Unit 3 Section Ⅱ Lesson 1-【金版新学案】2024-2025学年新教材高二英语选择性必修第一册同步课堂高效讲义教师用书word（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1 Step One：Pre-reading Look at the picture and answer the following question. How much do you know about extinction? The reasons for biological extinctions are varied.The key is the rapid growth of the population.Scientists say the main cause of today's species extinction is the loss of large areas of animals habitats and environmental destruction.Human beings are in an absolute “supremacy” on the current earth，and the consideration of any event is self-centered on themselves，which will inevitably affect the development of other creatures，and the monotony of biodiversity is inevitable. Step Two：While-reading Ⅰ.Read for the main idea 　What's the main idea of the text? A．Six secret processes in the history of mankind. B．Some ways for man to save birds from extinction. C．Some measures to avoid extinction of the human race. D．The characteristics and preventive measures of the sixth extinction. 答案：D Ⅱ.Match the main idea with each paragraph Para.1　 　 A．The reasons leading to extinction were introduced. Para.2　　 B．It mainly introduces the five mass extinctions in human history. Paras.3－4 C．They mainly introduce the consequences of the sixth extinction and the ways to avoid it. 答案：Para.1 B　Para.2 A　Paras.3－4 C Ⅲ.Read for the structure Ⅳ.Read for details 1．Why does the author mention the extinctions in history in the first paragraph? A．To show us the terrible disasters for mankind. B．To tell us the climate's impact on wildlife. C．To introduce the topic of this text to the readers. D．To warn us of the potential disasters for mankind. 2．What worries us most according to the author? A．The destruction of our habitat. B．The rapid progress of species' dying out. C．The environmental pollution. D．The imbalance of nature. 3．What can we infer from the third paragraph? A．Human beings are closely related to nature. B．Most living things will die out in the future. C．No forest will exist on the earth in the future. D．Oxygen will soon disappear on the earth. 学生用书第96页 4．What does the author intend to do in the last paragraph? A．To show us what to do to avoid the sixth extinction. B．To tell us what to do to conserve our environment. C．To encourage us to save more energy in our life. D．To explain why we should protect the natural environment. 5．What is the author's attitude towards the mass extinction in this passage? A．Uninterested. B．Concerned. C．Skeptical.　　　 D．Supportive. 答案：1－5 CBAAB Step Three：Post-reading Ⅰ.难句解构 　 [尝试翻译]　虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝发生的速度让人担忧。 　[尝试翻译]　研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次大灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。 Ⅱ.佳句仿写 1．[教材佳句]　 Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.(环境描写) [学后仿写]　夕阳西下的光线洒满了树林，给兴奋的女孩披上银色的外衣。 The light from the sunset showered the woods，blanketing the excited girl in silver color. 2．[教材佳句]　 In short，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it.(动作心理描写) [学后仿写]　眼睛里闪烁着兴奋，喜悦的泪水顺着她的脸颊流下。 Eyes twinkling with excitement，tears of joy streamed down her cheeks． Ⅲ.品质升华 1．What do you think are causes for great extinctions? (Critical Thinking批判性思维) There are natural causes，such as volcanic eruptions，asteroids hitting the Earth from space，changes in sea levels，the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. Besides，human activities are to blame. 2．What should we do as students? (Creative Thinking创造性思维) We should change our way of living to protect the planet we live on. For example，we can go to school by bus or on foot，reduce water waste and use less plastic bags. We can also call on others to protect the environment together. ……………………………………………………………◎ ①wipe out彻底毁灭 ②unusual/ʌn'juːʒuəl/ adj.异常的；不平常的 [反义]usual adj.惯常的，通常的 ③varied/'veərid/adj. 各种各样的，形形色色的 ④volcanic eruption 火山喷发 ⑤asteroid/'æstərɔɪd/n.小行星 ⑥decrease/dɪ'kriːs/n. 减少；减少的量 vi.& vt.减少 ⑦be to blame把……归咎于 blame /bleɪm/vt.