主题04 人与自然-灾害预防-【同步拓展阅读】2024-2025学年高一英语单元阅读提升(通用版)

2024-2025学年高一英语单元阅读提升（通用版） 主题04 人与自然：灾害预防 主题语境解读 在高中英语阅读中，灾害预防是一个常见且重要的话题。这类文章通常涉及自然灾害、人为灾害以及相应的预防措施和应对策略。通过学习和分析高中英语阅读中的灾害预防话题，学生可以增强对灾害的认识和了解，提高灾害预防意识和应对能力。同时，学生还可以掌握一些常见的词汇和短语，提高英语阅读能力和语言运用能力。 相关词句积累 阅读中常见词汇举例 1.natural disaster 自然灾害 2.prevention of disaster 防灾 3.reduction of disaster 减灾 4.geological disaster 地质灾害 5.environment 环境 6.land 土地 7.resource 资源 8.history 历史 9.status 现状 10.water and soil 水土 11.washing away 流失 12.floodwater 洪水 13.breaking out 爆发 14.mountain coast 山体滑坡 15.vegetation 植被 16.soil fertility 土壤肥力 17.climate 气候 18.EI Nino phenomenon厄尔尼诺现象 19.marsh 湿地沼泽 20.drought disaster旱灾 21.waterlog 涝灾 22.hail 冰雹 23.frost 霜冻 24.gale 大风 25.cold wave 寒潮 26.plant diseases and insect pests 病虫害 27.earthquake 地震 28.plague 瘟疫 29.fire disaster火灾 30.heavy snow disaster 大雪灾 31.lightning strike 雷击 32.ecology 生态 33.balance 平衡 34.original frost 初霜 35.end frost 终霜 36.spring frost 春霜 37.winter frost 冬霜 38.geological disaster 地质灾 39.heavy fog 大雾 40.animal disaster 兽害灾 41.law of drought disaster 旱灾规律 42.law of waterlog disaster 涝灾规律 43.change tendency 变化趋势 44.change law 变化规律 45.territorial disaster 区域性灾害 46.globe disaster 全球性灾害 47.environment 环境 48.protection 保护 49.surface water 地表水 50.groundwater 地下水 51.pollution 污染 52.tropic rain forest 热带雨林 53.typhoon 台风 54.cyclone 飓风 55.tornado 龙卷风 56.crypt 地穴; 57.landform 地形 58.physiognomy 地貌 59.geogeny 地球成因学 60.land surface 地面 61.doing down 下沉 62.water resource 水资源 63.serious pinch 严重匮乏 64.grasshopper disaster 蝗虫灾 65.heavy drought 大旱 66.heavy waterlog 大涝 67.famine 饥荒 68.visitation of Providence 天灾 69.man-made disaster 人祸 70.surface of sea 海平面 71.moving up 上升 72.mankind 人类 73.facing 面临 74.breathe 生存; 75.challenge 挑战 76.volcano 火山 77.crater 火山口 78.eruption 火山灰 79.sea disaster 海洋灾害 80.storm tide 风暴潮 81.ground sea 海啸 82.red tide 赤潮 83.biologic disaster 生物灾害 84.insect pest 虫害 85.rat pest 鼠害 86.greenhouse gas 温室气体 87.greenhouse effect 温室效应 88.heavy fire from forest 森林大火 89.forestation 森林管理 90.deforestation 森林开发 91.silvics 森林生态学 92.disaster 灾害 93.measure 措施 94.strategy 策略 95.prevention and control 防治 96.countermeasure of reducing disaster 减灾对策 97.countermeasure of preventing disaster 防灾对策 98.risk analysis of natural disaster 自然灾害风险分析 99.risk assessment of natural disaster自然灾害风险评价 100.factor of leading to disaster 致灾因子 时文拓展阅读 Natural disasters are extreme sudden events caused by environmental factors that injure people and damage property. Examples of natural disasters include wild tornadoes, white-out blizzards, raging wildfires, and powerful hurricanes. These events can strike anywhere on Earth, often without warning. In order to cope with natural disasters, it's essential to take proactive measures to prepare and minimize the impact they can have on our lives. First and foremost, it's crucial to create emergency response plans for our families, communities, and organizations. This includes designating safe spaces and establishing evacuation routes. Strengthening early warning systems is also vital. These systems can help alert people to the imminent danger of a natural disaster, allowing them to take necessary precautions. Additionally, conducting disaster prevention training and learning emergency skills can help individuals and communities better respond to emergencies. Another important aspect is ensuring clear communication. During a disaster, accurate and timely information can save lives. Therefore, it's crucial to have a plan for maintaining communication between family members, neighbors, and emergency responders. Building safety is another critical factor to consider. Ensuring that buildings, especially homes and schools, are built to withstand natural disasters can minimize the risk of injury and damage. Furthermore, setting up shelters and stockpiling emergency supplies can provide essential support for those affected by disasters. Following guidance from the government and relevant departments is also essential. Authorities have the expertise and resources to provide accurate information and support during a disaster. Finally, promoting disaster prevention awareness is crucial to preparing ourselves and our communities for the inevitable natural disasters that will occur. By taking these steps, we can better protect ourselves and our loved ones from the devastating effects of natural disasters. It's important to remember that while we may not be able to prevent these events from occurring, we can certainly prepare ourselves and minimize the impact they have on our lives. 【参考译文】 自然灾害是由环境因素引起的极端突发事件，造成人员伤亡和财产损失。自然灾害的例子包括野生龙卷风、白色暴风雪、肆虐的野火和强大的飓风。这些事件可能会袭击地球上的任何地方，通常没有任何预警。 为了应对自然灾害，必须采取积极措施，做好准备，尽量减少它们对我们生活的影响。首先，为我们的家庭、社区和组织制定应急响应计划至关重要。这包括指定安全空间和建立疏散路线。 加强预警系统也至关重要。这些系统可以帮助人们警惕自然灾害迫在眉睫的危险，使他们能够采取必要的预防措施。此外，开展防灾培训和学习应急技能可以帮助个人和社区更好地应对紧急情况。 另一个重要方面是确保清晰的沟通。在灾难发生时，准确及时的信息可以挽救生命。因此，制定一个计划来保持家庭成员、邻居和应急响应人员之间的沟通至关重要。 建筑安全是另一个需要考虑的关键因素。确保建筑物，特别是房屋和学校，能够抵御自然灾害，可以最大限度地降低受伤和损坏的风险。