阅读理解之科普说明文-2025年新高考优秀英语模拟试题优选分类汇编

2025年新高考最新英语模拟试题优选分类汇编 阅读理解之科普说明文 分类标准 科普说明文是高考的重要话题，也是国家的重要导向。其在英语高考试题中的地位也就不言而喻。本资料选取了全国模拟试题中的科普说明文素材进行了汇编，以满足广大师生的需求。 1.（2025·广东省深圳市罗湖区高三上学期第一次摸底）For many years researchers focused on what people know about science, thinking that “To know science is to love it.” But do people who think they know science actually know science? A new study led by Cristina Fonseca of the Genetics Society, Laurence Hurst of the Milner Centre   for Evolution (进化) reveals that people with strong attitudes tend to believe they understand science, while neutrals (中立者) are less certain. Absolute attitudes, both for and against, build on high self-confidence in knowledge about science. The study performed a survey of over 2,000 UK adults, asking them both about their attitudes to science and their belief in their own understanding. Questions focused on genetic (基因的) science, for example, “How would you rate your understanding of what the term DNA means?” All individuals were scored from zero (they know they have no understanding) to one (they are confident that they understand). The results suggest that those at the attitudinal extremes — both strongly supportive and firmly opposing — have very high self-belief in their own comprehension, while those answering neutrally do not. Psychologically, the team suggests, this makes sense: to hold a strong opinion you need to strongly believe in the correctness of your interpretation of the basic facts. Results of previous studies also indicate that those more accepting of science both believe they understand it and score well on the textbook fact (true/false) questions. By contrast, people with strong negative attitudes to science tend to be overconfident about their level of understanding. Whether it be climate change or GM foods, important science can inspire strong and opposing attitudes. Understanding how to communicate science requires an awareness of why people may hold such different attitudes to it. When it was thought that what mattered most for scientific literacy was scientific knowledge, science communication focused on passing information from scientists to the public. However, this approach may not be successful, and in some cases can have adverse effects. Working to address the gap between what people know and what they believe they know may be a better strategy. 8．What is the new study mainly about? A．An assessment of people’s interest in genetics. B．A survey of various attitudes towards evolution. C．A report of people’s general knowledge of science. D．An analysis of factors on people’s belief in science. 9．Why does the author mention previous studies in paragraph 3? A．To support the findings of the study. B．To clarify the concept of confidence. C．To stress the importance of basic facts. D．To compare different research methods. 10．What does the underlined word “adverse” mean in the last paragraph? A．Random. B．Negative. C．Indirect. D．Favorable. 11．As for science communication, which would the author agree with? A．It should help people boost confidence. B．It should focus on scientific knowledge. C．It should inspire people to score well in tests. D．It should emphasize objective awareness of oneself. 2.（2025·河北省衡水中学第一次综合素养测评）Evolution (进化) can perform extraordinary makeovers; today’s airborne songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged — in other words, escape natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly identical to its 410-million-year-old fossils. Scientists have long wondered how these species do so. It has been assumed that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting for moderate or average qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting for more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection). But a study published in the National Academy of Sciences USA contradicts this idea, showing that evolution constantly favors different qualities in seemingly unchanging animals to improve short-term survival. In the long term, though, “all that evolution cancels out and leads to no change,” says the study’s lead author, James Stroud. Stroud and his colleagues studied for lizard (蜥蜴) specios; all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes (脚趾头), noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabılızıng selection at work preserving moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection: some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better. “The study offers a good explanation for why we see what we think is stabiliring selection,” says Tadashi Fukami, an ecologist studying evolution at Stanford University. Many new qualities are evolving in the short term, but they don’t provide a crucial advantage over the long term. In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible combination of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes more dramatically? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards. 8．Why does the author mention the “coelacanth fish” in paragraph 1? A．To demonstrate the power of evolution. B．To add evidence to natural selection. C．To give an example of unchanged species. D．To prove species' extraordinary makeovers. 9．What's the focus of paragraph 2? A．Unsolved mysteries. B．A common belief. C．A sharp contrast. D．Unique Characteristics. 10．How did Stroud conduct his research? A．By analyzing lizard fossils. B．By tracking research objects. C．By illustrating stabilizing selection. D．By categorizing qualities of lizards. 11．What will Stroud probably do in the future? A．Make trips to visit lizard experts. B．Summarize average features of lizards. C．Reveal the best combinations of qualities. D．Examine lizards under extreme conditions. 3.（2025·河北省衡水中学第一次综合素养测评）Imagine this. You need an image of a balloon for a work presentation and turn to an AI text- to- image generator to create a suitable image. You enter the prompt (提示词) “red balloon against a blue sky” but the generator return s an image of an egg instead. What’s going on? The generator you’re using may have been “poisoned”. What does this mean? Text- to- image generators work by being trained on large datasets that include millions or billions of images. Some of the generators have been trained by indiscriminately scraping online images, many of which may be under copyright. This has led to many copyright infringement (侵害) cases where artists have accused big tech companies of stealing and profiting from their work. This is also where the idea of “poison” comes in. Researchers who want to empower individual artists have recently created a tool named “Nightshade” to fight back against unauthorised image scraping. The tool works by slightly altering an image’s pixels (像素) in a way that confuses the computer vision system but leaves the image unaltered to a human’s eyes. If an organization then scrapes one of these images to train a future AI model, its data pool becomes “poisoned”. This can result in mistaken learning, which makes the generator return unintended results. As in our earlier example, a balloon might become an egg. The higher the number of “poisoned” images in the training data, the greater the impact. Because of how generative AI works, the damage from “poisoned” images also affects related prompt keywords. Possibly, tools like Nightshade can be abused by some users to intentionally upload “poisoned” images in order to confuse AI generators. But the Nightshade’s developer hopes the tool will make big tech companies more respectful of copyright. It does challenge a common belief among computer scientists that data found online can be used for any purpose they see fit. Human rights activists, for example, have been concerned for some time about the indiscriminate use of machine vision in wider society. This concern is particularly serious concerning facial recognition. There is a clear connection between facial recognition cases and data poisoning, as both relate to larger questions around technological governance. It may be better to see data poisoning as an innovative solution to the denial of some fundamental human rights. 12．The underlined word “scraping” (para. 2) is closest in meaning to ______. A．facilitating B．collecting C．damaging D．polishing 13．According to the passage, adding poisoned data might ______. A．increase the accuracy of returned information B．lead users to forget the prompt key words C．cause trouble to with the training of generative AI D．discriminate against great masterpieces 14．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Data poisoning is somehow justified to direct attention to human rights. B．Computer scientists has learned to respect the copyright of most artists. C．Nightshade is being abused by human rights activists to recognize faces. D．The issue of technological governance has aroused the lawyers’ interest, 15．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Data Poisoning: Government Empowering Citizens to Protect Themselves B．Data Poisoning: Addressing Facial Recognition Issues Among Artists C．Data Poisoning: Risks and Rewards of Generative AI Data Training D．Data Poisoning: Restricting Innovation or Empowering Artists 4.（2025·河南省洛阳市第一高级中学高三开学考试）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a vital skill that means we can predict other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life, we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds. Psychologists refer to the ability to infer other’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this ability starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the competence in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to appear naturally from one’s own learning process. Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen, but we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves. 12．Why does the author mention “games” and “protein structures” in the first paragraph? A．To stress how important the science is. B．To promote the use of AI in daily life. C．To present AI’s theory of mind. D．To contrast with AI’s lack of mind reading. 13．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well? A．When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. B．When a mom tells her kid to eat the food that is good for health and he eats it. C．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. D．When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. 14．What may the author agree with? A．We should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI. B．Humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect. C．Mind reading requires huge amounts of context. D．The theory of mind is independent of one’s learning process. 15．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected B．AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future C．AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI 5.（2025·湖北省腾云联盟高三上学期8月联考）Researchers say they’ve used cutting-edge gravitational wave research to cast new light on a mystery — a 2000-year-old computer, the Antikythera mechanism found in shipwreck. Well over a century after its discovery, researchers at the University of Glasgow say they’ve used statistical modeling techniques, originally designed to analyze gravitational waves — ripples in spacetime caused by major events in the universe such as two black holes combining —to suggest that the Antikythera mechanism was likely used to track the Greek lunar year. In short, it’s a fascinating collision between modern-day science and the mysteries of an ancient artifact. In a 2021 paper, researchers found that previously discovered and regularly spaced holes in a “calendar ring” were marked to describe the “motions of the sun, moon, and all five planets known in ancient Greeks and how they were displayed at the front as an ancient Greek universe.” Now, in a new study published in the Official Journal of the British Horological Institute, University of Glasgow gravitational wave researcher Graham Woan and researchassociate Joseph Bayley suggest that the ring was likely perforated (打孔)with 354 holes, which happens to be the number of days in a lunar year. The team used statistical models derived from gravitational wave research, a large-scale physics experiment designed to measure ripples in spacetime millions of light-years from Earth and Bayesian analysis, a technique using probability to quantify uncertainty based on incomplete data, to calculate the likely number of holes in the mechanism using the positions of the surviving holes and the placement of the ring’s surviving six fragments. Surprisingly, the inspiration for the study came from a YouTuber Chris Budiselic, who has been attempting to physically recreate the ancient mechanism and investigating ways to determine just how many holes it contained. “It’s a neat symmetry that we’ve adapted techniques we use to study the universe today to understand more about a mechanism that helped people keep track of the heavens nearly two millennia ago,” Woan said. “We hope that our findings about the Antikythera mechanism, although less supernaturally spectacular than those made by Indiana Jones, will help deepen our understanding of how this remarkable device was made and used by the Greeks,” Woan sadded. 12．What was the original purpose of the statistical modelingtechniques? A．To study the Antikythera mechanism. B．To investigate ancient artifacts. C．To track the Greek lunar year. D．To analyze gravitational waves. 13．How did the researchers calculate the likely number of holes in the mechanism? A．By using statistical models and Bayesian analysis. B．By observing the mechanism directly. C．By asking YouTuber Chris Budiselic. D．By observing the physical recreation of the mechanism. 14．The underlined term “Bayesian analysis” in paragraph 4 refer to a technique. A．