责怪，指责 ⑧rate n．速度；比率 at...rate 以……的速度 ⑨cause for concern担忧的原因 ⑩based adj.在……居住(或工作) ⑪ look at思考，考虑，研究 ⑫factory farming 工厂化养殖 ⑬overfishing n．过度捕捞 [构词法]over-可用作前缀，表示“太，过于”。 overproduction n．生产过剩 overconfident adj.过分自信的，自负的 ⑭affect/ə'fekt/vt.影响 [辨析]effect n．效应，影响 ⑮survival n．生存，存活 survive vi.生存，存活 ⑯be at risk 处境危险，受到威胁 ⑰avoid (doing) sth 避免(做)某事 ⑱take action 采取行动 [近义] take steps/measures 采取措施 ⑲endangered/ɪn'deɪndʒəd/adj.濒危的 ⑳solar/'səʊlə/ adj.太阳光(能)的 solar energy/power太阳能 ㉑in short总之，简言之 [同义] in a word/in brief ㉒lay eggs下蛋，产卵 ㉓begin a programme 开始一项计划 ㉔raise 熟词生义 vt.饲养，培育 ㉕hatch/hætʃ/vi.& vt.(使)孵化 ㉖restore/rɪ'stɔː/vt.(使)恢复 ㉗habitat/'hæbɪtæt/n.(动植物的)生活环境，栖息地 natural habitat 天然栖息地 wildlife habitat 野生动植物栖息地, ◎…………………………………………………………… THE SIXTH EXTINCTION Extinctions，where entire species are wiped out①，are not unusual② in our Earth's history.In fact，over 90 percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct.In the last 500 million years，there have been five times when life 学生用书第97页 on Earth has almost ended.These include the third mass extinction，known as the “Great Dying”，which killed 90% to 96% of all species.[1]And the fifth event，which occurred 66 million years ago，caused the death of the dinosaurs.The reasons for extinctions are varied③.According to scientists，they include volcanic eruptions④，asteroids⑤ hitting the Earth from space，changes in sea levels，the decrease⑥ of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming.Many scientists say we are now entering the Earth's sixth mass extinction.This time，human activity will be to blame⑦. [1]known as the “Great Dying”为动词-ed形式短语作后置定语，与which引导的非限制性定语从句共同修饰the third mass extinction。 Although it is not unusual for species to die out naturally，the rate⑧at which this is now happening [2] is cause for concern⑨.A 2015 study by scientists who were based⑩ at Brown University and Duke University in the US，looked at⑪ how quickly species die out due to natural causes，that is，the“background extinction rate”．They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal.There is a long list of reasons why so many species are dying out：[3]air and water pollution，forests being destroyed，factory farming⑫ and overfishing⑬.It is clear that human activity has negatively affected⑭ all other species on Earth，including animals and plants. [2]at which this is now happening为“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the rate。介词at的选用是考虑到与 rate 搭配。 [3]why so many species are dying out为why引导的定语从句，修饰先行词reasons，why在从句中作状语。 If a sixth mass extinction occurs，scientists who have studied the issue believe that up to three quarters of all species on Earth could die out.[4] Of course，as we humans depend on so many species for our survival⑮，we would also be at risk⑯ of dying out.Our world and our lives depend on the balance in nature between animals and plants.Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.[5] [4]If 引导条件状语从句；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词scientists；that 引导宾语从句。 [5]该句为含蓄条件句。 介词短语 Without forests和without clean water 相当于条件，we would have no air to breathe和we would be unable to survive表示与现在事实相反的假设。 学生用书第98页 Can a sixth extinction be avoided⑰？ Experts say that it is not yet too late，if we take action⑱now.This would mean we have to significantly change the way we live.For example，we need to take steps to save endangered⑲ species，including setting up special areas where plants and animals can be protected.We need to change how we work and travel by using cleaner，more natural sources of energy，such as wind and solar⑳energy.We also need to improve our farming methods to reduce water，air and land pollution.In short㉑，if we want to survive，we need to stop destroying the planet that we live on and start to protect it. Case Study The Black Robin Black robins are the birds that humans saved from extinction.In 1980，there were only five black robins left in the world.They all lived on a small island off the coast of New Zealand.Only one of those birds，a female called Old Blue，was able to lay eggs㉒.Wildlife workers began a programme㉓for raising㉔black robin chicks.They protected Old Blue's eggs，helped them to hatch㉕，and took care of the chicks.Thanks to their efforts，there are now more than 250 black robins，and the population is spreading.To help them survive，people are restoring㉖their habitats㉗ and removing small animals that hunt them，such as mice and cats from the islands where they live. ……………………………………………………………◎ 第六次物种灭绝 物种灭绝，即整个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上，曾经存在的物种中90%以上现在都已经灭绝。