【春考特训课】第06讲：完形填空之命题玄关破解 -【决胜春季高考】2025年春季高考英语冲刺总复习（上海专用）

第06讲： 完形填空之命题玄关破解 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 上海高考英语完形填空体裁议论文、说明文为主，夹叙夹议文次之，文章选材颇具哲理性，可读性较强。在语言结构方面，长难句较多，逻辑思辨能力强，理解难度较大，在选项词性上以实词为主，其中动词、名词会占半壁江山，虚词几乎不会考查，特别注重对文章上下文语境的理解把握。考点设置上，句内层次题(答案由设空所在句子决定，多凭句子本身可知答案)和句组层次题(答案由设空临近句子决定，需前后寻找信息或暗示)所占比重较大，语篇层次题(答案中整篇文章的内涵决定，需统揽全局)考查难度较大。主要考察动词、名词、形容词、副词。偶尔会有过渡词、介词短语、动词短语、连词等。 【要点梳理】 解题关键（首逻修词情） 一、文章句首 完形填空首句甚至前几句话往往是完整的信息，为考生提供足够的信息去了解文章的总体思路，这里信息可以帮助考生判断全文大意甚至全文主题。 二、逻辑关系 　完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文给出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至全文的逻辑关系。命题者往往借助连词或介词短语来设置选项。 三、修辞 1.排比结构 　“排比结构”指的是结构相同或相似、意思密切关联、语法一致的句子或词组成串排列的语言现象。命题者常从排比结构的句式相同或相似这一角度，利用其表现意义的关联或对比这一特点来设空。 2.对比结构 　　对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空设题常常利用不同句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子中不同部分之间的对比关系。 四、词汇语境 1.词汇复现 词汇复现使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，考生可以根据这些词来决定答案。 2.词汇差异 　　高考完形填空主要考查实义词，一定要结合上下文内容，根据句意进行判断。有时从单句看，似乎不止一个答案，必须结合上下文在含义和用法等多方面加以考虑才能作出选择。 五、情感态度 做完形填空时，应在弄清作者思路的基础上，着重寻找反映褒贬态度的标志性词汇或句子。我们有时候可以根据作者对人物或事情的态度来排除干扰，进行正确的选择。 考点精 讲 命题焦点 · 考向一：[句内层次题]　 1．利用句内语法结构或对应成分分析法解题 2. 利用句内词汇线索暗示分析法解题 3.利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题 4. 利用生活常识和文化背景解题 【典例】 （2024杨浦一模） Start as small as you can, because this is more likely to be achievable, repeatable and rewarding — three things we need to happen to shift from a(n) (55) _________ new behaviour to a habit. 55.A. hopeful B. hopeless C. effortful D. effortless · 考向二：[句组层次题]　 1．利用语义复现解题 2． 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题 3．利用逻辑关系解题 4．利用语境暗示分析法解题 【典例】 （2024虹口一模） Back in 1930,the economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that with technological change and improvements in-productivity, we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now. But while working hours have ___21___ by 26%. most of us still average 42.5 hours a week. 21. A. declined B. increased C. continued D. kept · 考向三：【语篇层次题】 1. 利用语义复现解题 2. 利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题 3. 利用逻辑关系解题 【典例】（2024奉贤一模） 47 , they checked to see which genes were especially active in the enamel-producing cells. It turned out that genes designed to bind to calcium were particularly busy. ......... But these findings are 54 . As any dentist will tell you, prevention is better than cure. 55 , a better cure would be always welcome. There is no doubt that this research offers a new prospect for future dental care. 47. A. Then B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. Still 55. A. Likewise B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Instead 课堂精练 演练 （以2023年6月上海高考真题为例，深度解析高考完形填空命题趋势） Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41) ______, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors’ apparent (42)_____ when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43)______ black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44)  ______, either. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45)  ______ uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) ______ working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47)  ______ their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48)  ______ and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”  Technology has helped (49) ______ the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) ______ diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51)  ______ and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52)  ______ level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” On the other hand, computers can’t (53)  ______ a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54)  ______ quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) ______, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 41. A.On the hand B. Afterwords C. As a result D.Above all 42.A. victim B. instance C. transparency D. certainty 43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarely D. mainly 44.A. adored B.transformed C.faded D.adjusted 45.A. limiting B. hitting C.threatening D. assembling 46. A. compared with B. accounted for C. accustomed to D.annoyed at 47.A.cover B.train C.clarify D.broaden 48.A. identify B. cure C.defend D.cause 49.A. enlighten B.redefine C.commit D.guarantee 50. A. accurate B.plain C.serious D.remedial 51.A. challenge B. encounter C.conversation D.dispute 52.A. dangerous B. maximal C.unfavorable D.contrasting 53. A.stuff B.hint C.communicate D. indicate 54.A. conclude B. understand C.assume D. calculate 55. A.however B. therefore C. moreover D.hence 外刊题源： Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41) As a result, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) certainty when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43) rarely black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) adjusted, either. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) limiting uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) accustomed to working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47) broaden their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) cure and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”  Technology has helped (49)redefine the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) accurate diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) challenge and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) maximal level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” On the other hand, computers can’t (53) communicate a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) calculate quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) however, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 【长难句解析】 1.Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.  【译文】医生是科学家，他们的工作离不开数据、机率和概率。然而长期以来，他们被教导说，与病人打交道时，他们应该传递令人信服的自信和确定性。 Operate这里应理解为“工作”; reassuring令人信服的、可靠的。 2.  (41) As a result, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. 【译文】因此，病人期待医生给他们一个清晰的诊断和直接的治疗过程。 3.  But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) certainty when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. 【译文】但是，现在只要轻点鼠标、就能了解到各种病情信息，鉴于此，专家们质疑：与病人沟通时，医生给出的确定性实际上是否弊大于利。 Now that因为、鉴于；every…imaginable各种、全部的、所能想到的。 4.With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are(43) rarely black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) adjusted either. 【译文】随着医学和技术进步所带来的信息过载，答案很少非黑即白。医学院正在开始教医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也还没有能适应（这一变化趋势）。 With…brought复合结构“随着/在……”；           5. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) limiting uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” 【译文】"医学总是达不到我们在数学和几何学中发现的那种确定性"，多伦多达拉拉纳公共卫生学院的研究员罗斯-厄普舒尔博士说。"如果你考虑到知识和它的作用，它是关于限制不确定性，而不是创造确定性。" fallen short of达不到、缺少。           6.Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) accustomed to working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on countless factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose a disease, he tells them to (47) broaden their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. 【译文】接受培训的医生就像赌徒一样，需要习惯于在这个领域工作，在这个领域中，他们不断地根据无数的因素来衡量赔率。当Upshur教授医学生如何诊断一种疾病时，他告诉他们要扩大调查范围----提出一个可能性的清单，而不是迅速归纳出一个单一的解决方案。 Weigh掂量、权衡；home in on对准、指向。           7.“Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) cure and what the outcomes will be in the long run.” 【译文】"即使你做出了一个你认为是确定的诊断，你通常也不能确定什么是最好的治疗方法，以及从长远来看，结果会是什么。" In the long run长期来看。           8.(9) Technology has helped(49) redefine the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) accurate diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) challenge and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) maximal level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” 【译文】技术已经帮助我们重新定义了对确定性的追求。我们正在达到这样一个地步：我们可以把症状清单输入计算机，得到比医生更准确的诊断。哈佛医学院医学教授理查德-施瓦茨坦博士认为这种发展既是挑战也是机遇。他说，一方面，"技术试图把你推到一个最大的确定性水平。做这个测试可以得到99%的确定性：你有这个疾病。" Redefine重新定义；reaching a point where达到某个……的程度。           9. On the other hand, computers can’t (53) communicate a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). 【译文】另一方面，计算机不能以安慰的方式向病人传达诊断或治疗。以早期肺癌的常规筛查测试为例。根据你的年龄、吸烟状况和性别，计算机可以很好地评估发现癌症结节的几率。 a routine screening test定期筛查。           10. It can also (54) calculate quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) however, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 【译文】它还可以根据结节的大小和形状，相当精确地计算出发展为实际癌症的风险。然而，它不能做的是决定如何告诉你，你的肺部有一个结节，有1%的机会成为癌症。 developing 患上某种疾病；break the news爆料、告诉实情。 