此外，建立避难所和储存应急物资可以为受灾者提供必要的支持。 遵循政府和相关部门的指导也是至关重要的。当局拥有专业知识和资源，可以在灾难期间提供准确的信息和支持。最后，提高防灾意识对于我们自己和我们的社区为不可避免的自然灾害做好准备至关重要。 通过采取这些措施，我们可以更好地保护自己和亲人免受自然灾害的破坏性影响。重要的是要记住，虽然我们可能无法阻止这些事件的发生，但我们当然可以做好准备，尽量减少它们对我们生活的影响。 【参考词汇】 natural disasters自然灾害 environmental factors环境因素 without warning毫无征兆 proactive measures积极主动的措施；预防性措施 evacuation routes疏散路线 early warning预先警报 imminent danger迫在眉睫的危险；迫近的危险 disaster prevention防灾 综合实战演练 1 The number of weather-related disasters has increased by five times over the past 50 years, the latest report by the World Meteorological (气象) Organization (WMO) said on September. However, thanks to improved early warning systems and disaster management, the number of death from these hazards (危险) has been almost three times less. According to the WMO, from 1970 to 2019, weather, climate and water hazards accounted for 50 percent of all disasters. Among the top 10 hazards that led to the largest loss of human life during this period were droughts, storms, floods and extreme temperatures. However, deaths fell from over 50, 000 in the 1970s to less than 20, 000 in the 2010s. “Weather, climate and water extremes are increasing and will become more frequent and severe in many parts of the world as a result of climate change,” says WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas. “That means more heat waves, drought and forest fires such as those we have observed recently in Europe and North America. We have more water vapor in the atmosphere, which is worsening extreme rainfall and deadly flooding. The warming of the oceans has affected the frequency and area of existence of the most intense tropical storms.” “Economic losses are increasing as exposure increases. But behind the statistics lies a message of hope. Improved multi-hazard early warning systems have led to a significant reduction in deaths. Quite simply, we are better than ever before at saving lives,” Taalas said. 1．What do we know from the first paragraph? A．Disasters connected with weather have gone up. B．The number of weather-related disasters has decreased. C．The number of deaths from hazards has been increasing. D．Early warning systems have made disasters decline much. 2．What will happen according to Petteri Taalas? A．There will be more extreme weather. B．Extreme rainfall will no longer exist. C．Water vapor in the atmosphere will go down. D．Humans will defeat extreme weather in the end. 3．What is hopeful behind the bad news? A．Improved warning systems will save economic losses. B．Economic losses are going down as exposure increases. C．More lives will be saved thanks to early warning systems. D．Improved early warning systems will control extreme weather 4．Where may the text be taken from? A．A novel. B．A brochure. C．A magazine. D．A guideline. 【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲了极端天气和与此相关的灾难会越来越多，但是人类可以通过早期预警系统拯救更多的生命。 1．细节理解题。由第一段第一句“The number of weather-related disasters has increased by five times over the past 50 years, the latest report by the World Meteorological (气象) Organization (WMO) said on September. (世界气象组织(WMO)9月发布的最新报告称，过去50年来，与天气有关的灾害数量增加了五倍)”可知，与气候相关的灾难增多了。故选A项。 2．细节理解题。由第三段Petteri Taalas说的话“Weather, climate and water extremes are increasing and will become more frequent and severe in many parts of the world as a result of climate change,(由于气候变化，天气、气候和水的极端事件正在增加，并将在世界许多地区变得更加频繁和严重)”可知，将会有更多的极端天气。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。由最后一段“But behind the statistics lies a message of hope. Improved multi-hazard early warning systems have led to a significant reduction in deaths. (但在统计数据背后隐藏着希望的信息。改进的多灾种早期预警系统使得死亡人数显著减少)”可知，预警系统会拯救更多生命。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。由第三段“says WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas. (WMO 秘书长Petteri Taalas说)”和第五段结尾“Taalas said.(Taalas说)”可知，文章引用了世界气象组织官员的话，所以最可能出自电视或广播的专题节目，magazine有“(电视、广播)专题节目”的意思。故选C项。 2 Two Earthquakes in Two Months: Comparing the Quakes in Haiti (海地) and Chile (智利) Overview (概要) How do the earthquakes in Chile and Haiti compare? Here, students perform a gallery walk to learn more about the earthquakes from a specific point, and then do a specific research and presentation project or response activity. Finally, they seek answers to their unanswered questions. Materials Print copies of photographs, charts, documents and other visuals to display, as described below; computer (s) with Internet access (optional), research materials, handouts. Warm-up Choose and prepare a “gallery” of photographs, graphics, news reports and other materials to display around the room to enable students to consider the 2010 earthquake in Chile. Depending on course program, choose materials for the gallery that provide a window on the two quakes, through one of the following specific points, or the focus of your choice: Earthquakes through History Putting the 2010 Chilean and Haitian quakes into historical view related to other