Unit 5 The human brain（知识清单）英语牛津上海版九年级上册

Unit5 The human brain The human brain 话题 人类大脑 词汇 ceremony, dramatic, connect, imagine, colourful, silly, memorize , method, link, improve, basic, afterward, injure , agree 短语 句型 lose one's memory 失去记忆 be essential for…对……至关重要 in hospital住院 be angry with sb对某人生气 be connected with…=be joined／linked with… 与……相连 the Olympic Games奥运会 such…as 例如 as well as 也，还；而且 in addition另外 语法 条件状语从句 考点1. agree v. 同意 【例题】 e. g. He agrees with me. 他同意我的意见。 【拓展】 (1)agree with表示“同意……，适合……”，后面一般接人作宾语。 e. g. I said that she'd better finish the work first. But she didn't agree with me. 我说她最好先完成工作，但她不同意我的话。 (2)agree to也表示“同意……”，但其后一般接办法、计划、提议或某事件作宾语。 e. g. We agreed to the plan. 我们同意那个计划。 (3) agree on表示“双方就……达成协议，取得一致意见”。 e. g. We agreed on the question. 我们就这个问题取得了一致意见。 考点2. injure vt. 损害; 伤害 【例题】 e. g. There were two people injured in the car accident. 有两个人在车祸中受了伤。 She was injured badly in an accident during the work. 她在一次工伤事故中受了重伤。 【拓展】 (1)injure vt. 损害，伤害，毁坏；指在事故中受到的意外伤害或情感、名誉上的伤害。 e. g. Don't injure his pride(reputation). 不要伤害他的自尊心（名誉）。 (2)hurt vt.＆vi. 使受伤痛，损害，危害，指肉体或精神上的伤害、创伤，强调伤害造成的痛苦。 e. g. It hurts your eyes to read in bed. 在床上看书对眼睛有害。 (3) harm n.＆vt. 伤害；损害，危害，指对人或事物的危害。 e. g. Animals are our friends. We can’t harm them. 动物是人类的朋友，我们不要伤害它们。 (4)damage vt. ＆vi. 损害，毁坏，破坏，指因损害而使之失去使用价值、用途等。 e. g. The acid rain damaged the crops. 酸雨毁坏了庄稼。 (5)wound vt. ＆vi. ＆n. 使受伤，打伤，伤口。指利器或子弹给身体造成的伤害。 e. g. The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 子弹打伤了他的肩膀。 (6) destroy vt. 破坏，摧毁，毁坏。指有目的有意图地破坏。 e. g. They had destroyed the bridge before the enemy came. 他们在敌人到来之前已经毁坏了这座桥。 考点3.afterward adv. 然后，后来地 【例句】 e. g. We saw the film and afterwards walked home together. 我们看了电影后一起走回了家。 【拓展】 【知识拓展】-ward(s)（后缀） (1)构成形容诃，表示“向……的”； (2)构成副词，表示“向”。 e. g. forwards向前 backwards向后 downwards向下 upwards向上 northwards向北 southwards向南 考点4.method n. 方法 【例句】 e. g. The best method of keeping fit is to exercise regularly. 最好的保健方法就是有规律地锻炼。 【拓展】 【指点迷津：method, way】 这两个词都有“方法”或“方式”的意思。 (1) method所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序，也可以指抽象概念“条理”。 e. g. To do this, scientists have to devise methods using radar and underwater television. 为此，科学家还要设计出使用雷达和水下电视的方法。 (2)way是个最通用的且不正式的词，可以用来代替method。由于way常出现在许多固定的词组中，可见这是个使用非常频繁的词，在不少含有way的词组中，使用method或manner等可能表意更准确些，但是那样却损害了生动性。 e. g. He always has his own way. 他总是随心所欲。 此句中的way就是manner的意思，因为说的是“个人喜爱的方式方法”。 另外do sth in this way中的way即method的意思，但并不用method。其他如：In time，all Sam’s money was paid back in this way.最后，山姆的全部钱都是用这种方式付还的。 e. g. The only way to do this was to operate. 要做到这一点的唯一方法就是动手术。 Civilized men like such away of living. 文明人喜欢这样的生活方式。 考点5. memorize v. 记住，记忆 【例句】 e. g. He memorized the list of dates, but neglected the main facts corresponding to them. 他记住了那一系列日期，但却忽略了与其有关的主要事实。 【拓展】 【指点迷津：memorize 与remember】 (1) memorize指的是“记住，熟记”，是将原本无记忆的东西通过某种手段而化作记忆。 e. g. Memorize these words and you will have a dictation tomorrow.记住这些单词，明天你们将进行一次听写。 (2) remember指的是“回忆，忆起”，是将原来记忆中的东西挖掘出来。 e. g. Can you remember what happened yesterday? 你还能回想起昨天发生了什么吗？ 考点6. colourful adj. 鲜艳的；彩色的; 生动的，刺激的 【例句】 e. g. a colourful shirt 鲜艳的衬衫 a colourful story饶有趣味的故事 She has a rather colourful past. 她过去的生活多姿多彩。 【拓展】 【知识拓展】colour n.颜色 e.g. You need more colour in this room. 你这房间的色调需要丰富些。 考点7. imagine v. 想象，设想 【例句】 e. g. Can you imagine what it would be like to live without electricity? 你能想象出生活中没有电会是一幅什么样的情景吗？ I can’t imagine living anywhere but Shanghai. 我很难设想能到上海以外的地方去生活。 【拓展】 【近义】suppose v. 假设，推想，猜想 guess v. 猜测，猜想 【知识拓展】imagination n.想象力，想象 e.g. His writing lacks imagination. 他的写作缺乏想象力。 考点8.connect v. 联合，连接 【例句】 e. g. Will you connect this wire to the television? 你要把电线接到电视上吗？ 【拓展】 【指点迷津：join, connect】 两个词都含有“联合，结合，接合”的意思。 (1)join常指把明显分离的东西连接起来。 e. g. The new highway has joined the two cities. 新高速公路把那两个城市连接起来。 (2) connect语意较弱，连接的事物通常有直接接触。 e. g. A minor road connects the highways. 一条小路同几条公路相连。 语法精讲——条件状语从句 条件状语从句 1．if和unless引导的条件状语从句。if表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless(＝if ... not)表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。 If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了。 You'll fail the exam unless you study hard(＝if you don't study hard)． 除非你努力学习，否则你考试会不及格。 2．in case, on condition that等词汇意思相近，意为“万一，假使，假如，在……条件下”。 In case there is a fire, what will we do first? 万一发生火灾，我们首先要做什么？ They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend. 他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们在周末前归还。 3．as long as(＝so long as)引导语气强烈的条件状语从句，意为“只要”。 As long as you don't lose heart, you will succeed. 你只要不灰心，就会成功。 4．在“祈使句＋and/or/or else/otherwise＋陈述句”句型中，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。 Run faster and you'll catch the bus. 跑快点，你就会赶上公共汽车的。 Work hard, otherwise you'll fail. 努力干，要不你就会失败的。 5．if only “如果……就好了”和only if “只有”也可以引导条件状语从句。但是当only if置于句首时，主句部分倒装。 If only I were as clever as you. 我要是像你一样聪明就好了。 Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the classroom. 学生只有得到老师的许可才能离开教室。 9AU5词汇 （1）单词表 序号 英文 音标 词性 中文 1 memory /ˈmemərɪ/ n. 记忆力，记性 2 mind /maɪnd/ n. 头脑，大脑 3 short-term /ˌʃɔːtˈtɜːm/ adj. 短期的，近期的 4 long-term /lɒŋˈtɜːm/ adj. 长期的，长远的 5 essential /ɪˈsenʃəl/ adj. 必不可少的，极其重要的 6 injure /ˈɪndʒər/ v. 伤害，使受伤 7 afterwards /ˈɑːftəwədz/ adv. 以后，后来 8 *basic /ˈbeɪsɪk/ adj. 最简单的，基础的 9 link /lɪŋk/ n./v. 联系，连接 10 method /ˈmeθəd/ n. 方法，措施 11 *memorize /ˈmeməraɪz/ v. 记忆，记住 12 colorful /ˈkʌləfəl/ adj. 有趣的，丰富多彩的 13 mile /maɪl/ n. 英里 14 *spider /ˈspaɪdər/ n. 蜘蛛 15 dramatic /drəˈmætɪk/ adj. 激动人心的，给人印象深刻的 16 opening /ˈəʊpənɪŋ/ n. 开幕式 17 ceremony /ˈserɪməni/ n. 典礼，仪式 18 *Olympic /əˈlɪmpɪk/ adj. 奥林匹克运动会的 19 wonder /ˈwʌndər/ v. 想知道，想弄明白 20 goal /ɡəʊl/ n. 进球得分 21 mark /mɑːk/ n. 分数 22 excuse /ɪkˈskjuːz/ n. 理由，借口 23 go wrong 发生故障，出毛病 24 (be) angry with 对……发怒，对……生气 25 link method 联想法 26 playing card 纸牌 27 *the Olympic Games 奥运会 28 break down 出故障，抛锚 29 had better 应该，最好 （2）9A U5词形转换与词组整理 ①词形转换 1 memory n. 回忆，记忆 memorize v. 记忆 2 basic adj. 基本的，基础的 base n. 基地 3 colorful adj. 丰富多彩的 color n. 颜色 v. 涂色 colored adj. 有颜色的 4 open v. 打开；张开；开办；开设 n. 开着的，开口的；敞开的，营业中的 opening n. 开幕式 5 wonder v. 对疑惑；想知道 n. 奇迹，奇观 wonderful adj. 精彩的 6 amazing adj. 令人惊讶的，令人赞叹的 amazed adj. 感到惊叹的 7 forget v. （forgot，forgot / forgotten）忘记；忘掉 forgetful adj. 健忘的 8 feel v. （felt，felt）感觉，觉得；摸，触 feeling n. 感觉 9 drama n. 戏剧 dramatic adj. 戏剧性的，激动人心的 dramatically adv. 突然地 ②词组 1 go wrong 出错 2 opening ceremony 开幕式 3 break down 出故障；出错 4 be angry with 对……生气 5 be connected with 与……有联系 6 link method 联想法 （3）9A U5重点知识点详解 · Joyce wanted to have a feature about memory. Joyce想做一个有关记忆的特色专栏节目。 · go wrong 变坏 这里go是“连系动词”，意为“变为，成为，处于……的状态”。例如： The young man went mad when he won the lottery. 那个年轻人买彩票中了奖，竟变疯了。 At that time his family was very poor. The children often went hungry. · afterwards adv. 后来，以后 -ward(s) 后缀 （1）构成形容词表示“向……的”；（2）构成副词表示“向”。例如： forwards 向前 backwards 向后 downwards 向下 upwards 向上 · injure/hurt/harm/damage/wound/destroy用法区别 injure vt. 