课后反馈 演练 Child developmental psychologist Jean Piaget convinced us that young, undeveloped minds couldn’t handle complex concepts because they simply weren’t experienced or mature enough yet. Piaget, ____41____, believed that young kids could not understand cause and effect, that they couldn’t think logically, and that they also couldn’t handle abstract ideas. But child development specialists are finding out that preschoolers without any formal education may have the capacity to understand more complex concepts than we give them ____42____ for. Alison Gopnik, professor of psychology at University of California Berkeley and her team devised a way to test how well young kids understand the abstract concept of ____43____ cause and effect—the idea that there may be more than one cause for a single effect. They picked preschoolers around 4 years old ____44____ undergraduates. The study ____45____ a toy that could be turned on by placing a single blue colored block on the toy’s tray, but could also be activated if two blocks-orange and purple-were placed on the tray. The preschoolers were expert at ____46____ that the blue blocks turned on the toy, as did the purple and orange ones, but that the purple and orange ones needed to be paired together. The undergraduates, however, had a ____47____ time accepting the latter solution. Their previous experience in the world hampered their ability to accept the unusual rules that ____48____ the toy. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University found a similar effect among preschoolers when it came to math. Previous studies showed that if you present infants with eight objects over and over until they got bored, and then showed them 16, they suddenly ____49____ interest and sensed that things change. Even before they are taught about numbers or amounts, then, infants seem to have a grasp on quantity. “All the evidence so far leads us to believe that this is something that babies come into the world with,” says Melissa Kibbe, co-author of that study. According to her research, the preschoolers had some _____50_____ of quantity, and the appropriate amount that they needed to get from a small quantity to a larger one. Kibbe’s and Gopnik’s recent work may have broader _____51_____ for education, since current math curricula in schools may not be ideal for _____52_____ the number sense that kids are born with. “There’s an exciting movement in psychology over the past decade, as we learn that students bring certain capabilities, or inborn knowledge that we hadn’t thought they had before,” says Jon Star, at the Harvard University Graduate School of Education. Though it may be too early to _____53_____ such findings to the classroom, the results lay the ground work for studying similar inborn skills and how they might be better understood. “The hard part is, _____54_____, how you build up and upon this intuitive knowledge in a way that allows a child to capture the complexity but not hold them back.” says Tina Grotzer, associate professor of education at Harvard. Taking advantage of a child’s still developing sense of numbers and quantities is one thing, but _____55_____ it with too many new constructs about algebra, unknowns, and problem solving may just end up negatively affecting his learning and academic performance. “As soon as concepts get big and complex, there are all sorts of perceptual, attentional, and cognitive costs and challenges involved,” she says. 41. A. in fact B. in particular C. in contrast D. in comparison 42. A. criticism B. credit C. attention D. advance 43. A. overall B. essential C. concrete D. multiple 44. A. against B. beyond C. after D. over 45. A. knocked around B. powered on C. turned off D. centered on 46. A. pulling out B. spelling out C. pointing out D. figuring out 47. A. merrier B. shorter C. harder D. rougher 48. A. motivated B. activated C. assembled D. empowered 49. A. enhanced B. resumed C. rejected D. altered 50. A. taste B. attempt C. concept D. expertise 51. A. instructions B. substitutes C. implementations D. implications 52. A. complementing B. discovering C. challenging D. nurturing 53. A. transfer B. translate C. stretch D. compare 54. A. literally B. theoretically C. educationally D. previously 55. A. associating B. intruding C. blending D. overloading 【上海市实验学校2024学年度第一学期高三英语10月月考】 Not long after selecting their college, students are asked to declare an academic major. For some, this decision is easy, as their majors may have actually influenced their choice of college. ___21___, this decision is not always an easy one to make, and college students frequently hang their minds. So, how should students make this significant decision? It is ___22___ to give into fear, indecisiveness or worry, but using the following strategies to select the right major will also help ___23___ your motivation when the going gets tough. 1. Make a Career Plan One effective way to increase your chances of success in your major is by creating a career plan. Start by ___24___ your future career and consider the academic and professional paths that can lead you there. Research shows that students with career plans are more likely to ___25___ in their chosen majors. ___26___ your beliefs about work, your interest in various academic subjects and your abilities. Exploring these factors can help you make more informed decisions. Then, identify a specific career and ___27___ the steps you need to take in college to prepare for that career. 2. Do Your Research Students sometimes drop out of their selected majors because they have become dissatisfied with the academic area they have chosen. Or they may find themselves more ___28___ to a different academic major altogether. To avoid this, thoroughly ___29___ the career you’re interested in, as well as related fields. Consider whether a particular job matches your skills and preferences. Speak to professionals in the field to learn about their daily work, and reflect on what aspects of the job you would enjoy or dislike. While it is possible to switch out of your major once your interests become more apparent, you will save a good deal of time and energy by initially choosing a major that is ___30___ your interests and abilities. 3. Brace Yourself for ___31___ It may come as a surprise when you are presented with incredibly ___32___ material during your first semester at college. Students who were at the top of their class may be particularly shocked when they receive their first low grade on an exam. You should not assume, ___33___ that you have made the wrong choice of academic major simply because you performed poorly on one test. ___34___ feedback from college advisers and instructors can also influence a student’s choice to change their major. The possibility of failure can be so ___35___ to students that they can lose their ambition on the first day of class, before they have experienced any academic failure at all. Hold on to the confidence that guided you to select your major in the first place, and prepare yourself for the academic challenges that await you in whichever major you choose. 21. A. Undoubtedly B. Unfortunately C. Inevitably D. Duly 22. A. desperate B. hazardous C. tempting D. tragic 23. A. sustain B. promote C. attain D. reverse 24. A. pursuing B. optimizing C. picturing D. navigating 25. A. persist B. struggle C. tolerate D. excel 26. A. Comment on B. Weigh down C. Leave behind D. Reflect on 27. A. prioritize B. outline C. revise D. adjust 28. A. accustomed B. committed C. attracted D. resistant 29. A. diagnose B. justify C. clarify D. investigate 30. A. in line with B. in proportion to C. at odds with D. in harmony with 31. A. Marvel B. Challenge C. Transition D. Major 32. A. contemporary B. stimulating C. informative D. challenging 33. A. therefore B. however C. instead D. otherwise 34. A. Positive B. Distinctive C. Negative D. Neutral 35. A. discouraging B. harsh C. fierce D. grave 2023年1月春考 外刊来源： For the past five years. I've been examining the pros and cons of reading on-screen versus in print. The _______bottom line is that while digital devices may be fine for reading that we don't intend to (41 ) _______or reread, text that requires what's been called “deep reading”is nearly always better done in print. Readers themselves have a keen sense of what kind of reading is best suited for which (42) _______. My survey research with university students in the United Sates, Germany. and Japan reveals that if costs are the same, about 90 percent ( at least in my sample ) (43 )_______ hard copy for schoolwork. If a text is long, 92 percent would choose hard copy. For (44) _______texts, it's a toss-up. Digital reading also (45 ) _______distraction and invites multitasking. Among American and Japanese subjects, 92 percent reported it was easiest to concentrate when reading in hard copy.