earthquakes, including the 1960 Chilean quake and the 2004 Asian earthquake and tsunami. Rescue and Aid Considering domestic and international response to the disasters by militaries, governments and aid organizations, including rescue and recovery as well as efforts to provide food, water, health care and shelter to those affected. Related The article Underwater Plate Cuts 400 Mile Gash compares several earthquakes: Mr. Lin figured that the quake on Saturday was 250 to 350 times more powerful than the Haitian quake. But Paul Caruso noted that at least on land, the effects of the Chilean tremor (震动) might not be as bad. For one thing, he said, the quality of building construction is generally better in Chile than in Haiti. And the fact that the quake occurred offshore should also help limit the destruction. In Haiti, the rupture (断裂) occurred only a few miles from the capital, Port-au-Prince. The rupture on Saturday was centered about 60 miles from the nearest town, Chillan, and 70 miles from the country’s second-largest city, Concepción. Read the article using the following questions. 1．Which of the following shows one of the reasons for slighter losses in Chile than in Haiti? A．Position: B．Power: C．Building: D．Rescue: 2．We can infer that the article Underwater Plate Cuts 400 Mile Gash includes ________. A．the causes of the 2010 Chilean earthquake and the 1960 Chilean earthquake B．the comparison between the 2010 Haitian and the 2004 Indonesian earthquakes C．the reason for the 2010 Chilean quake being more powerful than January’s Haitian earthquake D．the reason for less damage in the 2010 Chilean quake than in the 2004 Indonesian earthquake 3．What the passage most likely to be? A．A program for research. B．A guide to earthquake study. C．An advertisement for students. D．An introduction to quakes. 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章比较了两个月内发生的两次地震：海地和智利的地震。 1．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“And the fact that the quake occurred offshore should also help limit the destruction.”可知，地震发生在海上也有助于限制地震的破坏力。因此选项A中描述的震中位置说明了智利损失比海地损失小的一个原因。故选A。 2．推理判断题。根据文中的“Related The article Underwater Plate Cuts 400 Mile Gash compares several earthquakes. For one thing, he said, the quality of building construction is generally better in Chile than in Haiti. And the fact that the quake occurred offshore should also help limit the destruction.”可知，这篇文章比较了几次地震。地震发生在海上也应有助于限制其破坏力。因此可推知，这是2010年智利地震比2004年印度尼西亚地震损失少的原因。故选D。 3．推理判断题。文章比较了两个月内发生的两次地震：海地和智利的地震。从震中位置、房屋质量等方面分析地震带来的破坏。根据第一段中的“…to learn more about the earthquakes from a specific point, and then do a specific research and presentation project or response activity. Finally, they seek answers to their unanswered questions.”可知，学生从特定的角度了解有关地震的更多信息，然后进行特定的研究和演示项目或响应活动。最后，他们寻求未回答问题的答案。因此文章是一篇地震研究指南。故选B。 3 Phoenix, Arizona, the USA was struck by a big sandstorm (沙尘暴) recently. It was a huge dust storm that struck Phoenix a little after 7:00 p.m. local time. Arizona has sandstorms particularly during the monsoon (季风) season which usually starts from mid-June until the end of September. However, this was the biggest. The cloud of dust turned day into night. Some trees were downed and gardens were destroyed and it cut off the power of thousands of local people in the area, but luckily no death happened. A number of people’s pools became dirty with dust. People who lived in Phoenix for more than 40 years said that this was the first time they had experienced this huge dust storm. It could greatly influence people’s health. The big dust cloud started in Tucson traveling north across the desert. The huge storm ran up to 60 miles per hour. It was more than 100 miles wide and a mile high. Besides Phoenix and nearby cities, the storm also reached Yuma County in southwestern Arizona. It reduced the visibility (能见度) in these areas, putting off the flights at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. The storm only takes place in Arizona, the Sahara Desert and areas of the Middle East, because of the dry environment and large amounts of sand. Because of the serious shortage of rain, there’s a large possibility that the water is polluted because of the storm. 1．In what season do sandstorms usually take place in Arizona? A．In fall and winter. B．In summer and fall. C．In winter and spring. D．In spring and summer. 2．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The storm. B．The wind. C．The desert. D．The state. 3．Why was local people lucky after the big sandstorm happened? A．People’s health was not influenced. B．It didn’t do harm to people’s gardens. C．All the local people in the area survived. D．The electricity was not affected at all. 4．What can probably be the title of the passage? A．Phoenix, Arizona has more sandstorms B．Sandstorms do a great deal of harm to people C．We must do something to prevent sandstorms D．Phoenix, Arizona experienced a huge sandstorm 【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了美国亚利桑那州的菲尼克斯市最近遭到了一场沙尘暴的袭击。