在过去的五亿年中，地球上出现过五次生物几乎全部灭绝的情况。这其中包括称为“大灭绝”的第三次灭绝，在那期间90%至96%的物种灭亡了。6 600万年前发生的第五次灭绝导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因各不相同。科学家认为原因包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量下降和全球变暖。许多科学家认为地球的第六次大灭绝即将来临。这次，人类活动是肇因。 虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝发生的速度让人担忧。2015年美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家进行的一项研究，调查了物种因自然原因灭亡的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现人类活动导致物种灭亡的速度比正常情况快1 000倍。导致这么多物种正在消亡的原因有很多：空气和水污染、森林被毁、工厂化养殖和过度捕捞。显然，人类活动对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。 研究该问题的科学家们相信，如果发生第六次大灭绝，地球上多达四分之三的物种有可能灭绝。当然，由于人类的生存依赖很多物种，我们也会有灭绝的危险。我们的世界和我们的生命依赖于动植物之间的自然平衡。没有森林，我们就不能呼吸空气；没有干净的水，我们将无法生存。 学生用书第99页 第六次灭绝可以避免吗？专家说，如果我们现在采取行动还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须极大地改变生活方式。例如，我们要采取措施拯救濒临灭绝的物种，包括建立动植物的特殊保护区。通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变我们的工作和出行方式，例如风能和太阳能。我们还需要改进耕作方式，减少水、空气和土地污染。简言之，我们如果想要生存，就需要停止破坏我们生活的地球并开始保护它。 案例研究 黑知更鸟 黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝危机中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下五只黑知更鸟。它们都栖息在新西兰海岸附近的一个小岛上，其中只有一只名叫“老蓝”的雌鸟能够产卵。野生动物工作者开始了一项黑知更鸟繁育计划。他们保护“老蓝”的蛋，帮助它们孵化，并照顾幼鸟。多亏他们的努力，现在黑知更鸟已超过250只，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复黑知更鸟的栖息地并迁移捕杀它们的小动物，例如它们生存的岛上的老鼠和猫。000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 ◎阅读单词——识记 1．the largest asteroid 　　　 最大的小行星 2．hatch after ten days 10天后孵化 ◎核心单词——练通 1．endangered species 濒危物种 2. wipe your feet 擦你的脚 3．blame the child 责怪那个孩子 4. affect my decision 影响我的决定 5. solar radiation 太阳辐射 6. restore his sight 恢复他的视力 7．an unusual man 一个与众不同的人 8. mass production 批量生产 9．decrease the cost 减少成本 ◎拓展单词——用活 1．varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的→vary vi.不同；改变→various adj.多种多样的→variety n．种类 2．endangered adj.濒危的→endanger vt.使危险，危害→danger n．危险 3．restore vt.(使)恢复→restoration n．恢复 1．规律：名词前＋en变成动词 danger n．危险＋en→endanger vt.使危险，危害 示例：enlarge vt.扩大 enrich vt.丰富 ensure vt.确保，保证 encourage vt.鼓励 2．规律：去e＋-ation变成名词 restore vt.(使)恢复(去e)＋ation→restoration n．恢复 示例：declaration n．宣布 starvation v．(使)挨饿，饿死　　规律探究·知识横拓 ◎重点短语——再现 第一组　汉译英 1．消失；绝迹，灭绝 die out 2．彻底毁灭 wipe out 3．把……归咎于 be to blame 4．处境危险，受到威胁 be at risk 5．削减，减少 cut down 6．因为，由于 due to 第二组　英译汉 7．up to　 多达 8．take action/steps　 采取行动/措施 9．in short　 简言之 10．in danger　 在危险中 11．thanks to 幸亏，多亏了 ◎典型句式——默背 1．句型公式　倍数表示法 教材原句　They found that human activity is causing species to die out 1，000 times faster than normal(比正常情况快1 000倍)． 2．句型公式　It is clear that...显然…… 教材原句　It is clear that (显然)human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants. 3．句型公式　含蓄条件句 教材原句　Without forests，we would have no air to breathe(将没有空气呼吸)，and without clean water we would be unable to survive(将不能存活下去)． 学生用书第100页 Ⅰ.核心词汇练全 varied adj.各种各样的，形形色色的 (教材原句)The reasons for extinctions are varied.物种灭绝的原因是多种多样的。 (1)vary v． 改变；变化 vary from...to... 从……到……不等；在……到……之间变动 vary in... 在……方面不同，有差异 vary with 随……而变化 (2)variety n． 变化；多样性；种类 a variety of/varieties of 各种各样的 (3)various adj. 不同的；各种各样的 单句语法填空/完成句子 ①As we can see，the prices of vegetables vary with the season. ②We may have various (vary) ways to deal with such a situation. ③The hotel offers its guests a wide variety (vary) of amusements. ④It's essential that your diet is varied(vary)and balanced. ⑤远远望去，大小和形状各不相同的房子，在落日余晖的映衬下显得更加美丽。 From a distance，the houses which varied in sizes and shapes are more beautiful in the sunset.