【春考特训课】第15讲： 概要写作之说明文、实验研究类文体写法详解 -【决胜春季高考】2025年春季高考英语冲刺总复习（上海专用）

第15讲： 概要写作之说明文、实验研究类文体写法详解 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 （一） 近3年真题考点分布 题型 概要写作 2023上海秋考 说明文。青少年应远离沙发，多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。 2023上海春考 说明文。讲述阅读小说的益处，实验表明它能培养品性及产生共情。 2022上海秋考 说明文。什么是智商？什么是天才？以及智商与天才之间的关系。 2022上海春考 说明文。脑迹印记并不是孤立于大脑的一个区域，科学家们研究了积极记忆和消极记忆之间的存储位置和相互作用。 2021上海秋考 说明文。介绍一名视觉思想家，她的记忆以时间顺序作为特定的图像出现在她的脑海中。 2021上海春考 说明文。Fluido发布了FluidoPlus，一种通过监控MAC来收集客户信息的产品，从而帮助分析他们的行为来促进市场营销。 （二）、写作步骤 一、抓住主旨 把握重点 通读全文，把握文本的篇章结构和行文逻辑，从宏观上抓住文本主旨。在此基础上设法从某一段落中找到一个能够概括全篇的支持句。 二、概括段意 整合要点 在抓住主旨，把握重点之后，要根据每段的主题句和重点内容归纳出每段的段落大意；要点来自于段落大意，而要点全又是评分的重要方面。 三、转换表达 连句成篇 所谓转换表达就是将整合或提炼出的要点采用各种各样的方式转换表达出来(避免整句照抄原文)。转换表达的方法。主要有：同义转换法、正反转换法、词性转换法、句式转换法。将转换后的要点按照一定的逻辑顺序并使用衔接、过渡词语连句成篇，形成初稿。 （三）、评分标准 一般而言，概要写作的评分分为五个档次，具体如下： 档次 要求 第五档 · 理解准确，涵盖全部要点 · 能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇 · 有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑 · 完全使用自己的语言 · 第四档 · 理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点 · 所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些错误，但完全不影响意义表达 · 比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑 · 有个别整句抄自原文 · 第三档 · 理解较为准确，涵盖绝大部分要点 · 所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达 · 能应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使上下文内容连贯 出现两句以上整句抄自原文 · 第二档 · 理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点 · 有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达 · 较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性 · 出现两句以上整句抄自原文 · 第一档 · 没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符 · 有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响意义的表达 · 缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯 · 多个句子抄自原文 0分 · 白卷，或内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关 · 【要点梳理】 （一）说明文概要写作技巧 说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类： 现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释) 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B… The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side,…, but it may also… 研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that… （二）说明文概要写作模板 说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 课堂精练 演练 · 说明文概要写作技巧实例分析 It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out! If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【文本解读】 本文体裁是说明文，主要大意是报考大学之前要进行实地考察。文章一共分四段，先看每段的主题句和关键词。 【要点摘录】 第一段：It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. 关键词：visit colleges before you apply后面讲的是各种理由。 第二段：There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. 关键词：visit the schools in your local area当地的大学也要去。 第三段：If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. 关键词：find some time to visit the schools you’d like to attend.即使申请前没时间，但是申请和收到认可信之间也要抽空去，否则会有头痛的事。 第四段：Now,if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. 关键词：check out the online college fairs可以通过网络了解大学。 本文结构很清晰，每段都是先是主题句，后面用表示理由或结果的细节来支撑主题句。对于此类 文章，只需要抓住每一个段落的主题句，找出关键词，再对主题句进行词汇、句式转换，然后用上适当的连接词，使文章更连贯，这样概要就基本搞定。 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ · 研究报告类概要写作技巧实例分析 Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see? The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so innate(天生的) that such a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. The alternative is that the concepts of shapes are not innate but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses. After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his colleagues have taken another attempt at finding an answer, this time using another species. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the globes or cubes. The researchers found that the bumblebees spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects. The researchers also did the reverse test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux's problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch. However, some experts express their warnings. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile(触觉的) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in the context of their nests, so it is not possible to eliminate the possibility that some of the cross-sensory concept is learned rather than innate. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 详细解析： Summary 步骤 1.判断文章类型/体裁 ， 说明文/议论文/记叙文/研究报告 2.文章结构 总分总，总分 研究/实验报告：研究目的/背景 研究过程（实施者，实验对象，采用方法，具体步骤） 研究结果 研究意义/应用 研究的不足/局限性 · 研究目的 whether humans have innate concepts of shapes · 实验对象 bumblebees · 实验过程/方法 have bumblebees identify different shapes in the light and dark · 实验结果 bumblebees can always distinguish the particular shapes · 实验结论 bees had built-in concepts of shapes · 局限性 prior experience may disturb the results _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【实战演练】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK” The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary school teaching, and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.① The main drawback（缺点）of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs. Joanne Manners, 24, is a good example: “I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher---but I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, so I decided not to become a teacher.”② It's not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachers as in the past.③ Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, an accountant from London: “I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children at home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”④ The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also indicates that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people.⑤ 做题步骤： Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。 本文主要是描述教师是英国最不受欢迎的工作。 Step 2：划分要点。 本文分5个要点，已在文中标出。提出主题——两点原因——两点建议。②和③要点可以合并。 Step 3：标主题句或关键词。 已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。 Step 4：概括。 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 课后反馈 演练 （2024年浦东新区二模） Paying Allowances for Completing Chores The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago. Nowadays, American kids on average receive about $800 per year in allowance. But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework. Although many parents believe that paying an allowance for completing chores benefits their children, a range of experts expressed concern that tying allowance very closely to chores may not be ideal. In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way. Suniya Luthar, a psychologist, is against paying kids for chores. Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but she thinks it’s important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running. Luthar’s suggested approach to allowance is compatible with that of writer Ron Lieber, who advises that allowances be used as a means of showing children how to save, give, and spend on things they care about. “Kids should do chores,” he writes, “for the same reason adults do, because the chores need to be done, and not with the expectation of compensation.” This argument has its critics, but considering the way chores are undertaken around the world may change people’s thinking. Professor David Lancy of Utah State University has studied how families around the world handle chores. At about 18 months of age, Lancy says, most children become eager to help their parents, and in many cultures, they begin helping with housework at that age. They begin with very simple tasks, but their responsibilities gradually increase. And they do these tasks without payment. Lancy contrasts this with what happens in America. “We deny our children’s attempts to help until they are 6 or 7 years old,” Lancy says, “when many have lost the desire to help and then try to motivate them with payment. The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as a stimulus to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it.” ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【2024-2025学年七宝中学高三上英语第一次月考】 It is found that American students spend less than 15% of their time in school. While there’s no doubt that school is important, a number of recent studies remind us that parents are even more so. A study published earlier this month by researchers at North Carolina State University, for example, finds that parental involvement-checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home — has a more powerful influence on students’ academic performance than anything about the school the students attend. So parents matter. But it is also revealed in researches that parents, of all backgrounds, don’t need to buy expensive educational toys or digital devices for their kids in order to give them an advantage. What they need to do with their children is much simpler: talk. But not just any talk. Recent research has indicated exactly what kinds of talk at home encourage children’s success at school. For example, a study conducted by researchers at the UCLA School of Public Health found that two-way adult-child conversations were six times as potent in promoting language development as the ones in which the adult did all the talking. Engaging in this back-and-forth gives children a chance to try out language for themselves, and also gives them the sense that their thoughts and opinions matter. The content of parents’ conversations with kids matters, too. Children who hear talk about counting and numbers at home start school with much more extensive mathematical knowledge. While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remain strong. Research finds that parents play an important role in what is called “academic socialization” — setting expectations and making connections between current behavior and future goals. Engaging in these sorts of conversations has a greater impact on educational accomplishment. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2023年1月高考 Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasant way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won't.It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-tom Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned , or a fantasy world where people battle it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven't yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic , is perhaps the real benefit of stories.In one of her studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov, or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalized version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus going through greater changes in personality. in another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feelings than those who didn't read. Oates explains that when we read fiction , we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy , we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________- 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 第15讲： 概要写作之说明文、实验研究类文体写法详解 知识梳理 演练 【考情链接】 （一） 近3年真题考点分布 题型 概要写作 2023上海秋考 说明文。