专题04 阅读理解之说明文12篇（期末真题好题速递）-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期末真题分类汇编（北京专用）

专题04 阅读理解之说明文12篇 （23-24高一上·北京昌平·期末）Whenever anyone asks me what tech I’d like to see invented, I always say the universal translator, which lets you understand and speak any language. Meta AI recently announced the start of the universal speech translator (UST) project, which aims to create AI systems that enable real-time speech-to-speech translation across all languages, even those that are spoken but not commonly written. Meta says that today’s AI translation models are focused on widely-used written languages, and that more than 40% of primarily spoken languages are not covered by such translation technologies. According to Meta, the model is the first AI-powered speech translation system for the unwritten language Hokkien (闽南语), a Chinese language spoken in southeastern China. The system allows Hokkien speakers to hold conversations with English speakers, a significant step toward bringing people together wherever they are located. To build UST, Meta AI focused on overcoming three important translation system challenges. It addressed data scarcity by getting more training data in more languages and finding new ways to use the data it had found. It solved the modeling problems that arise as models grow to serve many more languages. And it sought new ways to improve on its results. Meta AI claims that the techniques it pioneered with Hokkien can be extended to many other unwritten languages—and eventually work in real time. For this purpose, Meta has released the Speech Matrix, a large collection of speech-to-speech translations, which enables other research teams to create translation models for other languages. Artificial (人工的) speech translation could play a significant role in our world. For interactions, it will enable people from around the world to communicate with each other more smoothly, making the social net more interconnected.  For content, using artificial speech translation allows you to easily localize content. Yashar Behzadi, CEO and founder of Synthesis AI, believes that technology needs to enable more natural experiences if the digital world is to succeed.  He says that one of the current challenges for UST models is the computationally expensive training that’s needed because of the wide range and very slight differences in meaning or sound of languages. Also, to train strong AI models requires vast amounts of typical data. A significant bottleneck to building these AI models in the near future will be to ensure training data collect the privacy in agreement with rules and law. 1．What is the feature of the UST project? A．It changes spoken languages to written forms. B．It attracts wider attention to written languages in translation. C．It adds 40% of spoken languages into translation technology. D．It enables real-time speech-to-speech translation across all languages. 2．What does the word “scarcity” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Lack. B．Mistake. C．Recovery. D．Management. 3．What do we know about UST? A．It is expensive to collect typical data. B．It increases the use of a certain language. C．Its techniques are finally developed for Hokkien. D．It helps inspire interactions and content localization. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI Translation: Make Translation Faster B．AI Translation: Meet You in All Languages C．Unwritten Language: Bring People Together D．Unwritten Language: Translation Challenge （23-24高一上·北京昌平·期末）Getting older often involves a series of challenges, such as cognitive (认知的) decline, late-life depression and social isolation. In a society that is aging fast, it has become important to find ways to promote successful aging to prevent and limit cognitive and emotional disorders. Music is a promising tool for improving cognition and promoting well-being. Cognitive reserve (储备) is the mind’s power to stop age-related brain damage. Research has shown that stimulating (令人兴奋的) life experiences are linked with higher power to prevent age-related brain diseases. Music is known to be cognitively stimulating and it could contribute to building such reserve throughout the life course. Music makes unique demands on our nervous system, like cognitive control. For example, lifelong musical expert knowledge and skills seem to reduce cognitive decline. However, it is not necessary to be a professional musician to benefit from musical training. Research shows that even short-term musical training strengthens cognition in the elderly. The brain is built to change over our lifetime, which can be shaped by experience. Importantly, this happens over time and in response to a specific new skill. Research studies have identified structural and functional differences between the brains of musicians and non-musicians, especially in regions related to motor control and auditory processing. Evidence shows that even short-term musical interventions (干预) can promote brain plasticity and increase grey matter volume. Even passive music listening can result in improved cognitive abilities. Music can open forgotten doors to our memories — such as weddings, school dances, and parties — with little cognitive effort. Music helps to recall all the memories that you have connected with a song. The “reminiscence bump” is used to describe enhanced memory for events that occur during adolescence (青春期) and early adulthood that are often sharp. A song becomes a soundtrack for a particular time, such as during a summer hanging out with a specific group of friends. Music has a great power to bring strong emotions and intense pleasure into your mind, thus changing mood. Music can be used as an aid for escaping from everyday life through imagination of your own memories. Moreover, musical activities often involve social functions promoting social contact, cooperation, and a sense of belonging with others. In sum, music is a powerful tool to fight against aging-related emotional and cognitive disorders. Music is also considered as a social activity, accessible to anyone regardless of background. So, this intervention should become a major policy priority for health y aging. 1．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about music? A．The effect of music on musicians. B．The benefit of music for cognition. C．The power of music over loneliness. D．The demand of music on nervous system. 2．The author uses “reminiscence bump” in Paragraph 4 to ________. A．introduce a topic B．provide an opinion C．compare with music D．explain an argument 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Short-term musical training doesn’t work. B．The brain can’t be influenced by experience. C．Music can be used to limit emotional disorders. D．Music is a powerful tool to fight against aging. （23-24高一上·北京延庆·期末）EQ means people’s ability to understand their own feelings and the feelings of others. It is the ability to perceive, interpret, demonstrate, control, evaluate, and use emotions to communicate with and relate to others effectively and constructively. This ability to express and control emotions is essential, but so is the ability to understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of others. Some experts suggest that emotional intelligence is more important than IQ for success in life. It is generally believed that people with high EQs are open to new ideas and have positive attitudes towards life. They are also less likely to be troubled by internal problems. On the other hand, there is little doubt that people with low EQs often have problems getting on with other people and dealing with difficult situations; hence they have a harder time adjusting in life and in their careers. People generally believe that a person’s IQ is determined by birth. However, most social scientists agree that EQ has a lot to do with education. Some are trying to study the possibility of improving a person’s EQ, especially in terms of “people kills”, such as understanding and communication. Professor Mayer, recognised by many as a leading expert in the study of changes to people’s EQs, recently announced the results of a study on senior secondary school students. When students were introduced to those who had disabilities, they found that, afterwards, the non-disabled students were more willing to help people with difficulties. Compared to students who had not been involved in the study, they also showed a better understanding of the disabled students’ feelings. There was also an obvious change in the disabled students’ attitudes. They became more positive about life and more willing to try new things. Altogether, the results of studies show that EQ is as important, if not more important than IQ. To get ahead in the world and lead a happy successful life requires getting on well with other people and being able to understand and react to situations in the best way possible. A high EQ is necessary for this — the higher the better. And the fact that it might be possible to raise EQs means that schools need to make sure that their students are receiving an education they really need, not solely based on IQ but on developing the entire character. 1．What is mainly talked about in the first two paragraphs? A．What is EQ B．What is IQ C．the relationship between EQ and IQ D．the difference between EQ and IQ 2．According to the passage, which is the characteristics of people with high EQ? A．try new things B．brave in dangers C．believe everybody around D．give chance to others 3．Which one of the following is not Professor Mayer’s opinion on EQ? A．can be improved B．is related to education C．is determined by birth D．can help people get a good job 4．What methods the writer uses to support his arguments ________. (1) giving examples (2) using data (3) citing ideas from expert or authors (4) referring to common knowledge A．(1)(2)(3) B．(1)(2)(4) C．(2)(3)(4) D．(1)(3)(4) （23-24高一上·北京通州·期末）Have you ever had the feeling that you can’t think when there is too much noise around? Did you ever think a fish could experience that feeling too? A recent paper published in Science titled “Soundscape (声景) of the Anthropocene Oceans”, combined over 10,000 scientific papers, confirming that undersea life knows that exact same feeling, more often than not. Anthropogenic (人为的) ocean noise, also known as underwater noise pollution, has created a dramatic impact on marine life due to “human-caused” activity within and neighboring our oceans. Disney Pixar’s animated film Finding Nemo educated us about the ocean, and specifically within the ordinary world of a clown fish. A fact many may not know is that clown fish spend the first part of their lives as larvae (幼体), drifting with the current of the ocean until they become strong enough to swim against it. Once they are powerful and strong, they head home in sheltered coral reefs. There is only one drawback-the fish can’t physically see the reef, but they can hear it. The only problem is, if they can’t hear it, will they ever make it home? Our anthropogenic ocean noise, such as cargo ships, ship and boat propellers (螺旋桨), surfing, deep sea mining, etc. are causing destruction of marine life. According to Time, sound is the sensory signal that travels the farthest through the ocean. Anthropogenic noise drowns out the natural soundscapes, putting marine life under immense stress. Altogether, this stress then affects their general health, disrupts their behavior, physiology, reproduction and, in extreme cases, causes death. Marine life can adapt to noise pollution, however, only if they can escape it. This only renders further complications of forcing species to leave their traditional breeding regions or their families. Now, what if we told you there is already a solution? Multiple solutions, ideas and designs are currently in the works or already exist to reduce and reverse the damage of anthropogenic ocean noise. As Time explains, from wind-powered ships to noise-reducing propellers, floating wind turbines and “bubble curtains” that muffle construction noise, the solutions are already available and in some cases, cost-effective. The authors of the paper hope it will catch the attention of policymakers, who historically speaking, have ignored the matter still to this day. Of all the challenges ocean creatures are battling, luckily sound pollution is the easiest compromise (妥协方案) humans can make. Once the noise has decreased, marine life will be able to better manage everything else it is up against. 