(The figure for Germany was 98 percent. ) In this country.26 percent indicated they were (46)________to multitask while reading in print, compared with 85 percent when reading on-screen. Imagine (47)_______with Finnegan's Wake while simultaneously juggling Facebook and booking a vacation fight. You get the point. Several open-ended questions on my survey were particularly (48 )_______. I asked what people liked most ( and least) about reading in each medium. Common (49)_______for what students liked most about reading in print included “I can write on the pages and remember the material easier” and “it's easier to focus.” When asked what they liked least about reading (50 )_______, a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't “real reading,” while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted” or “don't absorb as much.” My all-time favorite reply to the question "What is the one thing you (51 )________about reading in print?" came from an American: "It takes me longer because I read more carefully. " Isn't careful reading what academe was designed to promote? Readings in the humanities tend to be lengthy, intellectually weighty, or both. The (52)_______of digital reading for the humanities is that screens-particularly those on devices with Internet connections-undermine our encounters with meaty texts. These (53 ) ________weren't designed for focused concentration, reading slowly, pausing to argue virtually with the author,or rereading. (54 )_______, they are information and communication machines, best used for searching and skimming-not scrutinizing. Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about challenges to the humanities. We need to think more carefully about students' mounting rejection of long-form reading , now (55 )_________ by digital technologies that further complicate our struggle to engage students in serious text-based inquiry. 41. A. make up B.take on C.hold out D.chew over 42. A.design B. medium C. cover D. content 43.A. prefer B.refer C.offer D.transfer 44. A. lower B. higher C.shorter D. longer 45.A.disarms B.encourages C.encaves D. counteracts 46.A. likely B. orderly C. deadly D. cleanly 47.A.delighting B. satisfying C. struggling D.picnicking 48. A.recommending B. indicating C.recognizing D. revealing 49.A.response B.additions C.solutions D.instruments 50. A. casually B.delicately C. digitally D. instantly 51. A.disadvantage B. dislike C.misjudge D. decolour 52. A.advance B. suspect C.pleasure D. challenge 53. A.vehicles B.services C.devices D. figures 54. A. Accordingly B. Rather C.Thus D. Therefore 55. A.qualified B.terrified C.identified D.intensified 2022年1月春考 Artificially sweetened diet drinks make no difference to weight gain and should not be seen as healthier than their sugar-laden counterparts, according to a team of experts, A review of research evidence concludes there is nothing to support claims that sugar free versions of popular soft drinks can help (4l) _______obesity and related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Industry sponsored studies reporting"favourable"associations between diet drinks and weight loss may be biased, it claims. There have been concerns that diet drinks, known as artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), might lead people to consume more calories by(42) ________sweet flavour taste buds. The new study found that evidence (43) _________the healthiness of ASBs was inconclusive with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) producing mixed results. Senor investigator Professor Christopher Millett said: "A common perception, which may be influenced by industry marketing, is that because ‘diet’ drinks have no sugar, they must be healthier and aid weight loss when used as a(n)(44)for full sugar versions However, we found no solid evidence to support this The researchers pointed out that research supported by food or beverage companies was more likely to find no evidence of links between sugary drink (45) _________ and obesity than non-industry sponsored research. Similarly, ASB industry-sponsored research was "more likely to report favourable results and (46) ________ regarding ASB effects on weight control” In many cases. researchers had failed to disclose (47) __________of interest relating to links with the food industry. it was claimed. Coauthor Dr Marin Carolina Borges said: “The lack of solid evidence on the health effects of ASBs and the potential influence of bias from industry funded studies should be taken seriously when discussing whether ASBs are (48) __________ alternatives to SSBs ( sugar-sweetened beverages)." Leading British nutritionist Professor Susan Jebb said despite the mixed evidence, there was no reason to believe that replacing sugary drinks with artificially sweetened (49)________ did any harm She said , “For people seeking to manage their weight , tap water is (50)__________the best drink to choose , for health and the environment , but far many people who are used to drinking sugary drinks, this will be loo hard a change to (51)_________. Artificially sweetened drinks are a step in the ( 52 )__________ direction to cut calories." Dietitian Professor Tom Sanders, was also critical of the research, calling it “an opinion piece rather than a ( n )(53)___________review of the evidence”. He ( 54)____________ “The conclusion that reduced sugar or sugar-free drinks should not be promoted or seen as part of a healthy diet seems unwarranted and likely to add to public (55 )_____________.” 41. A. relieve B. oppose C. prevent D. bother 42. A. inserting B. stimulating C.enhancing D.securing 43. A. resulting from B. referring to C.depending on D. relating to 44. A. Substitute B.proposal C.suspect D.implication 45. A. Efficiency B.consumption C.distribution D.modernization 46. A. appointments B.instructions C.performances D.conclusions 47. A. threats B. matters C. conflicts D.appeals 48. A. adequate B.essential C.available D. deliberate 49. A initiatives B.alternatives C.objectives D.representatives 50. A. without question B. beyond description C. around the corner D. in consequence 51. A. settle B. route C. mend D. make 52. A. wrong B. right C. proper D. opposite 53. A. democratic B. automatic C. systematic D. dramatic 54. A. transferred B. ranged C. accessed D. added 55. A. fascination B. ambition C.confusion D. Isolation 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第06讲： 完形填空之命题玄关破解 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 上海高考英语完形填空体裁议论文、说明文为主，夹叙夹议文次之，文章选材颇具哲理性，可读性较强。在语言结构方面，长难句较多，逻辑思辨能力强，理解难度较大，在选项词性上以实词为主，其中动词、名词会占半壁江山，虚词几乎不会考查，特别注重对文章上下文语境的理解把握。考点设置上，句内层次题(答案由设空所在句子决定，多凭句子本身可知答案)和句组层次题(答案由设空临近句子决定，需前后寻找信息或暗示)所占比重较大，语篇层次题(答案中整篇文章的内涵决定，需统揽全局)考查难度较大。主要考察动词、名词、形容词、副词。偶尔会有过渡词、介词短语、动词短语、连词等。 【要点梳理】 解题关键（首逻修词情） 一、文章句首 完形填空首句甚至前几句话往往是完整的信息，为考生提供足够的信息去了解文章的总体思路，这里信息可以帮助考生判断全文大意甚至全文主题。 二、逻辑关系 　完形填空中的每一个空格并非孤立存在的，命题者必须通过上下文给出某种线索来保证空格所填答案的唯一性，而这一线索即是上下文乃至全文的逻辑关系。命题者往往借助连词或介词短语来设置选项。 三、修辞 1.排比结构 　“排比结构”指的是结构相同或相似、意思密切关联、语法一致的句子或词组成串排列的语言现象。命题者常从排比结构的句式相同或相似这一角度，利用其表现意义的关联或对比这一特点来设空。 2.对比结构 　　对比结构常把两种对立的事物或同一事物的两个不同方面并列出来加以比较或对比。高考完形填空设题常常利用不同句子之间的对比关系或者同一个句子中不同部分之间的对比关系。 四、词汇语境 1.词汇复现 词汇复现使得语篇中的句子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整和有机的意义整体。根据这一原则，某一个空格所对应的答案很可能就是在上下文中复现的相关词，考生可以根据这些词来决定答案。 2.词汇差异 　　高考完形填空主要考查实义词，一定要结合上下文内容，根据句意进行判断。有时从单句看，似乎不止一个答案，必须结合上下文在含义和用法等多方面加以考虑才能作出选择。 五、情感态度 做完形填空时，应在弄清作者思路的基础上，着重寻找反映褒贬态度的标志性词汇或句子。我们有时候可以根据作者对人物或事情的态度来排除干扰，进行正确的选择。 考点精 讲 命题焦点 · 考向一：[句内层次题]　 1．利用句内语法结构或对应成分分析法解题 2. 利用句内词汇线索暗示分析法解题 3.利用习惯搭配及固定结构解题 4. 利用生活常识和文化背景解题 【典例】 （2024杨浦一模） Start as small as you can, because this is more likely to be achievable, repeatable and rewarding — three things we need to happen to shift from a(n) (55) _________ new behaviour to a habit. 55.A. hopeful B. hopeless C. effortful D. effortless 【答案】D. 【44题详解】根据句意，开始得越小越好，因为这样更容易实现、可重复和有回报。因此空格处应填入"effortless"，表示毫不费力的。 · 考向二：[句组层次题]　 1．利用语义复现解题 2． 利用作者态度或感情色彩关联解题 3．利用逻辑关系解题 4．利用语境暗示分析法解题 【典例】 （2024虹口一模） Back in 1930,the economist John Maynard Keynes predicted that with technological change and improvements in-productivity, we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now. But while working hours have ___21___ by 26%. most of us still average 42.5 hours a week. 21. A. declined B. increased C. continued D. kept 【答案】21. A 【21题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是，虽然工作时间减少了26%，我们大多数人每周平均工作时间仍然是42.5小时。A. declined下降；B. increased增加；C. continued继续；D. kept保持。根据上文“we’d only be working 15 hours a week by now.(我们现在每周只工作15个小时)”可知，虽然工作时间减少了26%，我们大多数人每周平均工作时间仍然是42.5小时，while引导让步状语从句，表转折，故选A。 · 考向三：【语篇层次题】 1. 利用语义复现解题 2. 利用总分结构或对比结构分析法解题 3. 利用逻辑关系解题 【典例】（2024奉贤一模） 47 , they checked to see which genes were especially active in the enamel-producing cells. It turned out that genes designed to bind to calcium were particularly busy. ......... But these findings are 54 . As any dentist will tell you, prevention is better than cure. 55 , a better cure would be always welcome. There is no doubt that this research offers a new prospect for future dental care. 47. A. Then B. Therefore C. Otherwise D. Still 55. A. Likewise B. Furthermore C. Nevertheless D. Instead 【答案】 47.A 55.C 【解析】 47. A. Then（然后） Therefore（因此） Otherwise（否则） Still（仍然） 答案：A. Then（然后） 解析：根据上下文，研究人员首先检查了釉质细胞中特别活跃的基因。然后，他们检查了哪些基因在产生釉质的细胞中特别活跃。Then表示时间上的顺序关系。 