语音（讲义）-2023-2024学年牛津沪教版英语六年级下册

语音 音标 英语语音的最小单位是音素，音素一共有48个，其中元音音素有20个，辅音素有28 个。我们用不同的符号把这些音素表现出来，这些符号就叫做音标。 音标常写在“[ ]”或“/ /”内。 音素分为两大类:元音音素和辅音音素。元音音素是发音时声带振动而气流在路上不受阻碍的音素。无论发音时声带振动与否，凡是气流在通路上受到阻碍的都是辅音音素。其中声带不振动的叫清辅音，声带振动的叫浊辅音。 元 音 单 元 音 前元音 /i:/ /ɪ/ /e/ /æ/ 中元音 /ʌ/ /ɜ:/ /ə/ 后元音 /ɑ:/ /ɒ/ /ɔ:/ /ʊ/ /u:/ 双元音 /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /ɪə/ /eə/ /ʊə/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ 辅音 爆破音 /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ 鼻音 /m/ 　/n/ 　/ŋ/ 摩擦音 /f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /θ/ /ð/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/ /r/ /ts/ / h/ 破擦音 /tʃ/ /dʒ/　/tr/ /dr/　 /dz/　 　 半元音 / j /　/ w/ 舌边音 / ǀ / 按发音时声带是否振动又可将28个辅音音素分为清辅音和浊辅音 辅音 清辅音 /p/ /t/ /k/ 　/f/ /s/ /θ/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/　/tr/ /ts/ / h/ 浊辅音 /b/　/d/ /g/ 　/v/ /z/ /ð/ /ʒ/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /dz/　/m/ / ǀ / /r/ /w/ / j / /n/ 　/ŋ/ 拼读规则 1、元音字母在开音节、闭音节中的读音 元音字母 开音节 闭音节 a /eɪ/ face, age /æ/ cat, map e /i:/ these, he /e/ egg, bed i /aɪ/ fine, ice /ɪ/ sit, his o /əʊ/ those, no /ɒ/ not, cock u / ju:/ cute, you /ʌ/ bus, cup 开音节指以一个元音字母结尾的重读音节(绝对开音节)或指在一个元音字母后有一个辅音字母加上一个不发音的e结尾的重读音节(相对 开音节)。闭音节指含一个元音 字母，但以辅音字母(r, w除外)结尾的 重读音节。元音字母在开音节中发它们在字母表中的读音，在闭音节中发它们相对应的短音/æ/, /e/, /ɪ/, /ɒ/, /ʌ/ 2、常见的元音字母组合的读音 字母组合 读音 例词 ai和ay /eɪ/ wait, e-mail, day, may, again, say ar /ɑ:/ car, park, harm, farther, arm, star 在/ w/后读/ɔ:/ war, warm, warship au和aw /ɔ:/ August, autumn, draw, saw air /eə/ repair, pair, fair, chair are /eə/ share, compare ea /i:/ meat, clean, tea, cheap, easy, eat /e/ bread, breakfast, dead, spread, peasant ee /i:/ green, thirteen, week, meet, sheep, tree ear /ɪə/ dear, ear, clear, near, hear /eə/ wear, pear, bear /ɜ:/ learn, earth, early, heard, search oa /əʊ/ coat, boat, goat, road oo /u:/ food, cool, too, zoo, room, moon, pool 在复合词的非重读音节中读/ʊ/ bedroom, classroom 在k前读/ʊ/ book, cook, look, good, foot, hood ou /aʊ/ loud, found, out, about, house ow /aʊ/ now, how, cow, flower, crowd /əʊ/ know, own, low, grow, borrow oi和oy /ɔɪ/ boy, toy, join, noisy 3、主要辅音字母的读音 字母 位置 读音 例词 c 在e, i前 /s/ rice, city, cinema 在a, o, u或在辅音前 /k/ cool, call, cut, clean 在ia和ea前 /ʃ/ musician, ocean, special g 一般情况下 /g/ go, bag, get, egg 在n前 有时不发音 sign, design, foreign 在元音字母i, e前或在词尾的 /dʒ/ gentle, vegetable, age, change n 一般情况下 /n/ new, no, fine 在辅音/k/或/g/之前 /ŋ/ English, uncle, thank, sing s 在词首或双写 /s/ sea, speak, small, class 在两个元音字母之间 /z/ these, those, whose 在清辅音后 /s/ maps, desks, books 在浊辅音和元音后 /z/ bags, beds, has, lose x 一般情况下 /ks/ box, six, taxi 在ex中，且后面是重读元音 /gz/ exam, example, examine 在读单词和记单词时，可以把 个单词进行多次字母替换，这样一下 就能会读一个单词的同时记住多个 单词了。例如: pear(梨)-bear(熊)-wear(穿着)一tear(撕开) book(书)-look(看)-cook(厨师) 4、常见的辅音字母组合的读音。 字母组合 读音 例词 ch /tʃ/ cheap, chess, chicken, children, chair tch /tʃ/ catch, match, watch ck /k/ quick, lock, back, sick, knock, black gh /f/ cough, laugh dge /dʒ/ knowledge, bridge, judge kn /n/ know, knee, knife ng /ŋ/ song, ring, long, bring, strong /ŋg/ English, angry, hungry, language ph /f/ phone, physic, elephant, photo sh /ʃ/ she, shirt, shoes, fish, ship th /θ/ third, three, think, thank, tooth, earth /ð/ the, that, they, then, with, brother wh /h/ who, whose, whole, whom /w/ what, which, when, white, why, where wr /r/ write, wrong Practice:(练习) I. 判断下列每组单词划线部分的发音，相同的写“A”，不同的写“B”。 ( )1. pretty spend bread desk ( )2. were here there where ( )3. kind picture cute cake ( )4. bath past ask class ( )5. dark large sharp bar ( )6. tooth cool food good ( )7. bright wild animal ride ( )8. pocket hippo hope come ( )9. think thin thank throw ( )10. put full up duck ( )11. hobby other love no ( )12. then those these this ( )13. dig wild film ill ( )14. noisy country pretty lucky ( )15. food roof leaf fruit ( )16. blue glue clue true ( )17. sugar full pull bull ( )18. book look cook cool ( )19. gun duck run club ( )20. does brother some won ( )21. garden farm park card ( )22. gate bag large pig ( )23. back duck luck sick ( )24. pick pear map hop ( )25. any many bad dad ( )26. head bread sweater weather ( )27. elephant went get pet ( )28. leave peach bean seat ( )29. fifteen kid list five ( )30. city busy fly very ( )31. tree try trousers traffic ( )32. office box off overcome ( )33. snow how know window ( )34. horse short north daughter ( )35. want watch what many ( )36. lights parts rabbits boats ( )37. beds hands clouds cards ( )38. see bus visit please ( )39. teacher paper driver waiter ( )40. again along banana sofa 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$