1．What do we know about “Soundscape of the Anthropocene Oceans”? A．It analyses how sound travels in the ocean. B．It discusses different types of ocean pollution. C．It explores the effects of noise pollution on sea life. D．It studies how sea animals communicate with each other. 2．The author mentions clown fish in Paragraph 2 to ________. A．present their life cycles B．show how terrible their living conditions are C．introduce a famous animation about the ocean world D．stress the importance of natural soundscapes to sea life 3．What does the underlined word “renders” probably mean in Paragraph 3? A．Reduces. B．Causes. C．Solves. D．Prevents. 4．The author writes the article to ________. A．publicize the knowledge of soundscape B．regulate human’s activities on the ocean C．emphasize the importance of animal protection D．draw people’s attention to anthropogenic ocean noise （23-24高一上·北京丰台·期末）In the story A Christmas Carol, the wealthy miser (吝啬鬼) Ebenezer Scrooge has a magical, life-changing epiphany (顿悟). Scrooge’s eyes are opened as to how his behavior affects other people — and he goes from a selfish grump to a generous benefactor overnight, thanks to visits from ghosts. Scrooge’s transformation comes down to knowledge. But do people really want to know how their actions affect others? As behavioral scientists, we wanted to understand just how common willful ignorance is — as well as why people engage in it. Experiments were carried out to find answers. Researchers asked one member of each pair to choose between two options (选择) in one of two settings, determining the earnings for themselves and their partner. In the transparent setting, if they chose $5 for themselves, they knew their partner would also receive $5. If, however, they chose $6 for themselves, they knew their partner would receive only $1 in return. In the ambiguous setting, there were two possible situations. In one, if the decision-maker selected $6 for themselves, their partner would receive $1, and if the decision-maker chose $5, their partner would receive $5. But in the other situation, the decision-maker could pick $6 and their partner would receive $5, or the decision-maker could select $5 and their partner would receive $1. The decision-maker knew these two systems — but they were not initially aware of which situation they were in. Interestingly, the decision-maker had the opportunity to resolve that ambiguity by clicking a button. Across all studies, we found in the transparent setting 55% chose the altruistic option. In the ambiguous setting, however, 40% of participants chose to remain ignorant. 60% of people in the ignorant group chose a higher personal payout in situations where this choice came at the expense of their partner. Among those who requested more information, 36% knowingly kept a higher payout at a cost to their partner. Only 39% of people in the ambiguous setting made the choice that ultimately benefited their partner — a significant drop from 55% in the transparent condition. But how do we know if ignorance in the ambiguous setting was willful? We conducted a second analysis focused on what motivates people to seek information. In this analysis we looked at how people who obtained additional information behaved in comparison with those who were given information. We found that people who chose to receive information in the ambiguous setting were seven percentage points more likely to make the altruistic choice than people in the transparent setting. By the same token, the finding also suggests ignorance prevents people from knowing how their actions harm others. If we can avoid putting a strong moral emphasis on decisions, it may make people feel less threatened and, as a result, less willfully ignorant. We may not have Dickensian ghosts to guide us — but there are still steps we can take. 1．The author mentions Scrooge’s change mainly to ______. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a character D．give an example 2．If the decision-maker chose to click the button in the ambiguous setting, they would ______. A．drop out of the experiment B．know the situation they are in C．receive the additional earnings D．switch to the other situation they prefer 3．What does the underlined word “altruistic” in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Inadvisable. B．Selfless. C．Fair-minded. D．Unrealistic. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．The ignorant group tend to sacrifice their own interest. B．Moral evaluation might lead to more intentional ignorance. C．There is no common payout system shared by both settings. D．Avoiding information might make people feel like bad persons. （23-24高一上·北京石景山·期末）Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question: “Should I jump?” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it. Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided. So how should you motivate yourself? More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals. You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important, because it is directly related to your commitment. There are times when your heart is not in your work. This can affect your work. So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity (清晰) of thoughts can help you move forward. Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible. They can change according to circumstances. They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals. Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a pilot but can't become one because your eyesight is not good enough. However, this should not discourage you. You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal. You will surely need to overcome some difficulties, some planned, but most unplanned. You cannot overcome them without ample motivation. Make sure that you plan for these difficulties at the time of setting your goals. 1．What should you do when your heart is not in your work? A．Take a break and cancel the task. B．Ignore the feeling and push through. C．Reflect and make your thoughts clear. D．Speed up and finish the task quickly. 2．According to the passage, why are measurable goals important? A．To avoid setting any goals. B．To make the goals more challenging. C．To impress others with achievements. D．To change goals as things around you change. 3．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．Setting and achieving goals wisely. B．Motivation and goal setting go hand in hand. C．Overcoming planned and unplanned difficulties. D．Changing your goals when things around you change. （23-24高一上·北京石景山·期末）Carefully play with pets Do you have a pet? Many children like pets and even treat them like humans sometimes. They may like to kiss or hug (拥抱) their pets. But this can make you sick, according to Daily Mail. Kissing or hugging pets such as dogs and cats can cause people to take in drug-resistant bacteria (耐药细菌), British scientists said. Many pet owners give their pets antibiotics (抗生素) when they get sick. But taking antibiotics too often can affect (影响) the bacteria inside your pct. The bacteria can become drug resistant. When people kiss or hug their pets, this kind of bacteria can move to them and make them sick. Close relationships between pet owners and their pets are important. But if pet owners follow the rules below, they will not get sick. Rules for playing ·Do not kiss your pets on the mouth. ·Do not let your pets lick (舔) your mouth or nose. ·Wash your hands after touching and playing with your pets. ·If you have a wound, cover it. This way, bacteria cannot pass on to you from your pet. 1．According to Daily Mail, kissing or hugging pets can make people feel ___________. A．sad B．sick C．happy D．sleepy 2．Why is it dangerous to take in drug-resistant bacteria from pets? A．Because humans can't use antibiotics. B．Because these bacteria aren't harmful to people. C．Because pets may die if they lose these bacteria. D．Because antibiotics can't be used against these bacteria. 3．Many pet owners like to kiss or hug their pets to ______________. A．improve their relationships B．show their true love for children C．make their pets feel important D．reduce the stress of busy lifestyles 4．What lesson does the passage teach us? A．Don't kiss or hug our pets. B．Don't give antibiotics to our pets. C．Don't keep pets inside your home. D．Don't become drug-resistant. （23-24高一上·北京丰台·期末）Debate about artificial intelligence (AI) tends to focus on its potential dangers: algorithmic bias (算法偏见) and discrimination, the mass destruction of jobs and even, some say, the extinction of humanity. However, others are focusing on the potential rewards. Luminaries in the field such as Demis Hassabis and Yann LeCun believe that AI can turbocharge scientific progress and lead to a golden age of discovery. Could they be right? Such claims are worth examining, and may provide a useful counterbalance to fears about large-scale unemployment and killer robots. Many previous technologies have, of course, been falsely hailed as panaceas (万灵药). But the mechanism by which AI will supposedly solve the world’s problems has a stronger historical basis. In the 17th century microscopes and telescopes opened up new vistas of discovery and encouraged researchers to favor their own observations over the received wisdom of antiquity (古代), while the introduction of scientific journals gave them new ways to share and publicize their findings. Then, starting in the late 19th century, the establishment of research laboratories, which brought together ideas, people and materials on an industrial scale, gave rise to further innovations. From the mid-20th century, computers in turn enabled new forms of science based on simulation and modelling. All this is to be welcomed. But the journal and the laboratory went further still: they altered scientific practice itself and unlocked more powerful means of making discoveries, by allowing people and ideas to mingle in new ways and on a larger scale. AI, too, has the potential to set off such a transformation. Two areas in particular look promising. The first is “literature-based discovery” (LBD), which involves analyzing existing scientific literature, using ChatGPT-style language analysis, to look for new hypotheses, connections or ideas that humans may have missed. The second area is “robot scientists”. These are robotic systems that use AI to form new hypotheses, based on analysis of existing data and literature, and then test those hypotheses by performing hundreds or thousands of experiments, in fields including systems biology and materials science. Unlike human scientists, robots are less attached to previous results, less driven by bias—and, crucially, easy to replicate. They could scale up experimental research, develop unexpected theories and explore avenues that human investigators might not have considered. The idea is therefore feasible. But the main barrier is sociological: it can happen only if human scientists are willing and able to use such tools. Governments could help by pressing for greater use of common standards to allow AI systems to exchange and interpret laboratory results and other data. They could also fun d more research into the integration of AI smarts with laboratory robotics, and into forms of AI beyond those being pursued in the private sector. Less fashionable forms of AI, such as model-based machine learning, may be better suited to scientific tasks such as forming hypotheses. 1．Regarding Demis and Yann’s viewpoint, the author is likely to be ______. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．