55. A. Likewise（同样地） Furthermore（此外） Nevertheless（然而） Instead（代替） 答案：C. Nevertheless（然而） 解析：根据上下文，文章提到预防胜过治疗，然而更好的治疗方法总是受欢迎的。Nevertheless表示转折关系，即尽管如此。 课堂精练 演练 （以2023年6月上海高考真题为例，深度解析高考完形填空命题趋势） Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41) ______, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors’ apparent (42)_____ when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43)______ black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44)  ______, either. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45)  ______ uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) ______ working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47)  ______ their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48)  ______ and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”  Technology has helped (49) ______ the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) ______ diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51)  ______ and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52)  ______ level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” On the other hand, computers can’t (53)  ______ a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54)  ______ quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) ______, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 41. A.On the hand B. Afterwords C. As a result D.Above all 42.A. victim B. instance C. transparency D. certainty 43.A. frequently B. generally C.rarely D. mainly 44.A. adored B.transformed C.faded D.adjusted 45.A. limiting B. hitting C.threatening D. assembling 46. A. compared with B. accounted for C. accustomed to D.annoyed at 47.A.cover B.train C.clarify D.broaden 48.A. identify B. cure C.defend D.cause 49.A. enlighten B.redefine C.commit D.guarantee 50. A. accurate B.plain C.serious D.remedial 51.A. challenge B. encounter C.conversation D.dispute 52.A. dangerous B. maximal C.unfavorable D.contrasting 53. A.stuff B.hint C.communicate D. indicate 54.A. conclude B. understand C.assume D. calculate 55. A.however B. therefore C. moreover D.hence 【答案】 41~45. CDCDA 46~50. CDBBA 51~55. ABCDA 【导读】文章讨论了医生在与病人交流时传达自信和确定性的重要性，然而，随着医学和技术进步带来的信息爆炸，专家们开始质疑医生与病人交流时的表面确定性是否对病人造成更多伤害。医学院只是开始教导医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也没有明确。医生并不像数学和几何学那样具备确定性，而是需要不断权衡各种因素来做出决策。技术在一定程度上提供了确定性，但无法像医生那样以安慰人心的方式给出诊断和治疗建议。虽然计算机可以评估肺部结节的癌症风险，但它无法决定如何告知患者肺部有1%的机会变成癌症。因此，医生需要在不确定性中进行决策，并通过人性化的交流方式向患者传递信息。 外刊题源： Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty. (41) As a result, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away, experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) certainty when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are (43) rarely black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) adjusted, either. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) limiting uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) accustomed to working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on a myriad of factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose an ailment(小恙), he tells them to (47) broaden their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. “Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) cure and what the outcomes will be in the long run.”  Technology has helped (49)redefine the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) accurate diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) challenge and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) maximal level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” On the other hand, computers can’t (53) communicate a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). It can also (54) calculate quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) however, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 【长难句解析】 1.Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics, odds and probability. Yet they’ve long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.  【译文】医生是科学家，他们的工作离不开数据、机率和概率。然而长期以来，他们被教导说，与病人打交道时，他们应该传递令人信服的自信和确定性。 Operate这里应理解为“工作”; reassuring令人信服的、可靠的。 2.  (41) As a result, patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment. 【译文】因此，病人期待医生给他们一个清晰的诊断和直接的治疗过程。 3.  But now that information about every medical condition imaginable is just a few clicks away experts are asking whether doctors' apparent (42) certainty when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good. 【译文】但是，现在只要轻点鼠标、就能了解到各种病情信息，鉴于此，专家们质疑：与病人沟通时，医生给出的确定性实际上是否弊大于利。 Now that因为、鉴于；every…imaginable各种、全部的、所能想到的。 4.With the information overload brought by the progress of medicine and technology answers are(43) rarely black or white. Medical schools are only just starting to teach doctors how to deal with this, and patients' expectations haven't (44) adjusted either. 【译文】随着医学和技术进步所带来的信息过载，答案很少非黑即白。医学院正在开始教医生如何处理这个问题，而病人的期望也还没有能适应（这一变化趋势）。 With…brought复合结构“随着/在……”；           5. “Medicine has always fallen short of the sort of certainty that we find in math and geometry”, says Dr. Ross Upshur, a researcher at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health in Toronto. “If you think about knowledge and what it does, it’s about (45) limiting uncertainty, not about creating certainty. ” 【译文】"医学总是达不到我们在数学和几何学中发现的那种确定性"，多伦多达拉拉纳公共卫生学院的研究员罗斯-厄普舒尔博士说。"如果你考虑到知识和它的作用，它是关于限制不确定性，而不是创造确定性。" fallen short of达不到、缺少。           6.Doctors in training, like gamblers, need to be (46) accustomed to working in a field in which they’re constantly weighing the odds based on countless factors. When Upshur teaches medical students how to diagnose a disease, he tells them to (47) broaden their inquiry ---- come up with a list of possibilities, rather than quickly home in on a single solution. 【译文】接受培训的医生就像赌徒一样，需要习惯于在这个领域工作，在这个领域中，他们不断地根据无数的因素来衡量赔率。当Upshur教授医学生如何诊断一种疾病时，他告诉他们要扩大调查范围----提出一个可能性的清单，而不是迅速归纳出一个单一的解决方案。 Weigh掂量、权衡；home in on对准、指向。           7.“Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm, you usually don’t have certainty about what would be the best (48) cure and what the outcomes will be in the long run.” 【译文】"即使你做出了一个你认为是确定的诊断，你通常也不能确定什么是最好的治疗方法，以及从长远来看，结果会是什么。" In the long run长期来看。           8.(9) Technology has helped(49) redefine the quest for certainty. We are reaching a point where we can feed a list of symptoms into a computer and get a more (50) accurate diagnosis than from a doctor. Dr. Richard Schwartzstein, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School, sees such developments as both a/an (51) challenge and an opportunity. On one hand, he says, “technology tries to push you to a/an (52) maximal level of certainty. Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease. ” 【译文】技术已经帮助我们重新定义了对确定性的追求。我们正在达到这样一个地步：我们可以把症状清单输入计算机，得到比医生更准确的诊断。哈佛医学院医学教授理查德-施瓦茨坦博士认为这种发展既是挑战也是机遇。他说，一方面，"技术试图把你推到一个最大的确定性水平。做这个测试可以得到99%的确定性：你有这个疾病。" Redefine重新定义；reaching a point where达到某个……的程度。           9. On the other hand, computers can’t (53) communicate a diagnosis or a treatment to patients in a comforting way. Take a routine screening test for early-stage lung cancer. Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule (癌症结节). 【译文】另一方面，计算机不能以安慰的方式向病人传达诊断或治疗。以早期肺癌的常规筛查测试为例。根据你的年龄、吸烟状况和性别，计算机可以很好地评估发现癌症结节的几率。 a routine screening test定期筛查。           10. It can also (54) calculate quite precisely the risk of developing an actual cancer based on the size and shape of a nodule. What it can’t do, (55) however, is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a 1 percent chance of becoming a cancer. 【译文】它还可以根据结节的大小和形状，相当精确地计算出发展为实际癌症的风险。然而，它不能做的是决定如何告诉你，你的肺部有一个结节，有1%的机会成为癌症。 developing 患上某种疾病；break the news爆料、告诉实情。 【答案详解】 41.C【解析]此题考查上下文的逻辑关系。上文提到，医生应该给病人一个确定的诊断和治疗方案，而该空后提到，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程。因此，此处能够承接上下文的只有C项，as a result 意为“所以;结果(是)”，故选C。on the hand一方面:afterwords adv.后来;as a result 所以;结果(是):above all最重要的是:尤其是。 42.D【解析]结合上文提及的Doctors are scientists who operate in a world of statistics,odds and probability. Yet they've long been taught that when dealing with patients they should convey a reassuring level of confidence and certainty.可知此处提及的内容与医生在治疗过程中的明确性沟通相关，再结合相关选项，此处与“确定性”能够产生联系的选项只有D项。句意为:“但现在，只要点击几下鼠标，就可以获得关于每一种可以想象的医疗状况的信息，专家们正在询问，医生在与患者沟通时的明显确定性(certainty)是否真的弊大于利”。故选D。victim n.受害者:牺牲品:instance n.例子，实例;情况;transparency n.透明;透明度:透明性: certainty n.确定:必然性。 43.C【解析]结合选项及上下文experts are asking whether doctors' apparent certainty--when communicating with their patients actually does more harm than good.可知，专家们也在研究和询问医患沟通明确带来的影响，所以此处最可能表述的是“随着医学和技术进步带来的信息过量，答案很少(rarely)是非黑即白的”。故选C。frequently adv.频繁地，经常:generally adv.笼统地;通常地;普遍地:rarely adv.少有地;罕见地;mainly adv.主要地;大多。44.D【解析]结合上文提及的patients expect their doctors to give them a clear diagnosis and a straightforward course of treatment可知，患者希望医生能给他们一个明确的诊断和简单的治疗过程，再结合选项可推知患者的这种观念在短时间不会发生改变。句意为:“医学院才刚刚开始教医生如何应对这种情况，患者的期望也没有调整(adjusted)”，故选D。adore v.喜爱:爱慕;transfer v.(使)转移:(使)调动;fade v.褪去;逐渐消逝:adjust v.适应，调整，校正。 