurses overestimated how much their colleagues would learn from a past error. The research was published online in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. “People often confuse what is with what ought to be, ” Winkler said. “People ought to pay attention and learn from failure, but often they don’t as failure makes them sad.” While telling people they will succeed after failure may make them feel better, that mindset can have damaging real-world consequences. In one experiment, participants assumed that heart patients would embrace healthier lifestyles when many of them don’t. “Some people believe that problems will self-correct after failure, so they are less motivated to help those in need, ” Winkler said. “Why would we invest time or money to help struggling populations if we believe that they will right themselves? ” Winkler suggested that correcting our misguided beliefs about failure could lead to more public money being spent more wisely when it comes to helping those in need. 5．What did participants usually overestimate according to paragraph 2? A．Functions of future behavior. B．Accuracy of their assumptions. C．Success rates after failures. D．Potential outcomes of some careers. 6．People don’t tend to learn from failure as ________. A．failure is discouraging B．failure is unavoidable C．failure is worthless D．failure is misleading 7．What is some people’s attitude towards helping those in need in paragraph 4? A．Supportive. B．Unfavorable. C．Neutral. D．Indifferent. 8．Why is the research conducted? A．To challenge a widely-held belief. B．To clarify a little-known concept. C．To correct attitudes towards success. D．To emphasize the secret to success. （三） （2024·浙江台州·一模）After spending 62 years above the Hudson River, the Tappan Zee Bridge’s heritage lives on below the water’s surface. The bridge was fully torn down, after which its huge chunks of metal and concrete were cleaned and then dropped into the Atlantic Ocean to start a new life as an artificial reef. Coral reefs are varied marine ecosystems, often dubbed as the rainforests of the sea. When coral reefs are stressed by changes in conditions, such as temperature, light or nutrients, they expel the algae that live in their tissues, without which corals’ tissues become transparent, showing their white structures, a phenomenon known as bleaching. This largely attributes to the sharp decline of coral reefs. It is reported that we’ve lost 14 percent of the world’s coral reefs in the last decade, an equivalent of losing the whole Great Barrier Reef in 10 years. It is clear that natural coral reefs are now in trouble. That’s why people are finding ways to build them from artificial materials. Artificial reefs aren’t made of coral. They are created by placing large objects on the ocean floor. Sometimes, these objects are built to be used as reefs. They are often made of steel and concrete. A structure can also be recycled as a reef. That’s what happened with the Tappan Zee Bridge. Of all the artificial marine reefs in the world, those made of submerged shipwrecks are the most common. In 2005, Jim Walsh helped turn a ship called the Carthaginian II into a reef, The Carthaginian II landed on the ocean floor more than a decade ago, Back then, it was just a chunk of metal on a bare patch of sand. Now the ship is a home to at least 75 marine animal species. “It’s amazing to see how much life is on that ship,” Walsh says. While artificial reefs bring benefits in many ways, they aren’t perfect for all situations, as they can damage natural habitats if not carefully constructed and potentially lead to a sharp increase in tourism activity that spills over into surrounding areas, including natural reefs. 9．Which is closest in meaning to “expel” in paragraph 2? A．Capture. B．Absorb. C．Contain. D．Release. 10．What can we learn about the Carthaginian II? A．It was initially discovered by Jim Walsh. B．It is a new habitat repurposed for marine life. C．It was specially created as a tourist attraction. D．It is a sunken ship recycled into a natural reef. 11．What is the author’s attitude toward artificial reefs? A．Cautious. B．Dismissive. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful. 12．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Oceanic Wonders: From Structures to Treasures. B．Tappan Zee Bridge: A New Life Beneath the Sea. C．Artificial Reefs: Solutions to Biodiversity Decline. D．Underwater Homes: Balancing Dynamic Ecosystems. （四） （2024·安徽·一模）A technician conducts a road test on a self-driving vehicle in Wuhan, Hubei province, on July 4. When Wu Zhenpeng, a 32-year-old IT engineer from Wuhan, hailed a self-driving taxi to reach home after work, all he had to input on the ride-hailing app was the pickup and drop-off points and the number of passengers. A few minutes later, a robotaxi approached, with no driver or safety operator sitting in, and soon Wu was on his way back. The driverless vehicle operated smoothly without sudden braking or acceleration, Wu said. “When there is a traffic jam, the car automatically replans routes and switches to the most convenient path. I think there is no difference between this driverless car and cars with drivers.” “It usually costs about 29 yuan ($4) from my workplace to home using a traditional taxi; however, because of various discounts, I need to pay only 8.2 yuan for a robotaxi ride,” Wu added. The large-scale commercial use of self-driving technology could become a reality sooner than expected, and is likely to revolutionize urban transport due to their greater efficiency and lower costs, industry experts said. However, the fast-developing technology still faces some challenges and limitations, including how to ensure safety and reliability, especially in complex scenarios (情境), and public concerns over job losses for regular taxi drivers. The market scale of robotaxis in China is expected to exceed 1.18 trillion yuan in 2025 and 2.93 trillion yuan in 2030, making it one of the largest application scenarios for autonomous driving technology, according to a report by Pacific Securities. China has taken the lead in the research and development as well as application of autonomous driving technology, and has introduced a series of policies to promote the commercialization of self-driving vehicles in recent years. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology selected 20 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing, earlier this month to participate in a pilot program on “vehicle-road-cloud integration” for intelligently connected vehicles. The move aims to connect intelligent vehicles with environmental and cloud-based control systems, paving the way for enhanced safety and efficiency in autonomous driving technology. So are you ready to travel in a robotaxi? 13．What is a feature of robotaxis? A．Operational complexity. B．Inflexible routes. C．Sudden acceleration. D．Intelligent automation. 14．What is a possible impact of robotaxis? A．Transform urban transport. B．Promote employment. C．Generate high costs. D．Enhance personal safety. 15．What can be learned about robotaxis? A．They are dominating the market at present. B．They are energy-consuming and money-saving. C．They are capable of handling complex scenarios. D．They are backed up by the government now. 16．What is the possible future of robotaxis? A．Hire more professionals to update the intelligent vehicles. B．Set favorable policies to collect traffic data and ensure safety. C．Adopt cloud-based applications to improve the vehicles’ functions. D．Export the driverless vehicles abroad to expand the market. （五） （2024·福建宁德·一模）You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones - or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther. Even before the pandemic, research found that 28% of large companies had turned down applicants after carrying out such checks. And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”. The way screening works is simple: Any “problematic” behaviours will be marked with a red flag. There are laws governing such online screening. David Erdos head of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, says that companies are supposed to warn candidates before screening their social media and tell them that they have the right to hold back permission. Some companies follow these rules, but others may not. As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr. Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.” All agree that the spread of online screening is alarming, as it is so unforgiving. “People may be unable ever to be free of their online past,” says Mr. Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost. Those within the industry think laws should be tightened, with punishment for illegal act. In the meantime, being very careful is advisable. In talks to university students, Mr. Erdos warns them what companies will do to their social media when they apply for jobs. They are “universally terrified ”, he says. And rightly so. 17．What can we infer about online screening from paragraph 2? A．It is discouraged by large companies. B．It is becoming increasingly acceptable in applicants. C．It is more widely applied. D．It highlights the wisdom of employers. 18．How do applicants usually respond to online screening? A．They become indifferent to the red flags. B．They have to give in to it. C．They reject the screening. D．They ignore their online profiles. 19．What is Mr Erdos’ opinion on posting comments online? A．It is a fair way to evaluate employee. B．University students are free to do it. C．It should be under strict laws. D．Its effect is hard to remove. 20．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Fix Your Eyes on Online Screening B．Your Employer Is Watching You Remotely C．Social-media Checks Are Around the Corner D．