LBD focuses on testing the reliability of ever-made hypotheses. B．Resistance to AI prevents the transformation of scientific practice. C．Robot scientists form hypotheses without considering previous studies. D．Both journals and labs need adjustments in promoting scientific findings. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Official standards have facilitated the exchange of data. B．Performing scientific tasks relies on government funding. C．Less popular AI forms might be worth paying attention to. D．The application of AI in public sector hasn’t been launched. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Transforming Science. How Can AI Help? B．Making Breakthroughs. What Is AI’s Strength? C．Reshaping History. How May AI Develop Further? D．Redefining Discovery. How Can AI Overcome Its Weakness? （23-24高一上·北京丰台·期末）Harvard’s Pre-College Program is an intensive two-week summer program designed to give you a glimpse of college life. You will live on the Harvard campus during your two-week session while taking a college-level course with other Pre-College Program students. To enter Summer 2024, you must meet the criterion: being a high school graduate. With almost 30 courses to choose from, you’re sure to find a topic that arouses your interest among the courses offered to Pre-College Program students. Although courses are non-credit (无学分的) and do not have letter grades, they are demanding. At the end of the program, you’ll receive a written evaluation from your teacher, as well as a Harvard transcript (成绩单) with your grade. This is a great way to help with your college application. The total fee for a 2024 Harvard Pre-College Program session is $5,550. The program fee includes tuition (学费), a room and meal plan, activity costs, and an accident and sickness insurance plan for the full two weeks. There is also a $75 application fee. A limited number of scholarships are available to assist qualified students who need financial support. Harvard’s Pre-College Program combines the hard work and strictness of an Ivy League education with the fun that comes with living, studying, and socializing with new friends. Whether you’re engaging in meaningful debate in class or exploring the Boston area, you’ll be creating memories that will last you a lifetime. The first step in your journey toward this amazing experience is applying. Complete our information request form to hear from us about important deadlines and helpful resources. 1．You can take part in the Harvard’s Pre-College Program if you ______. A．have got Harvard’s offer B．have finished high school C．have reached college level D．live on the Harvard campus 2．If you take the program, you ______. A．need to pay the costs just for tuition and accommodation B．will have a great chance to get the scholarships if you want C．can enjoy the same resources at Harvard as regular students D．will get a report from your teacher at the end of the program 3．What’s the main purpose of the passage? A．To offer information about a summer program. B．To introduce the benefits of a summer program. C．To emphasize the importance of pre-college education. D．To share an amazing experience on the Harvard campus. （23-24高一上·北京朝阳·期末）Despite decades of research, disorders of the brain have proved especially difficult to treat. There is schizophrenia (精神分裂症), which has not seen a breakthrough for more than 60 years, since the discovery of chlorpromazine — which happened largely by chance. But the story of chlorpromazine offers a powerful lesson: originally an antihistamine (抗过敏药), it was repurposed as a medicine for schizophrenia. As a scientist who has studied schizophrenia for decades, I am convinced that we could have similar successes with other medicines already on our shelves. Because an existing drug has already passed Food and Drug Administration tests(FDA-approved), successfully repurposing it could take less than half of the estimated 13 years and significantly less than the average $2-billion to $3-billion cost of developing a single drug from nothing. The thousands of FDA-approved drugs thus represent a vast resource that can possibly be adapted to target any number of conditions. But this possibility is largely unexplored, in part because drug companies always have to restructure their Research and Development (R&D) programs to look at other diseases. There are also thousands of drugs that are not FDA-approved. When a company discontinues development of a drug, whatever researchers know is locked up in that company’s files and might as well be lost. Scientists need access (使用机会) to this information. If this information could be directed into a centralized resource, it would be great news. Researchers could employ the latest tools in bio-informatics, data science and machine learning to uncover common molecular (分子的) themes among or between diseases and promising drugs. Yet many drug companies are still unwilling to reveal anything that might put their copyrights at risk. Even academics may hesitate to share with competing laboratories. To cope with this, organizations like the FDA must develop motivations for sharing data, such as by creating legal safeguards for privacy and commercial interests. These motivations could then open the floodgates for easy-to-use, open platforms for efficiently sharing and mining data. This would not have been possible five years ago. But now is a critical moment, and we have never been closer to real breakthroughs. In my lab, we are testing certain cancer drugs that restore some of the biological processes that are disturbed in schizophrenia. We want to see if the drugs have the same restorative features in the brain cells of schizophrenia patients. This is a proof of the idea that a systematic and strategic approach to drug repurposing could actually move the needle. There is no time to waste. What we need is cooperation from drug companies and academic scientists alike — and access to the lifesaving data they hold. 1．Why does the author mention chlorpromazine in the first paragraph? A．To stress the difficulty in treating brain disorders. B．To explain medical progress could happen by luck. C．To introduce a medicine breakthrough in medical history D．To show a medicine for a certain illness can treat another disease. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Information arising from drug development can be wasted. B．The undeveloped functions of present medicines are overvalued. C．We should treasure FDA-approved drugs more than the unapproved. D．Studying existing drugs is more likely to succeed than developing new ones. 3．As for drug companies’ being unwilling to share, the author is _______. A．supportive B．negative C．understanding D．uncertain 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．New Drugs from Old B．Access to Lifesaving Data C．Between Drug Companies and Scientists. D．Before and After Medical Breakthroughs （23-24高一上·北京朝阳·期末）Earlier findings about sharks have shown that they could learn skills from each other. Recently, Vera Schluessel at the University of Bonn in Germany and her colleagues have done research on how well 12 bamboo sharks could recognize (认出) different numbers of objects. Each shark was put in a training pool with pictures of two different groups of geometric (几何图形的) shapes projected onto a wall The team then cycled through at least 40 objects of different shapes and shades to ensure the sharks weren’t simply picking up on the darkness of the objects or the area of wall they covered. Around half the sharks learned to reliably press their nose against the image with the most objects, after which they were rewarded with food. These sharks only seemed able to pick out the bigger group if it contained at least two more objects than the smaller one. This may be because the difference between six and seven fish or predators (捕食者) is unimportant in the wild, says Schluessel. The reason not all the sharks learned how to do the task could be that they, like all animals, have differences in intelligence (智力). Sharks join a growing number of animals that have been discovered to have similar skills at distinguishing quantities, including black bears, guppies and rhesus monkeys. In one experiment, dogs and wolves were able to reliably pick the larger of two groups. But dogs could only do so when one of the groups had far more objects. Some shark species are social learners and can perform a task in a tank more quickly if they watch another shark that has already been trained to do it. This challenges the image of sharks as mindless, solitary creatures. Just like humans, sharks learn from their own experiences and failures. And just as we do, sharks can learn from each other’s experiences too, says Catarina Vila Pouca at Macquarie University in Australia. “Being able to learn from others is enormously beneficial. Not only does it save time, but watching another shark’s success at feeding or failure to escape predators could be a matter of life or death.” Schluessel and her colleagues have also previously found that bamboo sharks have an advanced ability to recognize categories , such as snails or fish, enabling them to get a treat even if pictures look remarkably similar. This is similar to our ability to look at a goldfish and a salmon and know that they are the same type of thing, even though one is 30 times the size of the other. 1．What can we learn about the sharks in the recent research? A．They are trained to recognize the shapes. B．They are capable of telling more from less. C．They can identify objects due to the rewards. D．They are no better than dogs in telling numbers. 2．What does the underlined word “solitary” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Selfish. B．Lonely. C．Risky. D．Lazy. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To show how sharks learn from each other. B．To explain how sharks and humans are alike. C．To prove that sharks are smarter than they look. D．To present the importance of numbers for sharks. （23-24高一上·北京西城·期末）Bed rotting — the practice of spending long periods of time just staying under the covers with snacks, screens and other creature comforts — is gaining popularity on social media. Some Generation Z trend followers are now viewing it as a form of self-care, but doctors warn too much could be “sign of depression”. Are these extended breaks really wise for one’s mental health — or could they be a cause for concern? Dr. Ryan Sultan, a professor at Columbia University in New York, who treats many young people, called the bed rotting trend attractive. “In our culture today, with too much to do, too many expectations and too much productivity, many young individuals (个人) are feeling burned out and often aren’t getting enough sleep. It’s easy to see why taking time off to lie around is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance to get away from real-life problems and clear your head before returning to life in a better state of mind, ” he added. For the downside, however, he said a long-term need or desire for bed rotting could do harm to one’s physical health. Spending too many daytime hours in bed — awake or not — could destroy sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned for sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will worsen sleep schedules — once that happens, it is a challenge to fix. It could also lead to blood pressure problems and obesity (肥胖). Long-term need or desire for bed rotting could also be a warning sign of depression, according to a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a Fox News medical contributor, agreed that while some downtime can be useful in terms of de-stressing and rejuvenation (更新), too much bed rotting is a bad health practice. In addition to increasing the risk of depression, it contributes to decreased motivation (动力) as well. Instead of bed rotting, Siegel recommends regular exercise as a better form of de-stressing. While the occasional lazy day can be beneficial, too much could have the opposite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test for depression. Those who lack the motivation to get out of bed could also try calling or texting a family member for support, socializing with close friends, finding a small task to complete, or reaching out to a medical professional for help. 1．