45.A【解析]结合下文和该空后提及的not about creating certainty可推知，该空所填词构成的短语的意思应与creating certainty意思相近，limiting uncertainty符合题意。句意为:“如果你思考知识及其作用，那就是限制(limiting)不确定性，而不是创造确定性”。故选A. limit v.限制:限量:使限于:hit v.打，打击:碰撞:threaten v恐吓:威胁:预示(某事): assemble v.集合，收集:装配，组合:组装。 46.C[解析]结合下文所举的相关例子可推知，接受培训的医生需要在海量信息中作出判断，即当他们诊断疾病时，经常会面对这种情况，所以他们要慢慢习惯这种工作状态。句意为:“像赌徒一样，接受培训的医生需要习惯于(accustomed to)在一个他们不断根据无数因素权衡胜算的领域工作”。故选C.compare with与……比较，跟……相比:account for说明(原因、理由等);在(数量、比例上)占，对…负责:annoy at对愤怒。 47.D【解析]结合该空之后提及的come up with a list of possibilities--rather than quickly home in on a single solution 可推知，文章不提倡快速地回到一个单一的解决方案上，所以此处想要表达的意思为“当Upshur 教医学生如何诊断疾病时，他告诉他们扩大(broaden)调查范围一一列出各种可能性，而不是迅速找到一个单一的解决方案”，故选D。cover v.遮盖:覆盖:撒上:包括:涉及:train v、训练:教育:培养;修整:clarify v、阐明，澄清:净化: broaden v.变宽:扩大.的范围。 48.B【解析]结合上句提及的Even when you make a diagnosis that you think is firm可知，此处讲述的内容与医疗诊断相关，再分析选项，此处B项能够与上文联系起来。句意为:“即使你做出了你认为可靠的诊断，你通常也不确定什么是最好的治疗(cure)方法，从长远来看会有什么结果?”。故选B。identify v、识别，认出:确定:cure n.药:措施:疗程:defend v.防御:保卫:防守:cause n.原因;理由;事业:诉讼案。 49.B【解析]结合上下文提及的相关内容可知，医生需要慢慢习惯从海量信息中诊断疾病，而信息技术提高了诊断的准确性，这说明准确诊断疾病是医生追求已久的。句意为:“技术帮助重新定义了对确定性的追求”，故选B。enlighten v.启发，阐明:redefine v.再定义: commit v.犯罪:承诺:guarantee v.保证:担保。 50.A[解析]结合上下文提及的Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease.可推知，此处想要表达的是“我们已经到了可以将症状列表输入计算机并得到比医生更准确的(accurate)诊断的地步”，故选A。accurate adj.正确的，精确的:精准的: plain adj.清楚的:坦诚的:单色的:朴素的:serious adj.严重的:严肃的:认真的:庄重的:remedial adj.补教的;纠正的:治疗的;补习的，辅导的。 51.A[解析]结合下文提及的信息技术对于提高诊断准确率的好处和缺点，并结合选项可知，此处句意为:“哈佛医学院医学教授理查德·施瓦茨坦博士认为，这种发展既是一种挑战(challenge)，也是一种机遇”。故选A。challenge n.挑战:(比赛等的)邀请:质疑:encounter n.遭遇，偶遇:(体育)比赛:conversation n.交谈，谈话:dispute n.争论，争端，纠纷。 52.B【解析]结合该空之后提及的Do this test to get a 99 percent level of certainty that you have this disease可知，将症状信息输入电脑能够99%确定患有某种疾病，即最大程度确定所患疾病。故该空所在句子想要表达的是“技术试图把你推向一个最大的(maximal)确定水平。做这个测试可以获得99%的确定性,你患有这种疾病”。故选B.dangerous adj.危险的;maximal adj.尺寸最大的，最高的，持续时间最长的:unfavorable adj.不利的:相反的;令人不快的;不吉利的:contrasting adj.极不相同的，迥异的。 53.C【解析]结合该段内容以及最后提及的is decide how to break the news that you have a nodule in your lung that has a l percent chance of becoming a cancer可推知，计算机虽然能够非常准确第诊断疾病，但其在告知诊断结果方面存在一定缺陷。句意为:“另一方面，计算机无法以令人欣慰的方式向患者传达(communicate)诊断或治疗”。故选C。stuff v.塞满;填塞;hint v.暗示，提示:communicate v.沟通;传递;传染;相通:indicate v.表明，暗示:指示。 54.D【解析]结合上句提及的Based on your age, your smoking status, and your gender, a computer can do a great job of evaluating the chances of finding a cancerous nodule可知，此处是在说明计算机根据相关信息诊断疾病的准确程度。句意为:“它还可以根据结节的大小和形状非常精确地计算出(calculate)患上实际癌症的风险”。故选D。conclude v.推断出:总结:结束:缔约:understand v.明白，理解:了解:得知:默认;领会:assume v.假设:承担(责任):获得(权利):呈现:calculate v.计算:估算:估计:预料。 55.A[解析]结合该空前后内容，可以发现上文说计算机可以准确诊断疾病，而该空之后则说“计算机不能够准确告知疾病发展”，前后有一定的转折性，故选A。however adv.然而:不管怎样:conj.不管怎样:therefore adv.因此:moreover adv.此外:而且:hence adv.因此，所以。 课后反馈 演练 Child developmental psychologist Jean Piaget convinced us that young, undeveloped minds couldn’t handle complex concepts because they simply weren’t experienced or mature enough yet. Piaget, ____41____, believed that young kids could not understand cause and effect, that they couldn’t think logically, and that they also couldn’t handle abstract ideas. But child development specialists are finding out that preschoolers without any formal education may have the capacity to understand more complex concepts than we give them ____42____ for. Alison Gopnik, professor of psychology at University of California Berkeley and her team devised a way to test how well young kids understand the abstract concept of ____43____ cause and effect—the idea that there may be more than one cause for a single effect. They picked preschoolers around 4 years old ____44____ undergraduates. The study ____45____ a toy that could be turned on by placing a single blue colored block on the toy’s tray, but could also be activated if two blocks-orange and purple-were placed on the tray. The preschoolers were expert at ____46____ that the blue blocks turned on the toy, as did the purple and orange ones, but that the purple and orange ones needed to be paired together. The undergraduates, however, had a ____47____ time accepting the latter solution. Their previous experience in the world hampered their ability to accept the unusual rules that ____48____ the toy. Researchers from Johns Hopkins University found a similar effect among preschoolers when it came to math. Previous studies showed that if you present infants with eight objects over and over until they got bored, and then showed them 16, they suddenly ____49____ interest and sensed that things change. Even before they are taught about numbers or amounts, then, infants seem to have a grasp on quantity. “All the evidence so far leads us to believe that this is something that babies come into the world with,” says Melissa Kibbe, co-author of that study. According to her research, the preschoolers had some _____50_____ of quantity, and the appropriate amount that they needed to get from a small quantity to a larger one. Kibbe’s and Gopnik’s recent work may have broader _____51_____ for education, since current math curricula in schools may not be ideal for _____52_____ the number sense that kids are born with. “There’s an exciting movement in psychology over the past decade, as we learn that students bring certain capabilities, or inborn knowledge that we hadn’t thought they had before,” says Jon Star, at the Harvard University Graduate School of Education. Though it may be too early to _____53_____ such findings to the classroom, the results lay the ground work for studying similar inborn skills and how they might be better understood. “The hard part is, _____54_____, how you build up and upon this intuitive knowledge in a way that allows a child to capture the complexity but not hold them back.” says Tina Grotzer, associate professor of education at Harvard. Taking advantage of a child’s still developing sense of numbers and quantities is one thing, but _____55_____ it with too many new constructs about algebra, unknowns, and problem solving may just end up negatively affecting his learning and academic performance. “As soon as concepts get big and complex, there are all sorts of perceptual, attentional, and cognitive costs and challenges involved,” she says. 41. A. in fact B. in particular C. in contrast D. in comparison 42. A. criticism B. credit C. attention D. advance 43. A. overall B. essential C. concrete D. multiple 44. A. against B. beyond C. after D. over 45. A. knocked around B. powered on C. turned off D. centered on 46. A. pulling out B. spelling out C. pointing out D. figuring out 47. A. merrier B. shorter C. harder D. rougher 48. A. motivated B. activated C. assembled D. empowered 49. A. enhanced B. resumed C. rejected D. altered 50. A. taste B. attempt C. concept D. expertise 51. A. instructions B. substitutes C. implementations D. implications 52. A. complementing B. discovering C. challenging D. nurturing 53. A. transfer B. translate C. stretch D. compare 54. A. literally B. theoretically C. educationally D. previously 55. A. associating B. intruding C. blending D. overloading 【答案】41. A 42. B 43. D 44. A 45. D 46. D 47. C 48. B 49. B 50. C 51. D 52. D 53. B 54. C 55. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是儿童发展专家发现，没有接受过任何正规教育的学龄前儿童可能有能力理解比我们给他们的更复杂的概念。 【41题详解】 考查固定短语辨析。句意：事实上，皮亚杰认为年幼的孩子无法理解因果关系，他们无法进行逻辑思考，他们也无法处理抽象概念。A. in fact事实上；B. in particular尤其，特别；C. in contrast相反地；D. in comparison相比。根据下文“believed that young kids could not understand cause and effect, that they couldn’t think logically, and that they also couldn’t handle abstract ideas”可知，皮亚杰认为年幼的孩子无法理解因果关系，他们无法进行逻辑思考，他们也无法处理抽象概念，这是一个客观事实。故选A。 【42题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：但儿童发展专家发现，没有接受过任何正规教育的学龄前儿童可能有能力理解比我们认为的更复杂的概念。A. criticism批评；B. credit信贷；C. attention注意力；D. advance进步。根据上文“have the capacity to understand more complex concepts than”可知，没有接受过任何正规教育的学龄前儿童可能有能力理解比我们认为的更复杂的概念，give sb. credit for意为“相信某人具有”。故选B。 【43题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：加州大学伯克利分校的心理学教授Alison Gopnik和她的团队设计了一种方法来测试幼儿对多重因果的抽象概念的理解程度，即一个结果可能有多个原因。A. overall全面的；B. essential必要的；C. concrete具体的；D. multiple多个的。根据下文“more than one cause for a single effect”可知，此处指的是“加州大学伯克利分校的心理学教授Alison Gopnik和她的团队设计了一种方法来测试幼儿对多重因果的抽象概念的理解程度”，空格处意为“多个的”。故选D。 【44题详解】 考查介词词义辨析。句意：他们挑选了四岁左右的学龄前儿童和本科生。A. against与……相比；B. beyond超出；C. after在……之后；D. over在……的上方。根据上文“4 years old”和下文“undergraduates”可知，四岁左右的学龄前儿童和本科生是年龄相差比较大的群体，因此空格处是“与……相比”。故选A。 【45题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：这项研究的重点是一个玩具，它可以通过在玩具的托盘上放置一个蓝色的块来启动，但如果在托盘上放置两个橙色和紫色的块，它也可以被激活。A. knocked around闲逛；B. powered on打开；C. turned off关闭；D. centered on以……为中心。根据下文“a toy that could be turned on by placing a single blue colored block on the toy’s tray, but could also be activated if two blocks-orange and purple-were placed on the tray”可知，此处讲的是研究主要是用一个玩具来做的，也就是研究以一个玩具为中心。故选D。 【46题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：学龄前儿童很擅长弄清楚蓝色的积木能打开玩具，紫色和橙色的积木也一样，但紫色和橙色的积木需要配对在一起。