Checks Online Are to Blame for Unemployment （六） （2024·江西景德镇·一模）Most of us are familiar with Groundhog Day, during which a large groundhog checks to see its shadow on February 2 and helps to predict when winter will end. But have you ever heard about how a mountain town in North Carolina uses a caterpillar known as the Woolly Worm to make similar predictions? According to the folk tale, the amount of black on the woolly worm in autumn predicts the severity of the upcoming winter. The longer the woolly worm’s black bands are, the longer, colder, snowier, and more severe the winter will be. Similarly, a wider middle brown band is associated with a milder upcoming winter. The position of the longest dark bands indicates which part of winter will be coldest or hardest. In addition, the woolly worm caterpillar has 13sections to its body, which traditional forecasters say correspond to the 13 weeks of winter. Scientific studies on worm forecasting are few and far between. Having heard about the caterpillar tale, the entomologist Howard Curran traveled to Bear Mountain State Park to collect woolly worms each fall for eight years. He found that if the worms had brown markings on more than a third of their body, winters tended to be milder. However, some of the scientists think of the tale of caterpillar predictions as just that. “It’s a wonderful story, but I do think it was playful,” says Joe Boggs, an entomologist at Ohio State University Extension who has studied woolly worms. “Curran was a real scientist. He had a bunch of papers published, but he never published this one-probably because he knew it wouldn’t stand up to peer review.” Mike Peters, an entomologist at the University of Massachusetts, doesn’t disagree, but he says there could be a link between the band of a woolly worm and the severity of winter. Peters suggests that the timing of their growth and environmental conditions, such as temperature, moisture levels, and food sources, can impact the appearance of woolly worms. By analyzing these characteristics, researchers can potentially infer information about the weather conditions. “The band does say something about a heavy winter,” he says.“ The only thing is that it’s telling you about the previous year.” 21．How do people predict the weather through woolly worms? A．By studying color bands on their bodies. B．By analyzing their living habits. C．By measuring the change of their size. D．By calculating the number of their segments. 22．What is Howard Curran’s finding based on? A．A survey on the locals. B．His personal study. C．Studies by previous scientists. D．Statistics collected by the museum. 23．What is Joe Boggs’s attitude towards the caterpillar tale? A．Positive. B．Dismissive. C．Unclear. D．Skeptical. 24．Which statement might Mike Peters agree with? A．The caterpillar forecasting needs long-term data to support it. B．The cold environment has a great impact on caterpillars’ growth. C．The color band of caterpillars can be a mirror of past weather. D．Woolly worms can help predict the severity of winter accurately. （七） （2024·山东·一模）Do mosquitoes prefer a certain blood type? Maybe—but it’s not just one factor that influences why these winged pests are attracted to us and researchers can’t seem to agree on a definitive answer. Science reveals that a variety of factors might make you more palatable to mosquitoes, from your skin microbiota (微生物群) and carbon dioxide emitted in your breath to the color of clothing you’re wearing (with colors like red, orange, and black being the most attractive to mosquitoes) . But in the end, much of the variation in mosquito preference comes down to two factors: our natural body odor and genetics. Only the females bite humans and they do it to get a “blood meal”, deriving proteins from our blood to produce their eggs. To help locate their prey, female mosquitoes use their antennae (触角) and palps, the organs between their antennae, to detect carbon dioxide and odor. That means people who have a high metabolic (代谢) rate and emit more carbon dioxide, including those who are pregnant, working out, or drinking alcohol tend to be more attractive to mosquitoes. The question of whether mosquitoes prefer a certain blood type is controversial. One theory suggests that blood type may also help determine mosquito preference. If that’s the case, what blood type do mosquitoes like? A 2019 study found that the major mosquito vector of dengue virus preferred people with type O blood to those with other blood types. However, separate research notes that experimental and laboratory data evaluating whether blood type makes one person more (or less) attractive to mosquitoes has fueled a lot of speculation, but the science is contradictory. Instead, the researchers report that the likelihood of being a “mosquito magnet” has more to do with skin odor and microbiota than blood type. 25．What does the underlined word “palatable” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Accessible. B．Visible. C．Appealing. D．Suited. 26．Which of the following might affect mosquito preference? A．Clothing material. B．Body smell. C．Breath frequency. D．Blood concentration. 27．Who is more likely to attract mosquitoes? A．A sweet tooth. B．A body builder. C．A happy camper. D．An overweight woman. 28．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A．Everyone is equally likely to be bitten by mosquitoes. B．People with type AB blood won’t be bitten by mosquitoes. C．Some uncertainty exists about what influences mosquito preference. D．Mosquito preference for humans is mainly determined by blood type. （八） （2024·河南信阳·一模）In recent years, some researchers have been exploring the possibility of so-called “automated valet parking”, a function that would allow a car to drive itself from the entrance of a parking to a free parking spot. While this autonomous driving application gathered great research interest, its reliable realization has so far proved challenging. Researchers at Mach Drive in Shanghai recently developed OCEAN, an Openspace Collision-freE trAjectory plaNner for the autonomous parking of vehicles. This planner was found to significantly improve the ability of cars to safely reach a parking spot, without colliding (碰撞) with objects on the way. It was designed to overcome the two primary shortcomings of approaches presented in previous studies tackling autonomous parking. The first of these is the inability to accurately predict collisions, while the second involves poor performance in real-time tests. The OCEAN planner builds on a previously introduced approach called Hybrd Optimization-based Collision Avoidance (H-OBCA), dealing with its primary limitations. Its improved design ultimately improves its ability to avoid collisions, along with its stability and speed in real time. “To avoid collisions, we have redesigned a simpler mathematical model and found a method to deal with the problem, making the solution process faster and more efficient,” Wang, Lu and their colleagues wrote in their paper. They tested their planner on hundreds of simulated (模拟的) scenes and conducted real-world experiments in public parking areas. Their results were highly promising, as OCEAN was found to outperform a variety of methods for autonomous parking applications. “Results show that the proposed method has better system performance compared with other standards,” Wang, Lu and his colleagues explained in their paper. “Our method makes it possible to deploy (部署) large-scale parking planner on low computing power platforms that require real-time performance.” The planner developed by this team of researchers could be improved and tested in additional real-world trials. In the future, it could be deployed by car-making firms, contributing to the introduction of automated vehicle parking technologies. 29．What is the main function of OCEAN? A．To help the car find a free parking spot faster. B．To drive the car from the entrance to the exit of a parking lot. C．To enhance the car’s ability to arrive at a parking spot safely. D．To predict the number of the free parking spots in a parking lot. 30．Two primary shortcomings of previous approaches to autonomous parking are _________. A．high cost and complex operation. B．limited application range and high energy consumption. C．inability to accurately predict collisions and poor real-time performance. D．difficulty in adapting to different parking lot layouts and long calculation time. 31．What is the author’s attitude towards the OCEAN planner? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 32．What can be the best title for this passage? A．The Development of Autonomous Parking Technologies B．Mach Drive: A Leading Company in Autonomous Driving C．OCEAN: A Promising Planner for Autonomous Parking D．Challenges in Real-World Autonomous Parking Experiments （九） （2024·湖北·一模）Are you eyebrow blind? TikTok users seem to think so — many have complained on the platform about makeup (化妆品) wearers’ apparent inability to spot whether they’re blindly following makeup trends or wearing what looks good on their faces. Though “eyebrow blindness’ and other types of “beauty blindness” aren’t exactly considered mental health trouble, people’s tendency to follow trends — even when they look silly or take risks doing so — is definitely a real phenomenon. So, what does psychology say bout tend following? Fist following rends isn’t a sign of character weakness or mental health trouble. Instead, says psychologist Pamela B Rutledge, it’s perfectly normal. The reason for trend following relates to humans core need to belong to a social group and comet with others. Multiple psychological frameworks argue that human connections are as important as basics like access to food and shelter because humans evolved to rely on one another for survival. But why do trends themselves have such a pull? “Our brains are hardwired to notice what’s unusual,” Rutledge says. Thus, we notice outliers and attention-grabbers, making trends even more appealing for those bold enough to follow them. No one is exempt from following crazes (狂热), noticing trends, or signaling their real belonging to social groups. But one group in particular is even easier to follow trends — even risky ones: Tweens, teens, and young adults. As children start the road toward adult independence, they look for ways to express their individuality. This can produce sometimes desperate attempts to prove affliation(隶属关系) with socially credible in-groups and can fuel desire to stand out with the help of trends. So, next time you put on makeup — or get dressed, order a meal in public, or purchase a vehicle — consider that your decision may not be as personalized as you may think. “It’s really just an inborn (天生的) response, one that can be explained by our need to fit in with or stand out from the crowd.” says Rutledge. 33．According to the first paragraph, a beauty blind person might ________. A．oppose makeup trends publicly B．follow makeup trends uncritically C．rely on social media for makeup advice D．take risks with untested beauty products 34．What’s a primary motivation of trend following? A．Financial profit. B．Social connection. C．Artistic expression. D．Character weakness. 35．Which can best replace the underlined words “exempt from” in paragraph 4? A．Free of. B．Engaged in. C．Exposed to. D．Concerned about. 36．What might Rutledge think of trend following? A．It’s a personalized choice. B．It mirrors people’s mental health. C．It results from lack of self-confidence. D．