(读后续写之环境描写) ⑥看到各种各样的装饰品，Tom看着妈妈，自言自语道：“我到底该买哪件呢？” Seeing varieties of decorations，Tom watched his mum and said to himself，“Which one should I buy？”(读后续写之动作描写) decrease n．减少；减少的量vi.& vt.减少 (教材原句)According to scientists，they include volcanic eruptions，asteroids hitting the Earth from space，changes in sea levels，the decrease of the oxygen content of the sea and global warming. 根据科学家的说法，它们包括火山爆发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面变化、海洋含氧量减少和全球变暖。 (1)decrease by 减少了 decrease (from...) to　 (从……)减少到 decrease in　 在某方面下降 (2)on the decrease　 在下降；在减少 单句语法填空/读后续写之动作描写 ①Compared with last year，the price of corn has decreased by 5%. ②There has been a steady decrease in population in this city. ③In our school the number of students who are addicted to computer games is on the decrease. ④望着桌子上的账单，妈妈长舒一口气地说道，“本月我们的电费终于从800减少到了600。” Looking at the bill on the table，my mother said with a long sigh of relief，“This month our electricity bill finally decreases from 800 to 600．” 学生用书第101页 blame vt.责怪，指责 (教材原句)This time，human activity will be to blame.这一次，人类活动应当(为大灭绝)承担责任。 (1)blame sb for(doing)sth 为某事责备某人/责 备某人做了某事 blame sth on sb　 把某事归咎于某人 be to blame　 把……归咎于 (2)blame n. 指责；责备 lay/put the blame on 把……归咎于…… 温馨提示　be to blame不能用于被动语态，该短语用主动语态表示被动含义。 单句语法填空/读后续写之动作描写 ①Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame on the alarm clock. ②Each time we talk about global warming，people always blame this on the emission of carbon dioxide. ③Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy，saying that he was not the one to blame (blame)． ④他愤怒地冲出房间，大声地喊到，“为什么总是把所有的错误都归咎于我呢？” He stormed out of the room and shouted loudly，“Why do you always blame me for all your mistakes？” affect vt.影响 (教材原句)It is clear that human activity has negatively affected all other species on Earth，including animals and plants.显然，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种都产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。 (1)be affected by 受……的影响； 被……感动 be affected with 感染……疾病 (2)effect n． 作用；影响 have an effect on... 对……产生影响 (3)affection n． 影响；喜爱 单句语法填空/读后续写之情感描写 ①Their father never showed them much affection(affect)．In fact，he loved them from the bottom of his heart. ②Affected with a high fever，he continued with his work. ③Think of the movies，books，teachers，and friends that have an effect on you most deeply. ④被他善意的行为所感动，我拿起书包，满含眼泪地离开了救助站。 Affected by his kind behavior，I picked up my bag and left the rescue station with tears. endangered adj.濒危的 (教材原句)For example，we need to take steps to save endangered species... 例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒危物种…… (1)endanger v．　使遭受危险；危及； 危害 (2)danger n．　 危险；危险的人/物 in danger　 在危险中 out of danger　 脱离危险 a danger to　 对……有危险；对……是有危险的人/物 in danger of　 处于……危险之中 (3)dangerous adj.　 危险的 单句语法填空/读后续写之动作心理描写 ①Jensen is a dangerous (danger) man，and can be very brutal and reckless. ②This financial profit can help nations protect the habitats where endangered (danger) animals and plants live. ③If he carries on like this，he's in danger of being removed by the company. ④What made me very sad is that we didn't realize that could be a danger to them. ⑤因为我担心我的其他同事会有危险，所以我又回到了大楼里。 As I was afraid that my other workmates were in danger，I went back inside the building again. 学生用书第102页 be at risk 处境危险，受到威胁 (教材原句)Of course，as we humans depend on so many species for our survival，we would also be at risk of dying out. 当然，由于我们人类的生存依赖众多物种，所以我们也有可能濒临灭绝。 (1)risk vt.　　　冒……的危险 n．　 冒险；危险；风险 risk doing sth　 冒险做某事 risk one's life to do sth　 冒着生命危险做某事 at the risk of (doing) sth 冒着(做)……的风险 take/run the risk (of doing sth) 冒险(做某事) put...at risk　 让……处于危险之中 (2)risky adj.　 有危险的，有风险的 温馨提示　risk用作及物动词，接名词、代词、动词-ing形式(不接动词不定式)作宾语。 单句语法填空/读后续写之动作心理描写 ①I mustn't annoy my boss because I won't risk losing (lose) my job. ②After hours of persuasion，they agreed to abandon the risky(risk) plan. ③It's nice to get out in the sun，but if you overdo it，you could put your life at risk. ④看到那个冒着失去生命的危险救了溺水男孩命的士兵，我走到他跟前，兴奋地说：“你太棒了！” When seeing the soldier who saved the drowning boy's life at the risk of losing his own life，I walked to him and said excitedly，“you are great！” 　　 