to recreate an ancient mechanism. B．to measure ripples in spacetime. C．to calculate uncertainty based on insufficient data. D．to calculate the positions of the surviving holes. 15．What is the main idea of the text? A．Modern science was ideally combined with an ancient artifact. B．The Antikythera mechanism was discovered in a shipwreck. C．The mystery of the Antikythera mechanism remains unsolved. D．Gravitational wave research revealed the Antikythera mechanismt. 6.（2025·湖南师范大学附属中学高三上学期月考试卷（一））Researchers have designed a hand-held device that can capture and change water molecules from the air into drinkable water using only surrounding sunlight as its energy source. This atmospheric water harvester used a material, known as a metal-organic framework (MOF). It can capture water repeatedly in the hottest and driest place in North America, Death Valley National Park. The tests showed the device could provide clean water anywhere, addressing an urgent problem, as climate change speeds up drought conditions. “Almost one-third of the world’s population lives in water-stressed areas. The UN predicts that almost 5 billion people on our planet will experience some kind of water stress for a significant part of the year 2050,” said Omar Yaghi. He is the Berkeley chemistry professor who invented MOFs and is leading this study. “This is quite relevant to taking advantage of a new source for water.” Other kinds of materials, such as salts or hydrogels, cannot operate in extreme weather conditions, in an energy-efficient manner and with a high capacity all at once. The new MOF-powered harvesters can be an exceptionally powerful tool to address water shortage issues related to anything from drinking water to agriculture. This technology can also be used to secure pure water in areas where water is plentiful but not clean. It’s also extremely efficient at harvesting water, releasing as drinking water 85 to 90 percent of the water it captures as atmospheric vapor. It harvested up to 285 grams of water per kilogram of the metal-organic framework in a day, the amount of a cup of water. It’s also smaller than the earlier type but it is even more energy-efficient. It produced 200 grams of clean water per square meter of water vapor, more than three times the water productivity rate of the earlier type. There will likely be further developments in efficiency and size for this device. Yaghi said he could see one day the widespread adoption of household-based MOF-powered water harvesters, and community-scale water harvesters with the help of data science and machine learning. Those could be in kitchens or even next to air conditioners to supply homes with clean water for cooking and cleaning. Some companies are already working on this, he said. 8．What can we say about the new hand-held device? A．It helps improve air quality. B．It may solve water pollution. C．It can run without additional power sources. D．It is only suitable in the driest and hottest areas. 9．What does the author intend to do in the third paragraph? A．To highlight the fact of water shortage. B．To show the necessity of the harvester. C．To advocate relieving efforts in water-stressed areas. D．To warn against the harm caused by climate change. 10．How much water can we get using a harvester with two kilograms of the MOF daily? A．About 400 grams. B．About 485 grams. C．About 570 grams. D．About 360 grams. 11．Which of the following statements about the MOF-powered harvester may Yaghi agree with? A．It will have huge market potential. B．It will function best in the kitchen. C．It will be much cheaper in the future. D．It will help promote machine learning 7.（2025·辽宁省沈阳市郊联体高三开学） Researchers have created a wearable device. They say it can extend energy while providing assistance for walking and running. Researchers from Harvard University's Wyss Institute say the device demonstrates great possibilities for future inventions of lightweight wearables that could have mass appeal. The team called its system a breakthrough in wearable technology. One reason for this is that it is very difficult to build a device to assist both walking and running. Past developments have centered on either activity, but not both. Walking and running use different hip movements, also known as a person's gait (步法) . The new exosuit uses sensors and an algorithm (算法) to help it recognize which gait is being used so as to enable the device to provide assistance with walking and running motions. The study found that a main result of this assistance was a reduction in the “metabolic (新陈代谢的) cost” to a walker o runner. Metabolism is the process by which living things turn food into energy. A reduced metabolic rate means a person will use less energy while performing a physical activity. In tests, the exosuit reduced the metabolic rate of walking by 9. 3 percent; for running, the metabolic cost dropped by about 4 percent. Less energy was required in tests on flat surfaces or on hills. Conor Walsh is a professor at the Wyss Institute. He helped lead the study. He admitted that the metabolic reductions were not huge. But he said the research presented possibilities for further development in wearable device technology. Walsh said the study demonstrated that a lightweight wearable assisting device can help pave the way for its system to become common in our lives. The researchers noted that the lower metabolic rates also had the effect of making a person feel lighter. The testing showed that a walker with the device would feel 7. 4 kilograms lighter and a runner 5. 7 kilograms lighter. The team is still doing research. No devices are currently available to the public. One of the team's major goals is to reduce the weight of the device by at least 40 percent. Researchers also plan to add more individualized assistance possibilities and improve the system to fit as many uses as possible. 8．What is the feature of the new wearable device? A．It helps people lose weight. B．It is designed only for the disabled. C．It greatly reduces the metabolic rate. D．It helps save energy consumption. 9．What does the underlined word “exosuit” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The gait. B．The metabolic rate. C．The wearable device. D．The wearable technology. 10．What can be learned about the device from the last paragraph? A．It's already on the market. B．It can be customized. C．It still needs improvement. D．It's controlled by AI. 11．What's the best title of the passage? A．Exosuit Paves Ways for Metabolic Reduction B．Research on Assistance with Daily Exercise C．The Future Development of Wearable Technology D．An Energy-extending Wearable Device for Walking and Running 8.（2025·山西大学附属中学校高三开学考试）Last summer, two nineteenth-century cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana, to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco. The houses were made of wood. These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil; now they hold Twitter engineers. The cottages could be an example of the industry’s odd love for “low technology”, a concept associated with the natural world, and with old-school craftsmanship that exists long before the Internet era. Low technology is not virtual — so, to take advantage of it, Internet companies have had to get creative. The rescued wood cottages, fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds, are an obvious example, but Twitter’s designs lie on the extreme end. Other companies are using a broader interpretation of low technology that focuses on nature. Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees, so that employees can “work and socialize in a more natural, park-like setting.” At Google’s office, an entire floor is carpeted in grass. Facebook’s second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking path.   Olle Lundberg, the founder of Lundberg Design, has worked with many tech companies over the years. “We have lost the connections to the maker in our lives, and our tech engineers are the ones who feel impoverished (贫乏的), because they’re surrounded by the digital world,” he says. “They’re looking for a way to regain their individual identity, and we’ve found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”   This craft-based theory is rooted in history. William Morris, the English artist and writer, turned back to pre-industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties, just after Industrial Revolution. The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines. “Without creative human occupation, people became disconnected from life,” Morris said.   Research has shown that natural environments can restore our mental abilities. In Japan, patients are encouraged to “forest-bathe”, taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure.   These health benefits apply to the workplace as well. Rachel Kaplvin, a professor of environmental psychology, has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environments. Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office — even simple views of trees and flowers — felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying. If low-tech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then, fine, bring on the cottages. 12．Why did the writer mention the two nineteenth-century cottages? A．To show that Twitter is having a hard time. B．To show that old cottages are in need of protection. C．To show that early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana. D．To show that Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology. 13．Low technology is regarded as something that _____. A．is related to nature B．is out of date today C．consumes too much energy D．exists in the virtual world 14．What’s the main idea of Paragraph 5? A．Human beings have destroyed many pre-industrial arts. B．Human beings have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts. C．Human beings can become intelligent by learning history. D．Human beings can regain their individual identity by using machines. 15．What can be the best title for the passage? A．Past Glories, Future Dreams B．The Virtual World, the Real Challenge C．High-tech Companies, Low-tech Offices D．The More Craftsmanship, the Less Creativity 9.（2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考卷（二））Hollywood may have warned about the risks of striking up relationships with artificial intelligence, but one computer scientist says we may be missing a trick if we do not embrace the positives that human-machine relationships have to offer. Tony Prescott, professor of cognitive robotics at the University of Sheffield, argues that AI has an important role to play in preventing human loneliness. Just as we develop meaningful bonds with pets, and have no reservations about children playing with dolls, so should we be open to the value of AI to adults, he says. “Human loneliness is often characterised by a down ward spiral (螺旋线) in which isolation leads to lower self-esteem (自尊), which discourages further interaction with people,” Prescott writes in a new book. The Psychology of Artificial Intelligence. “There may be ways in which AI companionship could help break this cycle by boosting feelings of self-worth and helping maintain or improve social skills. If so, relationships with AIs could support people to find companionship with human and artificial others.” With more than a third of Americans reporting “serious loneliness,” the loneliness problem has become evident in recent years. Whether AI can, or should, be part of the solution is not a new debate. Sherry Turkle, professor of social science at MIT, has warned that forming relationships with machines could backfire, and lead people to have fewer secure and fulfilling human relationships. Murali Doraiswamy, professor of medicine at Duke University, said: “Right now, all the evidence points to having a close human friend as the best solution for loneliness. But until society prioritizes social connectedness, robots are a solution for the millions of people who have no friends.” Researchers may soon know whether people turn to AI for company. Tech firms are building chatbots to be ever more fluent and responsive to emotions. This week, it emerged that OpenAI asked Scarlett Johansson to be the voice of their latest chatbot, GPT-4o, to “help consumers to feel comfortable”. Johansson declined, but the chatbot was released with a voice that friends and family thought was hers. OpenAI has since suspended (中止) the voice option “out of respect for Ms Johansson”. 28．What do the pets and dolls mentioned in Paragraph 2 help illustrate? A．The limitations of human-AI relationships in daily life. B．The potential for AI to provide similar companionship. C．The possibility for AI to replace traditional companions. D．The overestimation of AI’s role in ending human loneliness. 29．What do the underlined words “this cycle” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The repeated use of AI and others for companionship. B．The consistent failure of human relationships with AI. C．The process of developing human self-worth and social skills. D．The pattern of isolation, lower self-esteem and further isolation. 30．Who expresses concern that AI companionship could weaken human connections? A．Tony Prescott. B．Sherry Turkle. C．Murali Doraiswamy. D．Scarlett Johansson. 31．Which central question does the text mainly explore? A．Could AI contribute to increased loneliness? B．Will AI companionship replace human interaction? C．Can AI be used as an effective solution for loneliness? D．Is AI companionship preferable to traditional relationships? 10.