损害，伤害，毁坏，指在事故中收到的意外伤害或情感、名誉上的伤害。例如： Don’t injure his pride. 不要伤害他的自尊心。 hurt vt.&vi. 使……受伤痛，损害，危害，指肉体或精神上的伤害、创伤，强调伤害造成的痛苦。例如：It hurts your eyes to read in bed. 在床上看书对眼睛有害。 harm n.&vt. 伤害，损害，危害，指对人或事物的危害 Animals are our friends. We can’t harm them. 动物是人类的朋友，我们不要伤害它们。 damage vt.&n. 损害，毁坏，破坏，指因损害而使之失去使用价值、用途等。 The acid rain damaged the crops. 酸雨毁坏了庄稼。 wound vt. &vi. &n. 使……受伤，指利器或子弹给身体造成的伤害。 The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 子弹打伤了他的肩膀。 destroy vt. 破坏，摧毁，毁坏，指有目的地破坏。 They had destroyed the bridge before the enemy came. 他们在敌人到来之前已经毁掉了这座桥。 · method/way method n. 方法，办法，教学法，指系统的、理论上的方法。例如： A series of methods to get rid of pollution will be adopted. 一整套治理污染的方法将被采用。 way n. 方法，手段，方式，通常不带有系统性。例如： I’ve never tried to swim this way. 我从未试图用这种方法由于。 have one’s own way of doing sth. 有自己做某事的方法 Important Sentences structures. 1. …, but we can still remember things that happened along time ago. ...that happened a long time ago为定语从句，that为定语从句的引导词。 【知识拓展】在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的是关系代词that，which，who( whom，whose)和关系副词when，where，why。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既起联系作用，又充当从句中的一个成分。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。 e. g. Do you know the girl who/that is standing under a tree? 你知道站在树下的女孩是谁吗？ She got a computer which／that her parents bought for her. 她有一台电脑，这台电脑是她父母买给她的。 The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard. 他爸爸是位医生的那个男孩学习非常刻苦。 The classroom whose window is open is mine. 开着窗户的那个教室是我的教室。 I still remember the day when you leave for Beijing. 我仍然记得你去北京的那一天。 This is the school where my mother works. 这就是我妈妈工作的那所学校。 Could you explain the reason why you were late? 你能解释一下你迟到的原因吗？ 2. When you get old, three things start to go wrong. 此处get和go都是连系动词，意为“变得”；类似的动词还有turn和become。 【指点迷津】become; get; turn 这几个词作为系动词，都可以表示“变成”之意，但其用法不同。become和get指变化过程已经完成；become比较正式，get则更加口语化。turn指变得与原来完全不同。 e. g. He became very angry. 他变得很生气。 It’s getting dark. 天变黑了。 Her love turned into hate. 她的爱变成了恨。 Leaves turned yellow in autumn. 秋天树叶变黄。 3. If you want to memorize something, you should make a picture in your mind. If the picture is silly, strange and colorful, you will remember it better. If someone says…，you will… 画线部分是由if引导的条件状语从句，时态为一般现在时。而主句则使用一般将来时。 e. g. If it rains tomorrow, I'll stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我将呆在家里。 If you feel cold, put on the warm coat. 如果你感到冷，穿上这件暖和的外套。 如表示自然规律，客观事实，主句和从句都为一般现在时。 e. g. If you take a fish out of water, it dies. 如果你让鱼离开水，它会死去。 4. An easy way to do this is to imagine there… 这句话中有两个不定式短语，但它们起的作用不同。to do this作定语修饰An easy way,而to imagine there…在整句话中作的是表语。 5. 单词way在句中的不同意思 (l)One basic way of improving your memory is to use the link method. An easier way to do this is to imagine there is a‘mile’ between the first letter and the last letter. In this way, you can work out the problem.（方式，方法） (2)On the way to the office, he came across an old friend.（在去某地的路上） (3)By the way, have you been there?（顺便问一下） (4)Water is very important in many ways. （方面） (5)Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the theatre?（路线） Practice 一、单项选择 1．________ you treat others with your heart, you will get friendship in return. A．If B．Until C．Unless D．Since 2．You won’t improve your ability _________ you practise playing the piano regularly. A．if B．unless C．as soon as D．until 3．You’ll be late for school _________ you take a taxi. A．unless B．as C．if D．until 4．Our country will be better ________ we all do something to help. A．if B．before C．but D．unless 5．—Can students go online during lessons? —They can ________ it is for that lesson. A．and B．but C．if D．so 6．If Nancy ________ her friend’s invitation, she will be very unhappy. A．refuse B．refused C．refuses D．will refuse 7．Some classical music might just help ________ you are under too much pressure. A．unless B．if C．because D．although 8．You’ll possibly make mistakes in the exam ________ you check the paper very carefully. A．unless B．if C．until D．after 9．I’ll park my car at the Pacific Palace, ________ it is full near there. A．unless B．if C．because D．when 10．We will go for a picnic ________ it rains tomorrow. A．when        B．if        C．since        D．unless 11．________ he studies hard, he will never pass the examination. A．If       B．Unless        C．Even if        D．Even though 12．Come on, Tom! You will surely achieve your dream ________ you give up halfway. A．after B．unless C．until D．if 13．Your dream will come true ________ you work hard. A．as long as B．as soon as C．even though D．at once 14．I wonder ________ it bothers you. ________ you don’t want to come, please let me know. A．if; If B．whether; Whether C．if; Whether D．if; Weather 15．The little boy won’t go to sleep unless his mom ________ a story. A．tells B．told C．is telling D．will tell 16．________ bad weather stops me, I can do outdoor sports every day. A．When B．Although C．Until D．Unless 17．—Let’s go to the community if it ________ tomorrow.   —But nobody knows if it ________ tomorrow. A．won’t rain; rains B．doesn’t rain; rains C．won’t rain; will rain D．doesn’t rain; will rain 18．I wonder _______ he will come tomorrow or not. ________ he comes, please let me know at once. A．whether; If B．if; Whether C．that; If D．whether; Whether 19．—Shall we go to Universal Beijing Resort this winter holiday?    —All right. ________ we ________ asked to stay in Taixing. A．If; will be B．Unless; are C．If; are D．Unless; will be 20．—Can you guess if they ________ to play soccer with us? —I think they will come if they ________ free. A．will come, will be B．come, will be C．come, are D．will come, are 21．—Do you know if Jack ________ to my party this Saturday? —Don’t worry. If he ________, he will call you first. A．will come; will come B．comes; will come C．will come; comes D．comes; comes 22．—I doubt if he ________ to the party with us tonight. What do you think? —I believe if he ________ his homework tonight, he will go with us. A．will go; will finish B．will go; finishes C．goes; finishes D．goes; will finish 23．—Sam, do you know if Alice ________ to my party next week? —I think she will come if she ________. A．will come; will be invited B．comes; is invited C．will come; is invited D．