According to Dr. Ryan Sultan, why do young people like bed rotting? A．They are fond of what is popular on social media. B．They are unwilling to socialize with friends. C．Bed rotting is away to escape stress. D．Bed rotting helps fix sleep schedules. 2．What does the word “fine-tuned” underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Quickly-activated. B．Well-trained. C．Badly-needed. D．Ill-equipped. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Being lazy from time to time can be good for individuals. B．Sleeping in light can increase the risk of depression. C．Bed rotting can allow people to avoid expectations. D．Feeling down leads to decreased motivation. 4．What is the passage mainly talking about? A．Different opinions on how to become motivated. B．Main causes of the long-term need for bed rotting. C．Practical suggestions for young people to deal with stress. D．Possible problems from lying in bed for extended periods of time. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 阅读理解之说明文12篇 （23-24高一上·北京昌平·期末）Whenever anyone asks me what tech I’d like to see invented, I always say the universal translator, which lets you understand and speak any language. Meta AI recently announced the start of the universal speech translator (UST) project, which aims to create AI systems that enable real-time speech-to-speech translation across all languages, even those that are spoken but not commonly written. Meta says that today’s AI translation models are focused on widely-used written languages, and that more than 40% of primarily spoken languages are not covered by such translation technologies. According to Meta, the model is the first AI-powered speech translation system for the unwritten language Hokkien (闽南语), a Chinese language spoken in southeastern China. The system allows Hokkien speakers to hold conversations with English speakers, a significant step toward bringing people together wherever they are located. To build UST, Meta AI focused on overcoming three important translation system challenges. It addressed data scarcity by getting more training data in more languages and finding new ways to use the data it had found. It solved the modeling problems that arise as models grow to serve many more languages. And it sought new ways to improve on its results. Meta AI claims that the techniques it pioneered with Hokkien can be extended to many other unwritten languages—and eventually work in real time. For this purpose, Meta has released the Speech Matrix, a large collection of speech-to-speech translations, which enables other research teams to create translation models for other languages. Artificial (人工的) speech translation could play a significant role in our world. For interactions, it will enable people from around the world to communicate with each other more smoothly, making the social net more interconnected.  For content, using artificial speech translation allows you to easily localize content. Yashar Behzadi, CEO and founder of Synthesis AI, believes that technology needs to enable more natural experiences if the digital world is to succeed.  He says that one of the current challenges for UST models is the computationally expensive training that’s needed because of the wide range and very slight differences in meaning or sound of languages. Also, to train strong AI models requires vast amounts of typical data. A significant bottleneck to building these AI models in the near future will be to ensure training data collect the privacy in agreement with rules and law. 1．What is the feature of the UST project? A．It changes spoken languages to written forms. B．It attracts wider attention to written languages in translation. C．It adds 40% of spoken languages into translation technology. D．It enables real-time speech-to-speech translation across all languages. 2．What does the word “scarcity” underlined in Paragraph 4 most probably mean? A．Lack. B．Mistake. C．Recovery. D．Management. 3．What do we know about UST? A．It is expensive to collect typical data. B．It increases the use of a certain language. C．Its techniques are finally developed for Hokkien. D．It helps inspire interactions and content localization. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI Translation: Make Translation Faster B．AI Translation: Meet You in All Languages C．Unwritten Language: Bring People Together D．Unwritten Language: Translation Challenge 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．D 4．C 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了Meta AI最近宣布启动通用语音翻译器项目，该项目旨在创建能够跨所有语言进行实时语音到语音翻译的人工智能系统。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Meta AI recently announced the start of the universal speech translator (UST) project, which aims to create AI systems that enable real-time speech-to-speech translation across all languages, even those that are spoken but not commonly written. (Meta AI最近宣布启动通用语音翻译器 (UST) 项目，该项目旨在创建能够在所有语言内进行实时语音到语音翻译的人工智能系统，甚至是那些口语但不常用的书面语言。)”可知，UST项目支持所有语言的实时语音到语音翻译，故选D。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“by getting more training data in more languages and finding new ways to use the data it had found.(通过用更多的语言获取更多的训练数据并找到使用所发现数据的新方法。)”可知，用更多的语言获取更多的训练数据是为了解决数据不足的问题，由此可知，划线单词“scarcity”意为“缺少”，与A项“Lack(缺少)”意思一样，故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据第六段中“Artificial (人工的) speech translation could play a significant role in our world. For interactions, it will enable people from around the world to communicate with each other more smoothly, making the social net more interconnected.   For content, using artificial speech translation allows you to easily localize content.(人工语音翻译可以在我们的世界中发挥重要作用。在交互方面，它将让世界各地的人们能够更加顺畅地交流，让社交网络更加互联。对于内容，使用人工语音翻译可以让您轻松本地化内容。)”可推知，UST有助于激发互动和内容本地化，故选D。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段中“Meta AI recently announced the start of the universal speech translator (UST) project, which aims to create AI systems that enable real-time speech-to-speech translation across all languages, even those that are spoken but not commonly written. (Meta AI最近宣布启动通用语音翻译器 (UST) 项目，该项目旨在创建能够跨所有语言进行实时语音到语音翻译的人工智能系统，甚至是那些口语但不常见的书面语言)”和第三段中“The system allows Hokkien speakers to hold conversations with English speakers, a significant step toward bringing people together wherever they are located.(该系统允许说闽南语的人与说英语的人进行对话，这是让人们无论身在何处都能聚集在一起的重要一步。)”可知，文章主要介绍了Meta AI最近宣布启动通用语音翻译器项目，该项目旨在创建能够跨所有语言进行实时语音到语音翻译的人工智能系统，这可以将人们聚集在一起，C项“非书面语言：将人们聚集在一起”适合作文章标题，故选C。 （23-24高一上·北京昌平·期末）Getting older often involves a series of challenges, such as cognitive (认知的) decline, late-life depression and social isolation. In a society that is aging fast, it has become important to find ways to promote successful aging to prevent and limit cognitive and emotional disorders. Music is a promising tool for improving cognition and promoting well-being. Cognitive reserve (储备) is the mind’s power to stop age-related brain damage. Research has shown that stimulating (令人兴奋的) life experiences are linked with higher power to prevent age-related brain diseases. Music is known to be cognitively stimulating and it could contribute to building such reserve throughout the life course. Music makes unique demands on our nervous system, like cognitive control. For example, lifelong musical expert knowledge and skills seem to reduce cognitive decline. However, it is not necessary to be a professional musician to benefit from musical training. Research shows that even short-term musical training strengthens cognition in the elderly. The brain is built to change over our lifetime, which can be shaped by experience. Importantly, this happens over time and in response to a specific new skill. Research studies have identified structural and functional differences between the brains of musicians and non-musicians, especially in regions related to motor control and auditory processing. Evidence shows that even short-term musical interventions (干预) can promote brain plasticity and increase grey matter volume. Even passive music listening can result in improved cognitive abilities. Music can open forgotten doors to our memories — such as weddings, school dances, and parties — with little cognitive effort. Music helps to recall all the memories that you have connected with a song. The “reminiscence bump” is used to describe enhanced memory for events that occur during adolescence (青春期) and early adulthood that are often sharp. A song becomes a soundtrack for a particular time, such as during a summer hanging out with a specific group of friends. Music has a great power to bring strong emotions and intense pleasure into your mind, thus changing mood. Music can be used as an aid for escaping from everyday life through imagination of your own memories. Moreover, musical activities often involve social functions promoting social contact, cooperation, and a sense of belonging with others. In sum, music is a powerful tool to fight against aging-related emotional and cognitive disorders. Music is also considered as a social activity, accessible to anyone regardless of background. So, this intervention should become a major policy priority for health y aging. 1．What does Paragraph 2 mainly tell us about music? A．The effect of music on musicians. B．The benefit of music for cognition. C．The power of music over loneliness. D．The demand of music on nervous system. 2．The author uses “reminiscence bump” in Paragraph 4 to ________. A．introduce a topic B．provide an opinion C．compare with music D．explain an argument 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Short-term musical training doesn’t work. B．The brain can’t be influenced by experience. C．Music can be used to limit emotional disorders. D．Music is a powerful tool to fight against aging. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了音乐如何成为一种有效的工具，用于预防和减缓与衰老相关的认知和情感障碍。文章指出，音乐具有刺激认知、促进情感健康、增强社交联系的作用。同时，它强调了音乐对大脑塑造和促进脑可塑性的重要性，无论是长期的音乐训练还是短期的干预都可以带来益处。 1．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Cognitive reserve (储备) is the mind’s power to stop age-related brain damage. Research has shown that stimulating (令人兴奋的) life experiences are linked with higher power to prevent age-related brain diseases. Music is known to be cognitively stimulating and it could contribute to building such reserve throughout the life course. Music makes unique demands on our nervous system, like cognitive control. For example, lifelong musical expert knowledge and skills seem to reduce cognitive decline. However, it is not necessary to be a professional musician to benefit from musical training. Research shows that even short-term musical training strengthens cognition in the elderly.(认知储备是大脑阻止与年龄相关的脑损伤的能力。研究表明，刺激的生活经历与预防与年龄有关的脑部疾病的能力有关。众所周知，音乐具有认知刺激作用，有助于在整个生命过程中建立这种储备。音乐对我们的神经系统提出了独特的要求，比如认知控制。例如，终身的音乐专业知识和技能似乎可以减少认知能力的下降。然而，从音乐训练中获益并不一定要成为一名专业音乐家。研究表明，即使是短期的音乐训练也能增强老年人的认知能力)”可知，第二段主要介绍了音乐具有认知刺激作用，终身的音乐专业知识和技能似乎可以减少认知能力的下降，即使是短期的音乐训练也能增强老年人的认知能力。所以本段主要告诉我们音乐对认知的好处。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。第四段中上文“Music can open forgotten doors to our memories — such as weddings, school dances, and parties — with little cognitive effort. Music helps to recall all the memories that you have connected with a song.(几乎不需要认知上的努力，音乐就可以打开我们遗忘的记忆之门，比如婚礼、学校舞会和派对。音乐可以帮助你回忆起与一首歌有关的所有记忆)”提出“音乐可以很容易地帮助我们回忆起过往记忆”。而下文“The “reminiscence bump” is used to describe enhanced memory for events that occur during adolescence (青春期) and early adulthood that are often sharp. A song becomes a soundtrack for a particular time, such as during a summer hanging out with a specific group of friends.(“回忆凸起”被用来描述对发生在青春期和成年早期的事件的记忆增强，这些事件通常是剧烈的。一首歌会成为某个特定时刻的配乐，比如在夏天和一群特定的朋友出去玩的时候)”提出“回忆凸起”这一概念来对其作出解释，说明音乐会成为某个特定时刻的配乐，有助于唤醒“回忆凸起”。所以作者在第四段中使用了“回忆凸起”来解释其观点。