It’s a natural response to social signals. （十） （2024·湖南郴州·一模）The buildings in which we live, work and shop shape our experiences. The construction and maintenance of these buildings also require significant resources. So a growing number of architects are trying to design buildings while keeping both sustainability and quality of life in mind. The term “green building” can refer to one of these structures or to the process of constructing them. Any structure is considered a green building if it fits certain criteria. Most of these criteria have to do with environmental concerns, especially those related to climate change. For example, green buildings are made of sustainable materials and use water and energy efficiently as well as renewable energy sources. Green-building advocates do care about the humans involved, though; one of the criteria is that the building will improve its occupants’ quality of life. Sometimes a single feature contributes to more than one criterion. For example, many green buildings have large windows, which save energy on lighting. But natural light also has health benefits for humans, such as increasing vitamin D production, improving sleep and reducing seasonal depression. These windows thus kill two birds with one stone, saving energy and keeping people fit. The construction process for a green building should also have minimal environmental impact. This means it should be energy efficient, avoid pollution and minimize waste. A commercial building in Hong Kong, includes numerous features that employ new technology to improve its occupants’ well-being. For example, they cool the building using chilled beams rather than air vents, and then eliminate uncomfortable drafts. In addition to conventional air filters, they also used a paint that purifies the air, improving air quality in the building beyond what a filter could do alone. It’s just one of the many green-building projects carried out by the World Green Building Council. It is an organization with branches all over the world that collaborates with businesses, organizations and governments to encourage green building. Its website lists numerous examples of green buildings and highlights some of the features that made them successful. These buildings include residences, office buildings and more. 37．What are the characteristics of the green building? A．It should be built in the woods. B．The essential colour of the building is green. C．It is environmentally friendly while supporting quality life. D．The maintenance of this building doesn’t consume natural resources. 38．What are the advantages of using large windows in buildings from the passage? A．They are energy efficient and good for health. B．The buildings with large windows are more beautiful. C．They are good for cutting the cost of building the house. D．The occupants can have a better view with large windows. 39．What does the underlined word “eliminate” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Cause. B．Activate. C．Prevent. D．Remove. 40．What does the World Green Building Council do to promote green buildings? A．It sets strict regulations for construction companies. B．It certifies green buildings based on a single criterion. C．It cooperates with many groups to foster green building. D．It provides financial support for building green buildings. （十一） （2024·广东韶关·一模）Franz Katka (卡夫卡) died 100 years ago with his literary works unnoticed. He had instructed his friend Max Brod to burn his unpublished works. Brod did not: he believed Kafka to be a literary genius and published his late friend’s writing. In other words, Brod decided that Kafka’s stories belonged not to the late author, but to the public. Brod’s dilemma echoes today. People generate more data than ever, which, unlike physical bodies, does not disappear. According to Carl Ohman, a Swedish political scientist, this condition makes the modern world “post-mortal” (死后的) . “Living in the post-mortal condition is to constantly find oneself in the shoes of Max Brod”, he observes. The digital era has reshaped humans’ relationship with the dead—as seen in social media reminders for birthdays of dead individuals. Such reminders are to grow more common: Mr. Ohman’s research has found that on Facebook the dead may well outnumber the living within 40 years. Advanced technology enables a continued relationship with the dead, such as Amazon’s development of a feature for Alexa, virtual assistant, to speak in the voice of a lost relative. Startups have used data to make chatbots of the dead - to strengthen users’ commercial relationship, Mr. Ohman points out At the root of Ohman’s book The Afterlife of Data is various complex philosophical questions. To whom do the dead’s data belong? Are data something people create, or a digital analogue (类比) to a physical body? If data are a digital form of the body, what responsibilities does the living have? These are not merely questions for individuals but for society. After all, historians often study the diaries of the dead. Their writers may have preferred to keep them private, but the light that such documents can shine on humanity’s past outweighs the late owner’s wishes. Mr. Ohman notes that data constitute “the biggest database of human behaviour in the history of our species”. And he urges that the social media firms should think twice in terms of how they handle digital remains. 41．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To emphasize Kafka’s literary talent. B．To lead to the discussion on data handling. C．To praise the act to publish Kafka’s works. D．To write an introduction for Ohman’s book. 42．Why do people buy Alexa, the virtual assistant? A．To create a digital database. B．To control devices by voice. C．To access information quickly. D．To communicate with the dead. 43．What problem will people face in post-mortal world according to the passage? A．How to manage the dead’s data. B．How to realize the dead’s wishes. C．How to protect the dead’s privacy. D．How to restore the dead’s belongings. 44．Which of the following will Mr. Ohman probably agree with? A．Data should be in the possession of individuals. B．Historians should control access to digital remains. C．Data’s historical value is more important than the dead’s will. D．Social media firms should be fined for misuse of digital remains. （十二） （2024·重庆·一模）Imagine if you could look into the future and see yourself 50 years from now. You could see the wrinkles on your face, how your hair would gray, and how the very shape of your face would change after decades of life. You would be able to see how you might look to your future grandchildren. It sounds like something out of a fairytale. But a viral “Aged” filter (滤镜) on TikTok is allowing users to look into the face of their future selves. The new filter uses AI to estimate what your face will look like as you age, and dermatologists (皮肤学家) on TikTok are calling it “very accurate”. But the response, especially among young people using the filter, shows a deep fear within Gen Z of getting, and more importantly, looking old. What does the filter do? The filter, which has over 9 million videos on TikTok, provides a picture of users’ faces with realistic aging, including wrinkles, crow’s feet and often gray hair. The filter looks different for each person and uses AI to enhance existing facial features, like under-eye bags or wrinkles, to estimate how their face will age. TikTok is not the first app to release an aging filter. Snapchat released a similar filter back in 2019, and users similarly used FaceApp to age themselves. Even Kylie Jenner immediately joined in the trend saying simply “I don’t like it. I don’t like it at all.” Others disagree about how much the filter ages them, comparing their aged face to other users. Some have used the filter on old photos of their parents or celebrities and compared the filter’s results to how they look today. Others, however, have taken a more loving approach to their future selves. Many users express shock at how similar they look to relatives and others express excitement for the years ahead. 45．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To supply a scientific fact. B．To arouse the reader’s interest. C．To provide a good example. D．To share the theory of the filter. 46．Why does the writer say “looking old” instead of “getting old” at the end of paragraph 3? A．Their ages don’t really change. B．There’s no real difference between them. C．“Looking old” sounds more polite. D．“Getting old” sounds a little more boring. 47．Why is Kylie Jenner mentioned in the text? A．To introduce another opinion. B．To try to please her true fans. C．To emphasize the wide use. D．To prove the truth of the technique. 48．How do people react to how much the filter ages them? A．Angrily. B．Similarly. C．Excitedly. D．Differently. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题03阅读理解说明文 说明文的解题技巧及题型讲解 词义猜测类题型 可以根据以下几种方法猜测： 1.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思. 2.根据因果关系猜测词义 通过因果关系猜词，首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词（如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等）表示前因后果。例如： You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因（那不是他的错），可猜出blame的词义是＂责备＂。 3.通过定义或释义关系来推测词义 例如：But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought. 从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为＂久旱＂，＂旱灾＂。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。 4.通过句法功能来推测词义 例如：Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。 5.根据前缀和后缀猜测词义 例如：He fell into a ditch and lay there，semi-conscious，for a few minutes.根据词根conscious（清醒的，有意识的），结合前缀semi（半，部分的，不完全的），我们便可猜出semiconscious词义＂半清醒的，半昏迷的。＂I’m illiterate about such things.词根lit-erate意为＂有文化修养的，通晓的＂，前缀il表示否定，因此illiterate指＂一窍不通，不知道的＂。 例如：Insecticide is applied where it is needed.后缀cide表示＂杀者，杀灭剂＂，结合大家熟悉的词根insect（昆虫），不难猜出insecticide意为＂杀虫剂＂。Then the vapor may change into droplets.后缀let表示＂小的＂，词根drop指＂滴，滴状物＂。将两个意思结合起来，便可推断出droplet词义＂小滴，微滴＂。 主旨大意类题型 通常有以下几种方法： （一）阅读文章的标题或副标题 文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。 （二）寻找文章中的主题句 分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句,即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心.通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。 高考模拟再现（阅读理解说明文） （一） （2024·河北石家庄·一模）As more and more species near extinction, scientists have been collecting samples from animals, plants and other creatures and storing them in biobanks across the globe. But climate change, environmental disasters and wars threaten these modern Noah’s arks. Now, a team of researchers is brainstorming an out-of-this-world solution: building one of these vaults (库) on the moon. A biobank in a permanently shadowed region at the moon’s south pole could be far more stable than those on Earth. This part of the moon usually remains around -196° Celsius, perfect for storing most animal cells long-term, marine biologist Mary Hagedorn and colleagues report in BioScience. Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway which takes advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. In 2017, melting (融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan. A different team has proposed building a lunar ark in lava (熔岩) tubes that run beneath the moon’s surface. But that design requires a solar-powered cooling system; any loss of power and the samples would be destroyed. In the moon’s forever-frozen shadowed regions, a lunar vault wouldn’t need energy or constant human maintenance, Hagedorn’s team says. Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says. The cells could be valuable for regenerating populations of threatened or extinct species and for building ecosystems in future human settlements on the moon or Mars. The proposal has its share of barriers. For instance, the moon’s permanently dark regions aren’t free from temperature swings, says lunar scientist Benjamin Greenhagen of the Johns Hopkins University. “They are still cold but perhaps not always cold enough for this project without some level of temperature management.” 1．Why is the moon an ideal place for the biobank? A．It’s not affected by wars. B．It’s not environmentally polluted. C．It has proper temperatures. D．It has rich resources for research. 2．What led to Hagedorn’s proposal of a lunar biobank? A．The solar-powered cooling system. B．The lava tubes on the moon’s surface. C．The problem facing the Norway Vault. D．The discovery of ice on the lunar pole. 3．What can scientists use fibroblasts to do? A．Form stem cells for cloning. B．Explore moon soil conditions. C．Help land humans on the moon. D．Improve the eco-system of the earth. 4．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Lunar Exploration: The Next Frontier for Cloning B．Relieving Climate Change: The Moon Biobank Project C．The Moon as a Backup: A New Solution for Seed Storage D．Building Biobanks on the Moon: A Proposal to Save Biodiversity 【答案】1．C 2．C 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要讲述随着气候变化和人类活动对地球的威胁日益加剧，科学家们提议在月球上建立一个生物库，以保护地球上濒危物种。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“This part of the moon usually remains around -196° Celsius, perfect for storing most animal cells long-term(月球的这一部分通常保持在零下196摄氏度左右，非常适合长期储存大多数动物细胞)”可知，月球温度适宜，是建立生物库的理想之地，故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Hagedorn and colleagues drew inspiration from the Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway which takes advantage of below-zero Arctic temperatures to preserve millions of seeds from around the world. In 2017, melting (融化) frozen soil threatened to flood the vault, highlighting the need for a backup plan.(Hagedorn和他的同事们从挪威的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库获得了灵感，该种子库利用北极零下的温度保存了来自世界各地的数百万颗种子。2017年，融化的冻土有可能淹没了种子库，这凸显了后备计划的必要性)”可知，挪威的斯瓦尔巴全球种子库面临的问题致使Hagedorn提出建立一个月球生物库，故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Given the shadowy south pole’s low temperatures, Hagedorn says, a vault there could store “one of the most powerful cells that we have today” — fibroblasts. Scientists can transform these animal cells into stem cells, “and then those stem cells can be used for cloning,” she says.(Hagedorn说，鉴于南极阴暗地区的低温，那里的一个储藏室可以储存“我们今天拥有的最强大的细胞之一”——成纤维细胞。科学家们可以将这些动物细胞转化为干细胞，“然后这些干细胞可以用于克隆，”她说。)”可知，成纤维细胞可以转化为干细胞用于克隆，故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“Now, a team of researchers is brainstorming an out-of-this-world solution: building one of these vaults (库) on the moon.(现在，一组研究人员正在集思广益，想出一个天外飞行的解决方案：在月球上建造一个这样的储藏库)”可知，文章主要讲述随着气候变化和人类活动对地球的威胁日益加剧，科学家们提议在月球上建立一个生物库，以保护地球上濒危物种。D项“在月球上建立生物库：拯救生物多样性的建议”为最佳标题，故选D。 （二） （2024·江苏淮安·一模）The belief that failure leads to success may be both inaccurate and damaging to society, according to research published by the American Psychological Association. Researchers conducted 11 experiments with more than 1, 800 participants across many domains and compared national statistics to the participants’ responses. In one experiment, participants vastly overestimated the percentage of potential nurses, lawyers and teachers who pass licensing exams after previously failing them. “People expect success to follow failure much more often than it actually does, ” said lead researcher Lauren Winkler, PhD, an assistant professor of management and organizations at Northwestern University. “People usually assume that past behavior predicts future behavior, so it’s surprising that we often believe the opposite when it comes to succeeding after failure.” In some experiments, participants wrongly assumed that people pay attention to their mistakes and learn from them. In one field test, nurses overestimated how much their colleagues would learn from a past error. The research was published online in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. “People often confuse what is with what ought to be, ” Winkler said. “People ought to pay attention and learn from failure, but often they don’t as failure makes them sad.” While telling people they will succeed after failure may make them feel better, that mindset can have damaging real-world consequences. In one experiment, participants assumed that heart patients would embrace healthier lifestyles when many of them don’t. “Some people believe that problems will self-correct after failure, so they are less motivated to help those in need, ” Winkler said. “Why would we invest time or money to help struggling populations if we believe that they will right themselves? ” Winkler suggested that correcting our misguided beliefs about failure could lead to more public money being spent more wisely when it comes to helping those in need. 5．What did participants usually overestimate according to paragraph 2? A．Functions of future behavior. B．Accuracy of their assumptions. C．Success rates after failures. D．Potential outcomes of some careers. 6．People don’t tend to learn from failure as ________. A．failure is discouraging B．failure is unavoidable C．failure is worthless D．failure is misleading 7．What is some people’s attitude towards helping those in need in paragraph 4? A．Supportive. B．Unfavorable. C．Neutral. D．Indifferent. 8．Why is the research conducted? A．To challenge a widely-held belief. B．To clarify a little-known concept. C．To correct attitudes towards success. D．To emphasize the secret to success. 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．B 8．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。美国心理协会发表的一项研究表明，“失败导致成功”的观念不仅不准确，而且对社会有害。文章介绍了研究开展的经过以及发现。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段““People expect success to follow failure much more often than it actually does, ” said lead researcher Lauren Winkler, PhD, an assistant professor of management and organizations at Northwestern University.(西北大学管理和组织助理教授、首席研究员劳伦·温克勒博士说：“人们往往期望失败后会成功，而实际情况并非如此。”)”可知，参与者通常高估了失败后的成功率。故选C。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段“People ought to pay attention and learn from failure, but often they don’t as failure makes them sad.(人们应该注意并从失败中吸取教训，但他们往往不这样做，因为失败让他们感到悲伤)”可知，人们不倾向于从失败中学习，因为失败令人沮丧。故选A。 7．推理判断题。根据第四段“Some people believe that problems will self-correct after failure, so they are less motivated to help those in need(有些人认为问题在失败后会自我纠正，所以他们不太愿意帮助那些需要帮助的人)”可知，一些人对帮助那些需要帮助的人的态度是不支持。故选B。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“The belief that failure leads to success may be both inaccurate and damaging to society, according to research published by the American Psychological Association.(美国心理协会发表的一项研究表明，“失败导致成功”的观念不仅不准确，而且对社会有害)”可知，进行这项研究是为了挑战一种广泛持有的信念。故选A。 （三） （2024·浙江台州·一模）After spending 62 years above the Hudson River, the Tappan Zee Bridge’s heritage lives on below the water’s surface. The bridge was fully torn down, after which its huge chunks of metal and concrete were cleaned and then dropped into the Atlantic Ocean to start a new life as an artificial reef. Coral reefs are varied marine ecosystems, often dubbed as the rainforests of the sea. When coral reefs are stressed by changes in conditions, such as temperature, light or nutrients, they expel the algae that live in their tissues, without which corals’ tissues become transparent, showing their white structures, a phenomenon known as bleaching. This largely attributes to the sharp decline of coral reefs. It is reported that we’ve lost 14 percent of the world’s coral reefs in the last decade, an equivalent of losing the whole Great Barrier Reef in 10 years. It is clear that natural coral reefs are now in trouble. That’s why people are finding ways to build them from artificial materials. Artificial reefs aren’t made of coral. They are created by placing large objects on the ocean floor. Sometimes, these objects are built to be used as reefs. They are often made of steel and concrete. A structure can also be recycled as a reef. That’s what happened with the Tappan Zee Bridge. Of all the artificial marine reefs in the world, those made of submerged shipwrecks are the most common. In 2005, Jim Walsh helped turn a ship called the Carthaginian II into a reef, The Carthaginian II landed on the ocean floor more than a decade ago, Back then, it was just a chunk of metal on a bare patch of sand. Now the ship is a home to at least 75 marine animal species. “It’s amazing to see how much life is on that ship,” Walsh says. While artificial reefs bring benefits in many ways, they aren’t perfect for all situations, as they can damage natural habitats if not carefully constructed and potentially lead to a sharp increase in tourism activity that spills over into surrounding areas, including natural reefs. 9．Which is closest in meaning to “expel” in paragraph 2? A．Capture. B．Absorb. C．Contain. D．Release. 10．What can we learn about the Carthaginian II? A．It was initially discovered by Jim Walsh. B．It is a new habitat repurposed for marine life. C．It was specially created as a tourist attraction. D．It is a sunken ship recycled into a natural reef. 11．What is the author’s attitude toward artificial reefs? A．Cautious. B．Dismissive. C．Favorable. D．Doubtful. 12．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．Oceanic Wonders: From Structures to Treasures. B．Tappan Zee Bridge: A New Life Beneath the Sea. C．Artificial Reefs: Solutions to Biodiversity Decline. D．Underwater Homes: Balancing Dynamic Ecosystems. 【答案】9．D 10．B 11．A 12．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人们利用废弃的水下沉船来建造人工珊瑚礁。 9．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“When coral reefs are stressed by changes in conditions, such as temperature, light or nutrients(当珊瑚礁受到温度、光线或营养等条件变化的压力时)”以及后文“the algae that live in their tissuess, without which corals’ tissues become transparent, showing their white structures, a phenomenon known as bleaching (生活在其组织中的藻类，没有这些藻类，珊瑚的组织就会变得透明，显示出白色的结构，这种现象被称为白化)”可知，当珊瑚礁受到温度、光线或营养等条件变化的压力时，它们会释放生活在其组织中的藻类，导致珊瑚白化。故划线词意思是“释放”。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第三段“In 2005, Jim Walsh helped turn a ship called the Carthaginian II into a reef, The Carthaginian II landed on the ocean floor more than a decade ago, Back then, it was just a chunk of metal on a bare patch of sand.Now the ship is a home to at least 75 marine animal species. ( 2005年，吉姆·沃尔什帮助将一艘名为迦太基二世的船变成了一个珊瑚礁。十多年前，迦太基二世号沉入海底，当时，它只是一块光秃秃的沙滩上的一块金属。现在，这艘沉船是至少75种海洋动物的家园)”可知，迦太基二世是一个为海洋生物改造的新栖息地。