comes; will be invited 二、阅读理解 Human beings are amazing creatures. We have walked on the moon, cured diseases, and built many structures, from ancient Great Wall to modern buildings. So what is it that makes us so special? The answer is our brains. The human brain is a fantastic body part that controls everything from your breathing to your memories and imagination. Below are several more surprising facts about this natural supercomputer. The brain does not fully grown until age 25. Scientists have discovered that while most areas of the brain finish forming before we leave high school, the areas that deal with planning and reasoning aren’t fully grown until one’s 20s.What’s more, after the age of 24,  the brain actually starts going into a slow drop, making our 20s the time when our brains are truly at their top! Three-quarters of the brain is water. As a result, our brain is always in great need of water, which is one reason why it’s important to drink lots of water. The brain’s large water content also affects its texture (质地). Our brains aren’t the biggest, though being the brightest. We often think that a bigger brain equals a better brain. And while humans do have large brains, ours aren’t the largest in the animal world. Besides, we don’t even have the largest brains among humans. Neanderthals (穴居人), though. Brain size is important, but the brain’s structure is even more so. Indeed, the human brain deals with a lot of hard work in a small space. Of course, these aren’t the only interesting things about the brain. In fact, our brains still have a lot of secrets for scientists to find out. Left hemisphere (半球） The left hemisphere mainly works for abstract (抽象) thinking, while also controlling the movement of the right side of the body. And the left hemisphere helps with language processing. Right hemisphere The right hemisphere helps to understand space relationships, process pictures, and control the movement of the left side of the body. Moreover, the right hemisphere deals with your moods. 24．How does the writer begin the article? A．By comparing animals’ brains. B．By giving an answer to a question. C．By providing different numbers. D．By describing a special experience. 25．What do we know about human brains according to the passage? A．They work best in the thirties. B．They are the largest in the world. C．They play a big role in breathing. D．They are similar to puddings in colour. 26．What may a patient who hurt his left hemisphere have difficulty in? A．Giving directions. B．Speaking to others. C．Feeling happy. D．Drawing pictures. 27．Which of the following is true about brains? A．Scientists already have a deep understanding of brains. B．We can help our brain grow faster by doing more exercise. C．The larger the brain size is, the brighter the animal will be. D．To help keep our brain healthy, drinking water is necessary. 三、完形填空 You can think of a memory, as a photograph. Our brain is like an app on the phone that stores useful photographs for a long time. But it 28 useless photographs. Some people have always been able to recall (回想起) the smallest details about their lives. The experts are now studying Brad Williams and a woman named A．J. The two share the same talent. The goal of the study is to gain a deeper 29 of memory and how it works. Dr. James found 51-year-old Williams’ memory to be 30 perfect. He can usually tell you what he did on a certain date 40 years ago. He can also recall what was in the news. He can even tell you what the weather was like. Dr. James had seen this level of ability before. In 2006, he studied a woman named A．J. She too was able to recall tiny details from her life. These details 31 notes she had written in journals decades earlier. However, they view the ability differently. Williams enjoys having his memory tested. A．J however, said her memories often flood her mind in an unpleasant way. “Most have called it a gift, but I call it burden,” A．J wrote. “I run my entire life through my head every day and makes me 32 !!!” Now, doctors are testing Williams and A．J. They want to know what sets the two apart from others. Williams and A．J. both perform well. But they perform best on topics that interest them. This fact causes doubt among some scientists. They suggest that Williams and A．J. are not so special 33 . Some scientists say that people with truly special memories should be able to remember all kinds of information, not just what interests them. Dr. James hopes that his study will provide answers for both those who doubt and those who surprise at what Williams and A．J. are able to do. “The human brain is the most important machinery in the known universe,” he said. “My aim is to decrease the mystery of this surprising machinery.” 28．A．gives up B．gets rid of C．picks up D．keeps off 29．A．confidence B．entrance C．speed D．understanding 30．A．rarely B．exactly C．nearly D．mainly 31．A．created B．recorded C．added D．matched 32．A．crazy B．excited C．flexible D．pale 33．A．after all B．at present C．in the end D．at a time 四、短文填空 在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给。 March 16th is World Sleep Day. This year’s topic (标语) is “Breathe Easily, Sleep Well”. Its aim is to celebrate the advantages of good and healthy sleep. Sleep is like food for the brain. Enough sleep helps the body and brain g 34 and develop. According to the National Sleep Foundation in the US, adults need seven to nine hours of sleep every night. For students aged 10 to 17, a healthy amount is about eight to nine hours per night. But many students don’t get enough sleep because of early school times and heavy h 35 . About 80 percent of middle school students don’t get enough sleep, the China Youth and Children Research Center reported. For some students, they want to sleep early, but they keep worrying about their schoolwork and can’t fall asleep quickly. For others they may even keep themselves awake all night b 36 they have insomnia (失眠). These sleeping problems greatly affect peoples lives. Experts have shown that lack of sleep for teenagers leads to poor grades. Students w 37 enough sleep cannot pay attention in class or do well in sports. Also the lack of sleep may make them depressed (沮丧的). L 38 , with good sleep habits, it is easier to fall asleep. Some of these good habits include avoiding drinks that make people excited late in the day, going to sleep at the same time each night, and sleeping in a comfortable place that is dark, q 39 , and neither too warm nor too cold. 五、任务型阅读 请认真阅读下面短文，并根据短文内容回答问题。 What is personality? Personality is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives. It makes them different from others. Each person’s personality is made up of different personality characters such as kindness or shyness. These characters decide how people behave in different situations. For example, if someone shy is served the wrong meal in a restaurant, he probably won’t say anything. On the other hand, someone outgoing will probably complain and get the meal he ordered. Where does your personality come from? The human brain is like a computer because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot. However, humans aren’t robots! We have personalities. The human brain has a special part giving us personality and allowing us to think for ourselves, unlike a computer. This part of the brain is called the mind. Personality types Clearly scientists cannot study the mind by looking inside someone’s brain! All they would see is blood and grey matter. To study the mind, scientists have to study human behavior. This includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests like this one: 1. Do you think you’re pretty or good-looking? 