认知深化 1．一词多义——mass A．adj.大量的　B．n.团，堆　C．n.一群　D．v.使聚集 ①Dark clouds massed on the horizon.D ②Mass unemployment has been solved.A ③I struggled through the mass of people to the exit.C ④The hill appeared as a black mass in the distance.B 2．熟词生义 ①Have you been hatching up a plan to deal with her? v. 筹划 ②The police have now restored the painting to its rightful owner.vt.归还(失物、赃款等) Ⅱ.典型句式讲透 句型公式：含蓄条件句 (教材原句)Without forests，we would have no air to breathe，and without clean water we would be unable to survive.如果没有森林，我们将没有空气呼吸，没有干净的水，我们将不能存活下去。 虚拟条件句的条件有时不通过条件从句来表示，而是通过介词短语、上下文或其他方式表现出来，这种虚拟条件句叫作含蓄虚拟条件句。含蓄条件句的具体用法如下： (1)含蓄虚拟条件的常见表现方式 (2)主句谓语的形式 单句语法填空/读后续写之动作心理描写 ①Without excellent education，there would be(be)no advanced science and technology. ②The workers were not better organized，otherwise they would have accomplished(accomplish) the task in half the time. ③I would have gone(go) to my cousin's birthday party last night，but I was not available. 学生用书第103页 ④我沉默了一会，然后鼓足勇气说道，“谢谢老师，我知道没有您的帮助，我不可能取得这么大的成就。” I was silent for a while，and then collected the courage to say，“Thank you，teacher，I know that without your help，I could not have achieved such great achievements.” 课时测评15　Section Ⅱ　Lesson 1 (时间：60分钟　满分：100分) (本栏目内容，在学生用书中以独立形式分册装订！) [语境基础练] 维度一　根据汉语或首字母提示填入单词的适当的形式(每小题1分，共8分) 1．Their latest product is aimed at the mass (大量的) market. 2．This region is the home of many species(物种) of wild flowers. 3．The number of new students decreased (减少) from 210 to 160 this year. 4．Large home buildings should have solar (太阳能的) collectors in their designs. 5．The measures are intended to restore (恢复) public confidence in the economy. 6．She is popular with her students as her teaching methods are unusual (不平常的)． 7．As we all know，chicks are hatched from the eggs. 8．Another disadvantage of the Internet was that it may affect people's private lives. 维度二　单句语法填空(每小题1分，共7分) 1．The whole mountainous village was wiped out by the flood. 2．The shop sells varieties (vary) of toys that attract lots of children. 3．Scientists believe that it is normal for species to die out naturally. 4．An unhappy home environment can affect (effect) a child's behaviour. 5．The young man risked being knocked (knock) down to take the child on the road to safety. 6．What should be done to punish people who do harm to the endangered (endanger) animals? 7．If you don't wear a helmet，you will be at risk of head injury. 维度三　完成句子(每小题5分，共15分) 1．没有你的指导，我不可能取得这么大的进步。 Without your guidance，I couldn't have made such great progress.(含蓄条件句) 2．很显然吸烟对健康有害。 It is obvious that smoking does harm to our health. 3．正在修建的教学楼是那个教学楼的两倍高。 The teaching building being built now is twice as high as that one.(as...as...) 维度四　教材知识迁移(每小题1分，共10分) 阅读下面新情景，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In the last 500 million years，there have been five times when life on Earth has almost ended.Of these events，the third mass extinction，which is also known 1.as the “Great Dying”，2.killed(kill)90% to 96% of all species.And the fifth event，3.which occurred 66 million years ago，caused the death of dinosaurs.All these events took place due to 4.varied/various(vary)reasons.It is estimated that the sixth mass extinction is just coming round.And this time it is we human beings that should be 5.to blame(blame)． According to a study by scientists，species are dying out much 6.faster(fast) than normal nowadays due to human activity.If the sixth mass 7.extinction(extinct) took place，up to three quarters of all species would die out，including human beings.In order to avoid such disasters from taking place，we should take immediate 8.steps(step)to protect our environment.We can make 9.a difference by changing our lifestyles in our daily life.Only by 10.working(work)together can we save our environment in the end. [素能提升练] Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题5分，共40分) A (2024·四川眉山第一中学高二期中) It's sometimes a challenge for scientists to explain clearly just how widely certain ecosystems in some certain areas around the world are being threatened.There's nothing fuzzy about the term “extinction vortex (旋涡)”，however.That's what one of the world's most important forests—Brazil's Atlantic Forest—is now being called.Since colonization (殖民地化) in the 16th century，the forest has been reduced from over 1.1 million square kilometers to 0.143 million square kilometers.Now a new judgement of the variety of creatures in this place has reached some equally shocking results.More than half of the subtropical forest's local mammal (哺乳动物) species have been wiped out. “These habitats are now often severely incomplete，limited to not enough large forest remains，and trapped in an open-ended extinction vortex.This has never been recorded in both history and pre-history and can be directly the result of human activity，” said Carlos Peres，a biologist. The study found that top meat-eating animals，like jaguars and pumas，were the most destructed.But when you're talking about this great ecological destruction，everything takes a hit. Researchers compared large and medium-sized mammals in the forest from the past 30 years.Basic records came from those taken when the area was first colonized by Europeans in the 16th century.This was a place that left European naturalists in surprise when it was first discovered，with its greenness and with the amount of creature diversity. The health of the forest's mammals is seen as an important sign because mammals are most helpful in helping plants spread their seeds，and also in controlling animal populations. “The mammal diversity of the once grand Atlantic Forest has been largely reduced to a pale shadow of its former self，” said Peres. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了巴西热带雨林大大减少，陷入“灭绝旋涡”。 1．What does the underlined word “fuzzy” in the first paragraph mean? A．Valuable.　 B．Unclear. C．Doubtful. D．Impossible. 答案：B 解析：词义猜测题。根据画线词前一句“It's sometimes a challenge...around the world are being threatened.”以及画线词所在句中的“however”表转折可知，虽然科学家很难清楚地解释世界上某些地区的某些生态系统受到威胁的程度，但“灭绝漩涡”这个词并没有什么模糊之处，fuzzy意为“不清楚的，模糊的”，故选B项。 2．Why is the Brazilian forest called “extinction vortex”？ A．Because it is ever colonized by Europeans. B．Because it is home to large forest mammals. C．Because it is continually being destroyed. D．Because it is reduced to a small forest in area. 答案：C 解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中“Since colonization (殖民地化) in the 16th century...have been wiped out.”和第二段中“These habitats are now often severely incomplete，limited to not enough large forest remains，and trapped in an open-ended extinction vortex.”可知，巴西森林被称为“灭绝旋涡”是因为它不断地被破坏，故选C项。 3．How did researchers study the Brazilian forest? A．By measuring the area of the forest. B．By surveying the plant diversity. C．By counting the creatures in the forest. D．By judging the recordings of mammals. 答案：D 解析：细节理解题。根据第四段中“Researchers compared large and medium-sized mammals...by Europeans in the 16th century.”可知，研究人员是通过评估哺乳动物的记录来研究巴西森林的，故选D项。 4．What is the main idea of the text? A．The decrease in Brazilian rainforests. B．The future of the forest's mammals. C．The variety of creatures in forests. D．The ecosystems around the world. 答案：A 解析：主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“That's what one of the world's most important forests...the subtropical forest's local mammal (哺乳动物) species have been wiped out.”和最后一段内容可知，文章主要讲述了巴西热带雨林大大减少，陷入“灭绝旋涡”，故选A项。 