A. pulling out拔出；B. spelling out拼出；C. pointing out指出；D. figuring out弄清楚。根据下文“that the blue blocks turned on the toy, as did the purple and orange ones”可知，学龄前儿童很擅长弄清楚蓝色的积木能打开玩具。故选D。 【47题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，大学生们很难接受后一种解决方案。A. merrier更快乐的；B. shorter更短的；C. harder更困难的；D. rougher更粗糙的。根据上文“The preschoolers were expert at__6___ that the blue blocks turned on the toy”和下文“The undergraduates, however”中的however表转折可知，大学生们很难接受后一种解决方案。故选C。 【48题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们之前在世界上的经历阻碍了他们接受激活玩具的不寻常规则的能力。A. motivated激励；B. activated激活；C. assembled组装；D. empowered授权。根据上文“could also be activated if two blocks-orange and purple-were placed on the tray”可知，他们之前在世界上的经历阻碍了他们接受激活玩具的不寻常规则的能力。故选B。 【49题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：先前的研究表明，如果你不断地给婴儿看8个物体，直到他们感到厌烦，然后给他们看16个，他们会突然恢复兴趣，并感觉到事情发生了变化。A. enhanced提高；B. resumed恢复；C. rejected拒绝；D. altered改变。根据上文“until they got bored”和下文“sensed that things change”可知，如果你不断地给婴儿看8个物体，直到他们感到厌烦，然后给他们看16个，他们会突然恢复兴趣。故选B。 【50题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：根据她的研究，学龄前儿童有一些数量的概念，以及他们从小量到大量所需的适当数量。A. taste味道；B. attempt企图；C. concept概念；D. expertise专长。根据上文“infants seem to have a grasp on quantity”可知，学龄前儿童有一些数量的概念。故选C。 【51题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Kibbe和Gopnik最近的工作可能对教育有更广泛的影响，因为目前学校的数学课程可能不是培养孩子天生的数字感的理想选择。A. instructions指示；B. substitutes代替物；C. implementations实施，执行；D. implications可能的影响。根据下文“since current math curricula in schools may not be ideal for__12___ the number sense that kids are born with”可知，数学课程是关于教育的，因此此处表示“Kibbe和Gopnik最近的工作可能对教育有更广泛的影响”。故选D。 【52题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Kibbe和Gopnik最近的工作可能对教育有更广泛的影响，因为目前学校的数学课程可能不是培养孩子天生的数字感的理想选择。A. complementing补充，补足；B. discovering发现；C. challenging挑战；D. nurturing培养，促进。根据上文“current math curricula”和下文“the number sense”可知，目前学校的数学课程可能不是培养孩子天生的数字感的理想选择。故选D。 【53题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然现在将这些发现应用到课堂上还为时过早，但这些结果为研究类似的天生技能以及如何更好地理解它们奠定了基础。A. transfer转移；B. translate翻译；C. stretch伸展；D. compare对比。根据下文“such findings to the classroom”可知，此处表示这些发现应用到课堂上还为时过早， translate...to...意为“把……转换到……”，此处表示把研究的发现进行转换，然后应用到课堂。故选B。 【54题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：在教育上，困难的部分是，你如何在这种直觉知识的基础上建立起来，让孩子掌握复杂性，而不是阻碍他们。A. literally真正地，确实地；B. theoretically理论上；C. educationally在教育上；D. previously以前地，先前地。根据下文“how you build up and upon this intuitive knowledge in a way that allows a child to capture the complexity but not hold them back”可知，如何在这种直觉知识的基础上建立起来，让孩子掌握复杂性，而不是阻碍他们，这是教育的问题，因此空格处意为“在教育上”。故选C。 【55题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：利用孩子仍在发展中的数字和数量感是一回事，但给孩子灌输太多关于代数、未知数和解决问题的新概念，最终可能会对他的学习和学业表现产生负面影响。A. associating联想，联系；B. intruding闯入；C. blending（使）混合；D. overloading（使）过载，超载。根据下文“with too many new constructs about algebra, unknowns, and problem solving”可知，此处表示“给孩子灌输太多关于代数、未知数和解决问题的新概念，最终可能会对他的学习和学业表现产生负面影响”，空格处意为“（使）过载”。故选D。 【上海市实验学校2024学年度第一学期高三英语10月月考】 Not long after selecting their college, students are asked to declare an academic major. For some, this decision is easy, as their majors may have actually influenced their choice of college. ___21___, this decision is not always an easy one to make, and college students frequently hang their minds. So, how should students make this significant decision? It is ___22___ to give into fear, indecisiveness or worry, but using the following strategies to select the right major will also help ___23___ your motivation when the going gets tough. 1. Make a Career Plan One effective way to increase your chances of success in your major is by creating a career plan. Start by ___24___ your future career and consider the academic and professional paths that can lead you there. Research shows that students with career plans are more likely to ___25___ in their chosen majors. ___26___ your beliefs about work, your interest in various academic subjects and your abilities. Exploring these factors can help you make more informed decisions. Then, identify a specific career and ___27___ the steps you need to take in college to prepare for that career. 2. Do Your Research Students sometimes drop out of their selected majors because they have become dissatisfied with the academic area they have chosen. Or they may find themselves more ___28___ to a different academic major altogether. To avoid this, thoroughly ___29___ the career you’re interested in, as well as related fields. Consider whether a particular job matches your skills and preferences. Speak to professionals in the field to learn about their daily work, and reflect on what aspects of the job you would enjoy or dislike. While it is possible to switch out of your major once your interests become more apparent, you will save a good deal of time and energy by initially choosing a major that is ___30___ your interests and abilities. 3. Brace Yourself for ___31___ It may come as a surprise when you are presented with incredibly ___32___ material during your first semester at college. Students who were at the top of their class may be particularly shocked when they receive their first low grade on an exam. You should not assume, ___33___ that you have made the wrong choice of academic major simply because you performed poorly on one test. ___34___ feedback from college advisers and instructors can also influence a student’s choice to change their major. The possibility of failure can be so ___35___ to students that they can lose their ambition on the first day of class, before they have experienced any academic failure at all. Hold on to the confidence that guided you to select your major in the first place, and prepare yourself for the academic challenges that await you in whichever major you choose. 21. A. Undoubtedly B. Unfortunately C. Inevitably D. Duly 22. A. desperate B. hazardous C. tempting D. tragic 23. A. sustain B. promote C. attain D. reverse 24. A. pursuing B. optimizing C. picturing D. navigating 25. A. persist B. struggle C. tolerate D. excel 26. A. Comment on B. Weigh down C. Leave behind D. Reflect on 27. A. prioritize B. outline C. revise D. adjust 28. A. accustomed B. committed C. attracted D. resistant 29. A. diagnose B. justify C. clarify D. investigate 30. A. in line with B. in proportion to C. at odds with D. in harmony with 31. A. Marvel B. Challenge C. Transition D. Major 32. A. contemporary B. stimulating C. informative D. challenging 33. A. therefore B. however C. instead D. otherwise 34. A. Positive B. Distinctive C. Negative D. Neutral 35. A. discouraging B. harsh C. fierce D. grave 【答案】21. B 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. D 27. B 28. C 29. D 30. A 31. B 32. D 33. B 34. C 35. A 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章介绍了能帮助学生选择合适的专业的一些策略。 【21题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，这个决定并不总是那么容易做出，大学生们经常犹豫不决。A. Undoubtedly无疑地；B. Unfortunately不幸地；C. Inevitably不可避免地；D. Duly适当地。根据“this decision is not always an easy one to make”可知，此处指“不幸的是，这个决定并不总是那么容易做出”。故选B。 【22题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：人们很容易屈服于恐惧、优柔寡断或担忧，但使用以下策略来选择合适的专业也会帮助你在遇到困难时保持动力。A. desperate绝望的，拼命的；B. hazardous危险的；C. tempting诱人的，吸引人的；D. tragic悲惨的，不幸的。根据“to give into fear, indecisiveness or worry”和下文“but using the following strategies to select the right major will also help...”可知，此处指人们很容易屈服于恐惧、优柔寡断或担忧，It is tempting to do sth本意为“做某事很有吸引力”，此处结合语境译为“人们很容易做某事”。故选C。 【23题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：同上。A. sustain维持；B. promote促进，提升；C. attain达到，获得；D. reverse颠倒，使反转。根据上文“give into fear, indecisiveness or worry”和空后的“when the going gets tough”可知，人们很容易屈服于恐惧、优柔寡断或担忧，使用一些策略应是会在你遇到困难时维持动力。故选A。 【24题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：从最优化你未来的职业开始，并考虑可以引导你到达那里的学术和专业道路。A. pursuing追求；B. optimizing使最优化；C. picturing描绘，想象；D. navigating导航。根据上文“creating a career plan(创建一个职业计划)”可知，此处指使未来的职业最优化。故选B。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究表明，有职业规划的学生更有可能坚持自己选择的专业。A. persist坚持；B. struggle挣扎；C. tolerate忍受；D. excel突出，出色。根据本段首句“One effective way to increase your chances of success in your major is by creating a career plan.(增加专业成功机会的一个有效方法就是制定职业规划)”可知，制定职业规划能增加专业成功的机会，即制定职业规划的学生更有可能坚持他们所选的专业。故选A。 【26题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：反思你对工作的信念，你对各种学科的兴趣和你的能力。A. Comment on评论；B. Weigh down压弯；C. Leave behind留下，不理会；D. Reflect on反思，思考。根据下文“Exploring these factors(探讨这些因素)”可知，此处指反思各方面的因素。故选D。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：然后，确定一个具体的职业，并概述你在大学里为这个职业做准备所需要采取的步骤。A. prioritize优先处理；B. outline概述，勾勒……的外形；C. revise修改；D. adjust调整，适应。根据“the steps you need to take in college to prepare for that career”可知，确定职业后要概述在大学里为这个职业做准备所需要采取的步骤。故选B。 【28题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：或者他们可能会发现自己更喜欢完全不同的学术专业。A. accustomed习惯的；B. committed坚定的；C. attracted被吸引的；D. resistant有抵抗力的。根据上文“Students sometimes drop out of their selected majors because they have become dissatisfied with the academic area they have chosen.