2. Would you rather read a book or go to a party? 3. Do you have a large group of friends or just one or two close friends? 4. Do you mind talking in public or does it scare you? 5. Are you messy or neat? 6. Do you plan your work well or do you do things at the last minute? Scientists believe that answers to these types of questions tell us something about a person’s personality characters. After asking thousands of people thousands of questions, they’ve found that some personality characters seem to go together. This has led scientists to believe that there’re certain personality types. For example, shy people are often quiet. They have an introverted (内向的) personality type. The opposite is an extroverted (外向的) personality type — people who are outgoing, talkative and like being around other people. 40．What is personality? 41．Why is the human brain like a computer? 42．How do scientists study human behavior? 43．How many personality types are mentioned in this passage? 44．What decides your personality?（请自拟一句话作答） 六、书面表达 45．根据要求完成大作文：80-100词；开头已给出，不计入总词数。 很多学生都抱怨总是记不住学过的东西。请根据下面内容提示写一篇题“The Ways to Improve Memory”的短文。 （1）集中精神做事；(focus your attention) （2）要想记得长久，必须先理解文章； （3）及时复习，防止遗忘； （4）多吃对大脑有益的食物，如牛奶、鸡蛋、鱼类等； （5）多做运动、保证充足的睡眠和休息，这是增强记忆力的关键。 The Ways to Improve Memory Memory is very important in our daily life and study. Here are some ways to improve it. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 原创精品资源独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 （北京）股份有限公司 （北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ Unit5 The human brain The human brain 话题 人类大脑 词汇 ceremony, dramatic, connect, imagine, colourful, silly, memorize , method, link, improve, basic, afterward, injure , agree 短语 句型 lose one's memory 失去记忆 be essential for…对……至关重要 in hospital住院 be angry with sb对某人生气 be connected with…=be joined／linked with… 与……相连 the Olympic Games奥运会 such…as 例如 as well as 也，还；而且 in addition另外 语法 条件状语从句 考点1. agree v. 同意 【例题】 e. g. He agrees with me. 他同意我的意见。 【拓展】 (1)agree with表示“同意……，适合……”，后面一般接人作宾语。 e. g. I said that she'd better finish the work first. But she didn't agree with me. 我说她最好先完成工作，但她不同意我的话。 (2)agree to也表示“同意……”，但其后一般接办法、计划、提议或某事件作宾语。 e. g. We agreed to the plan. 我们同意那个计划。 (3) agree on表示“双方就……达成协议，取得一致意见”。 e. g. We agreed on the question. 我们就这个问题取得了一致意见。 考点2. injure vt. 损害; 伤害 【例题】 e. g. There were two people injured in the car accident. 有两个人在车祸中受了伤。 She was injured badly in an accident during the work. 她在一次工伤事故中受了重伤。 【拓展】 (1)injure vt. 损害，伤害，毁坏；指在事故中受到的意外伤害或情感、名誉上的伤害。 e. g. Don't injure his pride(reputation). 不要伤害他的自尊心（名誉）。 (2)hurt vt.＆vi. 使受伤痛，损害，危害，指肉体或精神上的伤害、创伤，强调伤害造成的痛苦。 e. g. It hurts your eyes to read in bed. 在床上看书对眼睛有害。 (3) harm n.＆vt. 伤害；损害，危害，指对人或事物的危害。 e. g. Animals are our friends. We can’t harm them. 动物是人类的朋友，我们不要伤害它们。 (4)damage vt. ＆vi. 损害，毁坏，破坏，指因损害而使之失去使用价值、用途等。 e. g. The acid rain damaged the crops. 酸雨毁坏了庄稼。 (5)wound vt. ＆vi. ＆n. 使受伤，打伤，伤口。指利器或子弹给身体造成的伤害。 e. g. The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 子弹打伤了他的肩膀。 (6) destroy vt. 破坏，摧毁，毁坏。指有目的有意图地破坏。 e. g. They had destroyed the bridge before the enemy came. 他们在敌人到来之前已经毁坏了这座桥。 考点3.afterward adv. 然后，后来地 【例句】 e. g. We saw the film and afterwards walked home together. 我们看了电影后一起走回了家。 【拓展】 【知识拓展】-ward(s)（后缀） (1)构成形容诃，表示“向……的”； (2)构成副词，表示“向”。 e. g. forwards向前 backwards向后 downwards向下 upwards向上 northwards向北 southwards向南 考点4.method n. 方法 【例句】 e. g. The best method of keeping fit is to exercise regularly. 最好的保健方法就是有规律地锻炼。 【拓展】 【指点迷津：method, way】 这两个词都有“方法”或“方式”的意思。 (1) method所表示的“方法”可以指做某件事的具体步骤或程序，也可以指抽象概念“条理”。 e. g. To do this, scientists have to devise methods using radar and underwater television. 为此，科学家还要设计出使用雷达和水下电视的方法。 (2)way是个最通用的且不正式的词，可以用来代替method。由于way常出现在许多固定的词组中，可见这是个使用非常频繁的词，在不少含有way的词组中，使用method或manner等可能表意更准确些，但是那样却损害了生动性。 e. g. He always has his own way. 他总是随心所欲。 此句中的way就是manner的意思，因为说的是“个人喜爱的方式方法”。 另外do sth in this way中的way即method的意思，但并不用method。其他如：In time，all Sam’s money was paid back in this way.最后，山姆的全部钱都是用这种方式付还的。 e. g. The only way to do this was to operate. 要做到这一点的唯一方法就是动手术。 Civilized men like such away of living. 文明人喜欢这样的生活方式。 考点5. memorize v. 记住，记忆 【例句】 e. g. He memorized the list of dates, but neglected the main facts corresponding to them. 他记住了那一系列日期，但却忽略了与其有关的主要事实。 【拓展】 【指点迷津：memorize 与remember】 (1) memorize指的是“记住，熟记”，是将原本无记忆的东西通过某种手段而化作记忆。 e. g. Memorize these words and you will have a dictation tomorrow.记住这些单词，明天你们将进行一次听写。 (2) remember指的是“回忆，忆起”，是将原来记忆中的东西挖掘出来。 e. g. Can you remember what happened yesterday? 你还能回想起昨天发生了什么吗？ 考点6. colourful adj. 鲜艳的；彩色的; 生动的，刺激的 【例句】 e. g. a colourful shirt 鲜艳的衬衫 a colourful story饶有趣味的故事 She has a rather colourful past. 她过去的生活多姿多彩。 【拓展】 【知识拓展】colour n.颜色 e.g. You need more colour in this room. 你这房间的色调需要丰富些。 考点7. imagine v. 想象，设想 【例句】 e. g. Can you imagine what it would be like to live without electricity? 你能想象出生活中没有电会是一幅什么样的情景吗？ I can’t imagine living anywhere but Shanghai. 我很难设想能到上海以外的地方去生活。 【拓展】 【近义】suppose v. 假设，推想，猜想 guess v. 猜测，猜想 【知识拓展】imagination n.想象力，想象 e.g. His writing lacks imagination. 他的写作缺乏想象力。 考点8.connect v. 联合，连接 【例句】 e. g. Will you connect this wire to the television? 你要把电线接到电视上吗？ 【拓展】 【指点迷津：join, connect】 两个词都含有“联合，结合，接合”的意思。 (1)join常指把明显分离的东西连接起来。 e. g. The new highway has joined the two cities. 新高速公路把那两个城市连接起来。 (2) connect语意较弱，连接的事物通常有直接接触。 e. g. A minor road connects the highways. 一条小路同几条公路相连。 语法精讲——条件状语从句 条件状语从句 1．if和unless引导的条件状语从句。if表示正面的条件，意为“如果”；unless(＝if ... not)表示反面的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。 If you had come a few minutes earlier, you would have met him. 要是你早来几分钟就碰到他了。 You'll fail the exam unless you study hard(＝if you don't study hard)． 除非你努力学习，否则你考试会不及格。 2．in case, on condition that等词汇意思相近，意为“万一，假使，假如，在……条件下”。 In case there is a fire, what will we do first? 万一发生火灾，我们首先要做什么？ They agreed to lend us the car on condition that we returned it before the weekend. 他们同意把车借给我们，条件是我们在周末前归还。 3．as long as(＝so long as)引导语气强烈的条件状语从句，意为“只要”。 As long as you don't lose heart, you will succeed. 你只要不灰心，就会成功。 4．在“祈使句＋and/or/or else/otherwise＋陈述句”句型中，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。 Run faster and you'll catch the bus. 跑快点，你就会赶上公共汽车的。 Work hard, otherwise you'll fail. 努力干，要不你就会失败的。 5．if only “如果……就好了”和only if “只有”也可以引导条件状语从句。但是当only if置于句首时，主句部分倒装。 If only I were as clever as you. 我要是像你一样聪明就好了。 Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to leave the classroom. 学生只有得到老师的许可才能离开教室。 9AU5词汇 （1）单词表 序号 英文 音标 词性 中文 1 memory /ˈmemərɪ/ n. 记忆力，记性 2 mind /maɪnd/ n. 头脑，大脑 3 short-term /ˌʃɔːtˈtɜːm/ adj. 短期的，近期的 4 long-term /lɒŋˈtɜːm/ adj. 