专题4阅读理解主旨大意题题-2025年高考英语一轮全面复习备考方案(新高考卷)

专题04 主旨大意题 目录 1 .考情分析 2 2. 必备知识 考点一 题型分析 知识点1 选项规律………………………………………………………………………………………2 知识点2 得分技巧……………………………………………………………………………………………3 知识点3 分析题型……………………………………………………………………………………………..4 考点二 文章大意题…………………………………………………………………………3 考点三 段落大意题………………………………………………………………………………………….6 考点四 标题归纳题…………………………………………………………………………………………..8 3.真题练习 1.名校模拟…………………………………………………………………………….10 2.真题练习……………………………………………………………………………17 1.考情分析 年份 卷别 题号 2024 新高考I卷 26 新高考II卷 31 全国甲卷 27 浙江卷1月 35 2023 新高考I卷 32 新高考II卷 27 全国甲卷 全国乙卷 32 浙江卷1月 27、35 2022 新高考I卷 32 新高考II卷 31 2.必备知识 考点一 题型分析 知识点1 选项规律 干扰项特征 例句 断章取义 原文内容有出现，但仅为文中某一细节，与主题无关。 以偏概全 选项和文章主题有部分相关，但不能概括全部。。 主观臆断 选项涉及内容仅凭生活常理主观推断，而不符合文章或段落主题。 知识点2 得分技巧 对于这类文章，重点是抓主题句，主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。 位于段首:一般而言，以演绎法撰写的文章，主题句往往在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。 位于段尾:有些文章会在开头列举事实,然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。因此，如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话，最好快速读一读段落的最后一个句子，看看它是否具备主题句的特征。 位于段中:有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。 首尾呼应:主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现，形成前呼后应的格局。 无明确主题句:找关键词(出现频率较高)，归纳总结。 知识点3 分析题型 整体分布：主旨大意题在高考中出现次数稳定，通常1-2题，2022年全国甲卷涉及3题。说明文和议论文的主题句多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。记叙文多在文章末尾点题，但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，需要考生在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。 设问方式：主旨大意题题干关键词best title, main idea/theme/subject, mainly about等。 难度分析：这类试题主要考查通过快速浏览文章，获得主旨大意，并对文章的标题、主题、段落大意等进行归纳、概括的能力。题目具有一定难度，属于易错重难题。 考查内容： 常见主旨大意题命题包括题目类型包括标题归纳题、段落大意题、文章大意题。 高频命题点 1. 段首、段尾处常考 2. 转折词处常考 3. 因果关系处常考 4. 问题处常考 考点二 文章大意题 概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。核对选项时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。 典例1.（2024·宁夏银川·一模） “We’ve got a problem here,” our mechanic (修理工) Randy said over the phone. “What is it?” I asked. My husband, Matthew, and I had dropped off our car for an oil change a couple of hours earlier. We had made an appointment with our usual mechanic Randy and decided on using synthetic oil, which requires a change every 500 miles, as opposed to 300 miles for regular oil. Though synthetic oil was the more expensive option, it seemed like a good investment considering how much we would travel. “Once of my guys put in the wrong oil,” Randy explained. He had been out of the garage for a test drive and left our oil change to one of his employees. The employee had put in the regular oil. “Now we can drain (排干) the engine and put in the synthetic oil,” Randy said. “Or you can leave it as it is. You won’t be charged since it was our mistake.” Matthew and I decided to leave things alone. Draining the engine seemed like a waste. We could get the synthetic oil the next time around. But we did insist on paying for the work — it had been an honest mistake after all. Matthew and I didn’t think about the oil change until a few weeks later. We were making plans to drive from South Carolina, up through the mountains of West Virginia, to visit my uncle in Maryland. It was a long trip, and we’d already put 286 miles on the car since our last oil change, so we wanted Randy to change the oil early. We dropped off the car before lunch and asked Randy to do the change. We’d barely sat down to eat when my phone rang. It was Randy. “Your brakes are completely shot,” he said. “I’m surprised they lasted the drive over here. You’ll need to replace them immediately.” Luckily, he had the parts on hand. We gave him the go-ahead and hung up. Matthew and I stared at each other in disbelief. If the correct oil had been put in a few weeks earlier, we wouldn’t have gone back to the mechanic so soon. We wouldn’t have known the brakes were bad. Who knows what could have happened, especially on those mountain roads? What is a suitable title for the text? A．An unexpected “mistake” B．Be grateful for a “mistake” C．An undesirable car accident D．Be regretful for an oil change 考点三 段落大意题 1. 审读题干，提取关键信息； 2.速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换； 3.逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。 解题技巧; 1.观察段首处。主题句多为段首第一句(观点或对象)； 2.理清第二句及段中句子和段落首尾处的逻辑关系，判断是否由首句抛砖引玉引出主题句。 3.关注尾尾逻辑意思是否对前面的话进行总结或升华，前文可能只为引出段尾主题而摆出问题或现象。 解题原则：对原文多处相关信息进行整合转换。 1.（23-24高三·江西赣州·期中）Imagine this situation: you live on a tiny island off the north coast of Australia, and you and most of your friends have never even been to Darwin. You all love dancing: any style, any time, but especially at the local disco, where hundreds of local kids gather every weekend. Then one day, on a dusty basketball court, your group is doing an up-beat version of the Sirtaki dance from the 1964 movie Zorba the Greek. Someone films it, and the film is up-loaded to the Internet. It’s so funny that suddenly you are a sensation, with thousands of hits in the first few days. Before long, you are receiving invitations to perform all over Australia. This did happen in 2007 to the Chooky Dancers, an Indigenous dance group who live on Elcho Island, off the coast of Arnhem Land. Since then, the energetic and very amusing Chookies have performed at numerous comedy festivals and cultural events all around Aus-tralia. They have also appeared in a full-length feature film. These young Yolngu men absorb and then reinvent dance moves from everywhere: from traditional Indigenous dance styles and ideas, to techno and hip hop, kung fu and Bollywood. And now the Chookies have gone global. In early 2011, they travelled out of Australia for the first time. They went to Beijing, the capital of China, where they performed their particular brand of dance to a Chinese TV audience of probably close to one billion. The Chookies’ act was part of one of China’s biggest annual shows — the Spring Festival Gala. Over the years the festival has hosted a huge variety of act s from all around the world and of every imaginable style and content. Even so, the audience had seen nothing like the Chooky Dancers, who began, as usual, with a traditional Yolngu dance, before breaking out into their signature Zorba. The Chinese were totally won over. It’s a great international, multicultural, outback youth success story—an Indigenous Australian dance troupe performs a techno version of a Greek dance on Chinese TV! What could be the best title of this passage? A．Chooky Dancers Go Global B．The Chookies Appear in Beijing C．Dancing Perfectly Combines with Basketball D．Technology Makes Improvements in Dancing 考点四 标题归纳题 解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误： 1. 概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)； 2. 过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)； 3. 以事实、细节替代文章大意。 1. （2024·天津实验中学·阶段练习）Before the end of the year, employees at Ubiquitous Energy, a company in Redwood City, Calif, will gather in a window-lined conference room to stare toward the future. That’s because their new glass windows will offer more than an amazing view of the mountains and blue skies of the North California landscape. They will also function as solar panels (太阳能电池板), able to power the company’s lights, computers and air conditioners. Several years in the making, Ubiquitous’ energy-producing glass is a great technological achievement whose power lies in the layers of organic polymers (聚合物) between sheets of glass. As light enters the window, the flow of electrons between the polymer layers creates an electric current, which is then collected by tiny wires in the glass. “It’s sort of like a transparent (透明的) computer display run backwards,” says Veeral Hardev, director of business development at Ubiquitous Energy. “That is, instead of electricity being sent to different points in a display to light them up, light is producing electricity to be sent out of different points in the window.” Right now the windows produce about a third as much electricity from a given amount of sunlight as the typical solar batteries used in roof panels (板), and these windows, about half as transparent as ordinary glass, don’t work as well as transparent ones. But those standards are already enough to make the windows a promising product, says Hardev, adding the company is likely to improve the transparency significantly. As for the lower output of electricity, he notes that windows can cover a much greater surface area than a roof, so numerous windows will produce a surprisingly larger amount of electricity than the production from a rooftop full of higher-efficiency solar panels. “You could do both.” says Hardev. “But you’ll get more from the windows. The biggest challenge, he adds, is to make the windows from less than two square feet currently to about 50 square feet.” Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Windows: A New Challenge of Technology B．Windows: No Longer Just for Letting in the Light C．Power: A Pressing Problem in the Near Future D．Power: Not Enough from Rooftop Solar Panels 2.（2024·山东·模拟预测） In my early childhood, I was often surprised when I saw my father making a small amount of money with difficulty. Being a child, I was unable to understand him. When I was older, my father started doing a part-time job at home. He used to bring some work back and work till late night. I can’t forget he played with me when I was 3-4 years old. He taught me how to read when I was at the age of 5. He took care of me all night when I was sick. Whenever I felt down, he would cheer me up. He also cared about my lessons and often helped me get ready for examinations. Later he sent me to New Delhi for the best education. Whenever I needed money, he never refused. He always managed money for my studies. Two years ago, I got a job at a hospital in New Delhi. When I got my first salary which was about ten times more than my pocket money, I spent it all on myself. When I returned home one fine morning, I heard my father communicating with one neighbor. He was telling him my success in the job very proudly. He also told him that I had a higher salary than him at the end of his work. A dream, his son should become better than himself came true. I was unable to move on my feet. Past 23 years flashed into my mind in a moment. I knew my father loved me very much. I could understand the decisions my father made in the past. His goal is making his child more successful than himself. If today I am successful, this is because of my father. The best title of this passage may be ______. A．A Successful Child B．An Unforgettable Moment C．A Difficult Time D．A Father’s Love 1. 3.真题练习 1. 名校模拟 1.（24-25高三·湖南·开学考试）Bike-share systems hold the potential to reduce traffic and pollution in big cities. While they have received considerable attention, their promise of urban transformation is far from being-fully realized. New research in the journal Management Science found a key reason is that while companies have focused on bike design and technology aspects, there has been minimal research done on operational aspects such as station density (密度) and bike-availability levels. “Almost 80%of bike-share usage comes from areas within 1,000 feet of the bike-share stations, or roughly four city blocks,” said Elena Belavina, one of the study authors. “Anything past 1,000 feet, potential users are almost 60% less likely to use a station.” The study, “Bike-Share Systems: Accessibility and Availability”, analyzes the relationship between ridership and operational performance in bike-share design systems to achieve higher ridership. Using data from the Velib’ system in Paris, with roughly 17,000 bikes and 950 stations, the study estimates the impacts of two aspects of the system performance on bike-share ridership: accessibility, or how far the user must walk to reach stations, and bike availability. There are two impacts of availability: First, a short-term impact is that if nearby stations do not have bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away or abandon using bike-share. Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less likely to even consider bike share for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term. “Most users choose to abandon using bike-share.” said Belavina. “But overall, we find that a 10%increase in bike availability would increase ridership by more than 12%.” Between increasing bike-availability and decreasing walking distance, the study finds that the latter has a higher impact. Bike-share operators with limited resources must prioritize building more stations close to riders. Where should those stations go? The authors recommend locations where there are many points of interest and locations with lower bike availability. What does the text focus on? A．How to use the bike-share systems. B．How to make full use of bike-share. C．How to raise the awareness of bike-share. D．How to estimate the impacts of bike-share. 2.（2024·浙江嘉兴·模拟试题） ...... In the past, most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it impossible for them to be quiet on demand. But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers. Now libraries begin offering interactive programs for kids, including crafts, board games, and story times. These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent. 4.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The past and the present of libraries. B．The reason for the change of libraries. C．The activities for young children in libraries. D．The connection between libraries and readers. 3.（2024·全国高三模拟试题） English started as a Germanic language. It is most closely connected to German and Dutch, especially in grammar and basic vocabulary. During the Norman invasion in the 12th century, Old English was spoken but French was used in government and legal documents. And Latin was used in religious and educational activities. As a result, more French and Latin words entered the English language. The printing press invented in the late 1400s helped to establish English spelling. The English of today is how the language was written at the time. However, the spoken language started to change in the 1500s with the pronunciation of all long vowels (元音). For example, “bite” was pronounced closer to “beet” in the 1400s, before changing through the years to its current sound. The effect was that the English language had old spellings, but new sounds. English has 26 letters in the alphabet, but over 44 individual sounds depending on the variation of spoken English. There are several sounds represented by only one letter. For example, the letter “C” can sound like an “S” as in “city”. And it also sounds like a “K” as in “cat”. There are only 5 or 6 vowel letters in the English alphabet. They include A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y. But there are 20 different ways to sound them. At the centre is the most common vowel sound of “uhhh”. It is the most relaxed and natural sound. It takes almost no effort of the tongue or throat to create the sound. Since it takes little effort, the sound “uhhh” often makes its way into pronunciations. For example, the word “please” often turns into “PUH-lease” when someone is trying to call attention. This is another reason why spelling in English is so difficult! What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The complex history of English. B．The formation of modern English. C．The influence of English on other languages. D．Factors promoting the development of English. 4.