(学生有时会因为对自己选择的学术领域不满意而放弃自己选择的专业)”可知，本句是描述学生放弃专业的另一个原因，即发现自己被别的专业所吸引。故选C。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：为了避免这种情况，彻底调查你感兴趣的职业以及相关领域。A. diagnose诊断；B. justify证明正当；C. clarify阐明；D. investigate调查。根据下文“Consider whether a particular job matches your skills and preferences. Speak to professionals in the field to learn about their daily work, and reflect on what aspects of the job you would enjoy or dislike.(考虑一份特定的工作是否符合你的技能和喜好。与该领域的专业人士交谈，了解他们的日常工作，并反思你喜欢或不喜欢这份工作的哪些方面)”可知，此处是说彻底调查你感兴趣的职业以及相关领域。故选D。 【30题详解】 考查固定短语辨析。句意：虽然一旦你的兴趣变得明显，你可以换专业，但你可以先选择一个符合你兴趣和能力的专业，这样可以节省大量的时间和精力。A. in line with符合，与……一致；B. in proportion to按比例，与……成比例；C. at odds with与……不一致；D. in harmony with与……和谐相处。根据句意以及“you will save a good deal of time and energy”可知，与换专业相比，一开始就选择符合自己兴趣的专业更加省时省力。故选A。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：准备好迎接挑战。A. Marvel成就，奇迹；B. Challenge挑战；C. Transition过渡；D. Major专业。根据“Brace Yourself”和下文“when they receive their first low grade on an exam(当他们在考试中第一次得到低分时)”可知，此处是说准备好迎接挑战。故选B。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当你在大学的第一个学期面对难以置信的具有挑战性的材料时，你可能会感到惊讶。A. contemporary当代的；B. stimulating振奋人心的；C. informative提供有用信息的；D. challenging有挑战的。根据下文“when they receive their first low grade on an exam(当他们在考试中第一次得到低分时)”可知，此处是说在大学遇到具有挑战性的材料时你可能会很惊讶。故选D。 【33题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，你不应该仅仅因为你在一次考试中表现不佳就认为你选择了错误的专业。A. therefore因此；B. however然而；C. instead相反；D. otherwise否则。根据上文“Students who were at the top of their class may be particularly shocked when they receive their first low grade on an exam.(那些在班上名列前茅的学生在考试中第一次得到低分时可能会特别震惊)”和空后句意可知，上下文是转折关系，平时名列前茅的学生在得到低分时会感到震惊，然而你不应该因为一次的失败而认为自己选错了专业。故选B。 【34题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：来自大学顾问和导师的负面反馈也会影响学生换专业的选择。A. Positive积极的；B. Distinctive独特的；C. Negative负面的；D. Neutral中性的。根据上文提到的低分以及空后“can also influence a student’s choice to change their major”可知，此处是说一些负面因素影响学生的专业选择，因此是老师的负面反馈会影响学生换专业的选择。故选C。 【35题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：失败的可能性对学生来说是如此令人沮丧，以至于他们在第一天上课时就失去了雄心壮志，甚至在他们经历任何学业失败之前。A. discouraging使人沮丧的；B. harsh严厉的；C. fierce激烈的；D. grave严重的，重大的。根据“they can lose their ambition on the first day of class”可知，失败的可能性对学生来说是如此令人沮丧，以至于他们在第一天上课时就失去了雄心壮志。故选A。 2023年1月春考 外刊来源： For the past five years. I've been examining the pros and cons of reading on-screen versus in print. The _______bottom line is that while digital devices may be fine for reading that we don't intend to (41 ) _______or reread, text that requires what's been called “deep reading”is nearly always better done in print. Readers themselves have a keen sense of what kind of reading is best suited for which (42) _______. My survey research with university students in the United Sates, Germany. and Japan reveals that if costs are the same, about 90 percent ( at least in my sample ) (43 )_______ hard copy for schoolwork. If a text is long, 92 percent would choose hard copy. For (44) _______texts, it's a toss-up. Digital reading also (45 ) _______distraction and invites multitasking. Among American and Japanese subjects, 92 percent reported it was easiest to concentrate when reading in hard copy.(The figure for Germany was 98 percent. ) In this country.26 percent indicated they were (46)________to multitask while reading in print, compared with 85 percent when reading on-screen. Imagine (47)_______with Finnegan's Wake while simultaneously juggling Facebook and booking a vacation fight. You get the point. Several open-ended questions on my survey were particularly (48 )_______. I asked what people liked most ( and least) about reading in each medium. Common (49)_______for what students liked most about reading in print included “I can write on the pages and remember the material easier” and “it's easier to focus.” When asked what they liked least about reading (50 )_______, a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't “real reading,” while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted” or “don't absorb as much.” My all-time favorite reply to the question "What is the one thing you (51 )________about reading in print?" came from an American: "It takes me longer because I read more carefully. " Isn't careful reading what academe was designed to promote? Readings in the humanities tend to be lengthy, intellectually weighty, or both. The (52)_______of digital reading for the humanities is that screens-particularly those on devices with Internet connections-undermine our encounters with meaty texts. These (53 ) ________weren't designed for focused concentration, reading slowly, pausing to argue virtually with the author,or rereading. (54 )_______, they are information and communication machines, best used for searching and skimming-not scrutinizing. Teachers and scholars must look beyond today's career-mindedness in talking about challenges to the humanities. We need to think more carefully about students' mounting rejection of long-form reading , now (55 )_________ by digital technologies that further complicate our struggle to engage students in serious text-based inquiry. 41. A. make up B.take on C.hold out D.chew over 42. A.design B. medium C. cover D. content 43.A. prefer B.refer C.offer D.transfer 44. A. lower B. higher C.shorter D. longer 45.A.disarms B.encourages C.encaves D. counteracts 46.A. likely B. orderly C. deadly D. cleanly 47.A.delighting B. satisfying C. struggling D.picnicking 48. A.recommending B. indicating C.recognizing D. revealing 49.A.response B.additions C.solutions D.instruments 50. A. casually B.delicately C. digitally D. instantly 51. A.disadvantage B. dislike C.misjudge D. decolour 52. A.advance B. suspect C.pleasure D. challenge 53. A.vehicles B.services C.devices D. figures 54. A. Accordingly B. Rather C.Thus D. Therefore 55. A.qualified B.terrified C.identified D.intensified 【答案】41-55 DBACB ACDAC BDCBD 【导读】文章主要是对比了在屏幕上阅读和纸质阅读的利弊。结论是，虽然数字设备适合阅读不需要深入理解或重复阅读的内容，但对于需要进行“深度阅读”的文本来说，纸质阅读几乎总是更好的选择。调查研究显示，大部分学生认为纸质阅读更适合学业，尤其是长篇文本。数字阅读容易分散注意力，容易引发多任务处理，而纸质阅读更利于专注。一些被调查者表示，在纸质阅读时很少分心，而在屏幕上阅读时则经常分心。针对喜欢纸质阅读的原因，调查结果显示，人们喜欢可以在纸张上做笔记、更容易记住材料和更容易集中注意力。对于不喜欢数字阅读的原因，一些被调查者表示数字阅读不是“真正的阅读”，还有人抱怨容易分心或无法吸收足够的信息。最后，文章呼吁教师和学者要关注学生对长篇阅读的拒绝，特别是数字技术进一步加剧了我们在引导学生进行严肃的以文本为基础的研究方面的挑战。 【解析】 41.D【解析]根据该空之后提及的reread(意为“重读，再读”)可推知，此处想要表述的句意为:“虽然数字设备可能适合阅读我们不打算反复阅读(chew over)的内容 需要所谓‘深度阅读’的文本几乎总是在印刷品中做得更好”。故选D.ma take on 承担:hold out 保持;chew over 细嚼;仔细考量。 42.B[解析] 结合该段所举例子和文章提及的相关内容，再根据相关选项分析,可推知本篇文章讲述的内容与阅读媒介相关，即填入 medium 更符合文意，即此句意为:“读者自己对什么样的阅读最适合哪种媒介(medium)有着敏锐的感觉”故选 B。design n. 设计;设计方案; 布局;安排;构思; medium n.介质:方法:媒介;材料，形式;cover n.封皮;覆盖物:掩盖，掩饰; content n.内容:含量。 43.A[解析] 结合该空前后提及的 90%的人选择硬堵贝可推知，在所调查的人中这些人更喜欢使用这种方式，因此结合选项分析，A 项更符合文意。句意为:“我对美国、德国和日本的大学生进行的调查研究表明，如果成本相同，大约90%的人 (至少在我的样本中) 更喜欢 (prefer) 硬拷贝(即打印件) 作业”。故选 A。prefer v.更喜欢;较喜欢; refer v. 参考;指;描述;谈及; offer v. 提供:供应: transfer v.转移(感情): 转让(权力等): 改变(环境)。 44.C【解析]结合上文提及的lf a text is long. 92 percent would choose hard copy可知，上文提及了“对于长文本，人们倾向于硬拷员一，结合选项分析，此处想表述的是一如果文本很长。92%的人会选择硬拷员，对于较短的(shorter)文本，这是一个悬而未决的问题”。故选C。lower adj:下面的，在底部的，低注的:higher adj.高等级的:糖到独高的; shorter adj较相的，更短的; longer adj比较长的; 长期的。 45.B【解析]连词and前后连接并列端分，再根据该空之后提及的invites multitasking可知，数字阅读会导数多任务处理。结合选项分析，B项符合文意。句意为:一数字阅读也促进(encourages)分散注意力，并引发多任务处理”。故选B。disarm v.解除……的武装:裁军:使无害,消除…的杀伤力; encourages v. 促进:激励;:刺激; encaves v.把.搬入洞中: 藏于洞中: counteract v.抵消:抵抗:抵制。 46.[解析]结合该空之后提及的compared with 8.5 percent when reading on-screen可知，此处想要表述的是数字阅读和印刷品阅读对注意力分散的影响，根据上文可知印刷品阅读注意力分散情况相对低一点。句意为:“在这个国家，26%的人表示他们在阅读印刷品时可能会(likely)同时处理多项任务，而在屏幕上阅读时这一比例为85%”。故选 A.likely adj.可能的:有希望的:预料的:adv.可能: 或许;orderly adj.有秩序的:整洁的;有条理的;表现良好的;adv.依次地:有规则地:有条理地;deadly adj.致命的;极度的;彻底的;枯燥的:adv.极其:非常;cleanly adv.干净地;清洁地;干净利落地; adj.爱清洁的;干净的。 47.C【解析]结合上文提及的“多任务处理”可推知此处想要表述的是三个任务同时进行，因此结合相关选项,C项符合文意。句意为:“想象一下，一边在Facebook上玩游戏，一边预订度假航班，一边在《芬尼根守灵记》中苦苦挣扎(struggling)"。故选C。delight v.使高兴:使愉快;使快乐; satisfy v.使满足:使满意:使确信:向……证实:struggle v.斗争;努力;奋斗;争取;抗争: picnick v.野餐。 48.D【解析]根据句意以及句子结构分析，该空处填入形容词，结合相关选项可知，该句话想要表述的是“我的调查中有几个开放式的问题特别有启发性(revealing)”，故选D。recommend v.建议;推荐;介绍;indicating v.表明;显示:暗示:示意:象征;recognizing v.认识;承认;(正式)认可，接受，赞成; revealing adj.有启示作用的;给人启发的。 49.A【解析]结合上文内容可知，这里讲述的内容与调查问卷相关，再结合下文提及的a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't “real reading," while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted” or “don't absorb as much”可知，该空应该与被调查的人的回复有关，因此结合选项分析，该空处想要表述的是:对于学生最喜欢印刷品阅读的内容,常见的回答(responses )包括“我可以在纸上写字，更容易记住材料”和“更容易集中注意力”。故选A。 responses n.响应;反应;回答;答复;additions n.增加;添加;solutions n.溶液:解决办法:答案;instruments n.仪器;仪表;器械:手段:器具。 50.C【解析]该段提及的内容是被调查者关于印刷版阅读和数字阅读的相关反馈，结合该空之后提及的a number of Japanese students reported that it wasn't "real reading," while respondents from all three countries complained that they “get distracted" or "don't absorb as much"可知，这里讲述的内容与数字阅读的特点相关，即此处句意为:“当被问及他们最不喜欢数字(digitally)阅读的地方时，一些日本学生表示这不是‘真正的阅读’，而来自这三个国家的受访者则抱怨他们‘分心了’或‘吸收不了那么多’”。故选C。casually adv.随意地:随便地:漫不经心地:delicately adv.合意地;digitally adv.以数字方式;数位地:instantly adv.立即:立刻:马上。 