长期的，长远的 5 essential /ɪˈsenʃəl/ adj. 必不可少的，极其重要的 6 injure /ˈɪndʒər/ v. 伤害，使受伤 7 afterwards /ˈɑːftəwədz/ adv. 以后，后来 8 *basic /ˈbeɪsɪk/ adj. 最简单的，基础的 9 link /lɪŋk/ n./v. 联系，连接 10 method /ˈmeθəd/ n. 方法，措施 11 *memorize /ˈmeməraɪz/ v. 记忆，记住 12 colorful /ˈkʌləfəl/ adj. 有趣的，丰富多彩的 13 mile /maɪl/ n. 英里 14 *spider /ˈspaɪdər/ n. 蜘蛛 15 dramatic /drəˈmætɪk/ adj. 激动人心的，给人印象深刻的 16 opening /ˈəʊpənɪŋ/ n. 开幕式 17 ceremony /ˈserɪməni/ n. 典礼，仪式 18 *Olympic /əˈlɪmpɪk/ adj. 奥林匹克运动会的 19 wonder /ˈwʌndər/ v. 想知道，想弄明白 20 goal /ɡəʊl/ n. 进球得分 21 mark /mɑːk/ n. 分数 22 excuse /ɪkˈskjuːz/ n. 理由，借口 23 go wrong 发生故障，出毛病 24 (be) angry with 对……发怒，对……生气 25 link method 联想法 26 playing card 纸牌 27 *the Olympic Games 奥运会 28 break down 出故障，抛锚 29 had better 应该，最好 （2）9A U5词形转换与词组整理 ①词形转换 1 memory n. 回忆，记忆 memorize v. 记忆 2 basic adj. 基本的，基础的 base n. 基地 3 colorful adj. 丰富多彩的 color n. 颜色 v. 涂色 colored adj. 有颜色的 4 open v. 打开；张开；开办；开设 n. 开着的，开口的；敞开的，营业中的 opening n. 开幕式 5 wonder v. 对疑惑；想知道 n. 奇迹，奇观 wonderful adj. 精彩的 6 amazing adj. 令人惊讶的，令人赞叹的 amazed adj. 感到惊叹的 7 forget v. （forgot，forgot / forgotten）忘记；忘掉 forgetful adj. 健忘的 8 feel v. （felt，felt）感觉，觉得；摸，触 feeling n. 感觉 9 drama n. 戏剧 dramatic adj. 戏剧性的，激动人心的 dramatically adv. 突然地 ②词组 1 go wrong 出错 2 opening ceremony 开幕式 3 break down 出故障；出错 4 be angry with 对……生气 5 be connected with 与……有联系 6 link method 联想法 （3）9A U5重点知识点详解 · Joyce wanted to have a feature about memory. Joyce想做一个有关记忆的特色专栏节目。 · go wrong 变坏 这里go是“连系动词”，意为“变为，成为，处于……的状态”。例如： The young man went mad when he won the lottery. 那个年轻人买彩票中了奖，竟变疯了。 At that time his family was very poor. The children often went hungry. · afterwards adv. 后来，以后 -ward(s) 后缀 （1）构成形容词表示“向……的”；（2）构成副词表示“向”。例如： forwards 向前 backwards 向后 downwards 向下 upwards 向上 · injure/hurt/harm/damage/wound/destroy用法区别 injure vt. 损害，伤害，毁坏，指在事故中收到的意外伤害或情感、名誉上的伤害。例如： Don’t injure his pride. 不要伤害他的自尊心。 hurt vt.&vi. 使……受伤痛，损害，危害，指肉体或精神上的伤害、创伤，强调伤害造成的痛苦。例如：It hurts your eyes to read in bed. 在床上看书对眼睛有害。 harm n.&vt. 伤害，损害，危害，指对人或事物的危害 Animals are our friends. We can’t harm them. 动物是人类的朋友，我们不要伤害它们。 damage vt.&n. 损害，毁坏，破坏，指因损害而使之失去使用价值、用途等。 The acid rain damaged the crops. 酸雨毁坏了庄稼。 wound vt. &vi. &n. 使……受伤，指利器或子弹给身体造成的伤害。 The bullet wounded him in the shoulder. 子弹打伤了他的肩膀。 destroy vt. 破坏，摧毁，毁坏，指有目的地破坏。 They had destroyed the bridge before the enemy came. 他们在敌人到来之前已经毁掉了这座桥。 · method/way method n. 方法，办法，教学法，指系统的、理论上的方法。例如： A series of methods to get rid of pollution will be adopted. 一整套治理污染的方法将被采用。 way n. 方法，手段，方式，通常不带有系统性。例如： I’ve never tried to swim this way. 我从未试图用这种方法由于。 have one’s own way of doing sth. 有自己做某事的方法 Important Sentences structures. 1. …, but we can still remember things that happened along time ago. ...that happened a long time ago为定语从句，that为定语从句的引导词。 【知识拓展】在复合句中作定语，修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的是关系代词that，which，who( whom，whose)和关系副词when，where，why。关系代词或关系副词位于先行词和定语从句之间，它既起联系作用，又充当从句中的一个成分。定语从句的基本结构为：先行词+关系词+定语从句。 e. g. Do you know the girl who/that is standing under a tree? 你知道站在树下的女孩是谁吗？ She got a computer which／that her parents bought for her. 她有一台电脑，这台电脑是她父母买给她的。 The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard. 他爸爸是位医生的那个男孩学习非常刻苦。 The classroom whose window is open is mine. 开着窗户的那个教室是我的教室。 I still remember the day when you leave for Beijing. 我仍然记得你去北京的那一天。 This is the school where my mother works. 这就是我妈妈工作的那所学校。 Could you explain the reason why you were late? 你能解释一下你迟到的原因吗？ 2. When you get old, three things start to go wrong. 此处get和go都是连系动词，意为“变得”；类似的动词还有turn和become。 【指点迷津】become; get; turn 这几个词作为系动词，都可以表示“变成”之意，但其用法不同。become和get指变化过程已经完成；become比较正式，get则更加口语化。turn指变得与原来完全不同。 e. g. He became very angry. 他变得很生气。 It’s getting dark. 天变黑了。 Her love turned into hate. 她的爱变成了恨。 Leaves turned yellow in autumn. 秋天树叶变黄。 3. If you want to memorize something, you should make a picture in your mind. If the picture is silly, strange and colorful, you will remember it better. If someone says…，you will… 画线部分是由if引导的条件状语从句，时态为一般现在时。而主句则使用一般将来时。 e. g. If it rains tomorrow, I'll stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我将呆在家里。 If you feel cold, put on the warm coat. 如果你感到冷，穿上这件暖和的外套。 如表示自然规律，客观事实，主句和从句都为一般现在时。 e. g. If you take a fish out of water, it dies. 如果你让鱼离开水，它会死去。 4. An easy way to do this is to imagine there… 这句话中有两个不定式短语，但它们起的作用不同。to do this作定语修饰An easy way,而to imagine there…在整句话中作的是表语。 5. 单词way在句中的不同意思 (l)One basic way of improving your memory is to use the link method. An easier way to do this is to imagine there is a‘mile’ between the first letter and the last letter. In this way, you can work out the problem.（方式，方法） (2)On the way to the office, he came across an old friend.（在去某地的路上） (3)By the way, have you been there?（顺便问一下） (4)Water is very important in many ways. （方面） (5)Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the theatre?（路线） Practice 一、单项选择 1．________ you treat others with your heart, you will get friendship in return. A．If B．Until C．Unless D．Since 【答案】A 【详解】句意：如果你用心对待其他人，你将会得到友谊作为回报。 考查连词辨析。If如果；Until直到；Unless除非；Since自从。分析题干可知，“you treat others with your heart”是“you will get friendship in return”的肯定条件，所以用if引导条件状语从句。故选A。 2．You won’t improve your ability _________ you practise playing the piano regularly. A．if B．unless C．as soon as D．until 【答案】B 【详解】句意：除非你经常练习弹钢琴，否则你的能力不会提高。 考查连词辨析。if 如果；unless除非；as soon as一……就；until直到。根据“you practise playing the piano regularly”可知，后一句是前一句的否定条件，不练习弹钢琴就不能提高能力，故选B。 3．You’ll be late for school _________ you take a taxi. A．unless B．as C．if D．until 【答案】A 【详解】句意：除非你乘坐出租车，否则你会上学迟到的。 考查连词辨析。unless除非，引导条件状语从句； as因为，引导原因状语从句；if如果，引导条件状语从句；until直到，通常使用“not…until…直到……才”，引导时间状语从句。根据句意“除非你乘坐出租车，否则你会上学迟到的。”可知，此句是unless引导的条件状语从句。故选A。 4．Our country will be better ________ we all do something to help. A．if B．before C．but D．unless 【答案】A 【详解】句意：如果我们都做点儿什么来帮忙，我们的国家会变得更好。 考查连词辨析。if如果；before在……之前；but但是；unless除非。“我们都做点儿什么来帮忙”是“我们的国家会变得更好”肯定的条件，用if引导条件状语从句。故选A。 5．—Can students go online during lessons? —They can ________ it is for that lesson. A．and B．but C．if D．so 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——学生上课期间可以上网吗？——如果是为了上课，他们可以上网。 考查连词辨析。and 和，与，表并列；but 但是，表转折；if 如果，表条件； so所以，表结果。答句是条件状语从句，需用 if 连接。 故选C。 6．If Nancy ________ her friend’s invitation, she will be very unhappy. A．refuse B．refused C．refuses D．will refuse 【答案】C 【详解】句意：如果南希拒绝了她朋友的邀请，她将会非常不高兴。 考查动词时态。 if 引导的条件状语从句，要遵循主将从现原则，从句用一般现在时，此处用三单形式。故选C。 7．Some classical music might just help ________ you are under too much pressure. A．unless B．if C．because D．although 【答案】B 【详解】句意：如果你压力太大，一些古典音乐可能会有帮助。 考查连词辨析。unless除非；if如果；because因为；although虽然。根据“Some classical music might just help…you are under too much pressure.”可知，后句是前句的条件，因此此处用if引导条件状语从句。故选B。 8．You’ll possibly make mistakes in the exam ________ you check the paper very carefully. A．unless B．if C．until D．after 【答案】A 【详解】句意：除非你仔细检查试卷，否则你可能会在考试中出错。 考查连词辨析。unless除非；if如果；until直到；after在……之后。