青少年应远离沙发，多听音乐，多参加运动等活动。 2023上海春考 说明文。讲述阅读小说的益处，实验表明它能培养品性及产生共情。 2022上海秋考 说明文。什么是智商？什么是天才？以及智商与天才之间的关系。 2022上海春考 说明文。脑迹印记并不是孤立于大脑的一个区域，科学家们研究了积极记忆和消极记忆之间的存储位置和相互作用。 2021上海秋考 说明文。介绍一名视觉思想家，她的记忆以时间顺序作为特定的图像出现在她的脑海中。 2021上海春考 说明文。Fluido发布了FluidoPlus，一种通过监控MAC来收集客户信息的产品，从而帮助分析他们的行为来促进市场营销。 （二）、写作步骤 一、抓住主旨 把握重点 通读全文，把握文本的篇章结构和行文逻辑，从宏观上抓住文本主旨。在此基础上设法从某一段落中找到一个能够概括全篇的支持句。 二、概括段意 整合要点 在抓住主旨，把握重点之后，要根据每段的主题句和重点内容归纳出每段的段落大意；要点来自于段落大意，而要点全又是评分的重要方面。 三、转换表达 连句成篇 所谓转换表达就是将整合或提炼出的要点采用各种各样的方式转换表达出来(避免整句照抄原文)。转换表达的方法。主要有：同义转换法、正反转换法、词性转换法、句式转换法。将转换后的要点按照一定的逻辑顺序并使用衔接、过渡词语连句成篇，形成初稿。 （三）、评分标准 一般而言，概要写作的评分分为五个档次，具体如下： 档次 要求 第五档 · 理解准确，涵盖全部要点 · 能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇 · 有效使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑 · 完全使用自己的语言 · 第四档 · 理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点 · 所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些错误，但完全不影响意义表达 · 比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使概要结构紧凑 · 有个别整句抄自原文 · 第三档 · 理解较为准确，涵盖绝大部分要点 · 所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义表达 · 能应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使上下文内容连贯 出现两句以上整句抄自原文 · 第二档 · 理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点 · 有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达 · 较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性 · 出现两句以上整句抄自原文 · 第一档 · 没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符 · 有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响意义的表达 · 缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯 · 多个句子抄自原文 0分 · 白卷，或内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无关 · 【要点梳理】 （一）说明文概要写作技巧 说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类： 现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释) 利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B… The passage discusses the impact of sth. On the positive side,…, but it may also… 研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that… （二）说明文概要写作模板 说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant) 课堂精练 演练 · 说明文概要写作技巧实例分析 It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. Nothing will give you the sense of what it will actually be like to live on a college campus like visiting and seeing for yourself the dorms, classrooms and athletic equipment and, of course, the students. It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time to visit college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away. But keep in mind that you are making a decision about the next four years of your life, and do all the research you can to make sure you are making the right one. There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. In fact, a lot of college applications even ask if you have visited campus, and obviously, if you live across the country that won’t be as much of a possibility, but if you live nearby, go check it out! If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. It can save you a lot of heartache if you rule out now the things that you don’t like about certain campuses, things that you wouldn’t know unless you actually visit. Now, if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. It’s a chance to chat online with admissions officers, students, and college counselors(顾问), and it won’t cost you a penny! You can register for its online college fair at collegeweeklive.com. While visiting an online college fair can’t take the place of an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tool that along with all your other research will help you make an informed decision about which colleges or universities you’d like to attend. __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【文本解读】 本文体裁是说明文，主要大意是报考大学之前要进行实地考察。文章一共分四段，先看每段的主题句和关键词。 【要点摘录】 第一段：It’s a really good idea to visit colleges before you apply because their websites can all start to look and sound the same. 关键词：visit colleges before you apply后面讲的是各种理由。 第二段：There’s no excuse not to visit the schools in your local area. 关键词：visit the schools in your local area当地的大学也要去。 第三段：If campus visits aren’t going to happen before you apply, at the very least you should find some time between applying and getting your acceptance letters to visit the schools you’d like to attend. 关键词：find some time to visit the schools you’d like to attend.即使申请前没时间，但是申请和收到认可信之间也要抽空去，否则会有头痛的事。 第四段：Now,if time and money are making it impossible, then check out the online college fairs at CollegeWeekLive. 关键词：check out the online college fairs可以通过网络了解大学。 本文结构很清晰，每段都是先是主题句，后面用表示理由或结果的细节来支撑主题句。对于此类 文章，只需要抓住每一个段落的主题句，找出关键词，再对主题句进行词汇、句式转换，然后用上适当的连接词，使文章更连贯，这样概要就基本搞定。 【答案】 It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. Undoubtedly, students should visit their local colleges, which may be included in applications. At least, they should visit the school and figure out its real conditions in advance. For students who are short of money and time, registering for the online college fair is a good alternative to help them better understand schools. · 研究报告类概要写作技巧实例分析 Would a person born blind, who has learned to distinguish objects by touch, be able to recognize them purely by sight if he regained the ability to see? The question, known as Molyneux’s problem, is about whether the human mind has a built-in concept of shapes that is so innate(天生的) that such a blind person could immediately recognize an object with restored vision. The alternative is that the concepts of shapes are not innate but have to be learned