故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Getting older often involves a series of challenges, such as cognitive (认知的) decline, late-life depression and social isolation. In a society that is aging fast, it has become important to find ways to promote successful aging to prevent and limit cognitive and emotional disorders.(变老通常会带来一系列挑战，比如认知能力下降、晚年抑郁和社会孤立。在一个快速老龄化的社会中，找到促进成功老龄化以预防和限制认知和情感障碍的方法变得非常重要)”和最后一段中“In sum, music is a powerful tool to fight against aging-related emotional and cognitive disorders. (总之，音乐是对抗与衰老相关的情绪和认知障碍的有力工具)”可推知，音乐可以用来对抗与衰老相关的情绪和限制情感障碍。故选C项。 （23-24高一上·北京延庆·期末）EQ means people’s ability to understand their own feelings and the feelings of others. It is the ability to perceive, interpret, demonstrate, control, evaluate, and use emotions to communicate with and relate to others effectively and constructively. This ability to express and control emotions is essential, but so is the ability to understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of others. Some experts suggest that emotional intelligence is more important than IQ for success in life. It is generally believed that people with high EQs are open to new ideas and have positive attitudes towards life. They are also less likely to be troubled by internal problems. On the other hand, there is little doubt that people with low EQs often have problems getting on with other people and dealing with difficult situations; hence they have a harder time adjusting in life and in their careers. People generally believe that a person’s IQ is determined by birth. However, most social scientists agree that EQ has a lot to do with education. Some are trying to study the possibility of improving a person’s EQ, especially in terms of “people kills”, such as understanding and communication. Professor Mayer, recognised by many as a leading expert in the study of changes to people’s EQs, recently announced the results of a study on senior secondary school students. When students were introduced to those who had disabilities, they found that, afterwards, the non-disabled students were more willing to help people with difficulties. Compared to students who had not been involved in the study, they also showed a better understanding of the disabled students’ feelings. There was also an obvious change in the disabled students’ attitudes. They became more positive about life and more willing to try new things. Altogether, the results of studies show that EQ is as important, if not more important than IQ. To get ahead in the world and lead a happy successful life requires getting on well with other people and being able to understand and react to situations in the best way possible. A high EQ is necessary for this — the higher the better. And the fact that it might be possible to raise EQs means that schools need to make sure that their students are receiving an education they really need, not solely based on IQ but on developing the entire character. 1．What is mainly talked about in the first two paragraphs? A．What is EQ B．What is IQ C．the relationship between EQ and IQ D．the difference between EQ and IQ 2．According to the passage, which is the characteristics of people with high EQ? A．try new things B．brave in dangers C．believe everybody around D．give chance to others 3．Which one of the following is not Professor Mayer’s opinion on EQ? A．can be improved B．is related to education C．is determined by birth D．can help people get a good job 4．What methods the writer uses to support his arguments ________. (1) giving examples (2) using data (3) citing ideas from expert or authors (4) referring to common knowledge A．(1)(2)(3) B．(1)(2)(4) C．(2)(3)(4) D．(1)(3)(4) 【答案】1．A 2．A 3．C 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了什么是情商以及影响情商的因素有哪些。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“EQ means people’s ability to understand their own feelings and the feelings of others.(情商是指人们理解自己和他人感受的能力)”以及第二段“It is the ability to perceive, interpret, demonstrate, control, evaluate, and use emotions to communicate with and relate to others effectively and constructively. This ability to express and control emotions is essential, but so is the ability to understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of others. Some experts suggest that emotional intelligence is more important than IQ for success in life.(它是一种感知、解释、展示、控制、评估和利用情绪与他人有效和建设性地沟通和联系的能力。这种表达和控制情绪的能力是必不可少的，但理解、解释和回应他人情绪的能力也是必不可少的。一些专家认为，要想在生活中取得成功，情商比智商更重要)”可知，前两段主要讨论了什么是情商。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“It is generally believed that people with high EQs are open to new ideas and have positive attitudes towards life.(人们普遍认为高情商的人乐于接受新思想，对生活持积极态度)”可知，高情商的人的特点是尝试新事物。故选A。 3．细节理解题。根据第四段“People generally believe that a person’s IQ is determined by birth. However, most social scientists agree that EQ has a lot to do with education. Some are trying to study the possibility of improving a person’s EQ, especially in terms of “people kills”, such as understanding and communication.(人们普遍认为一个人的智商是由出生决定的。然而，大多数社会科学家都认为情商与教育有很大关系。一些人试图研究提高一个人的情商的可能性，特别是在“人际关系”方面，比如理解和沟通。)”可知，情商由出身决定不是Mayer教授关于情商的观点。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据第二段“Some experts suggest that emotional intelligence is more important than IQ for success in life.(一些专家认为，要想在生活中取得成功，情商比智商更重要)”举例说明一些专家的观点；第三段“It is generally believed that people with high EQs are open to new ideas and have positive attitudes towards life.(人们普遍认为高情商的人乐于接受新思想，对生活持积极态度)”运用了参考常识以及第四段“However, most social scientists agree that EQ has a lot to do with education. Some are trying to study the possibility of improving a person’s EQ, especially in terms of “people kills”, such as understanding and communication.(然而，大多数社会科学家都认为情商与教育有很大关系。一些人试图研究提高一个人的情商的可能性，特别是在“人际关系”方面，比如理解和沟通)”应用了引用专家或作者的观点。可知，作者运用了举例说明、引用专家或作者的观点以及参考常识来支持他的论点。故选D。 （23-24高一上·北京通州·期末）Have you ever had the feeling that you can’t think when there is too much noise around? Did you ever think a fish could experience that feeling too? A recent paper published in Science titled “Soundscape (声景) of the Anthropocene Oceans”, combined over 10,000 scientific papers, confirming that undersea life knows that exact same feeling, more often than not. Anthropogenic (人为的) ocean noise, also known as underwater noise pollution, has created a dramatic impact on marine life due to “human-caused” activity within and neighboring our oceans. Disney Pixar’s animated film Finding Nemo educated us about the ocean, and specifically within the ordinary world of a clown fish. A fact many may not know is that clown fish spend the first part of their lives as larvae (幼体), drifting with the current of the ocean until they become strong enough to swim against it. Once they are powerful and strong, they head home in sheltered coral reefs. There is only one drawback-the fish can’t physically see the reef, but they can hear it. The only problem is, if they can’t hear it, will they ever make it home? Our anthropogenic ocean noise, such as cargo ships, ship and boat propellers (螺旋桨), surfing, deep sea mining, etc. are causing destruction of marine life. According to Time, sound is the sensory signal that travels the farthest through the ocean. Anthropogenic noise drowns out the natural soundscapes, putting marine life under immense stress. Altogether, this stress then affects their general health, disrupts their behavior, physiology, reproduction and, in extreme cases, causes death. Marine life can adapt to noise pollution, however, only if they can escape it. This only renders further complications of forcing species to leave their traditional breeding regions or their families. Now, what if we told you there is already a solution? Multiple solutions, ideas and designs are currently in the works or already exist to reduce and reverse the damage of anthropogenic ocean noise. As Time explains, from wind-powered ships to noise-reducing propellers, floating wind turbines and “bubble curtains” that muffle construction noise, the solutions are already available and in some cases, cost-effective. The authors of the paper hope it will catch the attention of policymakers, who historically speaking, have ignored the matter still to this day. Of all the challenges ocean creatures are battling, luckily sound pollution is the easiest compromise (妥协方案) humans can make. Once the noise has decreased, marine life will be able to better manage everything else it is up against. 1．What do we know about “Soundscape of the Anthropocene Oceans”? A．It analyses how sound travels in the ocean. B．It discusses different types of ocean pollution. C．It explores the effects of noise pollution on sea life. D．It studies how sea animals communicate with each other. 2．The author mentions clown fish in Paragraph 2 to ________. A．present their life cycles B．show how terrible their living conditions are C．introduce a famous animation about the ocean world D．stress the importance of natural soundscapes to sea life 3．What does the underlined word “renders” probably mean in Paragraph 3? A．Reduces. B．Causes. C．Solves. D．Prevents. 4．The author writes the article to ________. A．publicize the knowledge of soundscape B．regulate human’s activities on the ocean C．emphasize the importance of animal protection D．draw people’s attention to anthropogenic ocean noise 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人为的海洋噪声也称为水下噪声污染，探索了人为活动对海洋生物的影响。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“Anthropogenic (人为的) ocean noise, also known as underwater noise pollution, has created a dramatic impact on marine life due to “human-caused” activity within and neighboring our oceans. (由于在我们的海洋内部和邻近的海洋“人类造成的”活动，人为的海洋噪音，也被称为水下噪音污染，已经对海洋生物产生了巨大的影响。)”可知，人类海洋声景探索人为活动对海洋生物的影响。故选C项。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段中“A fact many may not know is that clown fish spend the first part of their lives as larvae (幼体), drifting with the current of the ocean until they become strong enough to swim against it. Once they are powerful and strong, they head home in sheltered coral reefs. There is only one drawback-the fish can’t physically see the reef, but they can hear it. The only problem is, if they can’t hear it, will they ever make it home?(许多人可能不知道的一个事实是，小丑鱼生命的前半部分是作为幼虫度过的，它们随着洋流漂流，直到它们变得足够强壮，可以逆流而上。一旦它们变得强壮有力，它们就会回到隐蔽的珊瑚礁中。只有一个缺点——鱼看不到礁石，但它们能听到。唯一的问题是，如果他们听不到，他们还能回家吗？)”可知，小丑鱼是通过声音来寻找回家的路，说明了海底生物对声音的依赖性。由此推知，列举小丑鱼是强调了自然的声景对海底生物是十分重要的。故选D项。 3．词义猜测题。根据所划单词前一句“Marine life can adapt to noise pollution, however, only if they can escape it.(然而，海洋生物只有在能够逃脱噪音污染的情况下才能适应噪音污染。)”和和划线词后“further complications of forcing species to leave their traditional breeding regions or their families. (迫使物种离开传统繁殖区或其家族的进一步复杂化)”可推出，“物种离它们的传统繁殖地更远或者与它们家族分离的情况更加严重”是噪音污染引起的结果，所以renders意思是“引起，造成”。A. Reduces减少；B. Causes引起，造成；C. Solves解决；D. Prevents预防。故选B项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是根据第一段最后一句“Anthropogenic (人为的) ocean noise, also known as underwater noise pollution, has created a dramatic impact on marine life due to “human-caused” activity within and neighboring our oceans. (由于在我们的海洋内部和邻近的海洋“人类造成的”活动，人为的海洋噪音，也被称为水下噪音污染，已经对海洋生物产生了巨大的影响。)”和最后一段的“Once the noise has decreased, marine life will be able to better manage everything else it is up against.(一旦噪音减少，海洋生物将能够更好地应对它们所面临的一切)”可知，文章主要介绍了人为的海洋噪声也称为水下噪声污染，探索了人为活动对海洋生物的影响。由此推知，作者写这篇文章是为了引起人们对人为海洋噪声的关注。故选D项。 （23-24高一上·北京丰台·期末）In the story A Christmas Carol, the wealthy miser (吝啬鬼) Ebenezer Scrooge has a magical, life-changing epiphany (顿悟). Scrooge’s eyes are opened as to how his behavior affects other people — and he goes from a selfish grump to a generous benefactor overnight, thanks to visits from ghosts. Scrooge’s transformation comes down to knowledge. But do people really want to know how their actions affect others? As behavioral scientists, we wanted to understand just how common willful ignorance is — as well as why people engage in it. Experiments were carried out to find answers. Researchers asked one member of each pair to choose between two options (选择) in one of two settings, determining the earnings for themselves and their partner. In the transparent setting, if they chose $5 for themselves, they knew their partner would also receive $5. If, however, they chose $6 for themselves, they knew their partner would receive only $1 in return. In the ambiguous setting, there were two possible situations. In one, if the decision-maker selected $6 for themselves, their partner would receive $1, and if the decision-maker chose $5, their partner would receive $5. But in the other situation, the decision-maker could pick $6 and their partner would receive $5, or the decision-maker could select $5 and their partner would receive $1. The decision-maker knew these two systems — but they were not initially aware of which situation they were in. Interestingly, the decision-maker had the opportunity to resolve that ambiguity by clicking a button. Across all studies, we found in the transparent setting 55% chose the altruistic option. In the ambiguous setting, however, 40% of participants chose to remain ignorant. 60% of people in the ignorant group chose a higher personal payout in situations where this choice came at the expense of their partner. Among those who requested more information, 36% knowingly kept a higher payout at a cost to their partner. Only 39% of people in the ambiguous setting made the choice that ultimately benefited their partner — a significant drop from 55% in the transparent condition. But how do we know if ignorance in the ambiguous setting was willful? We conducted a second analysis focused on what motivates people to seek information. In this analysis we looked at how people who obtained additional information behaved in comparison with those who were given information. We found that people who chose to receive information in the ambiguous setting were seven percentage points more likely to make the altruistic choice than people in the transparent setting. By the same token, the finding also suggests ignorance prevents people from knowing how their actions harm others. If we can avoid putting a strong moral emphasis on decisions, it may make people feel less threatened and, as a result, less willfully ignorant. We may not have Dickensian ghosts to guide us — but there are still steps we can take. 1．The author mentions Scrooge’s change mainly to ______. A．draw a comparison B．introduce a topic C．evaluate a character D．give an example 2．If the decision-maker chose to click the button in the ambiguous setting, they would ______. A．drop out of the experiment B．know the situation they are in C．receive the additional earnings D．switch to the other situation they prefer 3．What does the underlined word “altruistic” in Paragraph 6 most probably mean? A．Inadvisable. B．Selfless. C．Fair-minded. D．Unrealistic. 4．What can we learn from the passage? A．The ignorant group tend to sacrifice their own interest. B．Moral evaluation might lead to more intentional ignorance. C．There is no common payout system shared by both settings. D．Avoiding information might make people feel like bad persons. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．B 4．B 【导语】本文是说明文。人们想知道自己的行为如何影响他人，作为行为科学家，为了了解人们故意让自己不知道的情况有多普遍，以及人们为何会这样做，科学家进行了一项研究。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段“Scrooge’s transformation comes down to knowledge. But do people really want to know how their actions affect others? As behavioral scientists, we wanted to understand just how common willful ignorance is—as well as why people engage in it.(斯克鲁奇的转变归结于知识。但人们真的想知道他们的行为如何影响他人吗？作为行为科学家，我们想要了解故意使自己不知道的情况有多普遍，以及人们为何会这样做。)”可推知，作者提到斯克鲁奇的改变主要是为了引出文章话题——科学家想知道故意让自己不知道的情况有多普遍，以及人们为何会这样做，故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中“In the ambiguous setting, there were two possible situations...The decision-maker knew these two systems—but they were not initially aware of which situation they were in. Interestingly, the decision-maker had the opportunity to resolve that ambiguity by clicking a button.(在模棱两可的环境中，有两种可能的情况……决策者知道这两个系统，但他们最初并不知道自己处于哪种情况。有趣的是，决策者有机会通过单击按钮来解决这种模棱两可的情况。)”可知，如果决策者选择在不明确的设置中单击按钮，他们会了解他们所处的情况，故选B。 3．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“Only 39% of people in the ambiguous setting made the choice that ultimately benefited their partner—a significant drop from 55% in the transparent condition.(在模棱两可的环境中，只有39%的人做出了最终有利于伴侣的选择——与公开环境下的55%相比，这一比例显着下降。)”可知，在模棱两可的环境中，只有39%的人做出了最终有利于伴侣的选择，这与公开环境下的55%明显下降，由此可推知，55%的人在公开的环境中选的是的利于他人的选择，划线单词altruistic意为“利于他人的”，与B项“Selfless. (无私的)”意思一样，故选B。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“If we can avoid putting a strong moral emphasis on decisions, it may make people feel less threatened and, as a result, less willfully ignorant. (如果我们能够避免在决策中过分强调道德，可能会减少人们的威胁感，从而减少故意无知的情况。)”可推知，道德评价可能会导致更多的故意无知。故选B。 （23-24高一上·北京石景山·期末）Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question: “Should I jump?” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it. Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided. So how should you motivate yourself? More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals. You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important, because it is directly related to your commitment. There are times when your heart is not in your work. This can affect your work. So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity (清晰) of thoughts can help you move forward. Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible. They can change according to circumstances. They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals. Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a pilot but can't become one because your eyesight is not good enough. However, this should not discourage you. You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal. You will surely need to overcome some difficulties, some planned, but most unplanned. You cannot overcome them without ample motivation. Make sure that you plan for these difficulties at the time of setting your goals. 1．What should you do when your heart is not in your work? A．Take a break and cancel the task. B．Ignore the feeling and push through. C．Reflect and make your thoughts clear. D．Speed up and finish the task quickly. 2．According to the passage, why are measurable goals important? A．To avoid setting any goals. B．To make the goals more challenging. C．To impress others with achievements. D．To change goals as things around you change. 3．What does the passage mainly talk about? A．Setting and achieving goals wisely. B．Motivation and goal setting go hand in hand. C．Overcoming planned and unplanned difficulties. D．Changing your goals when things around you change. 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要通过一个跳水的例子展开论述了动机和目标的重要性，以及如何设定现实目标的方法。 1．细节理解题。根据第四段“There are times when your heart is not in your work. This can affect your work. So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity (清晰) of thoughts can help you move forward.(有时候，你的心不在工作上。这会影响你的工作。所以，慢下来，想想你在那一刻真正想做什么。清晰的思想可以帮助你前进)”可知，当你的心不在工作上时，应该反思并使你的想法清晰。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Remember that goals are flexible. They can change according to circumstances. They also need to be measurable.(记住，目标是灵活的。他们可以根据情况而改变。它们还需要是可衡量的)”可知，可衡量的目标很重要是因为可以随着周围事物的变化而改变目标。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question: “Should I jump?” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of the same coin. Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.(想象一下，一个孩子站在四英尺高的跳板上，问自己：“我应该跳下去吗？”这就是动机或缺乏动机所能做的。动机和目标设定是同一枚硬币的两面。没有动力，你既不能设定目标，也不能实现目标)”可知，文章主要通过一个跳水的例子展开论述了动机和目标的重要性，以及如何设定现实目标的方法。由此可知，这篇文章主要讲了动机和目标是相辅相成的。故选B。 （23-24高一上·北京石景山·期末）Carefully play with pets Do you have a pet? Many children like pets and even treat them like humans sometimes. They may like to kiss or hug (拥抱) their pets. But this can make you sick, according to Daily Mail. Kissing or hugging pets such as dogs and cats can cause people to take in drug-resistant bacteria (耐药细菌), British scientists said. Many pet owners give their pets antibiotics (抗生素) when they get sick. But taking antibiotics too often can affect (影响) the bacteria inside your pct. The bacteria can become drug resistant. When people kiss or hug their pets, this kind of bacteria can move to them and make them sick. Close relationships between pet owners and their pets are important. But if pet owners follow the rules below, they will not get sick. Rules for playing ·Do not kiss your pets on the mouth. ·Do not let your pets lick (舔) your mouth or nose. ·Wash your hands after touching and playing with your pets. ·If you have a wound, cover it. This way, bacteria cannot pass on to you from your pet. 1．According to Daily Mail, kissing or hugging pets can make people feel ___________. A．sad B．sick C．happy D．sleepy 2．Why is it dangerous to take in drug-resistant bacteria from pets? A．Because humans can't use antibiotics. B．Because these bacteria aren't harmful to people. C．Because pets may die if they lose these bacteria. D．Because antibiotics can't be used against these bacteria. 3．Many pet owners like to kiss or hug their pets to ______________. A．improve their relationships B．show their true love for children C．make their pets feel important D．reduce the stress of busy lifestyles 4．What lesson does the passage teach us? A．Don't kiss or hug our pets. B．Don't give antibiotics to our pets. C．Don't keep pets inside your home. D．Don't become drug-resistant. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了亲吻或拥抱宠物可能会导致人们摄入耐药性细菌，并给出了几条规则来避免这种情况。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“They may like to kiss or hug (拥抱)their pets. But this can make you sick, according to Daily Mail.( 但据《每日邮报》报道，这可能会让你生病。)”可知，据《每日邮报》报道，亲吻或拥抱宠物会让人生病，故选B项。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But taking antibiotics too often can affect(影响)the bacteria inside your pct. The bacteria can become drug resistant. When people kiss or hug their pets, this kind of bacteria can move to them and make them sick.(但是经常服用抗生素会影响宠物体内的细菌。这种细菌会产生耐药性。当人们亲吻或拥抱他们的宠物时，这种细菌会移动到它们身上，使它们生病)”可知，从宠物身上来的抗药性细菌很危险，因为这些细菌已经有了抗药性，抗生素不能用来对付这些细菌，故选D项。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Many children like pets and even treat them like humans sometimes. They may like to kiss or hug (拥抱)their pets.(许多孩子喜欢宠物，有时甚至像对待人类一样对待它们)”可推理出，许多宠物主人喜欢亲吻或拥抱他们的宠物是为了改善他们的关系，故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第三段“When people kiss or hug their pets, this kind of bacteria can move to them and make them sick.(当人们亲吻或拥抱他们的宠物时，这种细菌会移动到它们身上，使它们生病)”以及最后一段“Do not kiss your pets on the mouth(不要亲吻宠物的嘴)”、“Do not let your pets lick(舔)your mouth or nose.(不要让宠物舔你的嘴或者鼻子)”可知，本文给我们的教训是不要亲吻或拥抱动物，故选A项。 （23-24高一上·北京丰台·期末）Debate about artificial intelligence (AI) tends to focus on its potential dangers: algorithmic bias (算法偏见) and discrimination, the mass destruction of jobs and even, some say, the extinction of humanity. However, others are focusing on the potential rewards. Luminaries in the field such as Demis Hassabis and Yann LeCun believe that AI can turbocharge scientific progress and lead to a golden age of discovery. Could they be right? Such claims are worth examining, and may provide a useful counterbalance to fears about large-scale unemployment and killer robots. Many previous technologies have, of course, been falsely hailed as panaceas (万灵药). But the mechanism by which AI will supposedly solve the world’s problems has a stronger historical basis. In the 17th century microscopes and telescopes opened up new vistas of discovery and encouraged researchers to favor their own observations over the received wisdom of antiquity (古代), while the introduction of scientific journals gave them new ways to share and publicize their findings. Then, starting in the late 19th century, the establishment of research laboratories, which brought together ideas, people and materials on an industrial scale, gave rise to further innovations. From the mid-20th century, computers in turn enabled new forms of science based on simulation and modelling. All this is to be welcomed. But the journal and the laboratory went further still: they altered scientific practice itself and unlocked more powerful means of making discoveries, by allowing people and ideas to mingle in new ways and on a larger scale. AI, too, has the potential to set off such a transformation. Two areas in particular look promising. The first is “literature-based discovery” (LBD), which involves analyzing existing scientific literature, using ChatGPT-style language analysis, to look for new hypotheses, connections or ideas that humans may have missed. The second area is “robot scientists”. These are robotic systems that use AI to form new hypotheses, based on analysis of existing data and literature, and then test those hypotheses by performing hundreds or thousands of experiments, in fields including systems biology and materials science. Unlike human scientists, robots are less attached to previous results, less driven by bias—and, crucially, easy to replicate. They could scale up experimental research, develop unexpected theories and explore avenues that human investigators might not have considered. The idea is therefore feasible. But the main barrier is sociological: it can happen only if human scientists are willing and able to use such tools. Governments could help by pressing for greater use of common standards to allow AI systems to exchange and interpret laboratory results and other data. They could also fun d more research into the integration of AI smarts with laboratory robotics, and into forms of AI beyond those being pursued in the private sector. Less fashionable forms of AI, such as model-based machine learning, may be better suited to scientific tasks such as forming hypotheses. 1．Regarding Demis and Yann’s viewpoint, the author is likely to be ______. A．supportive B．puzzled C．unconcerned D．doubtful 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．LBD focuses on testing the reliability of ever-made hypotheses. B．Resistance to AI prevents the transformation of scientific practice. C．Robot scientists form hypotheses without considering previous studies. D．Both journals and labs need adjustments in promoting scientific findings. 3．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．Official standards have facilitated the exchange of data. B．Performing scientific tasks relies on government funding. C．Less popular AI forms might be worth paying attention to. D．The application of AI in public sector hasn’t been launched. 4．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．Transforming Science. How Can AI Help? B．Making Breakthroughs. What Is AI’s Strength? C．Reshaping History. How May AI Develop Further? D．Redefining Discovery. How Can AI Overcome Its Weakness? 【答案】1．A 2．B 3．C 4．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工智能可以改变科学实践，以及人工智能是如何帮助改变科学实践的。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Luminaries in the field such as Demis Hassabis and Yann LeCun believe that AI can turbocharge scientific progress and lead to a golden age of discovery.(Demis Hassabis和Yann LeCun等该领域的杰出人物相信人工智能可以推动科学进步并引领发现的黄金时代)”和第二段中“Such claims are worth examining, and may provide a useful counterbalance to fears about large-scale unemployment and killer robots. Many previous technologies have, of course, been falsely hailed as panaceas (万灵药). But the mechanism by which AI will supposedly solve the world’s problems has a stronger historical basis.(这些说法值得研究，并且可能为人们对大规模失业和杀手机器人的担忧提供有用的平衡。当然，许多以前的技术被错误地誉为万灵药。但人工智能解决世界问题的机制有着更强有力的历史基础)”可知，作者认为Demis和Yann的观点值得研究，且认为人工智能解决世界问题的机制有着更强有力的历史基础。由此推知，作者可能支持Demis和Yann的观点——人工智能可以推动科学进步并引领发现的黄金时代。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“But the journal and the laboratory went further still: they altered scientific practice itself and unlocked more powerful means of making discoveries, by allowing people and ideas to mingle in new ways and on a larger scale. AI, too, has the potential to set off such a transformation.(但该杂志和实验室走得更远：它们改变了科学实践本身，并通过允许人和思想以新的方式和更大规模的融合，开启了更强大的发现手段。人工智能也有可能引发这样的转变)”可知，人工智能能引起科学实践的改变。由此推知，对人工智能的抵制阻碍科学实践的转变。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Less fashionable forms of AI, such as model-based machine learning, may be better suited to scientific tasks such as forming hypotheses.(如基于模型的机器学习这种不太流行的人工智能形式，可能更适合科学任务，例如形成假设)”可知，不太流行的人工智能形式，可能更适合科学任务。由此推知，不太流行的人工智能形式可能值得关注。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读第一段到第四段，尤其是第一段中“Luminaries in the field such as Demis Hassabis and Yann LeCun believe that AI can turbocharge scientific progress and lead to a golden age of discovery.(Demis Hassabis和 Yann LeCun等该领域的杰出人物相信人工智能可以推动科学进步并引领发现的黄金时代) ”和第四段中“AI, too, has the potential to set off such a transformation.(人工智能也有可能引发这样的转变)”可知，前四段指出人工智能可以实现科学时间的转变，接着根据第五段中“Two areas in particular look promising.(有两个领域看起来尤其有希望)”可知，第五段介绍了人工智能从两个领域改变科学实践，最后一段总结人工智能改变科学实践是可行的。由此可知，文章主要介绍了人工智能是如何帮助改变科学的。A项“改变科学。人工智能有何帮助？”适合作文章标题。故选A。 （23-24高一上·北京丰台·期末）Harvard’s Pre-College Program is an intensive two-week summer program designed to give you a glimpse of college life. You will live on the Harvard campus during your two-week session while taking a college-level course with other Pre-College Program students. To enter Summer 2024, you must meet the criterion: being a high school graduate. With almost 30 courses to choose from, you’re sure to find a topic that arouses your interest among the courses offered to Pre-College Program students. Although courses are non-credit (无学分的) and do not have letter grades, they are demanding. At the end of the program, you’ll receive a written evaluation from your teacher, as well as a Harvard transcript (成绩单) with your grade. This is a great way to help with your college application. The total fee for a 2024 Harvard Pre-College Program session is $5,550. The program fee includes tuition (学费), a room and meal plan, activity costs, and an accident and sickness insurance plan for the full two weeks. There is also a $75 application fee. A limited number of scholarships are available to assist qualified students who need financial support. Harvard’s Pre-College Program combines the hard work and strictness of an Ivy League education with the fun that comes with living, studying, and socializing with new friends. Whether you’re engaging in meaningful debate in class or exploring the Boston area, you’ll be creating memories that will last you a lifetime. The first step in your journey toward this amazing experience is applying. Complete our information request form to hear from us about important deadlines and helpful resources. 1．You can take part in the Harvard’s Pre-College Program if you ______. A．have got Harvard’s offer B．have finished high school C．have reached college level D．live on the Harvard campus 2．If you take the program, you ______. A．need to pay the costs just for tuition and accommodation B．will have a great chance to get the scholarships if you want C．can enjoy the same resources at Harvard as regular students D．will get a report from your teacher at the end of the program 3．What’s the main purpose of the passage? A．To offer information about a summer program. B．To introduce the benefits of a summer program. C．To emphasize the importance of pre-college education. D．To share an amazing experience on the Harvard campus. 【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了哈佛大学预科课程，介绍了课程时间、课程设置以及费用等信息。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“You will live on the Harvard campus during your two-week session while taking a college-level course with other Pre-College Program students. To enter Summer 2024, you must meet the criterion: being a high school graduate.(在为期两周的学习期间，你将住在哈佛大学校园里，与其他大学预科项目的学生一起学习大学水平的课程。要进入2024年夏季，你必须符合标准:高中毕业生)”可知，如果你已经完成高中学业，你可以参加哈佛大学预科项目。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“At the end of the program, you’ll receive a written evaluation from your teacher, as well as a Harvard transcript (成绩单) with your grade.(在课程结束时，你会收到老师的书面评估，以及一份哈佛成绩单和你的成绩)”可知，如果你参加了这个项目，在项目结束时你会收到老师的一份报告。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据第一段“Harvard’s Pre-College Program is an intensive two-week summer program designed to give you a glimpse of college life.(哈佛大学预科课程是一个为期两周的暑期密集课程，旨在让你对大学生活有一个初步的了解)”结合文章主要介绍了哈佛大学预科课程，介绍了课程时间、课程设置以及费用等信息。可推知，文章的主要目的是提供暑期项目的信息。故选A。 （23-24高一上·北京朝阳·期末）Despite decades of research, disorders of the brain have proved especially difficult to treat. There is schizophrenia (精神分裂症), which has not seen a breakthrough for more than 60 years, since the discovery of chlorpromazine — which happened largely by chance. But the story of chlorpromazine offers a powerful lesson: originally an antihistamine (抗过敏药), it was repurposed as a medicine for schizophrenia. As a scientist who has studied schizophrenia for decades, I am convinced that we could have similar successes with other medicines already on our shelves. Because an existing drug has already passed Food and Drug Administration tests(FDA-approved), successfully repurposing it could take less than half of the estimated 13 years and significantly less than the average $2-billion to $3-billion cost of developing a single drug from nothing. The thousands of FDA-approved drugs thus represent a vast resource that can possibly be adapted to target any number of conditions. But this possibility is largely unexplored, in part because drug companies always have to restructure their Research and Development (R&D) programs to look at other diseases. There are also thousands of drugs that are not FDA-approved. When a company discontinues development of a drug, whatever researchers know is locked up in that company’s files and might as well be lost. Scientists need access (使用机会) to this information. If this information could be directed into a centralized resource, it would be great news. Researchers could employ the latest tools in bio-informatics, data science and machine learning to uncover common molecular (分子的) themes among or between diseases and promising drugs. Yet many drug companies are still unwilling to reveal anything that might put their copyrights at risk. Even academics may hesitate to share with competing laboratories. To cope with this, organizations like the FDA must develop motivations for sharing data, such as by creating legal safeguards for privacy and commercial interests. These motivations could then open the floodgates for easy-to-use, open platforms for efficiently sharing and mining data. This would not have been possible five years ago. But now is a critical moment, and we have never been closer to real breakthroughs. In my lab, we are testing certain cancer drugs that restore some of the biological processes that are disturbed in schizophrenia. We want to see if the drugs have the same restorative features in the brain cells of schizophrenia patients. This is a proof of the idea that a systematic and strategic approach to drug repurposing could actually move the needle. There is no time to waste. What we need is cooperation from drug companies and academic scientists alike — and access to the lifesaving data they hold. 1．Why does the author mention chlorpromazine in the first paragraph? A．To stress the difficulty in treating brain disorders. B．To explain medical progress could happen by luck. C．To introduce a medicine breakthrough in medical history D．To show a medicine for a certain illness can treat another disease. 2．What can we learn from the passage? A．Information arising from drug development can be wasted. B．The undeveloped functions of present medicines are overvalued. C．We should treasure FDA-approved drugs more than the unapproved. D．Studying existing drugs is more likely to succeed than developing new ones. 3．As for drug companies’ being unwilling to share, the author is _______. A．supportive B．negative C．understanding D．uncertain 4．Which would be the best title for this passage? A．New Drugs from Old B．Access to Lifesaving Data C．Between Drug Companies and Scientists. D．Before and After Medical Breakthroughs 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过一种抗组胺药物被用于治疗另一种疾病的例子说明了应该利用现有的药物来研制新的药物，这么做可以节约成本和时间，但其中存在着一些问题和挑战。