08时态（讲义）-2023-2024学年牛津沪教版英语六年级下册

动词与时态 一、动词 动词是表示动作和状态的词。可分为： 行为动词，如：come, go等; 连系动词，如：be(am, is, are, was, were); 助动词do(does, did); 情态动词can(could), may, must等。 英语动词有四种形式，分别为：动词原形、第三人称单数、现在分词、动词过去式。以以下四个单词为例。 原形 第三人称单数 现在分词 动词过去式 do does doing did have has having had write writes writing wrote make makes making made 1. 动词的原形：只是在一般现在时用它（除she, he, it外） 2. 动词第三人称单数: 当主语是(she，he，it)时，动词要发生变化。 (1)一般在动词后加s；如: sing-sings;listen-listens (2)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，把y变为i再加es；如：study--studies (3)以字母o，s，x，sh，ch结尾的动词，要加es。如: do-does; go-goes 3. 现在分词:在动词后加ing。 (1)一般情况下直接加ing；如: wait-waiting (2)以不发音的e结尾，去掉e再加ing；如: have-having；make- making 同上 come take live like bake wake hate love bite shake write close (3)以重读音节结尾而末尾只有一个元音字母+一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个 辅音字母再加ing。如: cut-cutting；begin-beginning 在小学阶段大约有以下几个单词需要双写这个辅音字母再加ing。 get put hop hit let run swi8m skip win sit clap get regret plan begin forget 动词的过去式分为规则变化和不规则变化 规则的动词见下表。 读音 一般的在动词后加ed 在e结尾的动词后加d 以辅音字母+y结尾的动词，把y变为i再加ed 以重读音节结尾而末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，双写这个辅音字母再加ed 在清辅音后读/t/ worked finished, helped loved liked dropped stopped, hopped 在元音和浊辅音后读/d/ followed played, entered lived changed studied, cried tried, carried planned begged, robbed 在辅音/t/、/d/后读/id/ wanted needed，waited 常用不规则动词: (小学阶段) drink-drank swim-swam sing-sang sit-sat give-gave drive-drove win-won begin-began go-went ring-rang build-built write-wrote ride-rode send-sent spend-spent become-became come-came teach-taught catch-caught blow-blew think-thought buy-bought bring-brought throw-threw fly-flew draw-drew grow-grew know-knew dig-dug sweep-swept sleep-slept wake-woke speak-spoke break-broke do-did stand-stood take-took sell-sold tell--told fall--fell hide--hid hang-hung feel-felt get--got run-ran make-made have-had find-found lose-lost see-saw wear-wore meet-met say-said hold-held hear-heard leave-left feed-fed eat-ate understand-understood learn-learnt keep-kept stick-stuck 下列不规则动词的过去式也有规律，如: ①只需要变换一个字母: (改i为a) drink-drank; swim-swam; sing-sang; sit-sat; give-gave; begin-began; ring-rang ②只需要变换一个字母:(改i为o) write-wrote; ride-rode; drive-drove; win-won ③只需要变换一个字母: throw-threw spend-spent come-came hang-hung get -got build-built stick-stuck draw -drew grow -grew ④有相同的字母: teach-taught think-thought fly-flew sleep-slept wake -woke catch -caught buy-bought sweep-swept speak-spoke bring -brought sell-sold feel-felt break-broke tell--told stand-stood understand-understood ⑤过去式与原形相同: put; cut; set; let; read; hit; hurt 二、时态 小学阶段所学的时态主要是:一般现在时，现在进行时，过去进行时，一般过去时和一般将来时。 1.一般现在时: 表示现阶段经常、习惯性的动作或状态、特征、客观真理。 常用的时间状语有: often，always，sometimes，usually, every day. 一般现在时，主语是非三单时谓语动词用动词原形; 当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词加-s 或-es。构成如下: ①We/They/I/You+动词原形 ②He/She/It+动词-s或(es) 问句: Do/Does(he, she, it)+ 动词原形(do)...? 答语: Yes, 主语+do/does./No, 主语+don’t/doesn’t. Be+主语...? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. Yes, he / she / it is. No, he / she /it isn’t. Yes, we /you /they are. No, we / you / they aren’t. 例如: Now let’s throw the bottle into the sea. Where does water come from? It comes from the sea. She often gets up at five thirty. The bird often sings songs in the tree. I usually play table tennis and basketball after school. 2. 现在进行时: 表示正在进行或发生的动作。 常与这些词搭配: now，look，listen或根据上下文做题。 现在进行时的构成: I am 肯定句: He/She/It is +动词-ing We/They/You are 否定句: 在be动词后加not，问句把be动词提前。 例如: He is tidying up the bedroom now. Paul is enjoying the sunshine. 3. 过去进行时:表示在过去的某一时刻正在进行或发生的动作。 