by exploring an object through sight, touch and other senses. After their attempt to test it in blind children failed, Lars Chittka of Queen Mary University of London and his colleagues have taken another attempt at finding an answer, this time using another species. To test whether bumblebees can form an internal representation of objects, they first trained the insects to distinguish globes from cubes using a sugar reward. The bees were trained in the light, where they could see but not touch the objects. Then they were tested in the dark, where they could touch but not see the globes or cubes. The researchers found that the bumblebees spent more time in contact with the shape they had been trained to associate with the sugar reward, even though they had to rely on touch rather than sight to distinguish the objects. The researchers also did the reverse test with untrained bumblebees, first teaching them with rewards in the dark and then testing them in the light. Again, the bees were able to recognize the shape associated with the sugar reward, though they had to rely on sight rather than touch in the test. In short, bees have solved Molyneux's problem because the fact suggests that they can picture object features and access them through sight or touch. However, some experts express their warnings. Jonathan Birch, a philosopher of science, cautions that the bees may have had prior experience associating visual and tactile(触觉的) information about straight edges and curved surfaces in the context of their nests, so it is not possible to eliminate the possibility that some of the cross-sensory concept is learned rather than innate. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 详细解析： Summary 步骤 1.判断文章类型/体裁 ， 说明文/议论文/记叙文/研究报告 2.文章结构 总分总，总分 研究/实验报告：研究目的/背景 研究过程（实施者，实验对象，采用方法，具体步骤） 研究结果 研究意义/应用 研究的不足/局限性 · 研究目的 whether humans have innate concepts of shapes · 实验对象 bumblebees · 实验过程/方法 have bumblebees identify different shapes in the light and dark · 实验结果 bumblebees can always distinguish the particular shapes · 实验结论 bees had built-in concepts of shapes · 局限性 prior experience may disturb the results 参考答案： To find out whether humans have innate concepts of shapes,(目的) researchers used bumblebees as test subjects and had them identify different shapes in the light and dark.（方法）In both experiments bumblebees were found to be able to distinguish shapes only by sight or touch.（结果）So they concluded bees had built-in concepts of shapes, though some experts were not convinced.（结论） (59) 【实战演练】 Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible. Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK” The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary school teaching, and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.① The main drawback（缺点）of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs. Joanne Manners, 24, is a good example: “I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher---but I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, so I decided not to become a teacher.”② It's not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachers as in the past.③ Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, an accountant from London: “I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children at home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”④ The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also indicates that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people.⑤ 做题步骤： Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。 本文主要是描述教师是英国最不受欢迎的工作。 Step 2：划分要点。 本文分5个要点，已在文中标出。提出主题——两点原因——两点建议。②和③要点可以合并。 Step 3：标主题句或关键词。 已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。 Step 4：概括。 As is reported, secondary schools in UK experienced difficulties recruiting young teachers. The reasons are low salary and kid’s bad behaviors. Therefore, poorly behaved students need to obey stricter rules and parents need to discipline them at home. Also, government should increase teachers’ income and promote a teaching campaign to display teaching’s bright side.(55words). 课后反馈 演练 （2024年浦东新区二模） Paying Allowances for Completing Chores The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago. Nowadays, American kids on average receive about $800 per year in allowance. But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework. Although many parents believe that paying an allowance for completing chores benefits their children, a range of experts expressed concern that tying allowance very closely to chores may not be ideal. In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way. Suniya Luthar, a psychologist, is against paying kids for chores. Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but she thinks it’s important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running. Luthar’s suggested approach to allowance is compatible with that of writer Ron Lieber, who advises that allowances be used as a means of showing children how to save, give, and spend on things they care about. “Kids should do chores,” he writes, “for the same reason adults do, because the chores need to be done, and not with the expectation of compensation.” This argument has its critics, but considering the way chores are undertaken around the world may change people’s thinking. Professor David Lancy of Utah State University has studied how families around the world handle chores. At about 18 months of age, Lancy says, most children become eager to help their parents, and in many cultures, they begin helping with housework at that age. They begin with very simple tasks, but their responsibilities gradually increase. And they do these tasks without payment. Lancy contrasts this with what happens in America. “We deny our children’s attempts to help until they are 6 or 7 years old,” Lancy says, “when many have lost the desire to help and then try to motivate them with payment. The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as a stimulus to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it.” ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Paying children allowances for chores is quite common in America. However, critics hold that chores are necessary for the maintenance of household and that they shouldn’t be tied to payment. In contrast with many other cultures, where children are involved in housework at early ages without payment, critics propose Americans shifting from financial incentives to intrinsic motivation for household contributions. 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。许多家长认为支付家务活的津贴对孩子有好处，但许多专家表示担心，将津贴与家务活紧密联系起来可能并不理想。文章主要介绍了一些专家的观点。 【详解】1. 要点摘录 ①The practice of paying children an allowance became popular in America about 100 years ago. ②But the vast majority of American parents who pay allowance tie it to the completion of housework. ③In fact, the way chores work in many households worldwide points to another way. ④Luthar is not opposed to giving allowances, but she thinks it’s important to establish that chores are done not because they will lead to payment, but because they keep the household running. ⑤The solution to this problem is not to try to use money as a stimulus to do housework, but to get children involved in housework much earlier, when they actually want to do it. 2. 缜密构思 将1、2要点进行整合，3、4、5要点进行重组 3. 遣词造句 It is common that children are paid allowances for chores in America.  However, critics reckon that chores are necessary for the maintenance of household, which shouldn’t be tied to payment.  In contrast with many other cultures, in which children are engaged in housework at early ages without payment, critics propose that Americans should shift from financial incentives to intrinsic motivation for household contributions. 【点睛】【高分句型1】However, critics hold that chores are necessary for the maintenance of household and that they shouldn’t be tied to payment. （that引导宾语从句） 【高分句型2】 In contrast with many other cultures, where children are involved in housework at early ages without payment, critics propose Americans shifting from financial incentives to intrinsic motivation for household contributions.（where引导的非限制性定语从句） 【2024-2025学年七宝中学高三上英语第一次月考】 It is found that American students spend less than 15% of their time in school. While there’s no doubt that school is important, a number of recent studies remind us that parents are even more so. A study published earlier this month by researchers at North Carolina State University, for example, finds that parental involvement-checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home — has a more powerful influence on students’ academic performance than anything about the school the students attend. So parents matter. But it is also revealed in researches that parents, of all backgrounds, don’t need to buy expensive educational toys or digital devices for their kids in order to give them an advantage. What they need to do with their children is much simpler: talk. But not just any talk. Recent research has indicated exactly what kinds of talk at home encourage children’s success at school. For example, a study conducted by researchers at the UCLA School of Public Health found that two-way adult-child conversations were six times as potent in promoting language development as the ones in which the adult did all the talking. Engaging in this back-and-forth gives children a chance to try out language for themselves, and also gives them the sense that their thoughts and opinions matter. The content of parents’ conversations with kids matters, too. Children who hear talk about counting and numbers at home start school with much more extensive mathematical knowledge. While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remain strong. Research finds that parents play an important role in what is called “academic socialization” — setting expectations and making connections between current behavior and future goals. Engaging in these sorts of conversations has a greater impact on educational accomplishment. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】According to a study, parental involvement matters in improving children’ academic performance. What they should do is to talk with children. First, two-way conversations between children and parents should be encouraged, which makes children think their thoughts are valued. Second, the content of talk matters. During the talk, parents and children interact with each other academically, thus impacting school achievement. (60 words) 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，根据一项研究，父母的参与对提高孩子的学习成绩很重要。他们应该做的是和孩子们交谈。首先，应该鼓励孩子和父母之间的双向对话，这让孩子们认为他们的想法是被重视的。第二，谈话的内容很重要。在谈话中，家长和孩子在学业上相互交流，从而影响学习成绩。 