（2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测） Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation. On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms. There is evidence suggesting that a side effect of this design is that algorithms amplify information people are strongly biased (偏向的) to learn from. We call this information “PRIME”, for prestigious, in-group, moral and emotional information. In our evolutionary past, biases to learn from PRIME information were very advantageous: Learning from prestigious individuals is efficient because these people are successful and their behavior can be copied. Paying attention to people who violate moral norms is important because punishing them helps the community maintain cooperation. But what happens when PRIME information becomes amplified by algorithms and some people exploit (利用) algorithm amplification to promote themselves? Prestige becomes a poor signal of success because people can fake prestige on social media. News become filled with negative and moral information so that there is conflict rather than cooperation. The interaction of human psychology and algorithm amplification leads to disfunction because social learning supports cooperation and problem-solving, but social media algorithms are designed to increase engagement. We call it functional mismatch. One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict. So what’s next? A key question is what can be done to make algorithms facilitate accurate human social learning rather than exploit social learning biases. Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate. What is the best title of the text? A．PRIME information meets with misperceptions B．Algorithms control the flow of social information C．Social media algorithms twist human social learning D．Online algorithm designs face unexpected challenges 5.（2024·北京·三模） Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution, which has occurred ever since men were organized into units larger than the family. In the past human race managed to survive it. Why should it not continue to survive even if wars go on occurring from time to time? Moreover, people like war, and will feel frustrated without it. And without war there will be no adequate opportunity for heroism or self-sacrifice. Modem technology has changed this. Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted. There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology (意识形态) would prevent war. I believe this to be a big error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them. The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atom bomb. Which would be the best title for the passage? A．War or No War, That Is A Question B．Nuclear Weapons Bring the End of Human Race C．Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration D．From Ideology to Negotiation: A New Approach to International Conflicts 6.（23-24高三·北京·期中）The Great Book Swap ...... There are many times I’d like to go buy new books, but I don’t have a lot of money to spend on them. Wouldn’t it be great to swap books right here in our community? Volunteers will organize the donated books. Then the books will be displayed at the community center. Everyone will be able to read and hopefully find the perfect book. Students will be allowed to choose up to two books during each day of the swap. Our plan is to have the book swap the first Saturday of every month. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．How the book swap will work. B．When books will be brought in. C．What kinds of books are needed. D．Why the book swap is necessary. 7.（2024·广东·模拟预测） However, several school systems in America have gone so far as to ban most laptops. This is too extreme. Some students have disabilities that make handwriting especially hard. Nearly all will eventually need typing skills. Virginia Berninger, professor of psychology at the University of Washington, is a longtime advocate of handwriting. But she is not a purist; she says there are research tested benefits for “manuscript” print-style writing but also for typing. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Difficulties faced by the disabled. B．Unreasonableness of forbidding typing. C．The research-tested benefits of typing. D．The longtime advocacy for handwriting. 8.（2024高三·全国·专题练习）Guy Noble, one of Australia’s most famous conductors, who conducted the touring concert “East Meets West”, said he’d like to learn more about Chinese music. “I’m impressed by the history and the beauty Chinese music has,” he’s said in an interview recently. “East Meets West” concert tour in Australia was resumed this year after being postponed twice due to the pandemic. It was hosted in Canberra last Saturday, bringing audiences some well-known Chinese and Western pieces such as Jasmine Flower, Carmen, Romeo and Juliet, and The Yellow River. While it was called “East Meets West”, music from China and the West with the same themes was brought together. Chinese singer Ya Fen and Australian singer Victoria Lambourn performed a duet (二重唱) Hope Betrayed, which was inspired by the Chinese classic novel A Dream of Red Mansions. Noble said he loved the duet as it showed completely different singing styles: traditional Chinese opera style and Western opera style. “They’re not exactly the same, but they came together,” he said. Having been a professional conductor for more than 20 years, Noble called music an international language. He noted that most music at the concert was about love, which was also an international language. He also spoke highly of some Chinese musicians, such as pianist Lang Lang who he thought has inspired many kids in China to learn music. Noble admitted his knowledge of Chinese culture was limited. He said that conducting the Canberra concert was “an experience that I’ve enjoyed”, which made him more interested in discovering the background and history of the music, as well as the stories behind it. Noble is ready to create more things that can involve dance or calligraphy or some of the other aspects of Chinese culture, and put them together with music. Which of the following could be the best title for the text? A．Guy Noble: A Famous Australian Conductor B．An Australian’s Passion for Chinese Culture C．Music: A Bridge to Understanding Each Other D．The Cooperation Between Foreign Musicians 2. 真题练习 1. （2024年新高考I卷） “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 2. （2022年新课标II卷C篇） Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately." "Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone." What is a suitable title for the text? A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers. D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer- 3. （2023年全国乙卷D篇） If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 4. （2022年全国甲卷B篇） Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skillful Shape-Sorters 5. （2021年全国甲卷D篇） Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries. Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not. Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.” What is the best title for the text? A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck 6. （2021年浙江卷6月B篇） We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parts less than 10 minutes’ walk from home where neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet. In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say “chocolate” into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself “marketing director from Nature”. He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature. “Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference,” David Bond says. “There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be on habit for life.” His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: “We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while.” Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Time C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children 7. （2024年北京卷阅读理解D篇） Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality ( 25 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 主旨大意题 目录 1 .考情分析 2 2. 必备知识 考点一 题型分析 知识点1 选项规律………………………………………………………………………………………2 知识点2 得分技巧……………………………………………………………………………………………3 知识点3 分析题型……………………………………………………………………………………………..4 考点二 文章大意题…………………………………………………………………………3 考点三 段落大意题………………………………………………………………………………………….6 考点四 标题归纳题…………………………………………………………………………………………..8 3.真题练习 1.名校模拟…………………………………………………………………………….10 2.