过去进行时的构成: I was 肯定句: He/She/It was +动词-ing We/They/You were 否定句: 在 be动词后加 not，问句把be动词提前。 例如: Mr.Brown was swimming in the sea at 6 yesterday evening. I was not walking at 6 yesterday evening. I was running. 4. 一般过去时:表示过去某一时间发生的事，存在的状态或过去发生的动作。 常用的时间状语有: yesterday, yesterday morning/afternoon/evening,evening, last week/morning/Sunday/month/year/…，in 2006 等。 一般过去时没有单数和复数之分。 一般过去时的构成: 肯定句: (主语)I/We/You/She/He/It/They+动词过去式 否定句: 主语+didn’t+动词原形(do) 问句: Did+主语+动词原形(do)? 例如: Snow White met seven little friends in the forest. He wrote a lot of interesting fairy tales and stories in the past. What did you have for dinner yesterday? I had two sandwiches and some soup. 5. 一般将来时:表示将要发生的动作或状态。 常用的时间状语: next week/month/year/Sunday.., tomorrow, tomorrow morning/afternoon/evening… 一般将来时的构成: 肯定句: (主语) I/We/You/She/He/It/They+will/shall+ 动词原形 be going to+ 动词原形 否定句: 主语+will not(won’t)+动词原形(do) 主语 +be not + going to+ 动词原形 问句: Will+主语 + 动词原形(do)…? Be+主语+going to+动词原形? 例如: Emma will go to Japan next week. 注: 如果句中含有will，shall，should，would，can，could，may，must等情态动词，其后面的动词一律接动词原形。(不管是单数还是复数。) Practice:(练习1) I. 用“am;is; are”填空。 1. I a student. He a boy and he often at home. 2. you going to visit the USA? 3.You 25 years old and I 46 years old. 4. Kitty _______ 12 years old and Mary 13 years old. 5. Kate and Bill both teachers. My parents both doctors. 6. The children singing and dancing. 7. The students running on the playground. 8. Your sister a nurse. My brother a player. 9. the boys and girls at school? 10. Helen’s father in Shanghai? 11.What five and ten? 12.There ______ an English book and pens on the floor. 13.There many kites in the sky. 14. Peter and Bill both Germans. 15. What on the desk? There a bowl on it. II. 用一般现在时完成下列句子。 1. Peter (go) to bed at half past nine every evening. 2. Candy often (visit) her grandpa. 3. The boys never (play) football in the street. 4. My sister (cook) meals very well. 5. Lily (watch) a film every week. 6. Tom and Jim (do) their homework. 7.Tom’s brother often (play) basketball every afternoon. 8. you (like) seeing a film? 9. Little Water Drop (fly) over rivers and mountains. 10. What she (write) every Sunday morning? III.用一般现在时完成短文。 Mary (wake) up at 6:00 today. She (get) up quickly and then (go) to the park to do morning exercises. At 7:00, she (come) back and has her breakfast. Her mother always (make) breakfast for her. A7:30, her mother (take) her to school. She has lunch at school 11:30. In the afternoon, she (walk) home at 4:30. She (do)her homework at 7:30. She (go) to bed at 9:30. Practice:(练习2) I. 用现在进行时完成下列句子。 1. What are you doing? I (listen) to the radio. 2. What is Mary doing? She (play) the piano. 3. Look! Sally (help) the young kids. 4. he (run) on the playground? 5. Bill and Bob (play) volleyball? 6. the girls (open) the windows now? 7. I _______ not (make) cards. 8. She _______ not (write) letters. 9. Lucy (draw)the picture in the room. 10. Ted (drive)a bus on his way home. 11. Little pig (cut) the wind-bell. 12. Listen! Who (cry) in the next room? 13. Is your father at home? Yes, he (watch) TV now. 14. What they (dig)? They (dig) the trees. 15. Be careful! The bus (come). Practice:(练习3) I. 用过去进行时完成句子。 1. What were you doing at this time yesterday? I (watch) TV. 2. What was Peter doing at 4 yesterday afternoon? He (have) a birthday party. 3. you (read) books at that time the day before yesterday? 4. What were they doing at 9 yesterday morning? They (fly) a kite. 5. What was Miss Li doing? She (run). 6. What was Mr. Wang doing? He (write). 7. What were they doing? They (play) badminton. 