【详解】1 要点摘录 ①A study published earlier this month by researchers at North Carolina State University, for example, finds that parental involvement-checking homework, attending school meetings and events, discussing school activities at home - has a more powerful influence on students’ academic performance than anything about the school the students attend. ②What they need to do with their children is much simpler: talk. ③But not just any talk. Recent research has indicated exactly what kinds of talk at home encourage children’s success at school. ④The content of parents’ conversations with kids matters, too. ⑤While the conversations parents have with their children change as kids grow older, the effect of these exchanges on academic achievement remain strong. 2.缜密构思 将第1、3两个要点进行重组，将第2、4、5几个要点进行整合。 3.遣词造句 According to one study, parental involvement is important for improving a child’s academic performance. What they should do is talk to the children. First, two-way dialogue between children and parents should be encouraged, which makes children think that their ideas are valued. Second, the content of the conversation matters. In conversation, parents and children communicate academically with each other, thus affecting academic performance. 【点睛】[高分句型1] What they should do is to talk with children.(运用了what引导的主语从句) [高分句型2]First, two-way conversations between children and parents should be encouraged, which makes children think their thoughts are valued. (运用了which引导的非限定性定语从句) 2023年1月高考 Fiction Reading For many people, nothing is more enjoyable than spending a whole afternoon reading a good novel. But are novels simply a pleasant way to pass the time, or could it be true that reading fiction actually benefits our lives? One of the joys of fiction is that it can take us to places that our lives won't.It can transport us to 17th-century France, or to war-tom Germany. It can take us to a future world in which artificial intelligence takes over and books are banned , or a fantasy world where people battle it out for food. Fiction can also introduce us to a whole range of people that we haven't yet met. And this, according to Carrie Oates, a novelist and academic , is perhaps the real benefit of stories.In one of her studies, participants were asked to read either a short story by Chekhov, or a version of the story in documentary form. Those who were given the fictionalized version were found to be more likely to sympathize with the characters, thus going through greater changes in personality. in another study, she showed participants photos of the eyes of people who were feeling and thinking different things. The people who read fiction were better able to interpret those thoughts and feelings than those who didn't read. Oates explains that when we read fiction , we enter into the minds of the characters. We think about why they behave in a certain way, and what they are likely to do next. Just as we might become more knowledgeable about psychology and astronomy if we read about psychology and astronomy , we get better at this kind of social thinking if we read fiction. This improves our understanding of the thoughts and feelings of those around us in real life. 71. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________- 参考答案01： Fiction reading is joyful and good for our lives. Fiction can lead us to where we can't go in real life and let us know different people. Carrie Oates finds that fiction reading enables us to better understand the characters and thus change our personality and that this understanding helps us identify with real people around us. 参考答案02： Reading fiction benefits our lives by exposing us to new places we cannot go and people we haven't met. It helps us understand others' thoughts and feelings by immersing ourselves in the minds of fictional characters. Studies have shown that fiction readers are more skilled at interpreting the thoughts and feelings of others, enhancing their empathy. 原文文本结构： 1. Introduction: The passage begins by questioning whether reading fiction benefits our lives. 2. Benefits of Fiction: The passage explores the joys of fiction, such as transporting readers to different places and introducing them to a variety of people. 3. Study 1: Carrie Oates' study is introduced, where participants read either a fictional story or a documentary version of the same story. Participants who read the fictionalized version showed greater changes in personality and were more likely to sympathize with the characters. 4. Study 2: Another study conducted by Oates is mentioned, where participants who read fiction were better at interpreting the thoughts and feelings of others based on photos of their eyes. 5. Explanation: Oates explains that reading fiction allows us to enter the minds of characters, improving our social thinking and understanding of people in real life. 概要写作框架： · Introduction: 1. Whether reading fiction benefits our lives. 1. 读小说是否对我们的生活有益。 · Benefits of Fiction: · Transporting readers to different places. · Introducing readers to new people. · 将读者带到不同的地方。 · 让读者认识新的人。 · Study 1: 3. Carrie Oates' study: 0. Participants read either a fictional or documentary version of a story. 0. Fiction readers showed greater changes in personality and empathy. 3. Carrie Oates的研究： · 参与者阅读故事的虚构或纪实版本。 · 阅读虚构版本的人在个性和同情心上表现出更大的变化。 · Study 2: 4. Participants who read fiction better interpreted others' thoughts and feelings. 4. 阅读小说的参与者更好地解读他人的想法和感受。 · Explanation: 5. Reading fiction allows us to understand people better. 5. 进入角色的思维，提高社交思维和对他人的理解。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！第 1 页 共 1 页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$