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Arizona has sandstorms particularly during the monsoon (季风) season which usually starts from mid-June until the end of September. (亚利桑那州有沙尘暴，特别是在季风季节，通常从6月中旬到9月底)”可知，沙尘暴通常发生在亚利桑那州的夏秋季节。故选B项。 2．词句猜测题。第一段中“Phoenix, Arizona, the USA was struck by a big sandstorm (沙尘暴) recently. (美国亚利桑那州凤凰城最近遭受了一场大沙尘暴的袭击)”提到凤凰城遭受沙尘暴的袭击，画线词的上文“Arizona has sandstorms particularly during the monsoon (季风) season which usually starts from mid-June until the end of September. (亚利桑那州有沙尘暴，特别是在季风季节，通常从6月中旬到9月底)”指出亚利桑那州季风季节通常会有沙尘暴，再结合画线词所在句“However, this was the biggest. (然而，这是最大的一次)”可推知，this指的就是上文提到的沙尘暴。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Some trees were downed and gardens were destroyed and it cut off the power of thousands of local people in the area, but luckily no death happened. (一些树木被吹倒，花园被毁，当地数千人的电力被切断，但幸运的是没有人死亡)”可知，当地人的幸运之处在于他们都幸免于难。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“Phoenix, Arizona, the USA was struck by a big sandstorm (沙尘暴) recently. It was a huge dust storm that struck Phoenix a little after 7:00 p.m. local time. (美国亚利桑那州凤凰城最近遭受了一场大沙尘暴的袭击。当地时间晚上7点刚过，一场巨大的沙尘暴袭击了凤凰城)”可知，文章主要报道了美国亚利桑那州的菲尼克斯市最近遭到了一场沙尘暴的袭击，介绍了该沙尘暴的活动情况、发生时间以及对各方面的影响。因此，D项“亚利桑那州凤凰城经历了一场巨大的沙尘暴”契合文章主旨，适合作为文章标题。故选D项。 4 As a shift in the polar vortex(极地涡旋)swept across much of the US, many people in the country were hit with a sudden snap of cold. Heavy ice and snow coupled with fallen trees caused the outages in major cities, with companies unable to tell their customers when power will be restored. Polar vortexes were noticed long ago. But the first known use of the term “polar vortex” was in a magazine in 1853. Polar vortexes are present year-round, but we don’t hear about them until they cause problems. They maintain freezing temperatures at the North and South poles by moving in tight counter-clockwise patterns. Polar vortexes grow stronger in winter and weaken in summer. They are kept in place at the poles by another atmospheric current called the jet stream. However, when the jet streams weaken, the cold winds of the polar vortex are pushed southwards and it is during this time that people begin to pay attention! In Texas, roads froze over, causing six traffic deaths, and many schools were shut-down. People are not the only Earthlings to struggle with the cold. Crops and animals are also freezing. This could have major consequences, especially if herds of cattle die. If snow blocks cattle, the animals can’t reach basic necessities like food and fresh water. On a brighter note, some Texas cities were more prepared than others. For instance, Amarillo, which is located in North Texas, so they are more accustomed to colder temperatures. Amarillo is notable because the city was redesigned to stand up to severe winter storms. Officials have spread out fire stations to increase coverage of first responders, employed modified dump trucks for clearing ice, and upgraded civic centers to provide shelter during storms. Hopefully, other Texas cities will follow the good example set by Amarillo! 1．What does the underlined word “outages” refer to? A．Traffic jams. B．Possessions losses. C．Power cuts. D．Traffic accidents. 2．What can we learn about polar vortexes? A．They grow stronger in summer. B．They are affected by jet streams. C．They were first observed in 1853. D．They move in a clockwise direction. 3．What might be the attitude of the people in Texas towards the Polar vortex? A．Pleased. B．Worried. C．Indifferent. D．Doubtful. 4．Why is Amarillo striking? A．Because it is located in the north of Texas. B．Because it has been upgraded and modernized. C．Because it has been regarded as an example to other cities. D．Because it has taken effective measures to resist winter storms. 【解析】这是一篇说明文。极地涡旋会给人类的生命财产带来巨大的威胁, 但是好在人类已采取有效措施抵御冬季风暴。 1．词义猜测题。根据第一段最后一句中的“with companies unable to tell their customers when power will be restored(公司无法告知客户电力何时恢复)”可知, outages 意为“断电”。故选 C项。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“They are kept in place at the poles by another atmospheric current called the jet stream. However, when the jet streams weaken, the cold winds of the polar vortex are pushed southwards and it is during this time that people begin to pay attention!(它们被另一种被称为高速气流的大气流固定在两极。然而, 当急流减弱时, 极地涡旋的冷风被推向南方, 正是在这段时间, 人们开始注意! )”可知, 极涡受到急流的影响。故选 B项。 3．推理判断题。根据文章的主旨以及第三段“In Texas, roads froze over, causing six traffic deaths, and many schools were shut-down. People are not the only Earthlings to struggle with the cold. Crops and animals are also freezing. This could have major consequences, especially if herds of cattle die. If snow blocks cattle, the animals can’t reach basic necessities like food and fresh water. (在德克萨斯州，道路结冰，造成6人死于交通事故，许多学校关闭。人类并不是地球上唯一与寒冷作斗争的生物。农作物和动物也在冻结。这可能会造成严重后果，特别是如果成群的牛死亡。如果雪挡住了牛群，它们就无法获得食物和淡水等基本必需品。)”可知，极地漩涡对 Texas 所带来的不良影响有很多，因此推断人们是感到担忧的，故选B项。 4．细节理解题。