B (2024·广西河池高二期中) Along the streets of Malabon in the Philippines，Marilene Capentes pushes a cart every morning except Sundays.The city of Malabon is just north of the capital，Manila. Capentes is a waste picker.She collects bags of separated garbage，placing food waste in one container.This material will be turned into compost (堆肥) at the local recycling center.The rest of the waste goes into separate containers.The recyclable materials are later sold. Capentes said the heavy rubbish used to be all mixed together.Then a few years ago，a local environmental nonprofit (非盈利机构) started asking people to separate their rubbish. The Mother Earth Foundation in the Philippines is a member of the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives，called GAIA.The organization wants to avert food waste from going to landfills.Food waste gives off biogas (沼气) as it breaks down.Biogas is a powerful greenhouse gas. At a material recycling center in Malabon，organic (有机的) waste collected from households is turned into compost.This material then goes into a community garden to grow vegetables.Some of the food waste is broken down into biogas.This biogas is then used to cook vegetables for waste workers to eat. There are challenges in establishing these systems in new places.It costs money to set up a facility for composting.People，including local officials，have to be educated on the importance of separating waste.Containers have to be provided to families that cannot buy more than one. And sometimes separating organic waste is not thought to be important.Also，unlike recyclables and metals，there is not a large market for organic materials.Therefore，waste workers must be paid for the system to work.But these problems can be solved.More people are making the connection between reducing biogas and fighting climate change. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了拾荒者帮助垃圾分类尤其是废弃食物的处理来应对气候变化。 5．Why is food waste separated from other waste? A．To sell it for money. B．To cook vegetables. C．To feed it to animals. D．To turn it into plant food. 答案：D 解析：细节理解题。根据第二段“She collects bags of separated garbage...at the local recycling center.”和第五段的“organic (有机的) waste collected from households is turned into compost.This material then goes into a community garden to grow vegetables.”可知，把垃圾分开是为了更好地把它变成植物的肥料。故选D项。 6．What does the underlined word “avert” mean in Paragraph 4? A．Remove. B．Prevent. C．Select. D．Protect. 答案：B 解析：词义猜测题。根据第四段“The organization wants to avert food waste from going to landfills.Food waste gives off biogas(沼气) as it breaks down.Biogas is a powerful greenhouse gas.”可知，该组织是“防止”浪费的食物进入垃圾填埋场，否则会增加温室气体。所以此处avert的意思是“防止”，与prevent 是同义词。故选B项。 7．What does the author intend to tell in Paragraph 6? A．Difficulties to build the new systems. B．Importance of building the new systems. C．Conditions required for the new systems. D．Arguments over building the new systems. 答案：A 解析：推理判断题。根据第六段内容可知，本段主要讲建立新系统的困难。故选A项。 8．What's the author's attitude towards separating organic waste? A．Critical. B．Grateful. C．Optimistic. D．Doubtful. 答案：C 解析：观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可知，虽然有困难，但可以解决，并且越来越多的人把减少沼气和应对气候变化联系起来。由此推知，作者对分离有机废物持乐观态度。故选C项。 Ⅱ.阅读七选五(每小题2分，共10分) (2024·广西柳城中学期中) Plant a tree! What's causing global warming? Is it man-made? Or are temperatures simply changing naturally? Whatever the case，we can at least try to slow things down.But how? The Wilderness Project has an idea. 1 ．If the earth has more trees，greenhouse gases will be reduced，and this will help stop global warming. 2 and improve air quality. 3 .In Belgium，the Organization for Forests worked with farmers to help them plant more trees.In Spain，the Canopy Project plants one tree for every Spaniard (西班牙人) in order to improve the environment.In Germany，a teenager named Felix Finkbine has been leading a global movement to plant more trees. 4 ． Now，lots of people all over the world have already been planting more trees.In fact，if everyone plants one tree，just one，it will do great good to our environment. So，what can you do to help? 5 ，although you need to get advice on how to look after it.Or you can join a tree planting project such as the ones mentioned above to help save the earth. So，go on，plant a tree...and save the earth! A．Maybe you can buy a young tree to grow B．They suggest that we should plant more trees C．Another question is how quickly the sea level will rise D．