（2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考卷（二））Across the flat plateau of AlUla in Saudi Arabia, shades of gray- brown soil are dotted with areas of dark rock —— and a clearly defined circle of stones. Unmistakably constructed by humans, this structure, called “standing stone circles” by Archaeologists, was built around 7,500 years ago by a people we barely know for a purpose we have long misunderstood. In 2019, archaeologists from the University of Western Australia began excavating (发掘) these standing stone circles. Their initial idea was that these were structures built by Neolithic nomads (新石器时代的游牧民) for some long- forgotten religious practices. However, excavating at multiple sites, they found what turned out to be archaeological pay dirt — domestic rubbish. The remains of discarded animal bones, household tools, and even jewelry, have reclassified the standing stone circles as Neolithic homes. Standing stone circles seem to have sprung up around 5,800 to 5,500 B．C． This coincided with a warmer climate in the region that brought more regular rainfall and a landscape of rich grasses and trees, good conditions for raising cattle and goats. But these were also good conditions for building permanent structures. More abundant vegetation meant less pressure to keep moving the animals to fresh grasslands, which made building homes more worthwhile. This, and the plateau’s abundance of stones, may have encouraged the nomads to stay a while and build. Excavations of these settlements are revealing something of this people’s way of life. They kept cattle and goats for meat, but continued to hunt and gather to expand their diet with hare, fruits and nuts. The many grinding(磨碎) stones found on the sites suggest inhabitants were regularly grinding grains, but these were likely to be gathered rather than farmed. The plateau sites have also revealed tools made with materials from the sandstone valleys and jewelry shaped from shells from the Red Sea —— these Neolithic people had a complex culture involving travel and probably exchange. The revelation overturns many of our assumptions about Neolithic AlUla. Here were a people more settled and more civilized than history has given them credit for. Their story is just beginning to be revealed, but already a very different picture of early AlUla is emerging. 32．What did the 2019 excavation finally identify the “standing stone circles” as? A．Religious sites. B．Natural wonders. C．Rubbish stations. D．Domestic buildings. 33．What was a contributing factor in the building of the standing stone circles? A．The richness of plants. B．The worsening climate. C．The need to store goods. D．The desire to raise more animals. 34．What is most likely true about Neolithic people’s way of life in AlUla? A．They had interactions with other groups. B．They planted crops and kept cattle and goats. C．They relied entirely on hunting and gathering for food. D．They made tools and jewelry purely from local materials. 35．What is the purpose of the text? A．To promote a historical site. B．To provide some new insights. C．To introduce an ancient population. D．To argue for some long- held beliefs. 11.（2025·山东省第一次备考监测联考） Engineer Kerstin Göpfrich builds machines. But rather than building metal devices, she makes tiny ones to work inside our cells. Göpfrich leads a research group focusing on the “engineering of life” at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany. Our cells are already full of nature- made machines carrying out the daily tasks of living. Many are proteins. But sometimes our natural protein- machines don’t work right. Broken biomachinery causes many diseases, So scientists are considering how they might fix faulty proteins. They might wire up artificial nerves to replace damaged ones. And the potential for such devices goes beyond making repairs. Scientists are looking at how to give cells new abilities, hoping that by developing enough novel biomachines, they might make new forms of life. So if a protein is faulty, why not make a new one in the lab? Back when Frankie Rawson was a student, he asked his teachers that. Now a nanotechnologist at the University of Nottingham in England, Rawson has answered his own question, “It turns out that we’ re not very good at artificially re- creating what biology does.” Biologists like Rawson and Göpfrich found a workaround. They’re creating nanomachines that do the same jobs as proteins. With the right design, these nanomachines can do so easier at less cost. They also can be more stable using fewer ingredients. To build them, researchers work with many types of materials. Rawson uses carbon nanotubes. Göpfrich even uses biological molecules, such as DNA. Rather than heal old or damaged body parts, she’d replace them with new ones. Scientists have learned to make small synthetic (合成的) biology fixes. Our cells must work together. “Think of them like the wiring of a house,” Rawson says. Flip a switch, and a light turns on. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must work properly to get that end effect. 12. What does paragraph 2 intend to tell us? A. The cost of repairing proteins. B. The prospect for nature- made machines. C. The challenge of natural protein- machines. D. The background of creating new biomachines. 13. Why is Rawson mentioned in paragraph 4? A. To present scientists’ failure in biology. B. To convey his idea of life engineering. C. To show making proteins in the lab is hard. D. To explain why nanotechnology is important. 14. Which can best explain the underlined word “workground” in paragraph 5? A. A new dilemma. B. A difficult condition. C. An alternative solution. D. An unbelievable story. 15. What does the last paragraph mainly express? A. The effect of proteins on our body. B. The combination of the wiring of a house. C. The complexity of the human body system. D. The precision required for synthetic biology. 12.（2025·辽宁省辽南协作体高三月考） Technology is more than an abstract concept associated with advanced tools and systems. It also shapes the way people behave, grow and develop, both within their own lives and in their relationships with others. While technology has developed over thousands of years, the last century has seen an explosion in technology that has influenced fundamental changes in how humans see the world and interact with others. Specifically, the Internet and mobile devices have completely changed the way people interact with each other. There has been a debate going on whether technology is benefiting human communication or ruining it. Undoubtedly, technology is helping people build newer and necessary communication skills. In business, office employees and managers use technology to send emails to one another, which is considered a communication skill. On social media, just share a few of your images and people start communicating on and about your images according to their viewpoint. With the outbreak of COVID-19, in order to work on the projects, the students use their phones to reach their teachers and classmates. However, technology is sometimes considered to disconnect people from others around them. With cell phones, most people think that it’s easier and more convenient to text instead of meeting in person. Lucas Lengacher, an undergraduate from Huntington University , claims in his article that at least 42.91% people respond to messages immediately yet only 2.83% people don’t check their phones in the morning. In his research he found that “almost 60 percent of people felt disconnected from others around when they were on their phones”. 4. Human interaction has been basically influenced by ______. A. people’s relationships B. social systems C. mobile devices D. communication skills 5. How is the idea of paragraph 2 supported? A. By analyzing data. B. By providing cases. C. By defining a concept. D. By making comparisons. 6. What does Lucas’s research find? A. Phones disconnect us when we are together. B. Phones are becoming more and more popular. C. People communicate less because of physical distance. D. Phones are helping people build newer communication skills. 7. What is the author’s attitude to technology? A. Positive. B. Skeptical. C. Objective. D. Indifferent. 13.（2025·辽宁省辽南协作体高三月考） Young kids’ brains are very sensitive (敏感的) to their moms’ voices, science has shown. But as kids grow into teens, everything changes. Teenagers’ brains are now more sensitive to strangers’ voices than those of their own moms’, new research shows. The researchers studied the brains of 7- to 16-year-olds as they listened to things said by their moms or by unfamiliar women. The words were gibberish: teebudieshawlt, keebudieshawlt and peebudieshawlt. Using such meaningless words allowed the scientists to study the voices, not what they were saying. As the kids listened, certain parts of their brains became active. This was especially true in brain areas that help us to find rewards and pay attention. Daniel Abrams, a researcher at Stanford University, says that younger kids’ brains respond more strongly to their moms’ voices than to strangers’. However, in adolescence (青春期), we show the exact opposite. “These areas in the adolescent brains don’t stop responding to moms’ voices,” Abrams explains. “It’s just that unfamiliar voices become more worthy of attention. Here’s why: As kids grow up, they widen their social connections beyond their family. So their brains need to begin paying more attention to that wider world.” But moms’ voices still have special power, especially in times of stress, a 2011 study with girls showed. Levels of stress dropped when these girls heard their moms’ voices on the phone. The brain seems to adapt to new needs that come with adolescence. “As we grow up, our survival depends less and less on our moms’ support.” says Leslie Seltzer, a biological anthropologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “Instead we rely more and more on our friends and others doser to our own age.” “So while both teens and their parents may sometimes feel annoyed, that’s OK,” Abrams says. “This is the way the brain is wired, and there’s a good reason for it.” 8. What does the underlined word “gibberish” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Question. B. Story. C. Saying. D. Nonsense. 9. Why do teens become more sensitive to unfamiliar voices? A. They need more connections. B. They desire real understanding. C. They are tired of their moms. D. They have more energy to spare. 10. What are moms’ voices like to teens according to the 2011 study? A. Exciting. B. Unpleasant. C. Comforting. D. Strange. 11. What is Daniel Abrams’ opinion on teens’ change in their voice preference? A. It deserves scientific prevention. B. It is normal and understandable. C. It is discouraging and problematic. D. It negatively affects their growth. 14.C（2025·河南省新高中创新联盟TOP二十名校高三调研） An international team of researchers led by the University of Bristol has cast light on Earth’s earliest ecosystem，showing that within a few hundred million years of planetary formation, life on Earth was already booming (繁荣的). Everything alive today originates from a common ancestor known as LUCA(Last Universal Common Ancestor). LUCA is the assumptive common ancestor from which all modern cellular life，from single-celled organisms like bacteria to the huge redwood trees as well as us humans originates. LUCA stands for the source of the tree of life before it splits into the groups recognized today：Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. The team compared all the genes (基因) in the genomes of living species, counting the variations that have occurred within their orders over time since they shared an ancestor in LUCA. The time of separation of some species is known from the fossil (化石) record and so the team used a genetic equivalent of the familiar equation used to calculate speed in physics to work out when LUCA existed, arriving at the answer of 4.2 billion years ago, about four hundred million years after the formation of Earth and our solar system. Next，the team worked out the biology of LUCA by modelling the physiological characteristics of living species back through the genealogy (宗谱) of life to LUCA. Lead author, Dr Edmund Moody explained, “The evolutionary history of genes is complicated by their exchange between lineages (细胞系). We have to use complex evolutionary models to harmonize the evolutionary history of genes with the genealogy of species.” Co-author Professor Philip Donoghue said, “Our work reveals insights into early Earth and life that could not be achieved by any one subject alone. It also demonstrates just how quickly an ecosystem was established on early Earth. This suggests that life may be booming on Earth-like biospheres elsewhere in the universe.” 8. What can be learned about LUCA from the text? A. It represents the root of the tree of life. B. It is only the ancestor of redwood trees. C. It was divided into two groups. D. It didn’t change much over time. 9. When did LUCA exist according to the text? A. About 4.6 billion years ago. B. About 3.8 billion years ago. C. About 4.2 billion years ago. D. About 400 million years ago. 10. What can we conclude from the text? A. LUCA was the only form of life on Earth then. B. LUCA was probably a very complex organism. C. The study of LUCA is the final step in exploring the universe. D. The formation of Earth was closely related to that of other planets. 11. What did Philip Donoghue say about their study? A. It was time-consuming. B. It was disappointing. C. It was labor-saving. D. It was meaningful. ( 58 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2025年新高考最新英语模拟试题优选分类汇编 阅读理解之科普说明文 分类标准 科普说明文是高考的重要话题，也是国家的重要导向。其在英语高考试题中的地位也就不言而喻。本资料选取了全国模拟试题中的科普说明文素材进行了汇编，以满足广大师生的需求。 1.