51.B【解析]根据句子结构分析，该空需要填入动词，故可排除A项，再结合上下文内容可知，此处讲述的是关于人们是否喜欢某种阅读媒介的问题。因此此处句意为:“对于‘你不喜欢(dislike)在印刷品中阅读的一件事是什么?’这个问题，我最喜欢的回答来自一位美国人……”。选B。disadvantage n.缺点:不利因素;障碍:dislike vt.不喜欢;厌恶:不喜爱;misjudge vt.判断错误;错看:形成错误认识:decolour v.脱色;漂白。 52.D【解析]根据下文提及的particularly those on devices with Internet connections--undermine our encounters with meaty texts可知此处讲述的是数字阅读的缺点，即此处句意为:“数字阅读对人文学科的挑战(challenge)在于，屏幕--尤其是那些连接互联网的设备上的屏幕会破坏我们与丰富文本的接触”。故选D。advance n.进展;行进;进步:预付款:suspect n.嫌疑犯:嫌疑分子:可疑对象:pleasure n.愉快:欣慰:荣幸:challenge n.挑战:质疑:质询。 53.C【解析]上文提及了数字阅读的缺点，结合相关选项可知，此处与数字阅读联系最为紧密的是C项，即此处表述的是数字阅读设备的缺陷。句意为:“这些设备(devices)并不是为了集中注意力、慢慢阅读、停下来与作者进行虚拟辩论或重读而设计的”。故选C。vehicles n.车辆:手段，工具:交通工具:services n.公共事业:服务性企业;公共服务系统:公共事业机构:devices n,装置:设备;方法:仪器:figures n.位数:算术;数字符号:字码。 54.B【解析]结合该空前后提及的for focused concentration,reading slowly, pausing to argue virtually with the author, or rereading 和 they are information and communication machines, best used for searching and skimming-not scrutinizing可知，该空前后是两种完全相反的观点,因此B项符合文意。句意为:“相反(Rather),它们是信息和通信机器，最好用于搜索和略读，而不是仔细查”。故选B。 Accordingly adv.因此:相应地:所以:照着:Rather adv.相当地:在某种程度上:有点儿，稍微;相反，反而，而是;Thus adv.因此:从而:这样;所以:如此:Therefore adv.因此:所以;因而。 55.D【解析]结合上文提及的We need to think more carefully about students' mounting rejection of long-form reading可知,学生本来就对长格式阅读有排斥感，再结合该空前后内容和相关选项，推知此处想表述的是“我们需要更仔细地考虑学生们对长格式阅读的日益排斥，现在数字技术加剧了(intensified) 这种排斥，使我们在让学生参与严肃的基于文本的探究方面的斗争更加复杂”。故选D。 qualified adj.有资格的;具备……的知识(或技能);具备……的学历(或资历); terrified adj.很害怕;恐惧;;极度惊慌的;identified adj.被识别的;经鉴定的;被认同的:intensified adj.加强的。 2022年1月春考 Artificially sweetened diet drinks make no difference to weight gain and should not be seen as healthier than their sugar-laden counterparts, according to a team of experts, A review of research evidence concludes there is nothing to support claims that sugar free versions of popular soft drinks can help (4l) _______obesity and related diseases such as Type 2 diabetes. Industry sponsored studies reporting"favourable"associations between diet drinks and weight loss may be biased, it claims. There have been concerns that diet drinks, known as artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs), might lead people to consume more calories by(42) ________sweet flavour taste buds. The new study found that evidence (43) _________the healthiness of ASBs was inconclusive with randomized controlled trials (RCTs) producing mixed results. Senor investigator Professor Christopher Millett said: "A common perception, which may be influenced by industry marketing, is that because ‘diet’ drinks have no sugar, they must be healthier and aid weight loss when used as a(n)(44)for full sugar versions However, we found no solid evidence to support this The researchers pointed out that research supported by food or beverage companies was more likely to find no evidence of links between sugary drink (45) _________ and obesity than non-industry sponsored research. Similarly, ASB industry-sponsored research was "more likely to report favourable results and (46) ________ regarding ASB effects on weight control” In many cases. researchers had failed to disclose (47) __________of interest relating to links with the food industry. it was claimed. Coauthor Dr Marin Carolina Borges said: “The lack of solid evidence on the health effects of ASBs and the potential influence of bias from industry funded studies should be taken seriously when discussing whether ASBs are (48) __________ alternatives to SSBs ( sugar-sweetened beverages)." Leading British nutritionist Professor Susan Jebb said despite the mixed evidence, there was no reason to believe that replacing sugary drinks with artificially sweetened (49)________ did any harm She said , “For people seeking to manage their weight , tap water is (50)__________the best drink to choose , for health and the environment , but far many people who are used to drinking sugary drinks, this will be loo hard a change to (51)_________. Artificially sweetened drinks are a step in the ( 52 )__________ direction to cut calories." Dietitian Professor Tom Sanders, was also critical of the research, calling it “an opinion piece rather than a ( n )(53)___________review of the evidence”. He ( 54)____________ “The conclusion that reduced sugar or sugar-free drinks should not be promoted or seen as part of a healthy diet seems unwarranted and likely to add to public (55 )_____________.” 41. A. relieve B. oppose C. prevent D. bother 42. A. inserting B. stimulating C.enhancing D.securing 43. A. resulting from B. referring to C.depending on D. relating to 44. A. Substitute B.proposal C.suspect D.implication 45. A. Efficiency B.consumption C.distribution D.modernization 46. A. appointments B.instructions C.performances D.conclusions 47. A. threats B. matters C. conflicts D.appeals 48. A. adequate B.essential C.available D. deliberate 49. A initiatives B.alternatives C.objectives D.representatives 50. A. without question B. beyond description C. around the corner D. in consequence 51. A. settle B. route C. mend D. make 52. A. wrong B. right C. proper D. opposite 53. A. democratic B. automatic C. systematic D. dramatic 54. A. transferred B. ranged C. accessed D. added 55. A. fascination B. ambition C.confusion D. Isolation 【答案】41-55 CBDAB DCABA DBCDC 【详解】 41 C [解析]根据前文 “Artificially sweetened diet drinks make no difference to weight gain and should not be seen as healthier than their sugar-laden counterparts according to a team of expents. (一组专家称，人工加糖的无糖饮料对增重没有影，世不应现为比合饮料更健康。)”，再分析选项可知此处说的是无糖再五法报助规防一些疾。句意为”一项对研究证据的综述得出结论，没有任何上歌支按通行款收的无鹏版本有助于预防(prevent) 肥胖和2型糖尿病等相关药醒的说社，故选C.relieve v.解除，减轻，缓和: oppose v.反对(计划、政通)抵: prevent v.防止: 刚止;照码: bother v.打扰:花费时间精力(做某事）。 42.B[解析]结合前面的“might lead people to consume more calories(导致人们摄入更多的卡路里)”，分析选项可知，这是甜味味蕾被刺激后的结果，此处句意为“有人担心，被称为人工加糖饮料(ASBs)的无糖饮料可能会刺激 (stimulating )人们的甜味味蕾，导致人们摄入更多的卡路里”，故选 B。inserting v.插入;入;stimulating v.促进;激发，刺激;enhancing v，提高;增强;增进;securing v获得，取得，实现。 43.D[解析]结合选项，此处用“与 ASBs 健康相关的”更符合语境及逻辑，此处句意为“新的研究发现，与 ASBs 健康相关的(relating to) 证据是不确定的，随机对照试验(rct)产生了混合的结果”，故选 D。resulting from 由于;referring to提及;参阅; depending on 依据，根据;relating to 关于;涉及。 44.A[解析]分析选项，根据常识可知，为了减肥，人们会将无糖饮料作为全粗饮料的替代品，此处句意为“人们普遍认为，由于“无糖饮料不含糖，所以作为全糖饮料的替代品(substitute)，它们肯定更健康，有助于减肥，这可能是受行业营销的影响”，故选A。substitute n.代用品，代替者;代替者;proposal n.提议建议;求婚;suspect n.犯罪嫌疑人;嫌疑犯;implication n.可能的影响(或作用、结果);含意;暗指。 45.B[解析]前面提到为了减肥，人们会将无糖饮料作为全糖饮料的替代品，分析选项可知，此处只有“含糖饮料的消费与肥胖”更符合逻辑及语境。句意为“研究人员指出，与非行业赞助的研究相比，食品或饮料公司支持的研究更有可能找不到含糖饮料消费(consumption)与肥胖之间联系的证据”，故选 B。efficiency n效率;效能;consumption n.消耗，消耗量;费:distribution n.分配:分布;分发;modernization n.现代化;维新:现代化之事物。 46.D[解析]该词与“results (结果)”并列，所以它们的意思应该是相近的，分析选项可知此处应选“conclusions”。句意为“同样，ASB 行业费助的研究“更有可能报告关于 ASB 对体重控制效果的有利结果和结论 (conclusions)“故选 D。appointments n.约会;预约:约定;instructions n.说明书;指示;命令;performance:n.表演;演出:conclusions n. 结论:推论:结束。 47.C[解析]分析选项，此处用“利益冲突”更符合语境及逻辑，句意为“报告称，在许多情况下，研究人员未能披露与食品行业相关的利益冲突(conflicts)”，故选C。threats n.威胁;恐吓;凶兆: matters n.课题: 事情; 问题:事态;conflicts n.争执:争论:(军事)冲突:战斗; appeals n. 上诉;申诉;吸引力。 48.A[解析]根据前面的“The lack of solid evidence on the health effects of ASBs and the potential influence of bias from industry funded studies should be taken seriously(应该认真对待 ASB 对健康影响的确凿证据以及行业资助研究的潜在偏见影响)”，再分析选项可知这是在讨论 ASB 是否是含糖饮料的合格替代品时应该考虑的问题。句意为“在讨论 ASB 是否是含糖饮料的合格 (adequate) 替代品时，应该认真对待 ASB 对健康影响的确凿证据以及行业资助研究的潜在偏见影响”，故选A。adequate ad;.充足的;足够的;合格的;essential adj.本质的;必不可少的: available adj.可获得的;可购得的;deliberate adj. 故意的;蓄意的;存心的。 49.B[解析]结合前文及语境可推知此处句意为“英国著名营养学家苏珊·杰布教授说，尽管证据好坏参半，但没有理由相信用人工加糖的替代品 (alternatives)取代含糖饮料会有任何伤害”，故选 B。initiatives n.倡议;新方案:主动性:alternatives n.普代品;可供选择的事物: objectives n.目标;目的: representatives n.代表;销售代表。 50.A[解析]自来水就是最好的饮料。结合选项可知作者在此处想要表达的是“对下那些想控制体重的人来说，从健康和环境的角度来说，自来水无疑 (without question)尼最好的饮料选择”，故选 A。without question 毫无疑间(表示强调自巴的观点;毫无疑问地;毫无异议地;beyond description 难以形容，无法形容:around the comer 在拐角处:即将发生，在附近: in consequence 结果;因此。 51.D[解析]分析选项，“make a change (做出改变)”符合及语境，此处句为“但对于许多习惯喝含糖饮料的人来说，这将是一个太难的改变”，故选 D。settle v.解(分歧、纠纷等): 定居，结来: route v.按某路线发送: mend v.修现，修补:缝补;make v.制作，制造，组装。 52.B[解析] 结合语境及选项可推知此处句意为“人工加糖饮料是朝着减少卡路但的正确(right)方向边出的一步”，故选 B。 wrong adj.错误的，不对的 right adj.正确的;真正的，真实的: proper adj.适当的，正确的:恰当的: opposite adj.对面的;另一边的;相反的。 53.C[解析]根据前面的“was also critical of the research”可知这个营养学家是对这项研究提出了批评的。分析选项可知此处句意为“营养学家汤姆·桑德斯教授也对这项研究提出了批评,称其为·一篇观点文章,而不是对证据的系统(systematic)回顾”，故选C。 democratic adj.民主的;民主政体的;民主制度的;automatic adj.自动的;无意识的;不假思索的;systematic adj.成体系的;系统的;有条理的;dramatic adj.戏剧性的;引人注目的;戏剧的。 54.D[解析]这里还是该教授的观点，所以该空为“补充道”。此处句意为“他补充道(added)”，故选 D。transferred v.(使)转移，搬迁;(使)调动;转职;ranged v.(在一定的范围内)变化，变动;accessed v.访问，存取(计算机文件); 到达:进入;使用;added v.增加;加添;补充 55.C[解析]根据前面的“The conclusion that reduced sugar or sugar-free drinks should not be promoted or seen as part of a healthy diet seems unwarranted (减小糖或无糖饮料不应该被推广或视为健康饮食的一部分的结论似乎没有根据)”，这会导致的结果是“很可能会增加公众的困惑 (confusion)”。故选 C。fascination n.魅力;极大的吸引力;入迷;ambition n.追求的目标:夙愿;野心;confusion n.混乱;混淆;困惑;isolation n.隔离，分离;孤立，孤独。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$