分析句子可知，“you check the paper very carefully”是“You’ll possibly make mistakes in the exam”的否定条件，用unless引导条件状语从句。故选A。 9．I’ll park my car at the Pacific Palace, ________ it is full near there. A．unless B．if C．because D．when 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我会把车停在太平洋宫殿，除非那附近已经满了。 考查从属连词辨析。unless除非；if如果；because因为；when当……时候。根据“it is full near there”可知，此处表示除非太平洋宫殿附近已经停满了，用unless引导条件状语从句。故选C。 10．We will go for a picnic ________ it rains tomorrow. A．when        B．if        C．since        D．unless 【答案】D 【详解】句意：我们将要去野餐，除非明天下雨。 考查从属连词。when当……时；if如果；since因为；unless除非。主句“We will go for a picnic”意为“我们将要去野餐”，从句“it rains tomorrow”意为“明天下雨”，想要达成主句的结果需要不满足从句的条件。故选D。 11．________ he studies hard, he will never pass the examination. A．If       B．Unless        C．Even if        D．Even though 【答案】B 【详解】句意：除非他努力学习，否则他将永远不会通过考试。 考查连词词义辨析。if如果；unless除非；even if即使；even though即使。由句意和“he will never pass the examination”可知，前句是后句的否定条件，用unless引导条件状语从句。故选B。 12．Come on, Tom! You will surely achieve your dream ________ you give up halfway. A．after B．unless C．until D．if 【答案】B 【详解】句意：加油，汤姆！除非你中途放弃你的梦想，否则你一定会实现你的梦想。 考查连词辨析。after在……之后；unless除非，如果不；until直到；if如果。根据“you give up halfway”和“achieve your dream”可知是指如果不中途放弃你的梦想，你一定会实现你的梦想，用unless引导条件状语从句。故选B。 13．Your dream will come true ________ you work hard. A．as long as B．as soon as C．even though D．at once 【答案】A 【详解】句意：只要你努力，你的梦想就会实现。 考查连词辨析。as long as只要；as soon as一……就……；even though即使；at once立刻。根据空后“努力”是空前“实现梦想”的条件，所以空格处用as long as引导条件状语从句，故选A。 14．I wonder ________ it bothers you. ________ you don’t want to come, please let me know. A．if; If B．whether; Whether C．if; Whether D．if; Weather 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我想知道这是否打扰到你。如果你不想来，请告诉我。 考查连词辨析。if如果，是否；whether是否。wonder是动词，后跟宾语从句，此空用if或whether都可以；第二空后是条件状语从句，“you don’t want to come”是“please let me know”的肯定条件，只能用if引导。故选A。 15．The little boy won’t go to sleep unless his mom ________ a story. A．tells B．told C．is telling D．will tell 【答案】A 【详解】句意：这个小男孩不会睡觉除非他妈妈给他讲个故事。 考查状语从句时态。在条件状语从句中，遵循“主将从现”的原则。此句中主句是“The little boy won’t go to sleep”一般将来时的否定形式，从句“unless his mom…a story”要用一般现在时。从句的主语“his mom”是第三人称单数，“tell a story”意为“讲故事”，“tell”的第三人称单数形式是“tells”，故选A。 16．________ bad weather stops me, I can do outdoor sports every day. A．When B．Although C．Until D．Unless 【答案】D 【详解】句意：除非恶劣天气阻止我，否则我可以每天做户外运动。 考查连词辨析。When当……时候；Although虽然；Until直到……为止；Unless除非。分析句子可知，“bad weather stops me”是“I can do outdoor sports every day”的否定条件，即：如果不下雨，我就能天天做户外运动。故选D。 17．—Let’s go to the community if it ________ tomorrow.   —But nobody knows if it ________ tomorrow. A．won’t rain; rains B．doesn’t rain; rains C．won’t rain; will rain D．doesn’t rain; will rain 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——如果明天不下雨，我们就去社区吧。——但是没有人知道明天会不会下雨。 考查时态。第一句中if表示“如果”，引导条件状语从句，时态符合“主将从现”，从句用一般现在时，故A与C选项错误；第二句中if表示“是否”，引导宾语从句，时态符合“主现从不限”，从句用所需的时态即可，由tomorrow可知从句是一般将来时will do。故选D。 18．I wonder _______ he will come tomorrow or not. ________ he comes, please let me know at once. A．whether; If B．if; Whether C．that; If D．whether; Whether 【答案】A 【详解】句意：我想知道他明天是否会来。如果他来了，请马上告诉我。 考查从属连词辨析。whether是否；if如果，是否；that引导宾语从句时，无实际意义。分析“I wonder...he will come tomorrow or not.”可知，空处是宾语从句的引导词，意为“是否”，if不与or not连用，所以第一空应选whether；分析“...he comes, please let me know at once.”可知，此处表示如果他来了，请马上告诉“我”。因此第二空应选If引导此条件状语从句。故选A。 19．—Shall we go to Universal Beijing Resort this winter holiday?    —All right. ________ we ________ asked to stay in Taixing. A．If; will be B．Unless; are C．If; are D．Unless; will be 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——今年寒假我们可以去北京环球影城吗？——好的，除非我们被要求待在泰兴。 考查从属连词辨析和被动语态。if如果；unless除非。根据“we…asked to stay in Taixing”可知，除非被要求待在泰兴，否则就可以去北京环球影城，应用unless引导条件状语从句，且遵循“主将从现”原则，即从句中采用一般现在时，be asked to do sth“被要求做某事”，主语为we，be动词应用are。故选B。 20．—Can you guess if they ________ to play soccer with us? —I think they will come if they ________ free. A．will come, will be B．come, will be C．come, are D．will come, are 【答案】D 【详解】句意：——你能猜出他们是否会来和我们一起踢足球吗？ ——如果他们有空，我想他们会来的。 考查动词时态。第一空，根据“Can you guess if they …”可知，此处为if引导的宾语从句，主句时态为一般现在时；从句表示他们将和我们一起踢足球，时态应用一般将来时，其结构为will do，即will come，排除B和C；第二空，根据“they will come if they … free”可知，此处为if引导的条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则；主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时，主语“they”为第三人称复数，be动词应用are，排除A。故选D。 21．—Do you know if Jack ________ to my party this Saturday? —Don’t worry. If he ________, he will call you first. A．will come; will come B．comes; will come C．will come; comes D．comes; comes 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——你知道杰克这个星期六是否来参加我的聚会吗？ ——不要担心。如果他来了，他会先给你打电话的。 考查动词时态。第一空，根据“Do you know if Jack … to my party this Saturday?”可知，此处if“是否”引导宾语从句，从句中“this Saturday”为将来的时间，句子时态应用一般将来时，排除B和D；第二空，根据“If he…, he will call you first.”可知，此处if“如果”引导条件状语从句，符合“主将从现”原则，主句为一般将来时，从句应用一般现在时，主语为“he”，谓语动词应用三单形式comes，排除A。故选C。 22．—I doubt if he ________ to the party with us tonight. What do you think? —I believe if he ________ his homework tonight, he will go with us. A．will go; will finish B．will go; finishes C．goes; finishes D．goes; will finish 【答案】B 【详解】句意：——我怀疑他今晚是否会和我们一起去参加晚会。你认为呢？ ——我相信如果他今晚完成作业，他会和我们一起去的。 考查动词时态。第一空，根据“I doubt if he … to the party with us tonight.”可知，此处是if“是否”引导宾语从句，从句中“tonight”为将来时间，句子时态应用一般将来时，排除C和D；第二空，根据“I believe if he…his homework tonight, he will go with us.”可知，此处是if“如果”引导条件状语从句，符合“主将从现”原则，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时；主语“he”为第三人称单数，谓语动词应用三单形式finishes，排除A。故选B。 23．—Sam, do you know if Alice ________ to my party next week? —I think she will come if she ________. A．will come; will be invited B．comes; is invited C．will come; is invited D．comes; will be invited 【答案】C 【详解】句意：——Sam，你知道Alice下周是否会来参加我的聚会吗？ ——我想如果她被邀请的话，她会来的。 考查动词时态和被动语态。第一空，根据“do you know if Alice … to my party next week”可知，此句是if引导的宾语从句；由时间状语“next week”可知，从句时态应用一般将来时，其结构为will do，排除B和D；第二空，根据“she will come if she…”可知，此句是if引导的条件状语从句，适合“主将从现”原则，主句为一般将来时，从句应用一般现在时，主语“she”为第三人称单数，且与invite是被动关系，应用一般现在时的被动语态，其结构为is done，动词invite的过去分词为invited，排除A。故选C。 