（2025·广东省深圳市罗湖区高三上学期第一次摸底）For many years researchers focused on what people know about science, thinking that “To know science is to love it.” But do people who think they know science actually know science? A new study led by Cristina Fonseca of the Genetics Society, Laurence Hurst of the Milner Centre   for Evolution (进化) reveals that people with strong attitudes tend to believe they understand science, while neutrals (中立者) are less certain. Absolute attitudes, both for and against, build on high self-confidence in knowledge about science. The study performed a survey of over 2,000 UK adults, asking them both about their attitudes to science and their belief in their own understanding. Questions focused on genetic (基因的) science, for example, “How would you rate your understanding of what the term DNA means?” All individuals were scored from zero (they know they have no understanding) to one (they are confident that they understand). The results suggest that those at the attitudinal extremes — both strongly supportive and firmly opposing — have very high self-belief in their own comprehension, while those answering neutrally do not. Psychologically, the team suggests, this makes sense: to hold a strong opinion you need to strongly believe in the correctness of your interpretation of the basic facts. Results of previous studies also indicate that those more accepting of science both believe they understand it and score well on the textbook fact (true/false) questions. By contrast, people with strong negative attitudes to science tend to be overconfident about their level of understanding. Whether it be climate change or GM foods, important science can inspire strong and opposing attitudes. Understanding how to communicate science requires an awareness of why people may hold such different attitudes to it. When it was thought that what mattered most for scientific literacy was scientific knowledge, science communication focused on passing information from scientists to the public. However, this approach may not be successful, and in some cases can have adverse effects. Working to address the gap between what people know and what they believe they know may be a better strategy. 8．What is the new study mainly about? A．An assessment of people’s interest in genetics. B．A survey of various attitudes towards evolution. C．A report of people’s general knowledge of science. D．An analysis of factors on people’s belief in science. 9．Why does the author mention previous studies in paragraph 3? A．To support the findings of the study. B．To clarify the concept of confidence. C．To stress the importance of basic facts. D．To compare different research methods. 10．What does the underlined word “adverse” mean in the last paragraph? A．Random. B．Negative. C．Indirect. D．Favorable. 11．As for science communication, which would the author agree with? A．It should help people boost confidence. B．It should focus on scientific knowledge. C．It should inspire people to score well in tests. D．It should emphasize objective awareness of oneself. 【答案】8．D 9．A 10．B 11．D 【解析】本文为一篇说明文，本文围绕人们对于科学信仰展开，一项研究表明，态度强硬的人倾向于认为自己了解科学，而态度中立的人对此不太确定。绝对的态度建立在对科学知识的高度自信之上。 8．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The study performed a survey of over 2,000 UK adults, asking them both about their attitudes to science and their belief in their own understanding.(这项研究对2000多名英国成年人进行了调查，询问他们对科学的态度和对自己理解的信念)”可知，该研究主要以影响人们科学信仰的因素分析展开。故选D。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Psychologically, the team suggests, this makes sense: to hold a strong opinion you need to strongly believe in the correctness of your interpretation of the basic facts. Results of previous studies also indicate that those more accepting of science both believe they understand it and score well on the textbook fact (true/false) questions.(该团队认为，从心理学上讲，这是有道理的：要持有强烈的观点，你需要坚信自己对基本事实的解释是正确的。之前的研究结果也表明，那些更接受科学的人认为他们理解它，并在教科书的事实（正确/错误）问题上获得高分)”可知，作者提及之前的研究是为了支持这项研究的结果，即，那些态度极端的人——包括强烈支持和坚决反对——对自己的理解有很高的自信。故选A。 10．词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段“However, this approach may not be successful(然而，这种方法可能不会成功)”及“and in some cases can have(在一些情况下可能有)”及“effects(影响)”可知，这种方法不会成功，甚至在一些情况下会有更消极的影响，划线词adverse和negative意思相近。故选B。 11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Working to address the gap between what people know and what they believe they know may be a better strategy.(努力解决人们知道的和他们认为他们知道的之间的差距可能是一个更好的策略)”可知，作者认为在科学传播上，应努力解决人们主观上和客观的认知差距，即，应强调客观的自我意识。故选D。 2.（2025·河北省衡水中学第一次综合素养测评）Evolution (进化) can perform extraordinary makeovers; today’s airborne songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged — in other words, escape natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly identical to its 410-million-year-old fossils. Scientists have long wondered how these species do so. It has been assumed that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting for moderate or average qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting for more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection). But a study published in the National Academy of Sciences USA contradicts this idea, showing that evolution constantly favors different qualities in seemingly unchanging animals to improve short-term survival. In the long term, though, “all that evolution cancels out and leads to no change,” says the study’s lead author, James Stroud. Stroud and his colleagues studied for lizard (蜥蜴) specios; all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes (脚趾头), noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabılızıng selection at work preserving moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection: some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better. “The study offers a good explanation for why we see what we think is stabiliring selection,” says Tadashi Fukami, an ecologist studying evolution at Stanford University. Many new qualities are evolving in the short term, but they don’t provide a crucial advantage over the long term. In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible combination of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes more dramatically? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards. 8．Why does the author mention the “coelacanth fish” in paragraph 1? A．To demonstrate the power of evolution. B．To add evidence to natural selection. C．To give an example of unchanged species. D．To prove species' extraordinary makeovers. 9．What's the focus of paragraph 2? A．Unsolved mysteries. B．A common belief. C．A sharp contrast. D．Unique Characteristics. 10．How did Stroud conduct his research? A．By analyzing lizard fossils. B．By tracking research objects. C．By illustrating stabilizing selection. D．By categorizing qualities of lizards. 11．What will Stroud probably do in the future? A．Make trips to visit lizard experts. B．Summarize average features of lizards. C．Reveal the best combinations of qualities. D．Examine lizards under extreme conditions. 【答案】8．C 9．B 10．B 11．D 【解析】本文是说明文。文章通过介绍科学家对看似没有发生变化的生物物种进行研究，揭示了这些物种在进化过程中的选择机制。 8．推理判断题。根据第一段“Evolution (进化) can perform extraordinary makeovers; today’s airborne songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged —in other words, escape natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly identical to its410-million-year-old fossils.(进化能够产生非凡的变化；今天在空中飞翔的鸣鸟是从数百万年前无翅、陆生的恐龙演化而来的。但有些生物似乎没有改变——换句话说，它们逃脱了自然选择。现代鱼类腔棘鱼与其4.1亿年前的化石几乎一模一样)”可知，本段提到腔棘鱼是为了举一个物种不变的例子。故选C项。 9．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Scientists have long wondered how these species do so. It has been assumed that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting for moderate or average qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting for more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection).(科学家们长期以来一直想知道这些物种是如何做到这一点的。人们一直认为，自然选择通过选择适中或平均的品质（稳定选择）来保持某些物种的不变性，而不是选择会导致物种发生变化的更极端的品质（定向选择）。)”可知，本段主要讲述了人们一直认为自然选择是稳定选择而不是定向选择，也就是一个共同的信念。故选B项。 10．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Stroud and his colleagues studied for lizard (蜥蜴) specios; all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes (脚趾头), noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabılızıng selection at work preserving moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection: some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better.(斯特劳德和他的同事研究了蜥蜴物种；所有这些在2000万年间都相对没有变化。研究人员连续三年每六个月捕捉这些种群中的成员。他们测量了每只蜥蜴的头部大小、腿长、体重和身高，以及粘性脚趾的大小，并记录了哪些个体存活了下来。斯特劳德原本希望观察到稳定选择在保持中等品质方面的作用。然而，他看到的却是更明确的定向选择证据：一些具有独特特征的蜥蜴，比如更粘的脚趾，存活率更高)”可知，斯特劳德是通过跟踪研究对象来进行他的研究的。故选B项。 11．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible combination of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes more dramatically? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards.(换句话说，保持不变的物种可能只是找到了在其环境中持久成功的最佳品质组合。那么，当蜥蜴的环境发生更剧烈的变化时会发生什么呢？为了帮助回答这个更大的问题，斯特劳德仍在继续探访这些蜥蜴)”可知，接下来斯特劳德会在极端条件下检查蜥蜴。故选D项。 3.（2025·河北省衡水中学第一次综合素养测评）Imagine this. You need an image of a balloon for a work presentation and turn to an AI text- to- image generator to create a suitable image. You enter the prompt (提示词) “red balloon against a blue sky” but the generator return s an image of an egg instead. What’s going on? The generator you’re using may have been “poisoned”. What does this mean? Text- to- image generators work by being trained on large datasets that include millions or billions of images. Some of the generators have been trained by indiscriminately scraping online images, many of which may be under copyright. This has led to many copyright infringement (侵害) cases where artists have accused big tech companies of stealing and profiting from their work. This is also where the idea of “poison” comes in. Researchers who want to empower individual artists have recently created a tool named “Nightshade” to fight back against unauthorised image scraping. The tool works by slightly altering an image’s pixels (像素) in a way that confuses the computer vision system but leaves the image unaltered to a human’s eyes. If an organization then scrapes one of these images to train a future AI model, its data pool becomes “poisoned”. This can result in mistaken learning, which makes the generator return unintended results. As in our earlier example, a balloon might become an egg. The higher the number of “poisoned” images in the training data, the greater the impact. Because of how generative AI works, the damage from “poisoned” images also affects related prompt keywords. Possibly, tools like Nightshade can be abused by some users to intentionally upload “poisoned” images in order to confuse AI generators. But the Nightshade’s developer hopes the tool will make big tech companies more respectful of copyright. It does challenge a common belief among computer scientists that data found online can be used for any purpose they see fit. Human rights activists, for example, have been concerned for some time about the indiscriminate use of machine vision in wider society. This concern is particularly serious concerning facial recognition. There is a clear connection between facial recognition cases and data poisoning, as both relate to larger questions around technological governance. It may be better to see data poisoning as an innovative solution to the denial of some fundamental human rights. 12．The underlined word “scraping” (para. 2) is closest in meaning to ______. A．facilitating B．collecting C．damaging D．polishing 13．According to the passage, adding poisoned data might ______. A．increase the accuracy of returned information B．lead users to forget the prompt key words C．cause trouble to with the training of generative AI D．discriminate against great masterpieces 14．What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs? A．Data poisoning is somehow justified to direct attention to human rights. B．Computer scientists has learned to respect the copyright of most artists. C．Nightshade is being abused by human rights activists to recognize faces. D．The issue of technological governance has aroused the lawyers’ interest, 15．Which of the following might be the best title of the passage? A．Data Poisoning: Government Empowering Citizens to Protect Themselves B．Data Poisoning: Addressing Facial Recognition Issues Among Artists C．Data Poisoning: Risks and Rewards of Generative AI Data Training D．Data Poisoning: Restricting Innovation or Empowering Artists 【答案】12．B 13．C 14．A 15．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。本文介绍了一种名为“Nightshade”的工具，该工具通过微妙地修改图像的像素来混淆计算机视觉系统，以此对抗未经授权的图像抓取，保护艺术家的版权，同时引发了对数据中毒现象及其对人工智能模型训练影响的讨论。 12．词句猜测题。根据第二段划线词前面的句子“Text- to- image generators work by being trained on large datasets that include millions or billions of images. (文本到图像生成器是通过在包含数百万或数十亿图像的大型数据集上进行训练来工作的。)”可知，生成器是通过对大型数据集进行训练来工作的，这些大型数据集包含着数百万或者数十亿图像，由此推断生成器是通过收集这些数百万或者数十亿图像进行训练来工作的。同时根据第二段划线词后的“…online images, many of which may be under copyright. This has led to many copyright infringement (侵害) cases where artists have accused big tech companies of stealing and profiting from their work. (……在线图片，其中许多可能是受版权保护的，这导致了许多侵犯版权的案件，艺术家们指责大型科技公司窃取他们的作品并从中获利。)”可知，一些生成器是通过不加选择地抓取在线图像来训练的，其中许多图像可能是受版权保护的，由此导致艺术家对大型科技公司进行指责。由此可推理出划线词的含义为“收集”，故选B项。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段“The tool works by slightly altering an image’s pixels (像素) in a way that confuses the computer vision system but leaves the image unaltered to a human’s eyes. If an organization then scrapes one of these images to train a future AI model, its data pool becomes “poisoned”. This can result in mistaken learning, which makes the generator return unintended results. (该工具通过以人类肉眼无法察觉、但能迷惑计算机视觉系统的方式，对图像的像素进行轻微修改。如果一个组织随后抓取这些图像来训练未来的AI模型，其数据池就会变得“中毒”。这可能导致错误的学习，使得生成器返回非预期的结果。)”可知，添加“中毒”数据可能干扰生成人工智能的训练，故选C项。 14．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Possibly, tools like Nightshade can be abused by some users to intentionally upload “poisoned” images in order to confuse AI generators. But the Nightshade’s developer hopes the tool will make big tech companies more respectful of copyright. (可能的是，像Nightshade这样的工具可以被一些用户滥用，故意上传“有毒”图片以混淆AI生成器。