根据最后一段第三句“Amarillo is notable because the city was redesigned to stand up to severe winter storms.(阿马里洛之所以引人注目, 是因为这座城市经过了重新设计, 以抵御严重的冬季风暴。)”可知, 阿马里洛引人注目是因为它已采取有效措施抵御冬季风暴。故选D项。 5 Tsunami warning system is tested If he, the founder of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, were alive, Thomas Jaggar would be proud of the U.S. tsunami warning system after Friday’s devastating earthquake in Japan sent a surge (大浪，汹涌) of ocean water dashing toward the West Coast. ● WASHINGTON — So many people surged to the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center website that it slowed to a crawl early Friday, unable to provide critical information to the public about the coastal impact in the U.S. of a massive earthquake in Japan. McClatchy Washington Bureau — Mar 11 06:09 p.m. ● CHICAGO — A tsunami warning has been issued for the central and northern California coast and Oregon, the National Weather Service announced early Friday. Chicago Tribune— Mar 11 06:07 a.m. ● HONOLULU — A tsunami warning was issued late on Thursday for Hawaii after an 8.9 magnitude earthquake struck in the Pacific near Japan, prompting state civil defense officials to order all coastal areas evacuated (把……撤出……) by 2 a.m. local time. Tsunami sirens (警报) began sounding at 9:59 p.m. on Thursday. They have sounded every hour since 11:15 p.m. Alaska Tsunami Warning Center also issued a warning for much of the coasts of Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California. Reuters via Yahoo! News — Mar 11 01:22 a.m. ● LOMPOC — Tsunami warning ‘a wake-up call’ A tsunami warning that led to evacuations for coastal communities and campgrounds in Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties Friday served as a successful trial for a more serious emergency, officials said after the danger passed. The Lompoc Record — Mar 11 11:29 p.m. ● WELLINGTON — The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre issued a warning after an 8.9 magnitude earthquake struck in the Pacific near Japan, and it said the sea level readings confirm that a tsunami has been generated and was in effect for some Pacific islands — Hawaii, China’s Taiwan, the Philippines and Indonesia etc. New Straits Times — Mar 11 07:48 a.m. — Reproduced by Yahoo Greenwich Meantime 1． A tsunami warning was issued for all the following states in the U.S. except for _____. A．Ohio B．California C．Oregon D．Alaska 2．The underlined word “prompting” (in the fourth paragraph) most probably means _____. A．promoting B．advocating C．urging D．appealing 3．According to the passage, the Pacific Tsunami warning was first reported by _____. A．New Straits Times B．Reuters via Yahoo! News C．McClatchy Washington Bureau D．Chicago Tribune 4．In which city did the news agency issue a tsunami affecting for some other places apart from Japan and Hawaii? A．LOMPOC． B．WASHINGTON. C．HONOLULU. D．WELLINGTON. 6 NEW YORK CITY — A hurricane warning has been given for New York City. Forecasters say Hurricane Irene could cause widespread flooding, power failure and billions of dollars in damage. About 65 million Americans live in Hurricane Irene’s projected path — many of whom have been evacuated. In New York City, Mayor Michael Bloomberg has ordered the city’s first-ever evacuation. Roughly 250,000 people have been told to leave their homes in low-lying areas, including the Wall Street financial district. WASHINGTON D．C． — On Aug. 24, 2011, Apple announced that Mr. Steve Jobs, who has battled cancer for several years, was stepping down as the CEO but would serve as chairman. In January, he had announced that he was taking a medical leave of absence from Apple. In announcing his leave, he turned daily oversight of the company over to the chief operating officer, Timothy D．Cook, and it was Mr. Cook whom Apple named to succeed him as the next CEO of the company. TRIPOLI — Opposition forces in Libya say they control more than 90 percent of the country. It is still not clear where Moammar Gadhafi is. The opposition has offered more than 1,600,000 dollars for his capture (逮捕). The head of the opposition forces said his group supports a decision by local businessmen to provide the money in an effort to speed up the capture. Earlier Wednesday, government forces fired onto the former headquarters (总部) of Mr. Gadhafi, which is now controlled by opposition forces. Heavy fighting also continued near Tripoli’s airport and in a town of Zuara. 1．The underlined word “evacuated” probably means ________. A．sent away to safer places B．gathered around to higher positions C．flooded off to lower reaches D．left behind to dangerous situations 2．Who has been appointed as the new CEO of Apple? A．Steve Jobs. B．Michael Bloomberg. C．Moammar Gadhafi. D．Timothy D．Cook. 3．From the news above, we know that in Libya _______. A．the local businessmen have offered money to catch hold of Gadhafi B．the opposition forces suffered a thorough defeat near Tripoli’s airport C．