真题练习……………………………………………………………………………17 1.考情分析 年份 卷别 题号 2024 新高考I卷 26 新高考II卷 31 全国甲卷 27 浙江卷1月 35 2023 新高考I卷 32 新高考II卷 27 全国甲卷 全国乙卷 32 浙江卷1月 27、35 2022 新高考I卷 32 新高考II卷 31 2.必备知识 考点一 题型分析 知识点1 选项规律 干扰项特征 例句 断章取义 原文内容有出现，但仅为文中某一细节，与主题无关。 以偏概全 选项和文章主题有部分相关，但不能概括全部。。 主观臆断 选项涉及内容仅凭生活常理主观推断，而不符合文章或段落主题。 知识点2 得分技巧 对于这类文章，重点是抓主题句，主题句一般出现在文章的开头或结尾。 位于段首:一般而言，以演绎法撰写的文章，主题句往往在文章的开头，即先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题作具体的陈述。 位于段尾:有些文章会在开头列举事实,然后通过论证阐述作者的核心论点。因此，如果第一句话不是概括性的或综合性的话，最好快速读一读段落的最后一个句子，看看它是否具备主题句的特征。 位于段中:有时段落是先介绍背景和细节，接着用一句综合或概括性的话概括前面所说的内容或事例，然后再围绕主题展开对有关问题的深入讨论。这种文章的主题句往往会在段落中间出现。 首尾呼应:主题句在段落的开头和结尾两个位置上先后出现，形成前呼后应的格局。 无明确主题句:找关键词(出现频率较高)，归纳总结。 知识点3 分析题型 整体分布：主旨大意题在高考中出现次数稳定，通常1-2题，2022年全国甲卷涉及3题。说明文和议论文的主题句多位于文章的开头，有时也位于文章的中间或末尾。记叙文多在文章末尾点题，但有时不能直接在文章中直接找到主题句，需要考生在弄清段与段之间逻辑关系的基础上自己归纳总结。 设问方式：主旨大意题题干关键词best title, main idea/theme/subject, mainly about等。 难度分析：这类试题主要考查通过快速浏览文章，获得主旨大意，并对文章的标题、主题、段落大意等进行归纳、概括的能力。题目具有一定难度，属于易错重难题。 考查内容： 常见主旨大意题命题包括题目类型包括标题归纳题、段落大意题、文章大意题。 高频命题点 1. 段首、段尾处常考 2. 转折词处常考 3. 因果关系处常考 4. 问题处常考 考点二 文章大意题 概括文章大意题时，有效的方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁性、概括性的特点，文章的中心思想往往是每段主题句的综合。若文章无主题句，这就需要我们依据文中的事实、细节、观点去进行分析、推断和归纳，从而概括出文章大意。核对选项时，根据自己总结的大意，就可以用排除法将干扰项逐个排除。 典例1.（2024·宁夏银川·一模） “We’ve got a problem here,” our mechanic (修理工) Randy said over the phone. “What is it?” I asked. My husband, Matthew, and I had dropped off our car for an oil change a couple of hours earlier. We had made an appointment with our usual mechanic Randy and decided on using synthetic oil, which requires a change every 500 miles, as opposed to 300 miles for regular oil. Though synthetic oil was the more expensive option, it seemed like a good investment considering how much we would travel. “Once of my guys put in the wrong oil,” Randy explained. He had been out of the garage for a test drive and left our oil change to one of his employees. The employee had put in the regular oil. “Now we can drain (排干) the engine and put in the synthetic oil,” Randy said. “Or you can leave it as it is. You won’t be charged since it was our mistake.” Matthew and I decided to leave things alone. Draining the engine seemed like a waste. We could get the synthetic oil the next time around. But we did insist on paying for the work — it had been an honest mistake after all. Matthew and I didn’t think about the oil change until a few weeks later. We were making plans to drive from South Carolina, up through the mountains of West Virginia, to visit my uncle in Maryland. It was a long trip, and we’d already put 286 miles on the car since our last oil change, so we wanted Randy to change the oil early. We dropped off the car before lunch and asked Randy to do the change. We’d barely sat down to eat when my phone rang. It was Randy. “Your brakes are completely shot,” he said. “I’m surprised they lasted the drive over here. You’ll need to replace them immediately.” Luckily, he had the parts on hand. We gave him the go-ahead and hung up. Matthew and I stared at each other in disbelief. If the correct oil had been put in a few weeks earlier, we wouldn’t have gone back to the mechanic so soon. We wouldn’t have known the brakes were bad. Who knows what could have happened, especially on those mountain roads? What is a suitable title for the text? A．An unexpected “mistake” B．Be grateful for a “mistake” C．An undesirable car accident D．Be regretful for an oil change 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是由文章最后一段“Matthew and I stared at each other in disbelief. If the correct oil had been put in a few weeks earlier, we wouldn’t have gone back to the mechanic so soon. We wouldn’t have known the brakes were bad. Who knows what could have happened, especially on those mountain roads? (Matthew和我难以置信地面面相觑。如果早几个星期装上正确的机油，我们就不会这么快就去找修理工了。我们不知道刹车坏了。谁知道会发生什么，尤其是在山路上？)”可知，本文讲述了一个因机械师的失误（使用了错误的机油）而引发的系列事件，最终这个“错误”意外地让作者及时发现了刹车系统的问题，从而避免了可能发生的严重后果。因此，最合适的标题是“Be grateful for a “mistake” (对一个“错误”心存感激)”。故选B。 【答案】B 考点三 段落大意题 1. 审读题干，提取关键信息； 2.速读定位原文信息句，将试题信息与原文信息进行语义转换； 3.逐一核对选项，仔细辨别，得出答案。 解题技巧; 1.观察段首处。主题句多为段首第一句(观点或对象)； 2.理清第二句及段中句子和段落首尾处的逻辑关系，判断是否由首句抛砖引玉引出主题句。 3.关注尾尾逻辑意思是否对前面的话进行总结或升华，前文可能只为引出段尾主题而摆出问题或现象。 解题原则：对原文多处相关信息进行整合转换。 1.（23-24高三·江西赣州·期中）Imagine this situation: you live on a tiny island off the north coast of Australia, and you and most of your friends have never even been to Darwin. You all love dancing: any style, any time, but especially at the local disco, where hundreds of local kids gather every weekend. Then one day, on a dusty basketball court, your group is doing an up-beat version of the Sirtaki dance from the 1964 movie Zorba the Greek. Someone films it, and the film is up-loaded to the Internet. It’s so funny that suddenly you are a sensation, with thousands of hits in the first few days. Before long, you are receiving invitations to perform all over Australia. This did happen in 2007 to the Chooky Dancers, an Indigenous dance group who live on Elcho Island, off the coast of Arnhem Land. Since then, the energetic and very amusing Chookies have performed at numerous comedy festivals and cultural events all around Aus-tralia. They have also appeared in a full-length feature film. These young Yolngu men absorb and then reinvent dance moves from everywhere: from traditional Indigenous dance styles and ideas, to techno and hip hop, kung fu and Bollywood. And now the Chookies have gone global. In early 2011, they travelled out of Australia for the first time. They went to Beijing, the capital of China, where they performed their particular brand of dance to a Chinese TV audience of probably close to one billion. The Chookies’ act was part of one of China’s biggest annual shows — the Spring Festival Gala. Over the years the festival has hosted a huge variety of act s from all around the world and of every imaginable style and content. Even so, the audience had seen nothing like the Chooky Dancers, who began, as usual, with a traditional Yolngu dance, before breaking out into their signature Zorba. The Chinese were totally won over. It’s a great international, multicultural, outback youth success story—an Indigenous Australian dance troupe performs a techno version of a Greek dance on Chinese TV! What could be the best title of this passage? A．Chooky Dancers Go Global B．The Chookies Appear in Beijing C．Dancing Perfectly Combines with Basketball D．Technology Makes Improvements in Dancing 【解析】主旨大意题。文章结尾“It’s a great international, multicultural, outback youth success story—an Indigenous Australian dance troupe performs a techno version of a Greek dance on Chinese TV! (这是一个伟大的国际、多元文化、内陆青年的成功故事——一个澳大利亚土著舞蹈团在中国电视上表演希腊舞蹈的技术版本！)”可知，文章主要讲述的是一个澳大利亚土著舞蹈团走向国际，最终成名的故事。故选A。 【答案】A 考点四 标题归纳题 解题的关键是要抓住每一段的首尾句，要注意贯穿文章始终的词语。通过寻找文章的主题句，并对主题句进行概括和提炼，从而确定文章的标题。 做此类题时，要避免以下三种错误： 1. 概括不够(多表现为部分替代整体，从而缩小了范围)； 2. 过度概括(多表现为人为扩大范围)； 3. 以事实、细节替代文章大意。 1. （2024·天津实验中学·阶段练习）Before the end of the year, employees at Ubiquitous Energy, a company in Redwood City, Calif, will gather in a window-lined conference room to stare toward the future. That’s because their new glass windows will offer more than an amazing view of the mountains and blue skies of the North California landscape. They will also function as solar panels (太阳能电池板), able to power the company’s lights, computers and air conditioners. Several years in the making, Ubiquitous’ energy-producing glass is a great technological achievement whose power lies in the layers of organic polymers (聚合物) between sheets of glass. As light enters the window, the flow of electrons between the polymer layers creates an electric current, which is then collected by tiny wires in the glass. “It’s sort of like a transparent (透明的) computer display run backwards,” says Veeral Hardev, director of business development at Ubiquitous Energy. “That is, instead of electricity being sent to different points in a display to light them up, light is producing electricity to be sent out of different points in the window.” Right now the windows produce about a third as much electricity from a given amount of sunlight as the typical solar batteries used in roof panels (板), and these windows, about half as transparent as ordinary glass, don’t work as well as transparent ones. But those standards are already enough to make the windows a promising product, says Hardev, adding the company is likely to improve the transparency significantly. As for the lower output of electricity, he notes that windows can cover a much greater surface area than a roof, so numerous windows will produce a surprisingly larger amount of electricity than the production from a rooftop full of higher-efficiency solar panels. “You could do both.” says Hardev. “But you’ll get more from the windows. The biggest challenge, he adds, is to make the windows from less than two square feet currently to about 50 square feet.” Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A．Windows: A New Challenge of Technology B．Windows: No Longer Just for Letting in the Light C．Power: A Pressing Problem in the Near Future D．Power: Not Enough from Rooftop Solar Panels 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段可知，Ubiquitous Energy公司研发的新玻璃不仅可以让光线进入屋内，它们还可以为公司的灯，电脑和空调供电。由此可知，B项符合文章内容。故选B项。 （2024·山东·模拟预测） In my early childhood, I was often surprised when I saw my father making a small amount of money with difficulty. Being a child, I was unable to understand him. When I was older, my father started doing a part-time job at home. He used to bring some work back and work till late night. I can’t forget he played with me when I was 3-4 years old. He taught me how to read when I was at the age of 5. He took care of me all night when I was sick. Whenever I felt down, he would cheer me up. He also cared about my lessons and often helped me get ready for examinations. Later he sent me to New Delhi for the best education. Whenever I needed money, he never refused. He always managed money for my studies. Two years ago, I got a job at a hospital in New Delhi. When I got my first salary which was about ten times more than my pocket money, I spent it all on myself. When I returned home one fine morning, I heard my father communicating with one neighbor. He was telling him my success in the job very proudly. He also told him that I had a higher salary than him at the end of his work. A dream, his son should become better than himself came true. I was unable to move on my feet. Past 23 years flashed into my mind in a moment. I knew my father loved me very much. I could understand the decisions my father made in the past. His goal is making his child more successful than himself. If today I am successful, this is because of my father. The best title of this passage may be ______. A．A Successful Child B．An Unforgettable Moment C．A Difficult Time D．A Father’s Love 【答案】D 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文以及最后一段“If today I am successful, this is because of my father.(如果今天我成功了，那是因为我的父亲)”可知，本文主要讲述父亲想要自己的孩子比自己更成功，努力赚钱送孩子受最好的教育，且在孩子的成长中尽职尽责，体现了一名父亲对孩子的爱，所以“父亲的爱”适合作本文的标题。故选D。 1. 3.真题练习 1. 名校模拟 1.（24-25高三·湖南·开学考试）Bike-share systems hold the potential to reduce traffic and pollution in big cities. While they have received considerable attention, their promise of urban transformation is far from being-fully realized. New research in the journal Management Science found a key reason is that while companies have focused on bike design and technology aspects, there has been minimal research done on operational aspects such as station density (密度) and bike-availability levels. “Almost 80%of bike-share usage comes from areas within 1,000 feet of the bike-share stations, or roughly four city blocks,” said Elena Belavina, one of the study authors. “Anything past 1,000 feet, potential users are almost 60% less likely to use a station.” The study, “Bike-Share Systems: Accessibility and Availability”, analyzes the relationship between ridership and operational performance in bike-share design systems to achieve higher ridership. Using data from the Velib’ system in Paris, with roughly 17,000 bikes and 950 stations, the study estimates the impacts of two aspects of the system performance on bike-share ridership: accessibility, or how far the user must walk to reach stations, and bike availability. There are two impacts of availability: First, a short-term impact is that if nearby stations do not have bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away or abandon using bike-share. Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less likely to even consider bike share for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term. “Most users choose to abandon using bike-share.” said Belavina. “But overall, we find that a 10%increase in bike availability would increase ridership by more than 12%.” Between increasing bike-availability and decreasing walking distance, the study finds that the latter has a higher impact. Bike-share operators with limited resources must prioritize building more stations close to riders. Where should those stations go? The authors recommend locations where there are many points of interest and locations with lower bike availability. What does the text focus on? A．How to use the bike-share systems. B．How to make full use of bike-share. C．How to raise the awareness of bike-share. D．How to estimate the impacts of bike-share. 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Bike-share systems hold the potential to reduce traffic and pollution in big cities. While they have received considerable attention, their promise of urban transformation is far from being-fully realized.(共享单车系统有潜力减少大城市的交通和污染。虽然它们受到了相当大的关注，但它们对城市转型的承诺远未完全实现。)”、第六段“There are two impacts of availability: First, a short-term impact is that if nearby stations do not have bicycles when a user wants to take a trip, users must go to stations farther away or abandon using bike-share. Second, if users typically expect a lower chance of finding a bicycle, they are less likely to even consider bike share for their trips and the system will have lower ridership in the long term.(可用性有两个影响：首先，短期影响是，如果用户想要出行时附近的站点没有自行车，用户必须去更远的站点或者放弃使用共享单车。其次，如果用户通常预期找到自行车的几率较低，他们甚至不太可能考虑使用共享单车出行，长期来看，系统的使用率将会降低。)”以及最后一段“Where should those stations go? The authors recommend locations where there are many points of interest and locations with lower bike availability.( 这些站点应该设在哪里？作者们建议设在有许多景点和自行车供应较少的地方)”可知，这篇文章主要关注的是如何充分利用共享单车。故选B项。 2.（2024·浙江嘉兴·模拟试题） ...... In the past, most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it impossible for them to be quiet on demand. But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers. Now libraries begin offering interactive programs for kids, including crafts, board games, and story times. These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent. 4.What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．The past and the present of libraries. B．The reason for the change of libraries. C．The activities for young children in libraries. D．The connection between libraries and readers. 【答案】 B 【解析】由第三段“In the past, most libraries didn’t focus much on programs for kids whose age made it impossible for them to be quiet on demand. But growing knowledge about the importance of kids and teens learning through hands-on experiences has since caused a sea change in how libraries connect with young readers. Now libraries begin offering interactive programs for kids, including crafts, board games, and story times. These types of programs certainly aren’t designed to be silent. (在过去，大多数图书馆都不太关注为孩子们提供的项目，因为孩子们的年龄使他们无法按需保持安静。但是，人们越来越了解儿童和青少年通过亲身体验学习的重要性，这导致图书馆与年轻读者的联系发生了翻天覆地的变化。现在，图书馆开始为孩子们提供互动节目，包括手工艺品、棋盘游戏和故事时间。这些类型的程序当然不是为了静音而设计的。)”可知，本段主要讲图书馆改变的原因。故选B项。 3.