但Nightshade的开发者希望这个工具能让大型科技公司更加尊重版权。)”以及最后一段“Human rights activists, for example, have been concerned for some time about the indiscriminate use of machine vision in wider society. (例如，人权活动家一直对机器视觉在更广泛社会中的不加选择使用表示关切)”可推理出，数据中毒在某种程度上将人们的注意力引向人权是有道理的，故选A项。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“You enter the prompt (提示词) “red balloon against a blue sky” but the generator returns an image of an egg instead.( 你输入了提示词“红色气球对比蓝色天空”，但是生成器返回的却是一张鸡蛋的图片)”可知，文章提出了“生成器中毒的现象”；第二段“ The generator you’re using may have been “poisoned”. (你正在使用的生成器可能已经被“毒化”)”以及“Some of the generators have been trained by indiscriminately scraping online images, many of which may be under copyright. This has led to many copyright infringement cases where artists have accused big tech companies of stealing and profiting from their work.”（一些生成器是通过不加选择地抓取在线图像来训练的，其中许多图像可能属于版权所有。这导致了许多侵犯版权的案件，艺术家指控大型科技公司窃取他们的作品并从中获利）不仅阐述了“生成器中毒”的问题，同时还提及了生成器是通过不加选择地抓取在线图像来训练的，其中许多图像引发侵犯版权的问题；同时根据倒数第二段“Possibly, tools like Nightshade can be abused by some users to intentionally upload “poisoned” images in order to confuse AI generators. But the Nightshade’s developer hopes the tool will make big tech companies more respectful of copyright. (可能的是，像Nightshade这样的工具可以被一些用户滥用，故意上传“有毒”图片以混淆AI生成器。但Nightshade的开发者希望这个工具能让大型科技公司更加尊重版权。)”以及最后一段“Human rights activists, for example, have been concerned for some time about the indiscriminate use of machine vision in wider society. (例如，人权活动家一直对机器视觉在更广泛社会中的不加选择使用表示关切)”可知，此处强调Nightshade的开发者呼吁该工具能让大型科技公司更加尊重艺术创作者的版权。通读全文，文章主要讲述了人工智能图像生成器可能受到“毒害”的现象，即由于研究者为了保护艺术家版权而创造的工具Nightshade对图像进行细微像素修改，从而使得AI在训练时产生错误学习，生成错误的图像结果。这种“毒害”现象导致了许多侵犯艺术家版权的案件，引起艺术家的不满。由此文章提出质疑：到底该“中毒现象”是给艺术家赋权了还是限制了其创新能力。D项“Data Poisoning: Restricting Innovation or Empowering Artists(数据中毒：限制创新还是赋权艺术家)”表达的含义适合用做本文标题，故选D项。 4.（2025·河南省洛阳市第一高级中学高三开学考试）Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a vital skill that means we can predict other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. Reading minds comes so easily to us, though, that we often don’t think to spell out what we want. If AIs are to become truly useful in everyday life, we have to give them this gift that evolution has given us to read other people’s minds. Psychologists refer to the ability to infer other’s mental state as theory of mind. In humans, this ability starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the competence in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences. Moreover, whether humans or AI, the theory of mind is supposed to appear naturally from one’s own learning process. Yet we might still want AI to have a more human-like form of theory of mind. While letting AI form the theory of mind in their learning process is likely to lead to developing more powerful AI, plainly building in shared ways to represent knowledge may be crucial for humans to trust and communicate with AI. It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines. Whether we will ever get there remains to be seen, but we are on the path to learning to think about ourselves. 12．Why does the author mention “games” and “protein structures” in the first paragraph? A．To stress how important the science is. B．To promote the use of AI in daily life. C．To present AI’s theory of mind. D．To contrast with AI’s lack of mind reading. 13．According to the passage, which of the following contexts can AI understand well? A．When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. B．When a mom tells her kid to eat the food that is good for health and he eats it. C．When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. D．When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. 14．What may the author agree with? A．We should reject human-like forms of abilities for AI. B．Humans’ theory of mind is far from perfect. C．Mind reading requires huge amounts of context. D．The theory of mind is independent of one’s learning process. 15．Which would be the best title for the passage? A．AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected B．AI with Theory of Mind Will Reshape Our Future C．AI’s Theory of Mind Is a Blessing or Suffering to Humans D．Theory of Mind Bridges the Gap Between Humans and AI 【答案】12．D 13．B 14．C 15．A 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章讨论了人工智能在模拟人类“读心”能力方面的挑战和前景。虽然AI在棋类游戏和科学预测方面已超越人类，但缺乏理解他人目标和信念的能力。文章认为，为了让AI在日常生活中更有用，需要赋予其类似人类的“读心”能力，即理论思维。这不仅是提高AI实用性的关键，也是实现真正自我意识机器的重要步骤。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Superhuman artificial intelligence is already among us. Well, sort of. When it comes to playing games like chess and Go, or solving difficult scientific challenges like predicting protein structures, computers are well ahead of us. But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading.(超人的人工智能已经在我们身边了。嗯，算是吧。在下棋和围棋等游戏，或解决预测蛋白质结构等困难的科学挑战方面，计算机远远领先于我们。但我们有一个超能力，他们还远没有掌握：读心术)”可知，作者在第一段中提到人工智能擅长游戏和预测蛋白质结构，也提到它还没有掌握的的读心术，将两者进行对比 。由此推知，作者在第一段中提到“游戏”和“蛋白质结构”是为了与“人工智能缺乏读心术”进行比较。故选D。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段“But we have one superpower they aren’t close to mastering: mind reading. (但我们有一个他们还没有掌握的超能力：读心术)”和第二段“Humans have a mysterious ability to reason the goals, desires and beliefs of others, a crucial skill that means we can anticipate other people’s actions and the consequences of our own. (人类有一种神秘的能力来推理他人的目标、欲望和信仰，这是一项至关重要的技能，意味着我们可以预测他人的行为和自己的后果) ”和第三段的“For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no.(例如，如果有人问你是否要跑步，而你回答“正在下雨”，他们很快就会得出结论，答案是否定的)”可知，读心需要经过一定的推理和预测能力，需要理论思维能力，而计算机不具备人类所拥有的读心的能力。对A项“When kids see their mom after hurting themselves and they cry louder. (当孩子们在伤害自己后看到他们的妈妈时，他们哭得更大声)”、C项“When a teacher asks for a boy’s homework and he answers “my dog ate it”. (当老师问一个男孩的家庭作业时，他回答说“我的狗吃了”)”和D项“When you are asked to eat spicy food for dinner and you reply “a sore throat”. (你被要求晚餐吃辣的食物时，你回答说“喉咙痛”)”的理解都需要运用到思维理论去解释人们的目标和欲望，这是人工智能无法理解的。只有B项“When a mom tells her kid some food is good for health and the kid eats it. (当妈妈告诉她的孩子一些食物对健康有益时，孩子就会吃)”是直接的陈述，不需要运用思维理论，人工智能能很好的理解其意思。故选B。 14．推理判断题。根据第三段中“In humans, this ability starts to develop at a very young age. How to reproduce the competence in machines is far from clear, though. One of the main challenges is context. For instance, if someone asks whether you are going for a run and you reply “it’s raining”, they can quickly conclude that the answer is no. But this requires huge amounts of background knowledge about running, weather and human preferences.(在人类中，这种能力在很小的时候就开始发展。然而，如何在机器中复制这种能力还远不清楚。其中一个主要的挑战是背景。例如，如果有人问你是否要去跑步，你回答“下雨了”，他们可以很快得出结论，给出否定答案。但这需要大量关于跑步、天气和人类偏好的背景知识)”可知，理解别人的想法需要大量的背景信息。由此推知，作者会赞成“读心术需要大量的背景信息”这一观点。故选C。 15．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合最后一段的“It is important to remember, though, that the pursuit of machines with theory of mind is about more than just building more useful robots. It is also a stepping stone on the path towards a deeper goal for AI and robotics research: building truly self-aware machines.(然而，重要的是要记住，追求具有心智理论的机器不仅仅是为了制造更有用的机器人。这也是通往人工智能和机器人研究更深层目标的垫脚石：制造真正具有自我意识的机器)”可知，文章讨论了人工智能在模拟人类“读心”能力方面的挑战和前景，作者期待建造真正有自我意识的机器，即作者期待人工智能具备思维理论。故A项“AI with Its Own Theory of Mind Is Expected(期待人工智有拥有自己的心智理论)”可以作为本文的最佳标题。故选A。 5.（2025·湖北省腾云联盟高三上学期8月联考）Researchers say they’ve used cutting-edge gravitational wave research to cast new light on a mystery — a 2000-year-old computer, the Antikythera mechanism found in shipwreck. Well over a century after its discovery, researchers at the University of Glasgow say they’ve used statistical modeling techniques, originally designed to analyze gravitational waves — ripples in spacetime caused by major events in the universe such as two black holes combining —to suggest that the Antikythera mechanism was likely used to track the Greek lunar year. In short, it’s a fascinating collision between modern-day science and the mysteries of an ancient artifact. In a 2021 paper, researchers found that previously discovered and regularly spaced holes in a “calendar ring” were marked to describe the “motions of the sun, moon, and all five planets known in ancient Greeks and how they were displayed at the front as an ancient Greek universe.” Now, in a new study published in the Official Journal of the British Horological Institute, University of Glasgow gravitational wave researcher Graham Woan and researchassociate Joseph Bayley suggest that the ring was likely perforated (打孔)with 354 holes, which happens to be the number of days in a lunar year. The team used statistical models derived from gravitational wave research, a large-scale physics experiment designed to measure ripples in spacetime millions of light-years from Earth and Bayesian analysis, a technique using probability to quantify uncertainty based on incomplete data, to calculate the likely number of holes in the mechanism using the positions of the surviving holes and the placement of the ring’s surviving six fragments. Surprisingly, the inspiration for the study came from a YouTuber Chris Budiselic, who has been attempting to physically recreate the ancient mechanism and investigating ways to determine just how many holes it contained. “It’s a neat symmetry that we’ve adapted techniques we use to study the universe today to understand more about a mechanism that helped people keep track of the heavens nearly two millennia ago,” Woan said. “We hope that our findings about the Antikythera mechanism, although less supernaturally spectacular than those made by Indiana Jones, will help deepen our understanding of how this remarkable device was made and used by the Greeks,” Woan sadded. 12．What was the original purpose of the statistical modelingtechniques? A．To study the Antikythera mechanism. B．To investigate ancient artifacts. C．To track the Greek lunar year. D．To analyze gravitational waves. 13．How did the researchers calculate the likely number of holes in the mechanism? A．By using statistical models and Bayesian analysis. B．By observing the mechanism directly. C．By asking YouTuber Chris Budiselic. D．By observing the physical recreation of the mechanism. 14．The underlined term “Bayesian analysis” in paragraph 4 refer to a technique. A．to recreate an ancient mechanism. B．to measure ripples in spacetime. C．to calculate uncertainty based on insufficient data. D．to calculate the positions of the surviving holes. 15．What is the main idea of the text? A．Modern science was ideally combined with an ancient artifact. B．The Antikythera mechanism was discovered in a shipwreck. C．The mystery of the Antikythera mechanism remains unsolved. D．Gravitational wave research revealed the Antikythera mechanismt. 【答案】12．D 13．A 14．C 15．D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了研究人员利用引力波研究中的统计建模技术来研究古老的安提基特拉机械。 12．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Researchers at the University of Glasgow say they’ve used statistical modeling techniques, originally designed to analyze gravitational waves(格拉斯哥大学的研究人员表示，他们使用了统计建模技术，该技术最初是为分析引力波而设计的)”可知，统计建模技术的最初目的是分析引力波，故选D项。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The team used statistical models derived from gravitational wave research... and Bayesian analysis... to calculate the likely number of holes in the mechanism(该团队使用了源自引力波研究的统计模型和贝叶斯分析来计算该机械中可能的孔洞数量)”可知，研究人员通过使用统计模型和贝叶斯分析来计算机械中可能的孔洞数量，故选A项。 14．词句猜测题。根据文章第四段划线词后句子“a technique using probability to quantify uncertainty based on incomplete data(一种基于不完整数据使用概率来量化不确定性的技术)”可知，“Bayesian analysis”指的是一种基于不充分数据计算不确定性的技术，故选C项。 15．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Researchers say they’ve used cutting-edge gravitational wave research to cast new light on a mystery---a 2000-year-old computer, the Antikythera mechanism found in shipwreck.(研究人员表示，他们利用尖端的引力波研究为一个谜团——在沉船中发现的有2000年历史的计算机，即安提基特拉机械——揭开了新的篇章。)”、第二段“Researchers at the University of Glasgow say they’ve used statistical modeling techniques, originally designed to analyze gravitational waves(格拉斯哥大学的研究人员表示，他们使用了统计建模技术，该技术最初是为分析引力波而设计的)”、第四段“Bayesian analysis, a technique using probability to quantify uncertainty based on incomplete data(贝叶斯分析，一种基于不完整数据使用概率来量化不确定性的技术)”以及最后一段““We hope that our findings about the Antikythera mechanism, although less supernaturally spectacular than those made by Indiana Jones, will help deepen our understanding of how this remarkable device was made and used by the Greeks,” Woan sadded.(“我们希望我们对安提基特拉机械的发现，虽然不像印第安纳·琼斯的发现那样超自然壮观，但能帮助我们加深对这一非凡设备如何被希腊人制造和使用的理解。”Woan补充说。)”可知，文章开篇介绍了研究人员利用引力波研究来研究古老的安提基特拉机械，接着具体说明了研究过程和方法，所以文章的主要内容是引力波研究揭示了安提基特拉机械原理，故选D项。 6.（2025·湖南师范大学附属中学高三上学期月考试卷（一））Researchers have designed a hand-held device that can capture and change water molecules from the air into drinkable water using only surrounding sunlight as its energy source. This atmospheric water harvester used a material, known as a metal-organic framework (MOF). It can capture water repeatedly in the hottest and driest place in North America, Death Valley National Park. The tests showed the device could provide clean water anywhere, addressing an urgent problem, as climate change speeds up drought conditions. “Almost one-third of the world’s population lives in water-stressed areas. The UN predicts that almost 5 billion people on our planet will experience some kind of water stress for a significant part of the year 2050,” said Omar Yaghi. He is the Berkeley chemistry professor who invented MOFs and is leading this study. “This is quite relevant to taking advantage of a new source for water.” Other kinds of materials, such as salts or hydrogels, cannot operate in extreme weather conditions, in an energy-efficient manner and with a high capacity all at once. The new MOF-powered harvesters can be an exceptionally powerful tool to address water shortage issues related to anything from drinking water to agriculture. This technology can also be used to secure pure water in areas where water is plentiful but not clean. It’s also extremely efficient at harvesting water, releasing as drinking water 85 to 90 percent of the water it captures as atmospheric vapor. It harvested up to 285 grams of water per kilogram of the metal-organic framework in a day, the amount of a cup of water. It’s also smaller than the earlier type but it is even more energy-efficient. It produced 200 grams of clean water per square meter of water vapor, more than three times the water productivity rate of the earlier type. There will likely be further developments in efficiency and size for this device. Yaghi said he could see one day the widespread adoption of household-based MOF-powered water harvesters, and community-scale water harvesters with the help of data science and machine learning. Those could be in kitchens or even next to air conditioners to supply homes with clean water for cooking and cleaning. Some companies are already working on this, he said. 8．