8. Candy and Sam (skip)? No, they were not. 9. Peter (swim) in the pool at 3 yesterday afternoon? Yes, he was. 10. It (rain) all night. Practice: (练习4) I. 用“was或were”填空。 1. Alice very happy at that time. 2. Mike and his sister at the cinema last night. 3. Where you last night? I at home. 4. Peter got up late. So he late. 5. Cindy’s parents in Canada last year. 6. The weather rainy last week. 7. The students all at the library yesterday. 8. Kate a good student last year, but this year she isn’t. 9. I not at home last night.You not at home, either. 10.Who ________ late last week? They Nick and Dick. II. 用一般过去时完成句子。 1. Miss Wang (go)shopping last Sunday and she (buy）some new clothes and vegetables. 2. What did you do last night? I (write) 2 letters to my good friends. 3. I (do) my homework and (clean) my room last night. 4. What did the men make? They (make) a pair of shoes. 5. you (go) to school yesterday? Yes. Of course. 6. (Do) Tom play volleyball three days ago? 7. Where (be) you last Sunday? I (be) at home. 8. Yesterday I was free. So I (swim) in the pool. Then I (send) emails to my best friend. Next I (leave) my home. After that I (teach) my son. 9. What did you (have) for breakfast this morning? 10. I liked eating vegetables. So I (bring) many vegetable dumplings. Practice: (练习5) I. 用一般将来时完成句子。 1. She (buy) a magazine about animals after school. 2. We (not be) going to have lunch at 12:00 tomorrow. 3. They (watch)the famous film this evening. 4. Children’s Day is coming. What are you going to do? First I (get up) very early, and then (visit) the science museum. Next I (play) football with my friends.Then I (go) home to do my homework. In the afternoon I (clean) my bedroom. At home, I (cook) the meals for my father and mother in the evening. 5. Christmas Day is coming soon. The children are very happy. What will they do then? First they (make) cards. Santa (give) presents to children and they (get) presents from Santa. 6. We (have) a picnic by the sea next month 7. Her dad (see) a film next Sunday. 8. you (go) to Australia this holiday? 9. We (visit) the museum and (see) many old things next week. 10.Where you (go) next? I (go) to school. 11. He (not visit) the Great Wall tomorrow. 12.They (not finish) that work in two days. 13. I (should not be) polite to others. 14. Tim is (not see) a film next Sunday. 15. They are (not climb) the mountain this week. Practice: (动词时态综合练习) I. 用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. You should (go) to help your mother with her housework. 2. Ann usually (read) books at home at weekends. But she (go) to the beach next weekend. 3. Mary (cook) for her family every Sunday. 4. There (be) a rainstorm next month. 5. The letter (say) a girl was waiting for people to see her. 6. The children are going to (make) a flying bike! People can go anywhere with it. 7. Teddy (go) to this city last year. 8. Look! Some boys (play) basketball on the playground. 9. you (can see) the tall tree on the hill? 10. Your mother is not at home. You (must look) after your little brother. 11. It’s time for class. Please (stop) talking. 12. Look out of the window. It (rain) now. 13. He (become) sad after he listened to that story. 14. Did you (give) any help to your classmates? 15. I (feel) hungry because I did not (have) lunch. 16. Rose (not like) (eat) apples. 17. The girl in red (look) nice but Lucy (do) not. 18. That day my teacher (wear) a thick coat. 19. When did you get up this morning? I (get) up at 6. 20. How did your brother go to work? 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