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“While artificial reefs bring benefits in many ways, they aren’t perfect for all situations, as they can damage natural habitats if not carefully constructed and potentially lead to a sharp increase in tourism activity that spills over into surrounding areas, including natural reefs.(虽然人工珊瑚礁在很多方面都有好处，但它们并非适用于所有情况，因为如果不精心建造，它们会破坏自然栖息地，并可能导致旅游活动急剧增加，并溢出到包括自然珊瑚礁在内的周边地区)”可知，作者对人工珊瑚礁的态度是谨慎的。故选A。 12．主旨大意题。根据第一段“After spending 62 years above the Hudson River, the Tappan Zee Bridge’s heritage lives on below the water’s surface. The bridge was fully torn down, after which its huge chunks of metal and concrete were cleaned and then dropped into the Atlantic Ocean to start a new life as an artificial reef.(在哈德逊河上度过了62年之后，塔潘泽大桥的遗产仍然存在于水面以下。大桥被完全拆除，之后，巨大的金属和混凝土块被清理干净，然后被扔进大西洋，作为人工礁石开始了新的生活)”结合文章主要说明了人们利用废弃的水下沉船来建造人工珊瑚珊瑚礁。可知，A选项“海洋奇观：从建筑到宝藏”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （四） （2024·安徽·一模）A technician conducts a road test on a self-driving vehicle in Wuhan, Hubei province, on July 4. When Wu Zhenpeng, a 32-year-old IT engineer from Wuhan, hailed a self-driving taxi to reach home after work, all he had to input on the ride-hailing app was the pickup and drop-off points and the number of passengers. A few minutes later, a robotaxi approached, with no driver or safety operator sitting in, and soon Wu was on his way back. The driverless vehicle operated smoothly without sudden braking or acceleration, Wu said. “When there is a traffic jam, the car automatically replans routes and switches to the most convenient path. I think there is no difference between this driverless car and cars with drivers.” “It usually costs about 29 yuan ($4) from my workplace to home using a traditional taxi; however, because of various discounts, I need to pay only 8.2 yuan for a robotaxi ride,” Wu added. The large-scale commercial use of self-driving technology could become a reality sooner than expected, and is likely to revolutionize urban transport due to their greater efficiency and lower costs, industry experts said. However, the fast-developing technology still faces some challenges and limitations, including how to ensure safety and reliability, especially in complex scenarios (情境), and public concerns over job losses for regular taxi drivers. The market scale of robotaxis in China is expected to exceed 1.18 trillion yuan in 2025 and 2.93 trillion yuan in 2030, making it one of the largest application scenarios for autonomous driving technology, according to a report by Pacific Securities. China has taken the lead in the research and development as well as application of autonomous driving technology, and has introduced a series of policies to promote the commercialization of self-driving vehicles in recent years. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology selected 20 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing, earlier this month to participate in a pilot program on “vehicle-road-cloud integration” for intelligently connected vehicles. The move aims to connect intelligent vehicles with environmental and cloud-based control systems, paving the way for enhanced safety and efficiency in autonomous driving technology. So are you ready to travel in a robotaxi? 13．What is a feature of robotaxis? A．Operational complexity. B．Inflexible routes. C．Sudden acceleration. D．Intelligent automation. 14．What is a possible impact of robotaxis? A．Transform urban transport. B．Promote employment. C．Generate high costs. D．Enhance personal safety. 15．What can be learned about robotaxis? A．They are dominating the market at present. B．They are energy-consuming and money-saving. C．They are capable of handling complex scenarios. D．They are backed up by the government now. 16．What is the possible future of robotaxis? A．Hire more professionals to update the intelligent vehicles. B．Set favorable policies to collect traffic data and ensure safety. C．Adopt cloud-based applications to improve the vehicles’ functions. D．Export the driverless vehicles abroad to expand the market. 【答案】13．D 14．A 15．D 16．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过介绍武汉一位工程师吴振鹏乘坐自动驾驶出租车(robotaxi)的经历，来展示自动驾驶技术的实际应用。文章重点说明了自动驾驶出租车的特点、优势以及未来的应用前景，并讨论了该技术可能带来的挑战。此外，文章还介绍了中国政府支持该技术发展的相关政策以及市场前景。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“When there is a traffic jam, the car automatically replans routes and switches to the most convenient path. I think there is no difference between this driverless car and cars with drivers.(当交通堵塞时，汽车会自动重新规划路线，并切换到最方便的路径。我认为无人驾驶汽车和有司机的汽车没有什么区别)”可知，车辆能自动规划路线和处理交通状况，说明其具备智能自动化的特性。故选D。 14．细节理解题。根据第五段“The large-scale commercial use of self-driving technology could become a reality sooner than expected, and is likely to revolutionize urban transport due to their greater efficiency and lower costs, industry experts said.(行业专家表示，自动驾驶技术的大规模商业应用可能会比预期更快成为现实，并且由于其更高的效率和更低的成本，可能会彻底改变城市交通)”可知，机器人出租车可能会改造城市交通。故选A。 15．推理判断题。根据第七段中“China has taken the lead in the research and development as well as application of autonomous driving technology, and has introduced a series of policies to promote the commercialization of self-driving vehicles in recent years.(近年来，中国在自动驾驶技术的研发和应用方面处于领先地位，并出台了一系列政策来促进自动驾驶汽车的商业化)”和第八段中“The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology selected 20 cities, including Beijing, Shanghai and Chongqing, earlier this month to participate in a pilot program on “vehicle-road-cloud integration” for intelligently connected vehicles.(本月早些时候，工业和信息化部选择了包括北京、上海和重庆在内的20个城市参与智能网联汽车“车路云一体化”试点项目)”可知，中国政府出台了一系列政策来支持自动驾驶技术的发展，并推出了“车路云一体化”试点项目，显示政府的支持。故选D。 16．推理判断题。根据第八段中“The move aims to connect intelligent vehicles with environmental and cloud-based control systems, paving the way for enhanced safety and efficiency in autonomous driving technology.(此举旨在将智能汽车与环境和基于云的控制系统连接起来，为提高自动驾驶技术的安全性和效率铺平道路)”可知，机器人出租车未来可能采用云应用，提升车辆功能。故选C。 （五） （2024·福建宁德·一模）You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones - or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther. Even before the pandemic, research found that 28% of large companies had turned down applicants after carrying out such checks. And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”. The way screening works is simple: Any “problematic” behaviours will be marked with a red flag. There are laws governing such online screening. David Erdos head of the Centre for Intellectual Property and Information Law, says that companies are supposed to warn candidates before screening their social media and tell them that they have the right to hold back permission. Some companies follow these rules, but others may not. As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr. Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.” All agree that the spread of online screening is alarming, as it is so unforgiving. “People may be unable ever to be free of their online past,” says Mr. Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost. Those within the industry think laws should be tightened, with punishment for illegal act. In the meantime, being very careful is advisable. In talks to university students, Mr. Erdos warns them what companies will do to their social media when they apply for jobs. They are “universally terrified ”, he says. And rightly so. 17．What can we infer about online screening from paragraph 2? A．It is discouraged by large companies. B．It is becoming increasingly acceptable in applicants. C．It is more widely applied. D．It highlights the wisdom of employers. 18．How do applicants usually respond to online screening? A．They become indifferent to the red flags. B．They have to give in to it. C．They reject the screening. D．They ignore their online profiles. 19．What is Mr Erdos’ opinion on posting comments online? A．It is a fair way to evaluate employee. B．University students are free to do it. C．It should be under strict laws. D．Its effect is hard to remove. 20．What could be a suitable title for the text? A．Fix Your Eyes on Online Screening B．Your Employer Is Watching You Remotely C．Social-media Checks Are Around the Corner D．Checks Online Are to Blame for Unemployment 【答案】17．C 18．B 19．D 20．B 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是在网络的帮助下，雇主可以更为广泛地监控和评价申请者。 17．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“And it is becoming more popular: Reed Screening, a large agency, was asked to run over a third more social-media checks in December 2021 than a year earlier. This month the government gave the practice approval when the Department for Education said schools and colleges “should consider carrying out an online search as part of their due diligence (尽职调查)”.”. (而且它正变得越来越受欢迎：2021年12月，大型机构Reed Screening被要求比一年前多检查三分之一以上的社交媒体。本月，英国政府批准了这一做法，教育部表示，学校和大学“应该考虑开展在线搜索，作为其尽职调查的一部分”。)”可推断，网上筛选已经越来越被接受。故选C。 18．细节理解题。根据第三段“As for the right to refuse, it is hardly practicable. “Who on earth is going to be that person who says: ‘Hang on a minute, I’m not happy about that?’” asks Mr Erdos. “That itself is likely to be a red flag.” (至于拒绝的权利，这几乎是不切实际的。“到底是谁会说：‘等一下，我对此不高兴？’”Mr. Erdos问道。“这本身可能就是一个危险信号。””)”可知，申请者面对在线筛查最后只有服从。故选B。 19．推理判断题。根据第四段““People may be unable ever to be free of their online past,” says Mr Erdos. As indeed some footballers, recently punished for comments made almost a decade ago when they were but teenagers, have found to their cost. (Mr. Erdos表示：“人们可能永远无法摆脱他们在网上的过去。”事实上，一些足球运动员最近因为十年前十几岁时发表的言论而受到惩罚，他们发现自己付出了代价。)”可推断，网上的言论带来的影响力很难消除。故选D。 20．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“You may never know why. The email will arrive and reasons offered for your rejection might be the real ones—or not. Bosses have always spied on their employees, then judged them. Now the rise of the online self means the employer’s eye can travel still farther. (你可能永远不知道为什么。邮件总会收到，你拒绝的理由可能是真的，也可能不是。老板们总是暗中监视他们的员工，然后评判他们。现在，网络自我的兴起意味着雇主的目光可以走得更远。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍的是在网络的帮助下，雇主可以更为广泛地监控和评价申请者。所以B选项“Your Employer Is Watching You Remotely (你的雇主正在远程监视你)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选B。 （六） （2024·江西景德镇·一模）Most of us are familiar with Groundhog Day, during which a large groundhog checks to see its shadow on February 2 and helps to predict when winter will end. But have you ever heard about how a mountain town in North Carolina uses a caterpillar known as the Woolly Worm to make similar predictions? According to the folk tale, the amount of black on the woolly worm in autumn predicts the severity of the upcoming winter. The longer the woolly worm’s black bands are, the longer, colder, snowier, and more severe the winter will be. Similarly, a wider middle brown band is associated with a milder upcoming winter. The position of the longest dark bands indicates which part of winter will be coldest or hardest. In addition, the woolly worm caterpillar has 13sections to its body, which traditional forecasters say correspond to the 13 weeks of winter. Scientific studies on worm forecasting are few and far between. Having heard about the caterpillar tale, the entomologist Howard Curran traveled to Bear Mountain State Park to collect woolly worms each fall for eight years. He found that if the worms had brown markings on more than a third of their body, winters tended to be milder. However, some of the scientists think of the tale of caterpillar predictions as just that. “It’s a wonderful story, but I do think it was playful,” says Joe Boggs, an entomologist at Ohio State University Extension who has studied woolly worms. “Curran was a real scientist. He had a bunch of papers published, but he never published this one-probably because he knew it wouldn’t stand up to peer review.” Mike Peters, an entomologist at the University of Massachusetts, doesn’t disagree, but he says there could be a link between the band of a woolly worm and the severity of winter. Peters suggests that the timing of their growth and environmental conditions, such as temperature, moisture levels, and food sources, can impact the appearance of woolly worms. By analyzing these characteristics, researchers can potentially infer information about the weather conditions. “The band does say something about a heavy winter,” he says.“ The only thing is that it’s telling you about the previous year.” 21．How do people predict the weather through woolly worms? A．By studying color bands on their bodies. B．By analyzing their living habits. C．By measuring the change of their size. D．By calculating the number of their segments. 22．What is Howard Curran’s finding based on? A．A survey on the locals. B．His personal study. C．Studies by previous scientists. D．Statistics collected by the museum. 23．What is Joe Boggs’s attitude towards the caterpillar tale? A．Positive. B．Dismissive. C．Unclear. D．Skeptical. 24．Which statement might Mike Peters agree with? A．The caterpillar forecasting needs long-term data to support it. B．The cold environment has a great impact on caterpillars’ growth. C．The color band of caterpillars can be a mirror of past weather. D．Woolly worms can help predict the severity of winter accurately. 【答案】21．A 22．B 23．D 24．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。本文讲述了北卡罗来纳州一个小镇利用一种被称为“毛虫（Woolly Worm）”的毛毛虫来预测冬季的严重程度，文中介绍了这种预测方法的民间传说和具体方式，但科学家对此方法的看法不一。 21．细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“According to the folk tale, the amount of black on the woolly worm in autumn predicts the severity of the upcoming winter. The longer the woolly worm’s black bands are, the longer, colder, snowier, and more severe the winter will be. Similarly, a wider middle brown band is associated with a milder upcoming winter. The position of the longest dark bands indicates which part of winter will be coldest or hardest. (根据民间传说，秋天毛茸茸的虫子身上的黑色预示着即将到来的冬天的严重程度。毛茸茸的蠕虫的黑色带越长，冬天就越长、越冷、越多雪，也就越严酷。同样，较宽的中间棕色带与即将到来的温和冬季有关。最长的暗带的位置表明冬天的哪个部分将是最冷或最艰难的。)”可知，人们通过观察毛毛虫身上的颜色带来预测天气，特别是黑色带的长度和棕色带的宽度，以及最长暗带的位置，来预测冬季的严重程度和哪个部分最冷或最难熬。也就是通过观察它们身上的颜色带来预测天气。故选A。 22．细节理解题。根据文章第三段中“Having heard about the caterpillar tale, the entomologist Howard Curran traveled to Bear Mountain State Park to collect woolly worms each fall for eight years. He found that if the worms had brown markings on more than a third of their body, winters tended to be milder.( 听说了毛毛虫的故事后，昆虫学家Howard Curran每年秋天都前往熊山州立公园收集毛茸茸的蠕虫，持续了八年。他发现，如果这些蠕虫身上有超过三分之一的褐色斑纹，冬天就会比较温和。)”可知，Howard Curran是一位昆虫学家，他听说毛毛虫预测天气的故事后，连续八年前往熊山州立公园收集毛毛虫进行研究。他发现如果毛毛虫身体上有超过三分之一的棕色标记，那么冬天往往会更温和。因此，Howard Curran的发现是基于他个人的研究。故选B。 23．推理判断题。根据文章第四段中““It’s a wonderful story, but I do think it was playful,” says Joe Boggs, an entomologist at Ohio State University Extension who has studied woolly worms.(“这是一个精彩的故事，但我确实认为它很有趣，”俄亥俄州立大学推广部的昆虫学家Joe Bogg说，他研究了长毛虫。)”可知，他对毛毛虫预测天气的故事持怀疑态度，认为它可能只是个有趣的传说而已。故选D。 24．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中“Mike Peters, an entomologist at the University of Massachusetts, doesn’t disagree, but he says there could be a link between the band of a woolly worm and the severity of winter.( 马萨诸塞州大学的昆虫学家Mike Peters并不反对这种说法，但他表示，毛茸茸的蠕虫和严冬之间可能存在联系。)”以及“By analyzing these characteristics, researchers can potentially infer information about the weather conditions. “The band does say something about a heavy winter,” he says.“ The only thing is that it’s telling you about the previous year.”(通过分析这些特征，研究人员可以潜在地推断出有关天气状况的信息。他说：“条纹确实表达了一些关于严冬的东西。”“唯一的问题是，它会告诉你前一年的情况。”)”可知，Mike Peters认为毛毛虫身上的颜色带可以反映过去的天气情况，而不是准确地预测未来的冬季严重程度。C选项“The color band of caterpillars can be a mirror of past weather.(毛毛虫的颜色带可以成为过去天气的反映)”符合题意。故选C。 （七） （2024·山东·一模）Do mosquitoes prefer a certain blood type? Maybe—but it’s not just one factor that influences why these winged pests are attracted to us and researchers can’t seem to agree on a definitive answer. Science reveals that a variety of factors might make you more palatable to mosquitoes, from your skin microbiota (微生物群) and carbon dioxide emitted in your breath to the color of clothing you’re wearing (with colors like red, orange, and black being the most attractive to mosquitoes) . But in the end, much of the variation in mosquito preference comes down to two factors: our natural body odor and genetics. Only the females bite humans and they do it to get a “blood meal”, deriving proteins from our blood to produce their eggs. To help locate their prey, female mosquitoes use their antennae (触角) and palps, the organs between their antennae, to detect carbon dioxide and odor. That means people who have a high metabolic (代谢) rate and emit more carbon dioxide, including those who are pregnant, working out, or drinking alcohol tend to be more attractive to mosquitoes. The question of whether mosquitoes prefer a certain blood type is controversial. One theory suggests that blood type may also help determine mosquito preference. If that’s the case, what blood type do mosquitoes like? A 2019 study found that the major mosquito vector of dengue virus preferred people with type O blood to those with other blood types. However, separate research notes that experimental and laboratory data evaluating whether blood type makes one person more (or less) attractive to mosquitoes has fueled a lot of speculation, but the science is contradictory. Instead, the researchers report that the likelihood of being a “mosquito magnet” has more to do with skin odor and microbiota than blood type. 25．What does the underlined word “palatable” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Accessible. B．Visible. C．Appealing. D．Suited. 26．Which of the following might affect mosquito preference? A．Clothing material. B．Body smell. C．Breath frequency. D．Blood concentration. 27．Who is more likely to attract mosquitoes? A．A sweet tooth. B．A body builder. C．A happy camper. D．An overweight woman. 28．What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? A．Everyone is equally likely to be bitten by mosquitoes. B．People with type AB blood won’t be bitten by mosquitoes. C．Some uncertainty exists about what influences mosquito preference. D．Mosquito preference for humans is mainly determined by blood type. 【答案】25．C 26．B 27．B 28．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要揭露了蚊子的“偏爱”之谜，并指出蚊子是否偏爱某种血型这个问题存在争议。 25．词句猜测题。根据第二段中的“But in the end, much of the variation in mosquito preference comes down to two factors: our natural body odor and genetics.(但最终，蚊子偏好的大部分变化归结为两个因素：我们的自然体味和遗传。)”可知，蚊子偏好的两个决定因素是体味和遗传，再结合画线词前的“a variety of factors might make you more”和画线词后的“to mosquitoes”可知，这里表示的是各种各样的因素可能让你对蚊子更有吸引力，palatable本义为“可口的”，与appealing(有吸引力的)意思相近。故选C。 26．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“But in the end, much of the variation in mosquito preference comes down to two factors: our natural body odor and genetics.(但最终，蚊子偏好的大部分变化归结为两个因素：我们的自然体味和遗传。)”可知，体味和遗传这两个因素影响蚊子的偏好。故选B。 27．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“That means people who have a high metabolic (代谢) rate and emit more carbon dioxide, including those who are pregnant, working out, or drinking alcohol tend to be more attractive to mosquitoes.(这意味着新陈代谢率高、排放更多二氧化碳的人，包括怀孕、锻炼或饮酒的人，往往对蚊子更具吸引力。)”可知，怀孕、锻炼或饮酒的人对蚊子更具吸引力。故选B。 28．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“The question of whether mosquitoes prefer a certain blood type is controversial.(蚊子是否更喜欢某种血型的问题是有争议的。)”和最后一段“However, separate research notes that experimental and laboratory data evaluating whether blood type makes one person more (or less) attractive to mosquitoes has fueled a lot of speculation, but the science is contradictory. Instead, the researchers report that the likelihood of being a “mosquito magnet” has more to do with skin odor and microbiota than blood type.(然而，另一项研究指出，评估血型是否会使一个人对蚊子更有（或更没有）吸引力的实验和实验室数据引发了很多猜测，但科学是矛盾的。相反，研究人员报告说，成为“蚊子磁铁”的可能性更多地与皮肤气味和微生物群有关，而不是与血型有关。)”可知，蚊子对血型的偏好这个问题存在争议，相关的数据引发了许多猜测，而且研究报告称蚊子的偏好可能更多地与皮肤气味和微生物群有关，而不是与血型有关。由此可推测出，关于影响蚊子偏好的问题，仍然存在一些不确定性。故选C。 （八） （2024·河南信阳·一模）In recent years, some researchers have been exploring the possibility of so-called “automated valet parking”, a function that would allow a car to drive itself from the entrance of a parking to a free parking spot. While this autonomous driving application gathered great research interest, its reliable realization has so far proved challenging. Researchers at Mach Drive in Shanghai recently developed OCEAN, an Openspace Collision-freE trAjectory plaNner for the autonomous parking of vehicles. This planner was found to significantly improve the ability of cars to safely reach a parking spot, without colliding (碰撞) with objects on the way. It was designed to overcome the two primary shortcomings of approaches presented in previous studies tackling autonomous parking. The first of these is the inability to accurately predict collisions, while the second involves poor performance in real-time tests. The OCEAN planner builds on a previously introduced approach called Hybrd Optimization-based Collision Avoidance (H-OBCA), dealing with its primary limitations. Its improved design ultimately improves its ability to avoid collisions, along with its stability and speed in real time. “To avoid collisions, we have redesigned a simpler mathematical model and found a method to deal with the problem, making the solution process faster and more efficient,” Wang, Lu and their colleagues wrote in their paper. They tested their planner on hundreds of simulated (模拟的) scenes and conducted real-world experiments in public parking areas. Their results were highly promising, as OCEAN was found to outperform a variety of methods for autonomous parking applications. “Results show that the proposed method has better system performance compared with other standards,” Wang, Lu and his colleagues explained in their paper. “Our method makes it possible to deploy (部署) large-scale parking planner on low computing power platforms that require real-time performance.” The planner developed by this team of researchers could be improved and tested in additional real-world trials. In the future, it could be deployed by car-making firms, contributing to the introduction of automated vehicle parking technologies. 