What can we say about the new hand-held device? A．It helps improve air quality. B．It may solve water pollution. C．It can run without additional power sources. D．It is only suitable in the driest and hottest areas. 9．What does the author intend to do in the third paragraph? A．To highlight the fact of water shortage. B．To show the necessity of the harvester. C．To advocate relieving efforts in water-stressed areas. D．To warn against the harm caused by climate change. 10．How much water can we get using a harvester with two kilograms of the MOF daily? A．About 400 grams. B．About 485 grams. C．About 570 grams. D．About 360 grams. 11．Which of the following statements about the MOF-powered harvester may Yaghi agree with? A．It will have huge market potential. B．It will function best in the kitchen. C．It will be much cheaper in the future. D．It will help promote machine learning 【答案】8．C 9．B 10．C 11．A 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了研究人员设计的一款利用太阳能驱动的手持水分子收集器。 8．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Researchers have designed a hand-held device that can capture and change water molecules from the air into drinkable water using only surrounding sunlight as its energy source. (研究人员设计了一种手持设备，可以捕获空气中的水分子，并将其转化为可饮用的水，仅使用周围的阳光作为能量来源。)”可知，研究人员设计的手持设备，可以收集水分子，并且利用太阳能驱动，不需要额外的电源来运行。故选C。 9．推理判断题。根据文章第三段““Almost one-third of the world’s population lives in water-stressed areas. The UN predicts that almost 5 billion people on our planet will experience some kind of water stress for a significant part of the year 2050,” said Omar Yaghi. He is the Berkeley chemistry professor who invented MOFs and is leading this study. “This is quite relevant to taking advantage of a new source for water.”(“世界上近三分之一的人口生活在缺水地区。联合国预测，在2050年的大部分时间里，地球上近50亿人将面临某种形式的水资源压力。”Omar Yaghi说道。他是伯克利大学的化学教授，发明了MOFs，并领导了这项研究。“这与利用新的水源非常相关。”)可知，本段介绍未来水资源紧张的问题，因此推断是为了表明这种收集器的必要性。故选B。 10．细节理解题。根据第五段中的“It harvested up to 285 grams of water per kilogram of the metal-organic framework in a day, the amount of a cup of water. (它在一天内每公斤金属有机框架收获285克水，相当于一杯水的量。)”可知，该装置在收集水方面非常有效，它在一天内每公斤金属有机框架获得285克水，因此，两公斤金属有机框架一天可收获570克水。故选C。 11．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Yaghi said he could see one day the widespread adoption of household-based MOF-powered water harvesters, and community-scale water harvesters with the help of data science and machine learning. Those could be in kitchens or even next to air conditioners to supply homes with clean water for cooking and cleaning. Some companies are already working on this, he said. (Yaghi 表示，他能够预见有一天基于 MOF 技术的家庭用水收集器将得到广泛应用，并且在数据科学和机器学习的帮助下，还将有社区规模的水收集器。这些设备可以安装在厨房里，甚至是在空调旁边，为家庭提供用于烹饪和清洁的干净水源。他说，一些公司已经在致力于这方面的工作。)”可推知，Yaghi 认为该装置有一个巨大的市场潜力。故选A。 7.（2025·辽宁省沈阳市郊联体高三开学） Researchers have created a wearable device. They say it can extend energy while providing assistance for walking and running. Researchers from Harvard University's Wyss Institute say the device demonstrates great possibilities for future inventions of lightweight wearables that could have mass appeal. The team called its system a breakthrough in wearable technology. One reason for this is that it is very difficult to build a device to assist both walking and running. Past developments have centered on either activity, but not both. Walking and running use different hip movements, also known as a person's gait (步法) . The new exosuit uses sensors and an algorithm (算法) to help it recognize which gait is being used so as to enable the device to provide assistance with walking and running motions. The study found that a main result of this assistance was a reduction in the “metabolic (新陈代谢的) cost” to a walker o runner. Metabolism is the process by which living things turn food into energy. A reduced metabolic rate means a person will use less energy while performing a physical activity. In tests, the exosuit reduced the metabolic rate of walking by 9. 3 percent; for running, the metabolic cost dropped by about 4 percent. Less energy was required in tests on flat surfaces or on hills. Conor Walsh is a professor at the Wyss Institute. He helped lead the study. He admitted that the metabolic reductions were not huge. But he said the research presented possibilities for further development in wearable device technology. Walsh said the study demonstrated that a lightweight wearable assisting device can help pave the way for its system to become common in our lives. The researchers noted that the lower metabolic rates also had the effect of making a person feel lighter. The testing showed that a walker with the device would feel 7. 4 kilograms lighter and a runner 5. 7 kilograms lighter. The team is still doing research. No devices are currently available to the public. One of the team's major goals is to reduce the weight of the device by at least 40 percent. Researchers also plan to add more individualized assistance possibilities and improve the system to fit as many uses as possible. 8．What is the feature of the new wearable device? A．It helps people lose weight. B．It is designed only for the disabled. C．It greatly reduces the metabolic rate. D．It helps save energy consumption. 9．What does the underlined word “exosuit” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The gait. B．The metabolic rate. C．The wearable device. D．The wearable technology. 10．What can be learned about the device from the last paragraph? A．It's already on the market. B．It can be customized. C．It still needs improvement. D．It's controlled by AI. 11．What's the best title of the passage? A．Exosuit Paves Ways for Metabolic Reduction B．Research on Assistance with Daily Exercise C．The Future Development of Wearable Technology D．An Energy-extending Wearable Device for Walking and Running 【答案】8．D 9．C 10．C 11．D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了科学家研制的一款可穿戴设备，它能为人们的奔跑和行走提供辅助。 8．细节理解题。根据第一段“Researchers have created a wearable device. They say it can extend energy while providing assistance for walking and running. ”（研究人员发明了一种可穿戴设备。他们说，它可以延长能量，同时为走路和跑步提供帮助。）以及第三段中的第三句 “A reduced metabolic rate means a person will use less energy while performing a physical activity. ”（代谢率降低意味着一个人在进行体育活动时消耗的能量会减少）可知，新型可穿戴设备能够减少能量消耗。故选 D 项。 9．词义猜测题。根据第二段中的“The new exosuit uses sensors and an algorithm to help it recognize which gait is being used so as to enable the device to provide assistance with walking and running motions. ”（这种新型exosuit使用传感器和一种算法来帮助它识别正在使用的步态，从而使设备能够为行走和跑步动作提供帮助。）可知，用传感器和一种算法来帮助识别正在使用的步态，从而使设备能够为行走和跑步动作提供帮助。可知，exosuit 指的是可穿戴设备。故选 C 项。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“One of the team's major goals is to reduce the weight of the device by at least 40 percent. Researchers also plan to add more individualized assistance possibilities and improve the system to fit as many uses as possible.”（该团队的主要目标之一是将设备的重量减轻至少40%。研究人员还计划增加更多的个性化援助可能性，并改进系统以适应尽可能多的用途）可推知，该项设备仍需要不断改进。故选 C 项。 11．主旨大意题。通读全文并结合第一段“Researchers have created a wearable device. They say it can extend energy while providing assistance for walking and running.”（研究人员发明了一种可穿戴设备。他们说，它可以延长能量，同时为走路和跑步提供帮助）可知，本文主要介绍了一款能为人们的奔跑和行走提供辅助的可穿戴设备。所以标题为“一种用于行走和跑步的能量扩展可穿戴设备”。故选 D 项。 8.（2025·山西大学附属中学校高三开学考试）Last summer, two nineteenth-century cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana, to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco. The houses were made of wood. These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil; now they hold Twitter engineers. The cottages could be an example of the industry’s odd love for “low technology”, a concept associated with the natural world, and with old-school craftsmanship that exists long before the Internet era. Low technology is not virtual — so, to take advantage of it, Internet companies have had to get creative. The rescued wood cottages, fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds, are an obvious example, but Twitter’s designs lie on the extreme end. Other companies are using a broader interpretation of low technology that focuses on nature. Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees, so that employees can “work and socialize in a more natural, park-like setting.” At Google’s office, an entire floor is carpeted in grass. Facebook’s second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking path.   Olle Lundberg, the founder of Lundberg Design, has worked with many tech companies over the years. “We have lost the connections to the maker in our lives, and our tech engineers are the ones who feel impoverished (贫乏的), because they’re surrounded by the digital world,” he says. “They’re looking for a way to regain their individual identity, and we’ve found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”   This craft-based theory is rooted in history. William Morris, the English artist and writer, turned back to pre-industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties, just after Industrial Revolution. The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines. “Without creative human occupation, people became disconnected from life,” Morris said.   Research has shown that natural environments can restore our mental abilities. In Japan, patients are encouraged to “forest-bathe”, taking walks through woods to lower their blood pressure.   These health benefits apply to the workplace as well. Rachel Kaplvin, a professor of environmental psychology, has spent years researching the restorative effects of natural environments. Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office — even simple views of trees and flowers — felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying. If low-tech offices can potentially nourish the brains and improve the mental health of employees then, fine, bring on the cottages. 12．Why did the writer mention the two nineteenth-century cottages? A．To show that Twitter is having a hard time. B．To show that old cottages are in need of protection. C．To show that early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana. D．To show that Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology. 13．Low technology is regarded as something that _____. A．is related to nature B．is out of date today C．consumes too much energy D．exists in the virtual world 14．What’s the main idea of Paragraph 5? A．Human beings have destroyed many pre-industrial arts. B．Human beings have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts. C．Human beings can become intelligent by learning history. D．Human beings can regain their individual identity by using machines. 15．What can be the best title for the passage? A．Past Glories, Future Dreams B．The Virtual World, the Real Challenge C．High-tech Companies, Low-tech Offices D．The More Craftsmanship, the Less Creativity 【答案】12．D 13．A 14．B 15．C 【解析】本文为说明文。本文讲述的是关于现代科技公司运用“大自然对人们创造力产生作用”的理念，积极创设原生态的办公环境。这里提到的低科技指的是工业化之前的建造技术，它更贴近自然。在自然的办公环境下，职员们不会感到有压力，对他们的健康是有好处的。 12． 推理判断题。第二段中的“Low technology is not virtual — so, to take advantage of it, Internet companies have had to get creative. The rescued wood cottages, fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds, are an obvious example, but Twitter’s designs lie on the extreme end. Other companies are using a broader interpretation of low technology that focuses on nature.（低科技不是虚拟的——因此，为了利用它，互联网公司必须发挥创造力。这些在十九世纪末手工建造的被拯救的木屋就是一个明显的例子，但 Twitter 的设计却处于极端。其他公司正在使用更宽泛的低科技解释，专注于自然。）”以及最后一段“Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office --- even simple views of trees and flowers   --- felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying（她的研究发现，在办公室里能接触大自然的员工——哪怕只是看到树木和鲜花——都会感到工作压力更小，更令人满意）”可知，作者给出两座十九世纪的小屋例子，表明互联网公司重新发现了低技术的好处。故选D。 13．推理判断题。第二段中的“The cottages could be an example of the industry’s odd love affair with “low technology,” a concept associated with the natural world（“低技术”是一个与自然世界相关的概念）”第三中作者给出的例子“Amazon is building three glass spheres filled with trees, so that employees can “work and socialize in a more natural park-like setting（在一个更自然、公园般的环境中工作和社交）”以及最后一段中“Her research found that workers with access to nature at the office --- even simple views of trees and flowers --- felt their jobs were less stressful and more satisfying（能够在办公室接触大自然的员工——哪怕只是看到树木和鲜花——都觉得自己的工作压力更小，更令人满意）”可以判断出，“低科技”跟大自然有关，即在一个天然的环境下，故选A。 14．主旨大意题。第五段中的“This craft-based theory is rooted in history. William Morris, the English artist and writer, turned back to pre-industrial arts in the eighteen-sixties, just after Industrial Revolution. The Arts and Crafts movement defined itself against machines. “Without creative human occupation, people became disconnected from life,” Morris said.     （这种以工艺为基础的理论根植于历史。英国艺术家兼作家威廉·莫里斯(William Morris)在工业革命刚刚结束的19世纪60年代，又回到了前工业时代的艺术。工艺美术运动反对机器。“没有创造性的人类职业，人们就会与生活脱节，”莫里斯说。）”。可知，人类有重视工艺美术的传统。故选B。 15．主旨大意题。这篇文章中作者告诉我们，现代的高科技公司需要有创造力，要充分的利用以前的低科技技术，创设更加原生态的办公环境。