the government forces are defending the headquarters of Mr. Gadhafi D．the town of Zuara is the place where Moammar Gadhafi probably hides 【解析】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍了三则新闻消息。 1．词句猜测题。根据画线词所在句中的“About 65 million Americans live in Hurricane Irene’s projected path(大约6500万美国人生活在飓风艾琳预计的路径上)”可知，许多美国人将受到飓风艾琳的影响，他们处于危险中，所以“many of whom have been evacuated”表示的是他们已经被疏离了，evacuate意为“疏散，转移”，与A项“被送到更安全的地方”意思相近。故选A。 2．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In announcing his leave, he turned daily oversight of the company over to the chief operating officer, Timothy D. Cook, and it was Mr. Cook whom Apple named to succeed him as the next CEO of the company.(在宣布离职时，他将公司的日常监督权交给了首席运营官蒂莫西·D·库克，苹果任命库克接替他担任公司的下一任首席执行官。)”可知，蒂莫西·D·库克被任命为下一任首席执行官。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“The head of the opposition forces said his group supports a decision by local businessmen to provide the money in an effort to speed up the capture.(反对派领导人表示，他的组织支持当地商人提供资金以努力加快抓捕的决定。)”可知，当地商人提供资金帮助抓捕卡扎菲。故选A。 7 International ShakeOut Day This Year This year’s International ShakeOut Day is October 17, when millions of people worldwide will take part in earthquake drills (演习) at work, school, or home! It is a great way for your family or organization to become better prepared to survive and recover quickly from big earthquakes. At 10:17 am (local time) on 10/17, you can join millions of people across the world in practicing earthquake safety. While we encourage everyone to take part, you can sign up for your ShakeOut drill for any day of the year, and drill at a time of your choice, You can also include people in different locations through videos.FIND YOUR REGION Most participants (参与者) are in one of the official ShakeOut Regions listed below the page (with current sign-up totals). People and organizations in other countries can also sign up. All regions take part in it on October 17,2024, unless specified. （As of  Today） Global Totals US totals oct.17,2024 Drills Over 270,000 Over 260,000 All 2024 Drills Over 1.10million Over 950,000 All 2023 Drills Over 57.3million Over 19.3million ShakeOut began in California and has also been organized in many other states and countries. Official ShakeOut Regions require special local or regional cooperation, typically by an emergency (紧急情况) management agency or a union of many organizations. If you are interested in establishing ShakeOut for your region, please contact us at https://www.shakeout.org. If your state, province, or country is not yet taking part, you can sign up for yourself or your organization as part of the global participation total. 1．What is the purpose of the activity? A．To raise people’s safety awareness. B．To stress the challenges of earthquakes. C．To help people get ready for an earthquake. D．To warn people of the danger of earthquakes. 2．How many people worldwide took part in the drills in 2023? A．Over 270,000. B．Over 950,000. C．Over 57.3 million. D．Over 19.3 million. 3．Where is the text from? A．A website. B．A book review. C．A guidebook. D．A diary entry. 【解析】本文是一篇应用文。文中主要介绍了今年地震演习活动的通知，包括其活动目的、参与方式等。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段中的“It is a great way for your family or organization to become better prepared to survive and recover quickly from big earthquakes. (对于你的家庭或组织来说，这是一种很好的方式，可以更好地准备好在大地震中生存和快速恢复。)”可知，这个活动的目的是帮助人们更好地为地震做好准备。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据表格中最后一行中“Over 57.3 milliom (超过5730万)”可知，2023年全球有超过5730万人参加了地震演习。故选C。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If you are interested in establishing ShakeOut for your region, please contact us at https://www.shakeout.org. (如果您有兴趣在您的地区建立ShakeOut，请通过https://www.shakeout.org与我们联系。)”可推断出，这篇文章出自一个网站。故选A。 8 The cold, wet weather of winter often puts out any wildfires that are still burning, but not in the far North areas, such as Alaska, Canada, and other parts of North America. Some forest fires just don’t die in these places. Think of the fires as “zombies” (僵尸): Scientists do. When summers are warmer than normal, some fires can hide through the winter. They burn dead plant matter and soils under snow. In May 2021, scientists reported their work to a scientific journal. The scientists saw that zombie fires are rare but they could become more common as the world warms, the study warns. “Some years, new fires were starting very close to the previous year’s fire,” explains Rebecca Scholten. She studies Earth and environmental sciences at Vrije University Amsterdam in the Netherlands. The new fires made scientists wonder how often fires might survive the winter. The scientists started by combing through firefighter reports. Then they compared these with satellite images of Alaska and northern Canada. The scientists looked for fires that began close to fires from the year before. They also focused on blazes starting before the middle of summer. Random