29．What is the main function of OCEAN? A．To help the car find a free parking spot faster. B．To drive the car from the entrance to the exit of a parking lot. C．To enhance the car’s ability to arrive at a parking spot safely. D．To predict the number of the free parking spots in a parking lot. 30．Two primary shortcomings of previous approaches to autonomous parking are _________. A．high cost and complex operation. B．limited application range and high energy consumption. C．inability to accurately predict collisions and poor real-time performance. D．difficulty in adapting to different parking lot layouts and long calculation time. 31．What is the author’s attitude towards the OCEAN planner? A．Positive. B．Doubtful. C．Critical. D．Indifferent. 32．What can be the best title for this passage? A．The Development of Autonomous Parking Technologies B．Mach Drive: A Leading Company in Autonomous Driving C．OCEAN: A Promising Planner for Autonomous Parking D．Challenges in Real-World Autonomous Parking Experiments 【答案】29．C 30．C 31．A 32．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种名为OCEAN(Openspace Collision-freE trAjectory plaNner)的规划器，用于车辆的自主泊车。 29．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“This planner was found to significantly improve the ability of cars to safely reach a parking spot, without colliding (碰撞) with objects on the way.(该规划器被发现可以显著提高汽车安全到达停车位的能力，而不会与途中的物体碰撞)”可知，OCEAN的主要功能是提高汽车安全到达停车位的能力。故选C。 30．细节理解题，根据第二段中的“It was designed to overcome the two primary shortcomings of approaches presented in previous studies tackling autonomous parking. The first of these is the inability to accurately predict collisions, while the second involves poor performance in real-time tests.(它旨在克服先前研究中提出的解决自动停车问题的方法的两个主要缺点。第一个缺点是无法准确预测碰撞，第二个缺点是实时测试中的性能不佳)”可知，先前研究提出的方法中的两个主要缺点是：无法准确预测碰撞和实时测试中的性能不佳。故选C。 31．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Their results were highly promising, as OCEAN was found to outperform a variety of methods for autonomous parking applications.(他们的结果非常有希望，因为OCEAN被发现在自动停车应用中优于各种方法)”和最后一段“The planner developed by this team of researchers could be improved and tested in additional real-world trials. In the future, it could be deployed by car-making firms, contributing to the introduction of automated vehicle parking technologies.(这个研究小组开发的规划器可以在更多的现实世界试验中得到改进和测试。未来，汽车制造公司可以部署它，为自动停车技术的引入做出贡献)”可知，作者在讲述OCEAN测试的结果时，用“highly promising(非常有希望)”来形容，并认为这个规划器可以在现实世界试验中进行更多的改进和测试，未来汽车制造公司可以部署该规划器，促进自动停车技术的使用。由此推知，作者对OCEAN持有非常积极的态度。故选A。 32．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中的“Researchers at Mach Drive in Shanghai recently developed OCEAN, an Openspace Collision-freE trAjectory plaNner for the autonomous parking of vehicles.(上海迈驰智行公司的研究人员最近开发了OCEAN，这是一种用于自动泊车的开放空间无碰撞轨迹规划器)”可知，本文主要介绍了OCEAN这款用于自动停车的规划器。由此推知，C项“OCEAN：一种用于自动停车的有前景的规划器”适合作本文最佳标题。故选C。 （九） （2024·湖北·一模）Are you eyebrow blind? TikTok users seem to think so — many have complained on the platform about makeup (化妆品) wearers’ apparent inability to spot whether they’re blindly following makeup trends or wearing what looks good on their faces. Though “eyebrow blindness’ and other types of “beauty blindness” aren’t exactly considered mental health trouble, people’s tendency to follow trends — even when they look silly or take risks doing so — is definitely a real phenomenon. So, what does psychology say bout tend following? Fist following rends isn’t a sign of character weakness or mental health trouble. Instead, says psychologist Pamela B Rutledge, it’s perfectly normal. The reason for trend following relates to humans core need to belong to a social group and comet with others. Multiple psychological frameworks argue that human connections are as important as basics like access to food and shelter because humans evolved to rely on one another for survival. But why do trends themselves have such a pull? “Our brains are hardwired to notice what’s unusual,” Rutledge says. Thus, we notice outliers and attention-grabbers, making trends even more appealing for those bold enough to follow them. No one is exempt from following crazes (狂热), noticing trends, or signaling their real belonging to social groups. But one group in particular is even easier to follow trends — even risky ones: Tweens, teens, and young adults. As children start the road toward adult independence, they look for ways to express their individuality. This can produce sometimes desperate attempts to prove affliation(隶属关系) with socially credible in-groups and can fuel desire to stand out with the help of trends. So, next time you put on makeup — or get dressed, order a meal in public, or purchase a vehicle — consider that your decision may not be as personalized as you may think. “It’s really just an inborn (天生的) response, one that can be explained by our need to fit in with or stand out from the crowd.” says Rutledge. 33．According to the first paragraph, a beauty blind person might ________. A．oppose makeup trends publicly B．follow makeup trends uncritically C．rely on social media for makeup advice D．take risks with untested beauty products 34．What’s a primary motivation of trend following? A．Financial profit. B．Social connection. C．Artistic expression. D．Character weakness. 35．Which can best replace the underlined words “exempt from” in paragraph 4? A．Free of. B．Engaged in. C．Exposed to. D．Concerned about. 36．What might Rutledge think of trend following? A．It’s a personalized choice. B．It mirrors people’s mental health. C．It results from lack of self-confidence. D．It’s a natural response to social signals. 【答案】33．B 34．B 35．A 36．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章以抖音用户关于美妆盲目跟风的讨论引出跟风潮流这一现象，接着从心理学角度分析了人们跟风潮流的原因，包括出于社交联系的需求以及大脑对不寻常事物的关注倾向等，还提及了特定群体（青少年等）更容易跟风的情况，最后总结说明跟风潮流是一种对社会信号的自然反应。 33．细节理解题。根据第一段中“TikTok users seem to think so — many have complained on the platform about makeup (化妆品) wearers’ apparent inability to spot whether they’re blindly following makeup trends or wearing what looks good on their faces.(TikTok用户似乎是这么认为的——许多人在平台上抱怨化妆品使用者显然无法发现他们是盲目追随化妆趋势还是穿着脸上看起来不错的东西。)”可知，美妆盲目跟风的人似乎无法分辨自己是盲目跟风化妆潮流还是选择了适合自己脸的妆容，也就是说他们会不加批判地跟风化妆潮流，故选B项。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段中“The reason for trend following relates to humans core need to belong to a social group and comet with others.(跟踪潮流的原因与人类核心属于一个社会群体并与他人相遇有关。)”可知，跟风潮流的主要动机是与社交联系有关，人们有归属某个社会群体并与他人建立联系的核心需求，故选B项。 35．词句猜测题。根据第四段中“No one is exempt from following crazes (狂热), noticing trends, or signaling their real belonging to social groups. (没有人能……跟风、关注潮流或表明自己真正属于某个社会群体。)”可知，exempt from在句中的意思是“免除；豁免”，在这里可以理解为“不受……影响”，与“free of”意思相近，故选A项。 36．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“‘It’s really just an inborn (天生的) response, one that can be explained by our need to fit in with or stand out from the crowd.’ says Rutledge.(‘这实际上只是一种与生俱来的反应，可以用我们需要融入人群或从人群中脱颖而出来解释。’Rutledge说)”可知，Rutledge认为跟风潮流是一种天生的反应，也就是对社会信号的一种自然反应，故选D项。 （十） （2024·湖南郴州·一模）The buildings in which we live, work and shop shape our experiences. The construction and maintenance of these buildings also require significant resources. So a growing number of architects are trying to design buildings while keeping both sustainability and quality of life in mind. The term “green building” can refer to one of these structures or to the process of constructing them. Any structure is considered a green building if it fits certain criteria. Most of these criteria have to do with environmental concerns, especially those related to climate change. For example, green buildings are made of sustainable materials and use water and energy efficiently as well as renewable energy sources. Green-building advocates do care about the humans involved, though; one of the criteria is that the building will improve its occupants’ quality of life. Sometimes a single feature contributes to more than one criterion. For example, many green buildings have large windows, which save energy on lighting. But natural light also has health benefits for humans, such as increasing vitamin D production, improving sleep and reducing seasonal depression. These windows thus kill two birds with one stone, saving energy and keeping people fit. The construction process for a green building should also have minimal environmental impact. This means it should be energy efficient, avoid pollution and minimize waste. A commercial building in Hong Kong, includes numerous features that employ new technology to improve its occupants’ well-being. For example, they cool the building using chilled beams rather than air vents, and then eliminate uncomfortable drafts. In addition to conventional air filters, they also used a paint that purifies the air, improving air quality in the building beyond what a filter could do alone. It’s just one of the many green-building projects carried out by the World Green Building Council. It is an organization with branches all over the world that collaborates with businesses, organizations and governments to encourage green building. Its website lists numerous examples of green buildings and highlights some of the features that made them successful. These buildings include residences, office buildings and more. 37．What are the characteristics of the green building? A．It should be built in the woods. B．The essential colour of the building is green. C．It is environmentally friendly while supporting quality life. D．The maintenance of this building doesn’t consume natural resources. 38．What are the advantages of using large windows in buildings from the passage? A．They are energy efficient and good for health. B．The buildings with large windows are more beautiful. C．They are good for cutting the cost of building the house. D．The occupants can have a better view with large windows. 39．What does the underlined word “eliminate” in paragraph 5 mean? A．Cause. B．Activate. C．Prevent. D．Remove. 40．What does the World Green Building Council do to promote green buildings? A．It sets strict regulations for construction companies. B．It certifies green buildings based on a single criterion. C．It cooperates with many groups to foster green building. D．It provides financial support for building green buildings. 【答案】37．C 38．A 39．D 40．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了绿色建筑的定义、特点及其推广。 37．细节理解题。根据第二段中“For example, green buildings are made of sustainable materials and use water and energy efficiently as well as renewable energy sources. Green-building advocates do care about the humans involved, though; one of the criteria is that the building will improve its occupants’ quality of life.(例如，绿色建筑由可持续材料制成，有效利用水和能源以及可再生能源。然而，绿色建筑倡导者确实关心与之相关的人类；其中一个标准是该建筑将提高居住者的生活质量。)”可知，绿色建筑的特点是环保的，同时支持高质量的生活。故选C项。 38．细节理解题。