文中第三段与第四段举例，现代高科技的办公室运用“low technology”。且“low technology”是文章的中心词。故用C项“高科技公司、低科技办公室”作为题目是最合适的。故选C。 9.（2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考卷（二））Hollywood may have warned about the risks of striking up relationships with artificial intelligence, but one computer scientist says we may be missing a trick if we do not embrace the positives that human-machine relationships have to offer. Tony Prescott, professor of cognitive robotics at the University of Sheffield, argues that AI has an important role to play in preventing human loneliness. Just as we develop meaningful bonds with pets, and have no reservations about children playing with dolls, so should we be open to the value of AI to adults, he says. “Human loneliness is often characterised by a down ward spiral (螺旋线) in which isolation leads to lower self-esteem (自尊), which discourages further interaction with people,” Prescott writes in a new book. The Psychology of Artificial Intelligence. “There may be ways in which AI companionship could help break this cycle by boosting feelings of self-worth and helping maintain or improve social skills. If so, relationships with AIs could support people to find companionship with human and artificial others.” With more than a third of Americans reporting “serious loneliness,” the loneliness problem has become evident in recent years. Whether AI can, or should, be part of the solution is not a new debate. Sherry Turkle, professor of social science at MIT, has warned that forming relationships with machines could backfire, and lead people to have fewer secure and fulfilling human relationships. Murali Doraiswamy, professor of medicine at Duke University, said: “Right now, all the evidence points to having a close human friend as the best solution for loneliness. But until society prioritizes social connectedness, robots are a solution for the millions of people who have no friends.” Researchers may soon know whether people turn to AI for company. Tech firms are building chatbots to be ever more fluent and responsive to emotions. This week, it emerged that OpenAI asked Scarlett Johansson to be the voice of their latest chatbot, GPT-4o, to “help consumers to feel comfortable”. Johansson declined, but the chatbot was released with a voice that friends and family thought was hers. OpenAI has since suspended (中止) the voice option “out of respect for Ms Johansson”. 28．What do the pets and dolls mentioned in Paragraph 2 help illustrate? A．The limitations of human-AI relationships in daily life. B．The potential for AI to provide similar companionship. C．The possibility for AI to replace traditional companions. D．The overestimation of AI’s role in ending human loneliness. 29．What do the underlined words “this cycle” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．The repeated use of AI and others for companionship. B．The consistent failure of human relationships with AI. C．The process of developing human self-worth and social skills. D．The pattern of isolation, lower self-esteem and further isolation. 30．Who expresses concern that AI companionship could weaken human connections? A．Tony Prescott. B．Sherry Turkle. C．Murali Doraiswamy. D．Scarlett Johansson. 31．Which central question does the text mainly explore? A．Could AI contribute to increased loneliness? B．Will AI companionship replace human interaction? C．Can AI be used as an effective solution for loneliness? D．Is AI companionship preferable to traditional relationships? 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．B 31．C 【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要探讨了人工智能伴侣是否能成为解决人类孤独感的有效方案，以及这一观点引发的不同看法。 28．推理判断题。根据第二段“Tony Prescott, professor of cognitive robotics at the University of Sheffield, argues that AI has an important role to play in preventing human loneliness. Just as we develop meaningful bonds with pets, and have no reservations about children playing with dolls, so should we be open to the value of AI to adults, he says.(University of Sheffield认知机器人教授Tony Prescott认为，人工智能在防止人类孤独感方面发挥着重要作用。他说，就像我们与宠物建立起有意义的纽带，对孩子玩洋娃娃毫无保留一样，我们也应该对人工智能对成年人的价值持开放态度。)”可知，第二段中提到的宠物和娃娃有助于说明人工智能提供类似陪伴的潜力。故选B。 29．词句猜测题。根据第三段“Human loneliness is often characterised by a down ward spiral (螺旋线) in which isolation leads to lower self- esteem (自尊), which discourages further interaction with people(人类孤独的特征通常是螺旋式下降，在这种情况下，孤立会导致自尊降低，从而阻碍与他人的进一步互动)”可知，孤独感会导致一个向下的螺旋，即孤立导致自尊降低，进而阻碍与他人的进一步互动，因此this cycle指的是孤立，低自尊和进一步孤立的这种模式，故选D。 30．细节理解题。根据第四段“Sherry Turkle, professor of social science at MIT, has warned that forming relationships with machines could backfire, and lead people to have fewer secure and fulfilling human relationships.(麻省理工学院（MIT）社会科学教授Sherry Turkle警告说，与机器建立关系可能会适得其反，导致人们的人际关系更缺少安全感和令人满意度。)”可知，Sherry Turkle表达了对AI陪伴可能降低人类关系质量的担忧。故选B。 31．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段“Tony Prescott, professor of cognitive robotics at the University of Sheffield, argues that AI has an important role to play in preventing human loneliness.(University of Sheffield认知机器人教授Tony Prescott认为，人工智能在防止人类孤独感方面发挥着重要作用。)”和第四段“Whether AI can, or should, be part of the solution is not a new debate.  Sherry Turkle, professor of social science at MIT, has warned that forming relationships with machines could backfire, and lead people to have fewer secure and fulfilling human relationships.(人工智能是否可以或应该成为解决方案的一部分，并不是一个新的争论。麻省理工学院（MIT）社会科学教授Sherry Turkle警告说，与机器建立关系可能会适得其反，导致人们的人际关系更少安全和令人满意。)”可知，本文主要探讨了人工智能伴侣是否能成为解决人类孤独感的有效方案，以及这一观点引发的不同看法，因此这篇文章主要探讨的是人工智能能否有效解决孤独感。故选C。 10.（2025·重庆巴蜀中学高考适应性月考卷（二））Across the flat plateau of AlUla in Saudi Arabia, shades of gray- brown soil are dotted with areas of dark rock —— and a clearly defined circle of stones. Unmistakably constructed by humans, this structure, called “standing stone circles” by Archaeologists, was built around 7,500 years ago by a people we barely know for a purpose we have long misunderstood. In 2019, archaeologists from the University of Western Australia began excavating (发掘) these standing stone circles. Their initial idea was that these were structures built by Neolithic nomads (新石器时代的游牧民) for some long- forgotten religious practices. However, excavating at multiple sites, they found what turned out to be archaeological pay dirt — domestic rubbish. The remains of discarded animal bones, household tools, and even jewelry, have reclassified the standing stone circles as Neolithic homes. Standing stone circles seem to have sprung up around 5,800 to 5,500 B．C． This coincided with a warmer climate in the region that brought more regular rainfall and a landscape of rich grasses and trees, good conditions for raising cattle and goats. But these were also good conditions for building permanent structures. More abundant vegetation meant less pressure to keep moving the animals to fresh grasslands, which made building homes more worthwhile. This, and the plateau’s abundance of stones, may have encouraged the nomads to stay a while and build. Excavations of these settlements are revealing something of this people’s way of life. They kept cattle and goats for meat, but continued to hunt and gather to expand their diet with hare, fruits and nuts. The many grinding(磨碎) stones found on the sites suggest inhabitants were regularly grinding grains, but these were likely to be gathered rather than farmed. The plateau sites have also revealed tools made with materials from the sandstone valleys and jewelry shaped from shells from the Red Sea —— these Neolithic people had a complex culture involving travel and probably exchange. The revelation overturns many of our assumptions about Neolithic AlUla. Here were a people more settled and more civilized than history has given them credit for. Their story is just beginning to be revealed, but already a very different picture of early AlUla is emerging. 32．What did the 2019 excavation finally identify the “standing stone circles” as? A．Religious sites. B．Natural wonders. C．Rubbish stations. D．Domestic buildings. 33．What was a contributing factor in the building of the standing stone circles? A．The richness of plants. B．The worsening climate. C．The need to store goods. D．The desire to raise more animals. 34．What is most likely true about Neolithic people’s way of life in AlUla? A．They had interactions with other groups. B．They planted crops and kept cattle and goats. C．They relied entirely on hunting and gathering for food. D．They made tools and jewelry purely from local materials. 35．What is the purpose of the text? A．To promote a historical site. B．To provide some new insights. C．To introduce an ancient population. D．To argue for some long- held beliefs. 【答案】32．D 33．A 34．A 35．B 【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了沙特一处新石器时代的建筑，该建筑的发掘让考古学家对沙特新石器时代的游牧民有了新的认识。 32．细节理解题。根据第二段的“The remains of discarded animal bones, household tools, and even jewelry, have reclassified the standing stone circles as Neolithic homes.(被丢弃的动物骨头，家用工具，甚至珠宝，重新将站立的石头圈归类为新石器时代的房屋。)”可知，该建筑是新石器时代游牧民建立的定居地。故选D。 33．细节理解题。根据第三段的“More abundant vegetation meant less pressure to keep moving the animals to fresh grasslands, which made building homes more worthwhile.(更丰富的植被意味着将动物迁移到新鲜草原的压力更小，这使得建造家园更值得。)”可知，植被的丰富是促进游牧民定居的重要原因。故选A 34．细节理解题。根据第四段的“The plateau sites have also revealed tools made with materials from the sandstone valleys and jewelry shaped from shells from the Red Sea —— these Neolithic people had a complex culture involving travel and probably exchange.(高原遗址还发现了用砂岩山谷的材料制成的工具和用红海贝壳制成的珠宝——这些新石器时代的人有一个复杂的文化，包括旅行和可能的交换。)”可推知新石器时期的沙特游牧民可能和其他地区的人群有往来。故选A。 35．推理判断题。根据文章首段末句“Unmistakably constructed by humans, this structure, called “standing stone circles” by Archaeologists, was built around 7,500 years ago by a people we barely know for a purpose we have long misunderstood.(这个被考古学家称为“環狀列石”的建筑无疑是由人类建造的，它是在大约7500年前由一个我们几乎不知道的民族建造的，我们长期以来一直误解它的目的。)”和最后一段的内容“The revelation overturns many of our assumptions about Neolithic AlUla. Here were a people more settled and more civilized than history has given them credit for. Their story is just beginning to be revealed, but already a very different picture of early AlUla is emerging. (这一发现推翻了我们对新石器时代的许多假设。这里的人们比历史上所记载的更加安定，更加文明。他们的故事才刚刚开始被揭示，但早期AlUla的一个非常不同的画面正在浮现。)”可知，本文介绍了沙特一处新石器时代的建筑，该建筑的发掘推翻了考古学家之前对于沙特新石器时代游牧民的设想，为该地区游牧民的生活方式提供了新的认识。因此推断本文的写作目的是提供一些新的见解。故选B。 11.（2025·山东省第一次备考监测联考） Engineer Kerstin Göpfrich builds machines. But rather than building metal devices, she makes tiny ones to work inside our cells. Göpfrich leads a research group focusing on the “engineering of life” at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Heidelberg, Germany. Our cells are already full of nature- made machines carrying out the daily tasks of living. Many are proteins. But sometimes our natural protein- machines don’t work right. Broken biomachinery causes many diseases, So scientists are considering how they might fix faulty proteins. They might wire up artificial nerves to replace damaged ones. And the potential for such devices goes beyond making repairs. Scientists are looking at how to give cells new abilities, hoping that by developing enough novel biomachines, they might make new forms of life. So if a protein is faulty, why not make a new one in the lab? Back when Frankie Rawson was a student, he asked his teachers that. Now a nanotechnologist at the University of Nottingham in England, Rawson has answered his own question, “It turns out that we’ re not very good at artificially re- creating what biology does.” Biologists like Rawson and Göpfrich found a workaround. They’re creating nanomachines that do the same jobs as proteins. With the right design, these nanomachines can do so easier at less cost. They also can be more stable using fewer ingredients. To build them, researchers work with many types of materials. Rawson uses carbon nanotubes. Göpfrich even uses biological molecules, such as DNA. Rather than heal old or damaged body parts, she’d replace them with new ones. Scientists have learned to make small synthetic (合成的) biology fixes. Our cells must work together. “Think of them like the wiring of a house,” Rawson says. Flip a switch, and a light turns on. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must work properly to get that end effect. 12. What does paragraph 2 intend to tell us? A. The cost of repairing proteins. B. The prospect for nature- made machines. C. The challenge of natural protein- machines. D. The background of creating new biomachines. 13. Why is Rawson mentioned in paragraph 4? A. To present scientists’ failure in biology. B. To convey his idea of life engineering. C. To show making proteins in the lab is hard. D. To explain why nanotechnology is important. 14. Which can best explain the underlined word “workground” in paragraph 5? A. A new dilemma. B. A difficult condition. C. An alternative solution. D. An unbelievable story. 15. What does the last paragraph mainly express? A. The effect of proteins on our body. B. The combination of the wiring of a house. C. The complexity of the human body system. D. The precision required for synthetic biology. 【答案】12. D 13. C 14. C 15. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家在生命工程和纳米技术领域的研究进展，特别是关于如何制造能在细胞内工作的微型机器（纳米机器）来替代或修复受损的生物机器（蛋白质）。 12. D推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Our cells are already full of nature- made machines carrying out the daily tasks of living. Many are proteins. But sometimes our natural protein- machines don’t work right. Broken biomachinery causes many diseases, So scientists are considering how they might fix faulty proteins. They might wire up artificial nerves to replace damaged ones.(我们的细胞已经充满了自然形成的机器，执行着生命活动的日常任务。其中许多是蛋白质。但有时我们的天然蛋白质机器会出现故障。生物机器损坏会引发许多疾病，因此科学家们正在考虑如何修复有缺陷的蛋白质。他们可能会用人工神经来替换受损的神经。)”可知，第二段作者想要介绍一下科学家们想要创造新型生物机器的背景知识，也就是希望用这种新型生物机器修复有缺陷的蛋白质和替换受损的神经。故选D。 