Many countries are calling on people to plant more trees E．What's more，they improve human health by producing oxygen (氧气) F．He was nine when he came up with the idea of planting trees around the world G．Farmers don't want to go and help them plant more trees 语篇解读　本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了随着人们对环境的担忧日益增加，人们开始以各种方式来种植更多的树木。 1．答案：B 解析：根据空前内容“The Wilderness Project has an idea.”可知，上文指出“The Wilderness Project”有一个提议。而根据下文“If the earth has more trees，greenhouse gases will be reduced，and this will help stop global warming.”可推断出，空处和更多的树木相关。选项B“他们建议我们应该种更多的树”符合语境，指的是该项目的具体内容。故选B项。 2．答案：E 解析：根据空后的“and improve air quality”可知，空处指的是种植更多的树所带来的好处。选项E是上文“If the earth has more trees，greenhouse gases will be reduced，and this will help stop global warming.”的延续，同时与下文内容一致。故选E项。 3．答案：D 解析：根据下文“In Belgium，the Organization for Forests...has been leading a global movement to plant more trees.”可知，本段主要讲述的是各个国家关于植树所做出的努力。选项D“许多国家呼吁人们种更多的树”与下文内容一致，指的都是很多国家都在呼吁人们种树。故选D项。 4．答案：F 解析：根据空前内容“In Germany，a teenager named Felix Finkbine has been leading a global movement to plant more trees.”可知，上文讲述的是一个德国的青少年一直在领导一场全球植树运动。选项F“他九岁时就有了环游世界种树的想法”延续上文内容，讲述的是这个青少年九岁时就有了在全世界种树的想法。故选F项。 5．答案：A 解析：根据空前内容“So，what can you do to help？”可知，上文问的是作为个人，我们应该怎么做。选项A既回答了上文的问题，同时也与下文“although you need to get advice on how to look after it”内容上保持一致。故选A项。 Ⅲ.语法填空(每小题1分，共10分) (2024·广东广州高二期中) More than 11，000 scientists from 153 countries have sounded the alarm on climate change.In a paper 1. (publish) last week in the journal BioScience，they signed a declaration (声明) stating clearly that planet Earth is facing a climate emergency，saying that if no changes 2. (make)，the world will face untold suffering.The evidence that the scientists collected reveals an undeniable truth 3. human activities have been causing global warming from the fast rise of fossil fuel consumption 4. the increase in greenhouse gas emissions (排放) over the past 40 years. The scientists also gave some instructions to fight against global warming，5. (propose) six actions to prevent further disasters：stabilizing population 6. (grow) by investing into family-planning services and girls' education，replacing fossil fuels，cutting the emissions of climate pollutants，eating less meat，restoring and protecting ecosystems，and building 7. carbon-free economy. The scientists say the climate crisis is 8. (close) related to human activities，so they call on people 9. (change) their life styles.But these measures are comparatively abstract.10. ，it is high time for policymakers to figure out more practical measures that can bring down carbon emissions. 语篇解读　本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了多名科学家对气候变化发出了警告，明确指出地球正面临气候紧急情况，并解释了原因。 1．答案：published 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，signed为主句谓语，故空处缺少非谓语，paper和publish“发表”之间是被动关系，故使用过去分词published作后置定语。故填published。 2．答案：are made 解析：考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。分析句子结构可知，if引导条件状语从句，主句使用一般将来时，故条件状语从句使用一般现在时，且主语changes和make“做出”之间是被动关系，因此使用一般现在时的被动语态。又因changes为复数形式，故填are made。 3．答案：that 解析：考查名词性从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导同位语从句，解释说明truth，且同位语从句中不缺少成分和含义。故填that。 4．答案：to 解析：考查固定搭配。结合句意和空前的from可知，本空填介词to，from...to...为固定搭配，意为“从……到……”。故填to。 5．答案：proposing 解析：考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，本句谓语为gave，故空处缺少非谓语，且主语scientists和propose“建议”之间是主动关系，故使用动词-ing形式作状语。故填proposing。 6．答案：growth 解析：考查词性转换。根据population可知，此处指的是人口增长，应使用名词不可数形式。故填growth。 7．答案：a 解析：考查冠词。此处泛指一种无碳经济，且carbon-free是以辅音音素开头，应使用不定冠词修饰。故填a。 8．答案：closely 解析：考查词性转换。空处修饰形容词related，要用副词作状语。故填closely。 9．答案：to change 解析：考查非谓语动词。call on sb to do sth 为固定搭配，意为“呼吁某人做某事”，故本空填change“改变”的动词不定式形式作宾语补足语。故填to change。 10．答案：Therefore 解析：考查副词。根据上文“But these measures are comparatively abstract.”和空后的“it is high time for policymakers to figure out more practical measures that can bring down carbon emissions.”可知，二者之间是因果关系，故用副词therefore“因此”，位于句首，单词首字母大写。故填Therefore。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$