二、阅读理解 Human beings are amazing creatures. We have walked on the moon, cured diseases, and built many structures, from ancient Great Wall to modern buildings. So what is it that makes us so special? The answer is our brains. The human brain is a fantastic body part that controls everything from your breathing to your memories and imagination. Below are several more surprising facts about this natural supercomputer. The brain does not fully grown until age 25. Scientists have discovered that while most areas of the brain finish forming before we leave high school, the areas that deal with planning and reasoning aren’t fully grown until one’s 20s.What’s more, after the age of 24,  the brain actually starts going into a slow drop, making our 20s the time when our brains are truly at their top! Three-quarters of the brain is water. As a result, our brain is always in great need of water, which is one reason why it’s important to drink lots of water. The brain’s large water content also affects its texture (质地). Our brains aren’t the biggest, though being the brightest. We often think that a bigger brain equals a better brain. And while humans do have large brains, ours aren’t the largest in the animal world. Besides, we don’t even have the largest brains among humans. Neanderthals (穴居人), though. Brain size is important, but the brain’s structure is even more so. Indeed, the human brain deals with a lot of hard work in a small space. Of course, these aren’t the only interesting things about the brain. In fact, our brains still have a lot of secrets for scientists to find out. Left hemisphere (半球） The left hemisphere mainly works for abstract (抽象) thinking, while also controlling the movement of the right side of the body. And the left hemisphere helps with language processing. Right hemisphere The right hemisphere helps to understand space relationships, process pictures, and control the movement of the left side of the body. Moreover, the right hemisphere deals with your moods. 24．How does the writer begin the article? A．By comparing animals’ brains. B．By giving an answer to a question. C．By providing different numbers. D．By describing a special experience. 25．What do we know about human brains according to the passage? A．They work best in the thirties. B．They are the largest in the world. C．They play a big role in breathing. D．They are similar to puddings in colour. 26．What may a patient who hurt his left hemisphere have difficulty in? A．Giving directions. B．Speaking to others. C．Feeling happy. D．Drawing pictures. 27．Which of the following is true about brains? A．Scientists already have a deep understanding of brains. B．We can help our brain grow faster by doing more exercise. C．The larger the brain size is, the brighter the animal will be. D．To help keep our brain healthy, drinking water is necessary. 【答案】24．B 25．C 26．B 27．D 【导语】本文主要介绍了人的大脑所发挥的作用。 24．细节理解题。根据第一段“So what is it that makes us so special? The answer is our brains.” 可知，作者通过回答问题开始这篇文章。故选B。 25．细节理解题。根据第一段“The human brain is a fantastic body part that controls everything from your breathing to your memories and imagination.”可知，人类的大脑控制着从呼吸到记忆和想象力的一切。说明人类大脑在呼吸中起着重要作用。故选C。 26．推理判断题。根据表格左栏“And the left hemisphere helps with language processing.” 可推知，左半脑受伤的病人可能在与他人交谈方面有困难。故选B。 27．细节理解题。根据“As a result, our brain is always in great need of water, which is one reason why it’s important to drink lots of water.”可知，为了保持我们的大脑健康，喝水是必要的。故选D。 三、完形填空 You can think of a memory, as a photograph. Our brain is like an app on the phone that stores useful photographs for a long time. But it 28 useless photographs. Some people have always been able to recall (回想起) the smallest details about their lives. The experts are now studying Brad Williams and a woman named A．J. The two share the same talent. The goal of the study is to gain a deeper 29 of memory and how it works. Dr. James found 51-year-old Williams’ memory to be 30 perfect. He can usually tell you what he did on a certain date 40 years ago. He can also recall what was in the news. He can even tell you what the weather was like. Dr. James had seen this level of ability before. In 2006, he studied a woman named A．J. She too was able to recall tiny details from her life. These details 31 notes she had written in journals decades earlier. However, they view the ability differently. Williams enjoys having his memory tested. A．J however, said her memories often flood her mind in an unpleasant way. “Most have called it a gift, but I call it burden,” A．J wrote. “I run my entire life through my head every day and makes me 32 !!!” Now, doctors are testing Williams and A．J. They want to know what sets the two apart from others. Williams and A．J. both perform well. But they perform best on topics that interest them. This fact causes doubt among some scientists. They suggest that Williams and A．J. are not so special 33 . Some scientists say that people with truly special memories should be able to remember all kinds of information, not just what interests them. Dr. James hopes that his study will provide answers for both those who doubt and those who surprise at what Williams and A．J. are able to do. “The human brain is the most important machinery in the known universe,” he said. “My aim is to decrease the mystery of this surprising machinery.” 28．A．gives up B．gets rid of C．picks up D．keeps off 29．A．confidence B．entrance C．speed D．understanding 30．A．rarely B．exactly C．nearly D．mainly 31．A．created B．recorded C．added D．matched 32．A．crazy B．excited C．flexible D．pale 33．A．after all B．at present C．in the end D．at a time 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．A 31．D 32．A 33．C 【分析】本文主要介绍了一项关于大脑储存记忆的研究。 28．句意：但是大脑丢弃没用的照片。 gives up放弃；gets rid of摆脱、丢弃；picks up挑选；keeps off不接近。根据“Our brain is like an app on the phone that stores useful photographs for a long time. But…”可知，前后表达的意思相反，前一句表达大脑储存有用的照片，由此推断空格所在句表达大脑“丢弃”没有用的照片。故选B。 29．句意：这项研究的目标是加深对记忆及其工作原理的理解。 confidence自信；entrance入口；speed速度；understanding理解。根据“The goal of the study is to gain a deeper … of memory and how it works.”可推断，此处表达加深“理解”。故选D。 30．句意：詹姆斯博士发现51岁的威廉姆斯的记忆力罕见地完美。 rarely罕见；exactly确切地；nearly几乎；mainly主要地。根据“He can usually tell you what he did on a certain date 40 years ago. He can also recall what was in the news. He can even tell you what the weather was like.”可知，威廉姆斯的记忆力非常好，由此推断詹姆斯博士认为威廉姆斯的记忆力很“罕见”。故选A。 31．句意：这些细节与她几十年前在期刊上写的笔记相符。 created创造；recorded记录；added增加；matched符合、匹配。根据“She too was able to recall tiny details from her life.”可推断，她回想的事情与她写的日记内容“匹配”。故选D。 32．句意：我每天都要在脑海里把我的一生过一遍，这让我发疯。 crazy疯狂的；excited兴奋的；flexible灵活的；pale灰白的、暗淡的。根据“Most have called it a gift, but I call it burden”可知，记忆好对A.J.来说是负担，所以她要表达每天记起那么多事，让她“疯狂、抓狂”。故选A。 33．句意：最终他们认为威廉姆斯和A.J.并不是那么特别。 after all毕竟；at present目前；in the end最后；at a time每次。根据“Now, doctors are testing Williams and A.J. They want to know what sets the two apart from others…”可知，医生们对威廉姆斯和A.J.再次进行了测试，由此推断此处表达的是他们的“最终”结论。故选C。 四、短文填空 在短文的空格内填入适当的词，使其内容通顺，每空格限填一词，首字母已给。 March 16th is World Sleep Day. This year’s topic (标语) is “Breathe Easily, Sleep Well”. Its aim is to celebrate the advantages of good and healthy sleep. Sleep is like food for the brain. Enough sleep helps the body and brain g 34 and develop. According to the National Sleep Foundation in the US, adults need seven to nine hours of sleep every night. For students aged 10 to 17, a healthy amount is about eight to nine hours per night. But many students don’t get enough sleep because of early school times and heavy h 35 . About 80 percent of middle school students don’t get enough sleep, the China Youth and Children Research Center reported. For some students, they want to sleep early, but they keep worrying about their schoolwork and can’t fall asleep quickly. For others they may even keep themselves awake all night b 36 they have insomnia (失眠). These sleeping problems greatly affect peoples lives. Experts have shown that lack of sleep for teenagers leads to poor grades. Students w 37 enough sleep cannot pay attention in class or do well in sports. Also the lack of sleep may make them depressed (沮丧的). L 38 , with good sleep habits, it is easier to fall asleep. Some of these good habits include avoiding drinks that make people excited late in the day, going to sleep at the same time each night, and sleeping in a comfortable place that is dark, q 39 , and neither too warm nor too cold. 