（2024·全国高三模拟试题） English started as a Germanic language. It is most closely connected to German and Dutch, especially in grammar and basic vocabulary. During the Norman invasion in the 12th century, Old English was spoken but French was used in government and legal documents. And Latin was used in religious and educational activities. As a result, more French and Latin words entered the English language. The printing press invented in the late 1400s helped to establish English spelling. The English of today is how the language was written at the time. However, the spoken language started to change in the 1500s with the pronunciation of all long vowels (元音). For example, “bite” was pronounced closer to “beet” in the 1400s, before changing through the years to its current sound. The effect was that the English language had old spellings, but new sounds. English has 26 letters in the alphabet, but over 44 individual sounds depending on the variation of spoken English. There are several sounds represented by only one letter. For example, the letter “C” can sound like an “S” as in “city”. And it also sounds like a “K” as in “cat”. There are only 5 or 6 vowel letters in the English alphabet. They include A, E, I, O, U, and sometimes Y. But there are 20 different ways to sound them. At the centre is the most common vowel sound of “uhhh”. It is the most relaxed and natural sound. It takes almost no effort of the tongue or throat to create the sound. Since it takes little effort, the sound “uhhh” often makes its way into pronunciations. For example, the word “please” often turns into “PUH-lease” when someone is trying to call attention. This is another reason why spelling in English is so difficult! What is paragraph 2 mainly about? A．The complex history of English. B．The formation of modern English. C．The influence of English on other languages. D．Factors promoting the development of English. 【答案】 25．A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段“English started as a Germanic language. (英语起源于日耳曼语)”和“During the Norman invasion in the 12th century, Old English was spoken but French was used in government and legal documents. (在12世纪诺曼人入侵期间，人们说古英语，但在政府和法律文件中使用法语)”以及“The printing press invented in the late 1400s helped to establish English spelling. The English of today is how the language was written at the time. However, the spoken language started to change in the 1500s with the pronunciation of all long vowels. (15世纪后期发明的印刷机帮助确立了英语的拼写。今天的英语是当时的书写方式。然而，口语在16世纪开始发生变化，所有长元音的发音都发生了变化)”可知，第二段按照时间年份介绍了英语复杂的发展历史。故选A。 4.（2024·山东潍坊·模拟预测） Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation. On social media platforms, algorithms are mainly designed to amplify (放大) information that sustains engagement, meaning they keep people clicking on content and coming back to the platforms. There is evidence suggesting that a side effect of this design is that algorithms amplify information people are strongly biased (偏向的) to learn from. We call this information “PRIME”, for prestigious, in-group, moral and emotional information. In our evolutionary past, biases to learn from PRIME information were very advantageous: Learning from prestigious individuals is efficient because these people are successful and their behavior can be copied. Paying attention to people who violate moral norms is important because punishing them helps the community maintain cooperation. But what happens when PRIME information becomes amplified by algorithms and some people exploit (利用) algorithm amplification to promote themselves? Prestige becomes a poor signal of success because people can fake prestige on social media. News become filled with negative and moral information so that there is conflict rather than cooperation. The interaction of human psychology and algorithm amplification leads to disfunction because social learning supports cooperation and problem-solving, but social media algorithms are designed to increase engagement. We call it functional mismatch. One of the key outcomes of functional mismatch is that people start to form incorrect perceptions of their social world, which often occurs in the field of politics. Recent research suggests that when algorithms selectively amplify more extreme political views, people begin to think that their political in-group and out-group are more sharply divided than they really are. Such “false polarization” might be an important source of greater political conflict. So what’s next? A key question is what can be done to make algorithms facilitate accurate human social learning rather than exploit social learning biases. Some research team is working on new algorithm designs that increase engagement while also punishing PRIME information. This may maintain user activity that social media platforms seek, but also make people’s social perceptions more accurate. What is the best title of the text? A．PRIME information meets with misperceptions B．Algorithms control the flow of social information C．Social media algorithms twist human social learning D．Online algorithm designs face unexpected challenges 【答案】C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nowadays, people are increasingly interacting with others in social media environments where algorithms control the flow of social information they see. People’s interactions with online algorithms may affect how they learn from others, with negative consequences including social misperceptions, conflict and the spread of misinformation.(如今，人们越来越多地在社交媒体环境中与他人互动，算法控制着他们看到的社交信息流。人们与在线算法的互动可能会影响他们向他人学习的方式，带来负面后果，包括社会误解、冲突和错误信息的传播)”结合文章主要说明了社交媒体的算法影响了人类的社交，一些人利用算法放大来推销自己，新闻充斥着负面和道德信息，因此存在冲突而不是合作。故C选项“社交媒体算法扭曲了人类的社交学习”最符合文章标题。故选C。 5.（2024·北京·三模） Is it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution, which has occurred ever since men were organized into units larger than the family. In the past human race managed to survive it. Why should it not continue to survive even if wars go on occurring from time to time? Moreover, people like war, and will feel frustrated without it. And without war there will be no adequate opportunity for heroism or self-sacrifice. Modem technology has changed this. Either man will abolish war, or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted. There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology (意识形态) would prevent war. I believe this to be a big error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic (武断的) statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their followers believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them. The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atom bomb. Which would be the best title for the passage? A．War or No War, That Is A Question B．Nuclear Weapons Bring the End of Human Race C．Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration D．From Ideology to Negotiation: A New Approach to International Conflicts 【答案】．C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据全文内容，特别是第二段“To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in killing people, but by arbitration (通过仲裁) in accordance with agreed principles of law .”（要做到这一点，我们需要说服人类以一种新的方式看待国际问题，而不是将其视为武力的较量，在这种较量中，胜利属于最善于杀人的一方，而是通过根据商定的法律原则进行仲裁。）可知，作者呼吁人们以新的方式看待国际问题，通过仲裁来解决问题，以此来废除战争，因此，C选项“Towards a Future Without War: A Call for Global Arbitration”（走向无战争的未来：全球仲裁的呼吁）最能概括全文内容。故选C。 6.（23-24高三·北京·期中）The Great Book Swap ...... There are many times I’d like to go buy new books, but I don’t have a lot of money to spend on them. Wouldn’t it be great to swap books right here in our community? Volunteers will organize the donated books. Then the books will be displayed at the community center. Everyone will be able to read and hopefully find the perfect book. Students will be allowed to choose up to two books during each day of the swap. Our plan is to have the book swap the first Saturday of every month. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about? A．How the book swap will work. B．When books will be brought in. C．What kinds of books are needed. D．Why the book swap is necessary. 【答案】A 【解析】段落大意题。