根据第三段中“For example, many green buildings have large windows, which save energy on lighting. But natural light also has health benefits for humans, such as increasing vitamin D production, improving sleep and reducing seasonal depression. These windows thus kill two birds with one stone, saving energy and keeping people fit.(例如，许多绿色建筑都有大窗户，这样可以节省照明能源。但自然光对人类健康也有好处，比如增加维生素D的产生，改善睡眠，减少季节性抑郁症。因此，这些窗户一举两得，既节约能源，又使人保持健康。)”可知，在建筑物中使用大窗户的优势是既节能又有益健康。故选A项。 39．词句猜测题。划线词句前文“A commercial building in Hong Kong, includes numerous features that employ new technology to improve its occupants’ well-being. For example, they cool the building using chilled beams rather than air vents(香港的一座商业建筑，包括许多采用新技术来改善居住者福祉的功能。例如，他们使用冷梁而不是通风口来冷却建筑物，)”说明为了改善居住者的福祉，他们使用冷梁而不是通风口来冷却建筑物来改善空气，从而推知划线词句“and then eliminate uncomfortable drafts.(然后eliminate不舒服的气流。)”其中划线词应为“消除”的意思，与D项“移除，去除”同义。故选D项。 40．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“It’s just one of the many green-building projects carried out by the World Green Building Council. It is an organization with branches all over the world that collaborates with businesses, organizations and governments to encourage green building. Its website lists numerous examples of green buildings and highlights some of the features that made them successful. These buildings include residences, office buildings and more.(这只是世界绿色建筑委员会开展的众多绿色建筑项目之一。它是一个分支机构遍布世界各地的组织，与企业、组织和政府合作，鼓励绿色建筑。)”可知，世界绿色建筑委员会通过与许多团体合作来推广绿色建筑。故选C项。 （十一） （2024·广东韶关·一模）Franz Katka (卡夫卡) died 100 years ago with his literary works unnoticed. He had instructed his friend Max Brod to burn his unpublished works. Brod did not: he believed Kafka to be a literary genius and published his late friend’s writing. In other words, Brod decided that Kafka’s stories belonged not to the late author, but to the public. Brod’s dilemma echoes today. People generate more data than ever, which, unlike physical bodies, does not disappear. According to Carl Ohman, a Swedish political scientist, this condition makes the modern world “post-mortal” (死后的) . “Living in the post-mortal condition is to constantly find oneself in the shoes of Max Brod”, he observes. The digital era has reshaped humans’ relationship with the dead—as seen in social media reminders for birthdays of dead individuals. Such reminders are to grow more common: Mr. Ohman’s research has found that on Facebook the dead may well outnumber the living within 40 years. Advanced technology enables a continued relationship with the dead, such as Amazon’s development of a feature for Alexa, virtual assistant, to speak in the voice of a lost relative. Startups have used data to make chatbots of the dead - to strengthen users’ commercial relationship, Mr. Ohman points out At the root of Ohman’s book The Afterlife of Data is various complex philosophical questions. To whom do the dead’s data belong? Are data something people create, or a digital analogue (类比) to a physical body? If data are a digital form of the body, what responsibilities does the living have? These are not merely questions for individuals but for society. After all, historians often study the diaries of the dead. Their writers may have preferred to keep them private, but the light that such documents can shine on humanity’s past outweighs the late owner’s wishes. Mr. Ohman notes that data constitute “the biggest database of human behaviour in the history of our species”. And he urges that the social media firms should think twice in terms of how they handle digital remains. 41．What is the function of paragraph 1? A．To emphasize Kafka’s literary talent. B．To lead to the discussion on data handling. C．To praise the act to publish Kafka’s works. D．To write an introduction for Ohman’s book. 42．Why do people buy Alexa, the virtual assistant? A．To create a digital database. B．To control devices by voice. C．To access information quickly. D．To communicate with the dead. 43．What problem will people face in post-mortal world according to the passage? A．How to manage the dead’s data. B．How to realize the dead’s wishes. C．How to protect the dead’s privacy. D．How to restore the dead’s belongings. 44．Which of the following will Mr. Ohman probably agree with? A．Data should be in the possession of individuals. B．Historians should control access to digital remains. C．Data’s historical value is more important than the dead’s will. D．Social media firms should be fined for misuse of digital remains. 【答案】41．B 42．D 43．A 44．C 【导语】本文是说明文。文章通过卡夫卡的故事引入，探讨了现代世界中死后数据处理的复杂问题，包括数据归属、个人与社会责任等哲学性问题。 41．推理判断题。根据第一段“Franz Katka (卡夫卡) died 100 years ago with his literary works unnoticed. He had instructed his friend Max Brod to burn his unpublished works. Brod did not: he believed Kafka to be a literary genius and published his late friend’s writing. In other words, Brod decided that Kafka’s stories belonged not to the late author, but to the public.(弗朗茨·卡夫卡100年前去世，他的文学作品无人注意。他曾指示他的朋友马克斯·布罗德烧掉他未发表的作品。布罗德不这么认为：他相信卡夫卡是一位文学天才，并出版了他已故朋友的作品。换句话说，布罗德认为卡夫卡的故事不属于这位已故作家，而是属于公众)”以及第二段“Brod’s dilemma echoes today. People generate more data than ever, which, unlike physical bodies, does not disappear.(布罗德的困境在今天得到了回应。人们产生的数据比以往任何时候都多，而这些数据与身体不同，不会消失)”可知，第一段通过讲述卡夫卡的故事，引出了关于数据处理的讨论，即如何处理死者留下的数据。故选B项。 42．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Advanced technology enables a continued relationship with the dead, such as Amazon’s development of a feature for Alexa, virtual assistant, to speak in the voice of a lost relative.(先进的技术使人们能够与死者保持持续的关系，比如Amazon为虚拟助手Alexa开发了一项功能，可以用失去亲人的声音说话)”可知，人们会购买虚拟助手Alexa是为了与死者沟通。故选D项。 43．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To whom do the dead’s data belong? Are data something people create, or a digital analogue (类比) to a physical body? If data are a digital form of the body, what responsibilities does the living have? These are not merely questions for individuals but for society.(死者的数据属于谁？数据是人类创造的东西，还是物理身体的数字模拟？如果数据是身体的数字形式，那么生者有什么责任？这些不仅仅是个人的问题，也是社会的问题)”可知，“死后世界”将会面临的一个问题，即如何处理死者的数据。故选A项。 44．推理判断题。根据最后一段“After all, historians often study the diaries of the dead. Their writers may have preferred to keep them private, but the light that such documents can shine on humanity’s past outweighs the late owner’s wishes. Mr. Ohman notes that data constitute “the biggest database of human behaviour in the history of our species”.(毕竟，历史学家经常研究死者的日记。它们的作者可能更愿意将它们保密，但这些文件对人类过去的启示超过了已故所有者的意愿。欧曼指出，这些数据构成了“人类历史上最大的人类行为数据库”)”可知，Ohman很可能会同意数据的历史价值比死者的意愿更重要。故选C项。 （十二） （2024·重庆·一模）Imagine if you could look into the future and see yourself 50 years from now. You could see the wrinkles on your face, how your hair would gray, and how the very shape of your face would change after decades of life. You would be able to see how you might look to your future grandchildren. It sounds like something out of a fairytale. But a viral “Aged” filter (滤镜) on TikTok is allowing users to look into the face of their future selves. The new filter uses AI to estimate what your face will look like as you age, and dermatologists (皮肤学家) on TikTok are calling it “very accurate”. But the response, especially among young people using the filter, shows a deep fear within Gen Z of getting, and more importantly, looking old. What does the filter do? The filter, which has over 9 million videos on TikTok, provides a picture of users’ faces with realistic aging, including wrinkles, crow’s feet and often gray hair. The filter looks different for each person and uses AI to enhance existing facial features, like under-eye bags or wrinkles, to estimate how their face will age. TikTok is not the first app to release an aging filter. Snapchat released a similar filter back in 2019, and users similarly used FaceApp to age themselves. Even Kylie Jenner immediately joined in the trend saying simply “I don’t like it. I don’t like it at all.” Others disagree about how much the filter ages them, comparing their aged face to other users. Some have used the filter on old photos of their parents or celebrities and compared the filter’s results to how they look today. Others, however, have taken a more loving approach to their future selves. Many users express shock at how similar they look to relatives and others express excitement for the years ahead. 45．What is the function of the first paragraph? A．To supply a scientific fact. B．To arouse the reader’s interest. C．To provide a good example. D．To share the theory of the filter. 46．Why does the writer say “looking old” instead of “getting old” at the end of paragraph 3? A．Their ages don’t really change. B．There’s no real difference between them. C．“Looking old” sounds more polite. D．“Getting old” sounds a little more boring. 47．Why is Kylie Jenner mentioned in the text? A．To introduce another opinion. B．To try to please her true fans. C．To emphasize the wide use. D．To prove the truth of the technique. 48．How do people react to how much the filter ages them? A．Angrily. B．Similarly. C．Excitedly. D．Differently. 【答案】45．B 46．A 47．C 48．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了TikTok上流行的“变老”滤镜让用户可以看到未来自己的脸，新的滤镜使用人工智能来估计你的脸随着年龄的增长会是什么样子。 45．推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine if you could look into the future and see yourself 50 years from now. You could see the wrinkles on your face, how your hair would gray, and how the very shape of your face would change after decades of life. You would be able to see how you might look to your future grandchildren.”（想象一下，如果你能看到未来，看到50年后的自己。你可以看到你脸上的皱纹，你的头发会如何变白，你的脸型在几十年的生活后会如何变化。你可以看到你未来的孙子们会是什么样子。）可推知，第一段的作用是引起读者的兴趣。故选B项。 46．推理判断题。根据第三段中“But the response, especially among young people using the filter, shows a deep fear within Gen Z of getting, and more importantly, looking old.”（但人们的反应，尤其是使用滤镜的年轻人的反应，显示出Z世代对变老，更重要的是，对看起来变老的一种深深的恐惧。）可推知，作者在第三段末尾说“看起来老了”而不是“变老了”是因为他们的年龄并没有真正改变。故选A项。 47．推理判断题。根据第六段“TikTok is not the first app to release an aging filter. Snapchat released a similar filter back in 2019, and users similarly used FaceApp to age themselves.”（TikTok并不是第一个发布老化过滤器的应用。Snapchat早在2019年就发布了类似的滤镜，用户也同样使用FaceApp来让自己变老。）以及第七段“Even Kylie Jenner immediately joined in the trend saying simply “I don’t like it. I don’t like it at all.””（就连凯莉·詹娜也立即加入了这一潮流，她说：“我不喜欢它。”我一点也不喜欢。”）可推知，很多人都用过此类老化滤镜，课文中提到了凯莉·詹娜是为了强调滤镜的广泛使用。故选C项。 48．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Others disagree about how much the filter ages them, comparing their aged face to other users. Some have used the filter on old photos of their parents or celebrities and compared the filter’s results to how they look today.”（其他人则不同意滤镜对他们的老化程度，他们将自己的脸与其他用户进行了比较。有些人用滤镜处理父母或名人的老照片，并将滤镜的效果与他们现在的样子进行比较。）以及最后一段“Others, however, have taken a more loving approach to their future selves. Many users express shock at how similar they look to relatives and others express excitement for the years ahead.”（然而，其他人对未来的自己采取了更有爱心的方式。许多用户对自己和亲戚长得如此相似感到震惊，还有一些人对未来的日子感到兴奋。）可推知，人们对过滤镜老化程度的反应是不同的。故选D项。 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$