【答案】34．(g)row 35．(h)omework 36．(b)ecause 37．(w)ithout 38．(L)uckily 39．(q)uiet 【导语】本文讲在世界睡眠日来临之际，作者指出了大部分青少年存在睡眠不足的现象、原因及危害。最后，作者提出了提高睡眠质量的方法。 34．句意：充足的睡眠有助于身体和大脑生长发育。根据“Sleep is like food for the brain.”可知睡眠能帮助身体和大脑生长，grow“生长”，helps后接省略to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填(g)row。 35．句意：但是很多学生因为上学时间早和繁重的作业而睡眠不足。根据“But many students don’t get enough sleep”可推出学生失眠的一个原因是繁重的作业，homework“作业”，不可数名词。故填(h)omework。 36．句意：对于其他人来说，他们甚至可能让自己彻夜难眠，因为他们有失眠症。“有失眠症”是“甚至可能彻夜难眠”的原因，用because表示“因为”，引导原因状语从句。故填(b)ecause。 37．句意：学生没有足够的睡眠不能在课堂上集中注意力或在运动中做得很好。根据“cannot pay attention in class or do well in sports”可知不能在课堂上和运动中表现好的是没有充足睡眠的学生，without“没有”。故填(w)ithout。 38．句意：幸运的是，有了良好的睡眠习惯，就更容易入睡。根据“with good sleep habits, it is easier to fall asleep”可知有良好的睡眠习惯更容易入睡，这是幸运的，luckily“幸运地”，副词修饰整个句子。故填(L)uckily。 39．句意：这些好习惯包括：避免在白天晚些时候喝让人兴奋的饮料，每晚按时睡觉，在黑暗、安静、不太热也不太冷的舒适地方睡觉。根据“sleeping in a comfortable place that is dark, q..., and neither too warm nor too cold”可推出舒适的睡眠环境应是安静的，quiet“安静的”，形容词作表语。故填(q)uiet。 五、任务型阅读 请认真阅读下面短文，并根据短文内容回答问题。 What is personality? Personality is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives. It makes them different from others. Each person’s personality is made up of different personality characters such as kindness or shyness. These characters decide how people behave in different situations. For example, if someone shy is served the wrong meal in a restaurant, he probably won’t say anything. On the other hand, someone outgoing will probably complain and get the meal he ordered. Where does your personality come from? The human brain is like a computer because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot. However, humans aren’t robots! We have personalities. The human brain has a special part giving us personality and allowing us to think for ourselves, unlike a computer. This part of the brain is called the mind. Personality types Clearly scientists cannot study the mind by looking inside someone’s brain! All they would see is blood and grey matter. To study the mind, scientists have to study human behavior. This includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests like this one: 1. Do you think you’re pretty or good-looking? 2. Would you rather read a book or go to a party? 3. Do you have a large group of friends or just one or two close friends? 4. Do you mind talking in public or does it scare you? 5. Are you messy or neat? 6. Do you plan your work well or do you do things at the last minute? Scientists believe that answers to these types of questions tell us something about a person’s personality characters. After asking thousands of people thousands of questions, they’ve found that some personality characters seem to go together. This has led scientists to believe that there’re certain personality types. For example, shy people are often quiet. They have an introverted (内向的) personality type. The opposite is an extroverted (外向的) personality type — people who are outgoing, talkative and like being around other people. 40．What is personality? 41．Why is the human brain like a computer? 42．How do scientists study human behavior? 43．How many personality types are mentioned in this passage? 44．What decides your personality?（请自拟一句话作答） 【答案】40．Personality/It is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives. 41．Because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot. 42．It includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests. 43．Two./2. 44．The mind decides one’s personality.（言之成理即可） 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了人的性格。 40．根据原文“Personality is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives.”可知，性格是通过人们的生活表现出来的感情、思想和行为的模式。故填Personality/It is the pattern of feelings, thoughts and behavior shown through people’s lives. 41．根据原文“The human brain is like a computer because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot”可知，人脑就像一台电脑，因为它控制着人体，就像电脑控制着机器人一样。故填Because it controls the human body just as a computer controls a robot. 42．根据原文“To study the mind, scientists have to study human behavior. This includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests …”可知，科学家通过观察和组织性格测试来研究人类的行为。故填It includes watching people carefully and organizing personality tests. 43．根据原文“They have an introverted (内向的) personality type. The opposite is an extroverted (外向的) personality type — people who are outgoing, talkative and like being around other people”可知，文中提到了内向和外向两种性格。故填Two./2. 44．本小题无标准答案，学生言之成理即可。故参考答案为：The mind decides one’s personality. 六、书面表达 45．根据要求完成大作文：80-100词；开头已给出，不计入总词数。 很多学生都抱怨总是记不住学过的东西。请根据下面内容提示写一篇题“The Ways to Improve Memory”的短文。 （1）集中精神做事；(focus your attention) （2）要想记得长久，必须先理解文章； （3）及时复习，防止遗忘； （4）多吃对大脑有益的食物，如牛奶、鸡蛋、鱼类等； （5）多做运动、保证充足的睡眠和休息，这是增强记忆力的关键。 The Ways to Improve Memory Memory is very important in our daily life and study. Here are some ways to improve it. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】例文                                                                        The Ways to Improve Memory     Memory is very important in our daily life and study. Here are some ways to improve it.     Firstly, when you study, you should focus your attention and don’t think about other things. Secondly, you should understand what you are learning. If so, you can remember things for a long time. Thirdly, if you go over what you have learned in time, you will not forget the things easily. Fourthly, have more food, such as eggs, milk and fish. They can improve your memory. Finally, you should do more exercise, get enough sleep and enough rest after hard work. It’s the key to improving your memory.     If you can do so, you will have a good memory. 【详解】[总体分析］ ①题材：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍提高记忆的方法； ②时态：时态为“一般现在时”； ③提示：文章应该包括所有提示内容，不要遗漏，要求语法正确，语句通顺连贯。 [写作步骤］ 第一步，承接短文开头，引入主题； 第二步，介绍提高记忆的五种方法； 第三步，总结。 [亮点词汇］ ①focus one’s attention集中某人注意力 ②think about考虑 ③go over复习 ④in time及时 ⑤It’s the key to doing sth是做某事的关键 [高分句型］ ①Thirdly, if you go over what you have learned in time, you will not forget the things easily. (if引导条件状语从句，what引导宾语从句) 原创精品资源独家享有版权，侵权必究！15 （北京）股份有限公司 （北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$