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Despite decades of research, disorders of the brain have proved especially difficult to treat. There is schizophrenia (精神分裂症), which has not seen a breakthrough for more than 60 years, since the discovery of chlorpromazine—which happened largely by chance. But the story of chlorpromazine offers a powerful lesson: originally an antihistamine (抗过敏药), it was repurposed as a medicine for schizophrenia.(尽管经过数十年的研究，大脑疾病已被证明特别难以治疗。还有精神分裂症，自从氯丙嗪的发现（很大程度上是偶然发现的）以来，已经有60多年没有突破了。但氯丙嗪的故事提供了一个强有力的教训：它最初是一种抗组胺药，后来被用作治疗精神分裂症的药物)”可推知，作者在第一段提到氯丙嗪是为了证明治疗某种疾病的药物可以治疗另一种疾病。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“When a company discontinues development of a drug, whatever researchers know is locked up in that company’s files and might as well be lost.(当一家公司停止开发一种药物时，研究人员所知道的一切都被锁在该公司的文件中，可能也会丢失)”可知，药物开发产生的信息可能被浪费。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Scientists need access (使用机会) to this information. If this information could be directed into a centralized resource, it would be great news. Researchers could employ the latest tools in bio-informatics, data science and machine learning to uncover common molecular (分子的) themes among or between diseases and promising drugs. Yet many drug companies are still unwilling to reveal anything that might put their copyrights at risk. Even academics may hesitate to share with competing laboratories.(科学家需要获得这些信息。如果这些信息能够集中到一个集中的资源中，那将是一个好消息。研究人员可以利用生物信息学、数据科学和机器学习领域的最新工具，发现疾病之间或疾病之间的共同分子主题和有前途的药物。然而，许多制药公司仍然不愿透露任何可能危及其版权的信息。甚至学术界也不愿与竞争对手的实验室分享)”以及倒数第二段“To cope with this, organizations like the FDA must develop motivations for sharing data, such as by creating legal safeguards for privacy and commercial interests. These motivations could then open the floodgates for easy-to-use, open platforms for efficiently sharing and mining data.(为了应对这种情况，像FDA这样的组织必须制定共享数据的动机，例如通过建立隐私和商业利益的法律保障。这些动机可以为易于使用的开放平台打开闸门，以有效地共享和挖掘数据)”可推知，对于制药公司不愿意分享的行为，作者表示理解，所以提出建立法律保障商业利益。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As a scientist who has studied schizophrenia for decades, I am convinced that we could have similar successes with other medicines already on our shelves.(作为一名研究精神分裂症数十年的科学家，我相信，我们可以用货架上已有的其他药物取得类似的成功)”结合文章通过一种抗组胺药物被用于治疗另一种疾病的例子说明了应该利用现有的药物来研制新的药物，这么做可以节约成本和时间，但其中存在着一些问题和挑战。可知，A选项“从旧药中研制新药”最符合文章标题。故选A。 （23-24高一上·北京朝阳·期末）Earlier findings about sharks have shown that they could learn skills from each other. Recently, Vera Schluessel at the University of Bonn in Germany and her colleagues have done research on how well 12 bamboo sharks could recognize (认出) different numbers of objects. Each shark was put in a training pool with pictures of two different groups of geometric (几何图形的) shapes projected onto a wall The team then cycled through at least 40 objects of different shapes and shades to ensure the sharks weren’t simply picking up on the darkness of the objects or the area of wall they covered. Around half the sharks learned to reliably press their nose against the image with the most objects, after which they were rewarded with food. These sharks only seemed able to pick out the bigger group if it contained at least two more objects than the smaller one. This may be because the difference between six and seven fish or predators (捕食者) is unimportant in the wild, says Schluessel. The reason not all the sharks learned how to do the task could be that they, like all animals, have differences in intelligence (智力). Sharks join a growing number of animals that have been discovered to have similar skills at distinguishing quantities, including black bears, guppies and rhesus monkeys. In one experiment, dogs and wolves were able to reliably pick the larger of two groups. But dogs could only do so when one of the groups had far more objects. Some shark species are social learners and can perform a task in a tank more quickly if they watch another shark that has already been trained to do it. This challenges the image of sharks as mindless, solitary creatures. Just like humans, sharks learn from their own experiences and failures. And just as we do, sharks can learn from each other’s experiences too, says Catarina Vila Pouca at Macquarie University in Australia. “Being able to learn from others is enormously beneficial. Not only does it save time, but watching another shark’s success at feeding or failure to escape predators could be a matter of life or death.” Schluessel and her colleagues have also previously found that bamboo sharks have an advanced ability to recognize categories , such as snails or fish, enabling them to get a treat even if pictures look remarkably similar. This is similar to our ability to look at a goldfish and a salmon and know that they are the same type of thing, even though one is 30 times the size of the other. 1．What can we learn about the sharks in the recent research? A．They are trained to recognize the shapes. B．They are capable of telling more from less. C．They can identify objects due to the rewards. D．They are no better than dogs in telling numbers. 2．What does the underlined word “solitary” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Selfish. B．Lonely. C．Risky. D．Lazy. 3．What is the main purpose of the passage? A．To show how sharks learn from each other. B．To explain how sharks and humans are alike. C．To prove that sharks are smarter than they look. D．To present the importance of numbers for sharks. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，鲨鱼有识别不同数量物体的能力。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Around half the sharks learned to reliably press their nose against the image with the most objects, after which they were rewarded with food. These sharks only seemed able to pick out the bigger group if it contained at least two more objects than the smaller one.(大约一半的鲨鱼学会了将鼻子可靠地贴在物体最多的图像上，之后它们就会得到食物奖励。较多图像这组比较小这组至少多两个图像时，这些鲨鱼似乎才能识别出较大的这组图像)”可知，鲨鱼能够区别出多和少。故选B。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“Some shark species are social learners and can perform a task in a tank more quickly if they watch another shark that has already been trained to do it. (一些鲨鱼物种是社会学习者，如果它们观察另一条已经接受过训练的鲨鱼，它们可以更快地在水箱中执行任务)”和下文“Just like humans, sharks learn from their own experiences and failures. (就像人类一样，鲨鱼从自己的经历和失败中学习)”可知，鲨鱼是社会学习者，并不是独居生物，它们是有意识的，会从别的已经接受过训练的鲨鱼身上学到一些东西。由此可推知，鲨鱼并不是无意识、孤独的生物，划线单词solitary意为“孤独的”，与B项“Lonely.(孤独的)”意思一样，故选B。 3．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Earlier findings about sharks have shown that they could learn skills from each other. Recently, Vera Schluessel at the University of Bonn in Germany and her colleagues have done research on how well 12 bamboo sharks could recognize (认出) different numbers of objects.(早期关于鲨鱼的研究结果表明，它们可以互相学习技能。最近，德国波恩大学的Vera Schluessel和她的同事对 12 只竹鲨识别不同数量物体的能力进行了研究。)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项新的研究表明，鲨鱼有识别不同数量物体的能力。由此推知，文章的目的是告诉我们鲨鱼有识别不同数量物体的能力，即数字对鲨鱼来说很重要。故选D。 （23-24高一上·北京西城·期末）Bed rotting — the practice of spending long periods of time just staying under the covers with snacks, screens and other creature comforts — is gaining popularity on social media. Some Generation Z trend followers are now viewing it as a form of self-care, but doctors warn too much could be “sign of depression”. Are these extended breaks really wise for one’s mental health — or could they be a cause for concern? Dr. Ryan Sultan, a professor at Columbia University in New York, who treats many young people, called the bed rotting trend attractive. “In our culture today, with too much to do, too many expectations and too much productivity, many young individuals (个人) are feeling burned out and often aren’t getting enough sleep. It’s easy to see why taking time off to lie around is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance to get away from real-life problems and clear your head before returning to life in a better state of mind, ” he added. For the downside, however, he said a long-term need or desire for bed rotting could do harm to one’s physical health. Spending too many daytime hours in bed — awake or not — could destroy sleep schedules. Our brains are fine-tuned for sleep in darkness and alertness in light. Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will worsen sleep schedules — once that happens, it is a challenge to fix. It could also lead to blood pressure problems and obesity (肥胖). Long-term need or desire for bed rotting could also be a warning sign of depression, according to a mental health expert. Dr. Marc Siegel, professor of medicine at NYU Langone Medical Center and a Fox News medical contributor, agreed that while some downtime can be useful in terms of de-stressing and rejuvenation (更新), too much bed rotting is a bad health practice. In addition to increasing the risk of depression, it contributes to decreased motivation (动力) as well. Instead of bed rotting, Siegel recommends regular exercise as a better form of de-stressing. While the occasional lazy day can be beneficial, too much could have the opposite effect. If it happens every day, that’s a fairly sensitive test for depression. Those who lack the motivation to get out of bed could also try calling or texting a family member for support, socializing with close friends, finding a small task to complete, or reaching out to a medical professional for help. 1．According to Dr. Ryan Sultan, why do young people like bed rotting? A．They are fond of what is popular on social media. B．They are unwilling to socialize with friends. C．Bed rotting is away to escape stress. D．Bed rotting helps fix sleep schedules. 2．What does the word “fine-tuned” underlined in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Quickly-activated. B．Well-trained. C．Badly-needed. D．Ill-equipped. 3．What can we learn from the passage? A．Being lazy from time to time can be good for individuals. B．Sleeping in light can increase the risk of depression. C．Bed rotting can allow people to avoid expectations. D．Feeling down leads to decreased motivation. 4．What is the passage mainly talking about? A．Different opinions on how to become motivated. B．Main causes of the long-term need for bed rotting. C．Practical suggestions for young people to deal with stress. D．Possible problems from lying in bed for extended periods of time. 【答案】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸可能会损害一个人的身体健康。 1．推断判断题。根据第二段““In our culture today, with too much to do, too many expectations and too much productivity, many young individuals (个人) are feeling burned out and often aren’t getting enough sleep. It’s easy to see why taking time off to lie around is attractive,” Sultan said. “In many ways, this is beneficial. It’s a chance to get away from real-life problems and clear your head before returning to life in a better state of mind, ” he added.( Sultan说：“在我们今天的文化中，有太多的事情要做，太多的期望和太多的生产力，许多年轻人感到精疲力竭，往往睡眠不足。很容易看出为什么抽出时间来躺一躺是有吸引力的。”他补充道“在很多方面，这是有益的。这是一个机会，让你远离现实生活中的问题，在以更好的心态回归生活之前理清你的头脑”)”可知，根据瑞安·苏尔坦博士的说法，年轻人喜欢躺尸是因为这是逃避压力的一种方式。故选C。 2．词句猜测题。根据划线词前文“Spending too many daytime hours in bed — awake or not — could destroy sleep schedules. (白天在床上呆太长时间——不管醒不醒——都会破坏睡眠时间安排。)”和后文“Lying in bed half-asleep during the day will worsen sleep schedules — once that happens, it is a challenge to fix.(白天躺在床上半睡半醒会使睡眠时间安排变差——一旦出现这种情况，就很难解决了)”以及“for sleep in darkness and alertness in light”可推断，我们的大脑被训练为在黑暗中睡觉，在光明中保持警觉。故划线词意思是“训练有素的”。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“While the occasional lazy day can be beneficial, too much could have the opposite effect.(偶尔偷懒一天是有益的，但偷懒太多则会产生相反的效果)”可知，偶尔懒惰对个人是有好处的。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Some Generation Z trend followers are now viewing it as a form of self-care, but doctors warn too much could be “sign of depression”. Are these extended breaks really wise for one’s mental health — or could they be a cause for concern?(一些Z世代的潮流追随者现在将其视为一种自我保健方式，但医生警告说，过度躺尸可能是“抑郁症的征兆”。这些延长的休息时间真的对一个人的心理健康有益吗？还是会引起人们的担忧？)”结合接下来的分析内容可知，文章主要说明了年轻人喜欢躺尸来逃避压力，但专家指出长期需要或渴望躺尸可能会损害一个人的身体健康。可知，这篇文章主要讲的是长时间躺在床上可能产生的问题。故选D。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$