lightning or human actions spark most fires in the area, Scholten says. But those fires happen later in the year. Zombie fires accounted for less than 1 percent of the total area burned by fires from 2002 to 2018. But it changed from year to year. Take 2008, for example. A zombie fire burned Alaska that year. It caused almost one-third of fire damage that year. One clear pattern emerged: Zombie fires were more likely to happen after very warm summers. High temperatures may allow fires to reach more deeply into the soil. Such deep burns are more likely to survive to spring. The zombie fire threat could grow. The climate is warming. Forests in the far North already are warming faster. “We’re seeing more hot summers and more large fires and intense burning,” Scholten says. Plus, zombie fires could cause more issues. The fires release huge amounts of greenhouse gases. These trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surround the Earth. Scholten’s research could help fire management. Firefighters would know to check for them after warm summers. 1．What may lead to zombie fires according to the passage? A．wet weather B．hotter summers C．low temperatures D．cold winters 2．What can we learn about zombie fires from Paragraph 2? A．Where flames broke out provided the clue. B．Changing climate plays a role in the zombie fire threat. C．Zombie fires are less likely to happen after very warm summers. D．It is of little use comparing firefighter reports with satellite images. 3．What conclusion will be possibly made based on the last paragraph? A．It is important to understand zombie fires. B．Zombie fires are likely to be under control soon. C．Firefighters cannot do much to stop the zombie fires. D．We still have much to learn about the warming climate. 4．Which of the following could be the suitable title of the passage? A．“Zombie“ wildfires do great damage to land B．“Zombie” wildfires release greenhouse gases C．“Zombie“ wildfires sparked by human actions D．“Zombie” wildfires reappear after wintering underground 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章解释了什么是“僵尸火”、“僵尸火”发生的原因及其危害等。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Some forest fires just don’t die in these places. Think of the fires as “zombies” (僵尸): Scientists do. When summers are warmer than normal, some fires can hide through the winter.(在这些地方，有些森林火灾是不会熄灭的。把火灾想象成“僵尸”：科学家就是这样认为的。当夏天比平常温暖时，一些火灾可以隐藏整个冬天。)”可知，热的夏天可能会导致僵尸火灾。故选B。 2．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Some years, new fires were starting very close to the previous year’s fire(有些年份，新的火灾发生的地点与前一年的火灾非常接近)”和“The scientists looked for fires that began close to fires from the year before.(科学家们寻找的是前一年附近发生的火灾。)”可知，火灾发生的地点提供了僵尸火灾的线索。故选A。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Plus, zombie fires could cause more issues.  The fires release huge amounts of greenhouse gases.  These trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.  The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surround the Earth.  Scholten’s research could help fire management.  Firefighters would know to check for them after warm summers.(另外，僵尸火灾可能会引发更多问题。大火释放出大量的温室气体。它们将热量困在地球大气中。大气层是环绕地球的一层气体。Scholten的研究可能有助于火灾管理。在温暖的夏天之后，消防员会知道要检查它们。)”可知，根据最后一段可能得出的结论是了解僵尸火灾很重要。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Think of the fires as “zombies” (僵尸): Scientists do. When summers are warmer than normal, some fires can hide through the winter. They burn dead plant matter and soils under snow. In May 2021, scientists reported their work to a scientific journal. The scientists saw that zombie fires are rare but they could become more common as the world warms, the study warns.(把火灾想象成“僵尸”：科学家就是这样认为的。当夏天比平常温暖时，一些火灾可以隐藏整个冬天。它们燃烧死的植物和积雪下的土壤。2021年5月，科学家们向一家科学杂志报告了他们的工作。研究警告说，科学家们发现僵尸火灾很罕见，但随着全球变暖，它们可能会变得越来越普遍。)”可知，本文主要讲的是僵尸火灾很罕见，但随着全球变暖，它们可能会变得越来越普遍，因此最好的题目是D选项““Zombie” wildfires reappear after wintering underground(“僵尸”野火在地下过冬后再次出现)”。故选D。 9 Dry lightning(雷电)can still be harmful even when conditions aren’t so dry, said a study published in Geophysical Research Letters last month. Dry lightning during little to no rainfall was previously thought to cause wildfire danger only with less than 2.5mm of rain in a day. A Washington State University-led study of wildfires in the US West found dry lightning caused wildfires despite up to 7.7 mm of rain. “The rainfall amounts we recorded should help provide a better understanding of just how much rain can cause a fire risk,” said Dmitri Kalashnikov, lead author of the study. The researchers analyzed(分析)cases on more than 4,600 naturally caused fires from 2015 to 2020. They matched 3,726 of those to the lightning strikes that likely started them with the help of National Lightning Detection Network. The study found that 15.3% of those were holdover fires which burn without smoke, bringing about over a hundred fires each year. Analyzing the rainfall amounts around the time of the