根据文章第四段“Volunteers will organize the donated books. Then the books will be displayed at the community center. Everyone will be able to read and hopefully find the perfect book. Students will be allowed to choose up to two books during each day of the swap. Our plan is to have the book swap the first Saturday of every month.(志愿者将整理捐赠的图书。然后这些书将在社区中心展出。每个人都将能够阅读，并希望找到完美的书。学生将被允许在每天的交换中选择最多两本书。我们的计划是在每个月的第一个星期六进行图书交换。)”可知，第四段主要介绍了图书交换是如何进行的。故选A。 7.（2024·广东·模拟预测） However, several school systems in America have gone so far as to ban most laptops. This is too extreme. Some students have disabilities that make handwriting especially hard. Nearly all will eventually need typing skills. Virginia Berninger, professor of psychology at the University of Washington, is a longtime advocate of handwriting. But she is not a purist; she says there are research tested benefits for “manuscript” print-style writing but also for typing. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A．Difficulties faced by the disabled. B．Unreasonableness of forbidding typing. C．The research-tested benefits of typing. D．The longtime advocacy for handwriting. 【答案】 B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第五段“However, several school systems in America have gone so far as to ban most laptops. This is too extreme. Some students have disabilities that make handwriting especially hard. Nearly all will eventually need typing skills. (然而，美国的一些学校甚至禁止使用笔记本电脑。这太极端了。一些学生有残疾，使得书写特别困难。几乎所有人最终都需要打字技能。)”可知，本段讲述的是“禁止打字是不合理的”。故选B。 8.（2024高三·全国·专题练习）Guy Noble, one of Australia’s most famous conductors, who conducted the touring concert “East Meets West”, said he’d like to learn more about Chinese music. “I’m impressed by the history and the beauty Chinese music has,” he’s said in an interview recently. “East Meets West” concert tour in Australia was resumed this year after being postponed twice due to the pandemic. It was hosted in Canberra last Saturday, bringing audiences some well-known Chinese and Western pieces such as Jasmine Flower, Carmen, Romeo and Juliet, and The Yellow River. While it was called “East Meets West”, music from China and the West with the same themes was brought together. Chinese singer Ya Fen and Australian singer Victoria Lambourn performed a duet (二重唱) Hope Betrayed, which was inspired by the Chinese classic novel A Dream of Red Mansions. Noble said he loved the duet as it showed completely different singing styles: traditional Chinese opera style and Western opera style. “They’re not exactly the same, but they came together,” he said. Having been a professional conductor for more than 20 years, Noble called music an international language. He noted that most music at the concert was about love, which was also an international language. He also spoke highly of some Chinese musicians, such as pianist Lang Lang who he thought has inspired many kids in China to learn music. Noble admitted his knowledge of Chinese culture was limited. He said that conducting the Canberra concert was “an experience that I’ve enjoyed”, which made him more interested in discovering the background and history of the music, as well as the stories behind it. Noble is ready to create more things that can involve dance or calligraphy or some of the other aspects of Chinese culture, and put them together with music. Which of the following could be the best title for the text? A．Guy Noble: A Famous Australian Conductor B．An Australian’s Passion for Chinese Culture C．Music: A Bridge to Understanding Each Other D．The Cooperation Between Foreign Musicians 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章大意以及第一段“Guy Noble, one of Australia’s most famous conductors, who conducted the touring concert “East Meets West”, said he’d like to learn more about Chinese music. “I’m impressed by the history and the beauty Chinese music has,” he’s said in an interview recently.”（Guy Noble是澳大利亚最著名的指挥家之一，他指挥了“东方遇见西方”巡回音乐会，他说他想更多地了解中国音乐。“中国音乐的历史和美给我留下了深刻的印象，”他在最近的一次采访中说。）可知，本文主要讲述澳大利亚著名指挥家Guy Noble对中国音乐十分推崇，他指挥了名为“东方遇见西方”的巡回音乐会，并希望自己能更多地了解中国文化。故文章最好的标题是“一个澳大利亚人对中国文化的热爱”。A、C、D三项均是文章的细节内容，不能概括文章的主要内容。故选B。 2. 真题练习 1. （2024年新高考I卷） “I am not crazy,” says Dr. William Farber, shortly after performing acupuncture (针灸) on a rabbit. “I am ahead of my time.” If he seems a little defensive, it might be because even some of his coworkers occasionally laugh at his unusual methods. But Farber is certain he’ll have the last laugh. He’s one of a small but growing number of American veterinarians (兽医) now practicing “holistic” medicine-combining traditional Western treatments with acupuncture, chiropractic (按摩疗法) and herbal medicine. Farber, a graduate of Colorado State University, started out as a more conventional veterinarian. He became interested in alternative treatments 20 years ago when he suffered from terrible back pain. He tried muscle-relaxing drugs but found little relief. Then he tried acupuncture, an ancient Chinese practice, and was amazed that he improved after two or three treatments. What worked on a veterinarian seemed likely to work on his patients. So, after studying the techniques for a couple of years, he began offering them to pets. Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment. Farber is certain that the holistic approach will grow more popular with time, and if the past is any indication, he may be right: Since 1982, membership in the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association has grown from 30 to over 700. “Sometimes it surprises me that it works so well,” he says. “I will do anything to help an animal. That’s my job.” What does paragraph 3 mainly talk about? A. Steps of a chiropractic treatment. B. The complexity of veterinarians’ work. C. Examples of rare animal diseases. D. The effectiveness of holistic medicine. 【答案】D 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段内容“Leigh Tindale’s dog Charlie had a serious heart condition. After Charlie had a heart attack, Tindale says, she was prepared to put him to sleep, but Farber’s treatments eased her dog’s suffering so much that she was able to keep him alive for an additional five months. And Priscilla Dewing reports that her horse, Nappy, “moves more easily and rides more comfortably” after a chiropractic adjustment.(利·廷代尔的狗查理患有严重的心脏病。廷代尔说，查理心脏病发作后，她准备让他进入睡眠状态，但法伯的治疗大大减轻了她的狗的痛苦，她能够让它多活五个月。普里西拉·杜因(Priscilla Dewing)报告说，她的马纳皮(Nappy)经过脊椎按摩调整后，“行动更容易，乘车更舒服”。) ”可知，本段主要讲述了两个例子，一个是Farber通过整体医学方法帮助了患有严重心脏病的狗Charlie，另一个是马Nappy在接受脊椎按摩治疗后移动和骑行更为舒适。这些例子都是为了说明整体医学的有效性。故选D。 2. （2022年新课标II卷C篇） Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel. Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply. That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted（分心）driving was "only increasing, unfortunately." "Big change requires big ideas." he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving. An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York's hands-free driving laws. "We need something on the books that can change people's behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state's 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, "people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone." What is a suitable title for the text? A．To Drive or Not to Drive? Think Before You Start B．Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer C．New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers. D．The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer- 【答案】B 【解析】主旨大意题。纵观全文，第一段和第二段阐述的是“虽然大多数州已经尝试了各种各样的方法来说服人们在开车时放下手机。可是问题却越来越严重”。第三段中“That is partly because people are driving more.”（部分原因是开车的人越来越多）可知，解释了该行为产生的部分原因。第四段至第五段讲述的是为了解决该问题是纽约立法者提出了一个新的想法即利用Textalyzer技术，来监控司机在开车的时候是否使用了手机。最后一段讲述的是：相关人士呼吁该项技术能够成为真正的法案由此才能真正地改变人们的行为。故B选项Texting and Driving? Watch Out for the Textalyzer（发短信还是在开车？防范短信监控器。）适合文章的标题。故选B。 3. （2023年全国乙卷D篇） If you want to tell the history of the whole world, a history that does not privilege one part of humanity, you cannot do it through texts alone, because only some of the world has ever had texts, while most of the world, for most of the time, has not. Writing is one of humanity’s later achievements, and until fairly recently even many literate (有文字的) societies recorded their concerns not only in writing but in things. Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield (盾) dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports. In addition to the problem of miscomprehension from both sides, there are victories accidentally or deliberately twisted, especially when only the victors know how to write. Those who are on the losing side often have only their things to tell their stories. The Caribbean Taino, the Australian Aboriginals, the African people of Benin and the Incas, all of whom appear in this book, can speak to us now of their past achievements most powerfully through the objects they made: a history told through things gives them back a voice. When we consider contact (联系) between literate and non-literate societies such as these, all our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted, only one half of a dialogue. If we are to find the other half of that conversation, we have to read not just the texts, but the objects. What is the first paragraph mainly about? A. How past events should be presented. B. What humanity is concerned about. C. Whether facts speak louder than words. D. Why written language is reliable. 【答案】A 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一，直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A。 4. （2022年全国甲卷B篇） Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut. In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an “allocentric frame of reference”. In the experiment, Goffin’s cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin’s cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies. The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections. Which can be a suitable title for the text? A．Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B．Cockatoos: Independent Learners C．Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D．Cockatoos: Skillful Shape-Sorters 【答案】D 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Coffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. ”(戈芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似)可知，文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。故选D。 5. （2021年全国甲卷D篇） Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries. Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they? In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others. A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not. Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.” What is the best title for the text? A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck 【答案】 B 【解析】主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。 6. （2021年浙江卷6月B篇） We live in a town with three beaches. There are two parts less than 10 minutes’ walk from home where neighborhood children gather to play. However, what my children want to do after school is pick up a screen — any screen — and stare at it for hours. They are not alone. Today's children spend an average of four and a half hours a day looking at screens, split between watching television and using the Internet. In the past few years, an increasing number of people and organisations have begun coming up with plans to counter this trend. A couple of years ago film-maker David Bond realised that his children, then aged five and three, were attached to screens to the point where he was able to say “chocolate” into his three-year-old son’s ear without getting a response. He realised that something needed to change, and, being a London media type, appointed himself “marketing director from Nature”. He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature. “Just five more minutes outdoors can make a difference,” David Bond says. “There is a lot of really interesting evidence which seems to be suggesting that if children are inspired up to the age of seven, then being outdoors will be on habit for life.” His own children have got into the habit of playing outside now: “We just send them out into the garden and tell them not to come back in for a while.” Summer is upon us. There is an amazing world out there, and it needs our children as much as they need it. Let us get them out and let them play. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Let Children Have Fun B. Young Children Need More Free Time C. Market Nature to Children D. David Bond: A Role Model for Children 【答案】C 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段中的“He documented his journey as he set about treating nature as a brand to be marketed to young people. The result was Project Wild Thing, a film which charts the birth of the World Network, a group of organisations with the common goal of getting children out into nature. (他把自己的旅行记录下来，开始把自然当作一个品牌，推销给年轻人。其结果是Project Wild Thing，一部记录了World Network (世界网络)诞生的电影，World Network (世界网络)是以让孩子们接触大自然为共同目标的团体)”可推知，本文主要讲述了电影制作人David Bond为了让孩子们远离屏幕，拍摄自己的旅行，并将自然当作一个品牌，推销给年轻人。由此可知，C项Market Nature to Children(把自然推销给年轻人)适合作本文标题。故选C项。 7. （2024年北京卷阅读理解D篇） Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans. Here, norms (规范) were unwritten and rarely expressed clearly, but were well understood and taken to heart. Dishonest and violent behaviours were disapproved of; leadership, marriage and interactions with other groups were loosely governed by traditions. Conflict was often resolved in musical battles. Because arguing angrily leads to chaos, it was strongly discouraged. With life in the unforgiving Northern Canada being so demanding, the Inuit’s practical approach to morality made good sense. The similarity of moral virtues across cultures is striking, even though the relative ranking of the virtues may vary with a social group’s history and environment. Typically, cruelty and cheating are discouraged, while cooperation, humbleness and courage are praised. These universal norms far pre-date the concept of any moralising religion or written law. Instead, they are rooted in the similarity of basic human needs and our shared mechanisms for learning and problem solving. Our social instincts (本能) include the intense desire to belong. The approval of others is rewarding, while their disapproval is strongly disliked. These social emotions prepare our brains to shape our behaviour according to the norms and values of our family and our community. More generally, social instincts motivate us to learn how to behave in a socially complex world. The mechanism involves a repurposed reward system originally used to develop habits important for self-care. Our brains use the system to acquire behavioural patterns regarding safe routes home, efficient food gathering and dangers to avoid. Good habits save time, energy and sometimes your life. Good social habits do something similar in a social context. We learn to tell the truth, even when lying is self-serving; we help a grandparent even when it is inconvenient. We acquire what we call a sense of right and wrong. Social benefits are accompanied by social demands: we must get along, but not put up with too much. Hence self-discipline is advantageous. In humans, a greatly enlarged brain boosts self-control, just as it boosts problem-solving skills in the social as well as the physical world. These abilities are strengthened by our capacity for language, which allows social practices to develop in extremely unobvious ways. Which would be the best title for this passage? A. Virtues: Bridges Across Cultures B. The Values of Self-discipline C. Brains: Walls Against Chaos D. The Roots of Morality 【答案】D 【解析】主旨大意题。根据第一段“Franz Boas’s description of Inuit (因纽特人) life in the 19th century illustrates the probable moral code of early humans.(弗朗兹·博厄斯对19世纪因纽特人生活的描述说明了早期人类可能的道德准则)”以及文章内容可知，本文围绕人类道德规范的起源进行讨论，主要介绍了早期人类道德准则的形成过程及其如何根植于人类基本需求及共同的社会学习和问题解决机制中，所以“道德的起源”适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 ( 24 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$