13. C推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Back when Frankie Rawson was a student, he asked his teachers that. Now a nanotechnologist at the University of Nottingham in England, Rawson has answered his own question, “It turns out that we’ re not very good at artificially re- creating what bi ology does.”(当Frankie Rawson还是学生的时候，他就问过老师这个问题。现在，作为英国诺丁汉大学的一名纳米技术专家，Rawson已经回答了自己的问题：“事实证明，我们在人工复制生物所做的事情方面并不擅长。”)”可知，第四段提到Rawson主要是因为他曾作为学生时向老师提出过关于在实验室制造新蛋白质的问题，而现在作为纳米技术专家的他回答了这个问题，指出“我们在人工复制生物所做的事情方面并不擅长”。这表明在实验室制造蛋白质是困难的。故选C。 14. C词义猜测题。根据划线单词下文“They’re creating nanomachines that do the same jobs as proteins. With the right design, these nanomachines can do so easier at less cost. They also can be more stable using fewer ingredients.(他们正在创造能做蛋白质相同工作的纳米机器。有了正确的设计，这些纳米机器可以更容易、更廉价地完成工作。它们使用的成分更少，因此也可以更加稳定。)”可知，他们找到了一种解决方法来解决上文提到的不擅长人工复制生物的问题。由此可知，划线词workground为“解决方法”之意。选项A“A new dilemma (一个新的困境)”；选项B“A difficult condition (一个困难的状况)”；选项C“An alternative solution (一个替代的解决方案)”；选项D“An unbelievable story (一个不可思议的故事)”。故选C。 15. D主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Scientists have learned to make small synthetic(合成的)biology fixes. Our cells must work together. “Think of them like the wiring of a house,” Rawson says. Flip a switch, and a light turns on. That’s a big- scale effect. But each small piece in the system must work properly to get that end effect.(科学家们已经学会了进行小型合成生物学修复。我们的细胞必须协同工作。“可以把它们想象成房屋的布线，” Rawson说。拨动开关，灯就会亮。这是一个大规模的效果。但系统中的每一个小部件都必须正常工作，才能实现这一最终效果。)”可知，最后一段通过将人体细胞比作房屋的布线，强调每个小部分都必须正常工作才能达到最终效果，这突出了合成生物学所需的精确性和准确性。故选D。 12.（2025·辽宁省辽南协作体高三月考） Technology is more than an abstract concept associated with advanced tools and systems. It also shapes the way people behave, grow and develop, both within their own lives and in their relationships with others. While technology has developed over thousands of years, the last century has seen an explosion in technology that has influenced fundamental changes in how humans see the world and interact with others. Specifically, the Internet and mobile devices have completely changed the way people interact with each other. There has been a debate going on whether technology is benefiting human communication or ruining it. Undoubtedly, technology is helping people build newer and necessary communication skills. In business, office employees and managers use technology to send emails to one another, which is considered a communication skill. On social media, just share a few of your images and people start communicating on and about your images according to their viewpoint. With the outbreak of COVID-19, in order to work on the projects, the students use their phones to reach their teachers and classmates. However, technology is sometimes considered to disconnect people from others around them. With cell phones, most people think that it’s easier and more convenient to text instead of meeting in person. Lucas Lengacher, an undergraduate from Huntington University , claims in his article that at least 42.91% people respond to messages immediately yet only 2.83% people don’t check their phones in the morning. In his research he found that “almost 60 percent of people felt disconnected from others around when they were on their phones”. 4. Human interaction has been basically influenced by ______. A. people’s relationships B. social systems C. mobile devices D. communication skills 5. How is the idea of paragraph 2 supported? A. By analyzing data. B. By providing cases. C. By defining a concept. D. By making comparisons. 6. What does Lucas’s research find? A. Phones disconnect us when we are together. B. Phones are becoming more and more popular. C. People communicate less because of physical distance. D. Phones are helping people build newer communication skills. 7. What is the author’s attitude to technology? A. Positive. B. Skeptical. C. Objective. D. Indifferent. 【答案】4. C 5. B 6. A 7. C 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人类的互动基本上受到移动设备的影响，文章指出科技帮助人们建立更新和必要的沟通技巧，但同时科技也妨碍了人们的互动。 4. C细节理解题。根据第一段“While technology has developed over thousands of years, the last century has seen an explosion in technology that has influenced fundamental changes in how humans see the world and interact with others. Specifically, the Internet and mobile devices have completely changed the way people interact with each other.(虽然技术已经发展了数千年，但上个世纪见证了技术的爆炸式发展，影响了人类看待世界和与他人互动方式的根本变化。具体来说，互联网和移动设备已经彻底改变了人们相互交流的方式)”可知，人类的互动基本上受到移动设备的影响。故选C。 5. B推理判断题。根据第二段“Undoubtedly, technology is helping people build newer and necessary communication skills. In business, office employees and managers use technology to send emails to one another, which is considered a communication skill. On social media, just share a few of your images and people start communicating on and about your images according to their viewpoint. With the outbreak of COVID-19, in order to work on the projects, the students use their phones to reach their teachers and classmates.(毫无疑问，科技正在帮助人们建立更新和必要的沟通技巧。在商业中，办公室员工和经理使用技术向彼此发送电子邮件，这被认为是一种沟通技巧。在社交媒体上，只要分享一些你的照片，人们就会开始根据他们的观点来交流你的照片。随着新冠肺炎疫情的爆发，为了完成项目，学生们用手机联系老师和同学)”可推知，第二段通过提供案例来支持观点。故选B。 6. A细节理解题。根据最后一段“Lucas Lengacher, an undergraduate from Huntington University , claims in his article that at least 42.91% people respond to messages immediately yet only 2.83% people don’t check their phones in the morning. In his research he found that “almost 60 percent of people felt disconnected from others around when they were on their phones”.(亨廷顿大学的本科生Lucas Lengacher在他的文章中称，至少有42.91%的人会立即回复信息，但只有2.83%的人不会在早上查看手机。在他的研究中，他发现“近60%的人在玩手机时感觉与周围的人脱节”)”可知，卢卡斯的研究发现当我们在一起的时候，电话切断了我们的联系。故选A。 7. C推理判断题。根据第二段“Undoubtedly, technology is helping people build newer and necessary communication skills.(毫无疑问，科技正在帮助人们建立更新和必要的沟通技巧)”以及第三段“However, technology is sometimes considered to disconnect people from others around them.(然而，科技有时被认为使人们与周围的人脱节)”可推知，作者说明了科技的好处和缺点，即作者对科技的态度是客观的。故选C。 13.（2025·辽宁省辽南协作体高三月考） Young kids’ brains are very sensitive (敏感的) to their moms’ voices, science has shown. But as kids grow into teens, everything changes. Teenagers’ brains are now more sensitive to strangers’ voices than those of their own moms’, new research shows. The researchers studied the brains of 7- to 16-year-olds as they listened to things said by their moms or by unfamiliar women. The words were gibberish: teebudieshawlt, keebudieshawlt and peebudieshawlt. Using such meaningless words allowed the scientists to study the voices, not what they were saying. As the kids listened, certain parts of their brains became active. This was especially true in brain areas that help us to find rewards and pay attention. Daniel Abrams, a researcher at Stanford University, says that younger kids’ brains respond more strongly to their moms’ voices than to strangers’. However, in adolescence (青春期), we show the exact opposite. “These areas in the adolescent brains don’t stop responding to moms’ voices,” Abrams explains. “It’s just that unfamiliar voices become more worthy of attention. Here’s why: As kids grow up, they widen their social connections beyond their family. So their brains need to begin paying more attention to that wider world.” But moms’ voices still have special power, especially in times of stress, a 2011 study with girls showed. Levels of stress dropped when these girls heard their moms’ voices on the phone. The brain seems to adapt to new needs that come with adolescence. “As we grow up, our survival depends less and less on our moms’ support.” says Leslie Seltzer, a biological anthropologist at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “Instead we rely more and more on our friends and others doser to our own age.” “So while both teens and their parents may sometimes feel annoyed, that’s OK,” Abrams says. “This is the way the brain is wired, and there’s a good reason for it.” 8. What does the underlined word “gibberish” in paragraph 2 refer to? A. Question. B. Story. C. Saying. D. Nonsense. 9. Why do teens become more sensitive to unfamiliar voices? A. They need more connections. B. They desire real understanding. C. They are tired of their moms. D. They have more energy to spare. 10. What are moms’ voices like to teens according to the 2011 study? A. Exciting. B. Unpleasant. C. Comforting. D. Strange. 11. What is Daniel Abrams’ opinion on teens’ change in their voice preference? A. It deserves scientific prevention. B. It is normal and understandable. C. It is discouraging and problematic. D. It negatively affects their growth. 【答案】8. D 9. A 10. C 11. B 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲的是当孩子们变成青少年时，陌生的声音会变得比妈妈的声音更有吸引力，这其中是有科学依据的。 8. D词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“teebudieshawlt, keebudieshawlt and peebudieshawlt”和“Using such meaningless words(用这些无意义的词语)”可推知，画线词gibberish的意思是“无意义的话”，与nonsense的意思最为接近。故选D。 9. A细节理解题。根据第四段“It’s just that unfamiliar voices become more worthy of attention. Here’s why: As kids grow up, they widen their social connections beyond their family. So their brains need to begin paying more attention to that wider world.(只是不熟悉的声音变得更值得关注。原因如下：随着孩子的成长，他们扩大了家庭以外的社会关系。所以他们的大脑需要开始更多地关注更广阔的世界。)”可知，青少年对陌生的声音反应更敏感是因为他们需要扩大自己的社交关系。故选A。 10. C推理判断题。根据第五段“But moms’ voices still have special power, especially in times of stress, a 2011 study with girls showed. Levels of stress dropped when these girls heard their moms’ voices on the phone.(但2011年一项针对女孩的研究显示，母亲的声音仍然具有特殊的力量，尤其是在压力大的时候。当这些女孩在电话里听到妈妈的声音时，她们的压力水平下降了。)”可推断，对于青少年来说，妈妈的声音让青少年感到安慰。故选C。 11. B推理判断题。根据最后一段““So while both teens and their parents may sometimes feel annoyed, that’s OK,” Abrams says. “This is the way the brain is wired, and there’s a good reason for it.”(Abrams说：“所以，虽然青少年和他们的父母有时会感到恼火，但这没关系。”“这就是大脑的连接方式，这是有充分理由的。”)”可推断，Daniel Abrams认为青少年的声音偏爱的变化是正常且可以理解的。故选B。 14.C（2025·河南省新高中创新联盟TOP二十名校高三调研） An international team of researchers led by the University of Bristol has cast light on Earth’s earliest ecosystem，showing that within a few hundred million years of planetary formation, life on Earth was already booming (繁荣的). Everything alive today originates from a common ancestor known as LUCA(Last Universal Common Ancestor). LUCA is the assumptive common ancestor from which all modern cellular life，from single-celled organisms like bacteria to the huge redwood trees as well as us humans originates. LUCA stands for the source of the tree of life before it splits into the groups recognized today：Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. The team compared all the genes (基因) in the genomes of living species, counting the variations that have occurred within their orders over time since they shared an ancestor in LUCA. The time of separation of some species is known from the fossil (化石) record and so the team used a genetic equivalent of the familiar equation used to calculate speed in physics to work out when LUCA existed, arriving at the answer of 4.2 billion years ago, about four hundred million years after the formation of Earth and our solar system. Next，the team worked out the biology of LUCA by modelling the physiological characteristics of living species back through the genealogy (宗谱) of life to LUCA. Lead author, Dr Edmund Moody explained, “The evolutionary history of genes is complicated by their exchange between lineages (细胞系). We have to use complex evolutionary models to harmonize the evolutionary history of genes with the genealogy of species.” Co-author Professor Philip Donoghue said, “Our work reveals insights into early Earth and life that could not be achieved by any one subject alone. It also demonstrates just how quickly an ecosystem was established on early Earth. This suggests that life may be booming on Earth-like biospheres elsewhere in the universe.” 8. What can be learned about LUCA from the text? A. It represents the root of the tree of life. B. It is only the ancestor of redwood trees. C. It was divided into two groups. D. It didn’t change much over time. 9. When did LUCA exist according to the text? A. About 4.6 billion years ago. B. About 3.8 billion years ago. C. About 4.2 billion years ago. D. About 400 million years ago. 10. What can we conclude from the text? A. LUCA was the only form of life on Earth then. B. LUCA was probably a very complex organism. C. The study of LUCA is the final step in exploring the universe. D. The formation of Earth was closely related to that of other planets. 11. What did Philip Donoghue say about their study? A. It was time-consuming. B. It was disappointing. C. It was labor-saving. D. It was meaningful. 【答案】8. A 9. C 10. B 11. D 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。由布里斯托尔大学领导的国际研究小组揭示了地球最早的生态系统，确定了共同祖先 LUCA 的存在时间及生物学特征，强调该研究的意义和对未来相关研究的影响，表明早期地球生态系统建立迅速，或为其他类似生物圈提供参考。 8. A细节理解题。根据第二段“LUCA stands for the source of the tree of life(LUCA代表生命之树的源头) ”可知，LUCA 代表生命之树的根部。故选A项。 9. C 细节理解题。根据第三段“LUCA existed, arriving at the answer of 4. 2 billion years ago ( LUCA 存在于42亿年前)”可知，LUCA 存在于42亿年前。故选C项。 10. B推理判断题。根据第四段“The evolutionary history of genes is complicated by their exchange between lineages(细胞系). We have to use complex evolutionary models to harmonize the evolutionary history of genes with the genealogy of species.(基因的进化史由于它们在谱系之间的交换而变得复杂。我们必须使用复杂的进化模型来协调基因的进化历史和物种的谱系)可推断，LUCA 可能是一个复杂的生物体。故选B项。 11. D推理判断题。根据最后一段“Co- author Professor Philip Donoghue said, ‘Our work reveals insights into early Earth and life that could not be achieved by any one subject alone. It also demonstrates just how quickly an ecosystem was established on early Earth. This suggests that life may be booming on Earth- like biospheres elsewhere in the universe.’(合著者菲利普·多诺霍教授说：“我们的工作揭示了对早期地球和生命的洞察，这是任何一个学科都无法单独实现的。”这也证明了早期地球上的生态系统是如何迅速建立起来的。这表明生命可能在地球上蓬勃发展，就像宇宙中其他地方的生物圈一样。)”可推断，菲利普•多诺霍认为他们的研究很有意义。故选D项。 ( 58 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$