lightning strikes showed greater rainfall than previously thought among the earlier found fires ranging from 1.7 mm to 4.6 mm. While humans still cause most fires either by accident or on purpose, lightning-caused wildfires burn the most areas. Nearly 70% of the wildfire-burned land in the West was from lightning-caused fires according to the study. For example, the largest wildfire burn area in California history took place in August 2020 after dry lightning caused many wildfires at once. Dry lightning can also start wildfires in places that are hard for firefighters to reach. This study found the places where holdover fires happened repeatedly were in the forested mountains of the Southwest as well as the middle and southern Rocky Mountains. Holdover fires cause the problem because they are so hard to notice. 1．The new study found dry lightning can still cause wildfires with a daily rainfall of __________. A．7.7 mm B．8.0mm C．9.4mm D．10.2mm 2．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．The finding of the research. B．The number of the cases. C．The process of the study. D．The designers of the test. 3．Why did holdover fires happen repeatedly in the forested mountains? A．They are difficult to notice. B．The fire service is short-handed. C．Campers often smoke there. D．The locals fail to call firefighters. 4．From which is the text probably taken? A．A history textbook. B．A science magazine. C．A course plan. D．A book review. 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了干闪电的危害。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“A Washington State University-led study of wildfires in the US West found dry lightning caused wildfires despite up to 7.7 mm of rain. (华盛顿州立大学领导的一项关于美国西部野火的研究发现，尽管降雨量高达7.7毫米，但干闪电还是会引发野火。)”可知，华盛顿州立大学的研究表明，日降雨量达到7.7毫米的情况下干闪电仍会引发野火。故选A。 2．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The researchers analyzed(分析)cases on more than 4,600 naturally caused fires from 2015 to 2020. They matched 3,726 of those to the lightning strikes that likely started them with the help of National Lightning Detection Network. (研究人员分析了2015年至2020年间4600多起自然引发火灾的案例。他们在国家闪电探测网络的帮助下，他们将其中的3726个与雷击相匹配)”可知，本段主要介绍此次研究的过程。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Dry lightning can also start wildfires in places that are hard for firefighters to reach. This study found the places where holdover fires happened repeatedly were in the forested mountains of the Southwest as well as the middle and southern Rocky Mountains. Holdover fires cause the problem because they are so hard to notice.(干闪电也会在消防员难以到达的地方引发野火。这项研究发现，滞留火灾反复发生的地方位于西南部的森林山区以及落基山脉中部和南部。滞留火灾造成了这个问题，因为它们很难被注意到)”可知，滞留火灾不易被人察觉，因此反复在树木丛生的山区爆发。故选A。 4．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“A Washington State University-led study of wildfires in the US West found dry lightning caused wildfires despite up to 7.7 mm of rain. (华盛顿州立大学领导的一项对美国西部野火的研究发现，尽管降雨量高达7.7毫米，但干闪电还是引发了野火。)”以及全文可知，本文主要介绍一项最新研究的发现——日降雨量达到7.7毫米的情况下干闪电仍会引发野火，这是和科学相关的话题，由此推知，本文可能出自一本科学杂志。故选B。 ( 用 主题句法 解答主旨大意题 解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。 (1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句 (2)根据行文标志来定位主题句 转折词 如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。 总结词 如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。 疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。 ) 10 There is hot, and then there is hot! Extreme heat is a period of high heat and humidity with temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit for at least two to three days. Extreme heat is responsible for the highest number of annual deaths among all weather-related hazards (危害). It’s not your imagination. Summers have been getting hotter and hotter with extreme heatwaves occurring earlier and more frequently. But why is this happening and can we better predict heatwaves in advance to give people time to prepare? “Climate change is here and it’s already been changing human behavior and causing significant influence in the society. As global temperatures rise, historically excessive (过高的) temperatures are more likely to occur.” says Craig Ramseyer, an assistant professor who studies climate modeling in the department of geography at Virginia Tech. Ramseyer says heatwaves are the most concerning because of the lack of attention they normally receive. “Hurricanes, tornadoes, and flash floods drive more media attention because of the natural attraction with the visual impact of those types of hazards. However, heat does not tend to be as attractive and it becomes very difficult to communicate the danger to the public,” said Ramseyer. “Around the world, more deaths occur due to extreme heat than from hurricanes, flooding, and drought combined. It impacts the most helpless of our citizens who do not have enough access to air conditioning, water, and other important resources.” Since the Earth is running warmer than it used to, Ramseyer says that when these heatwave-related weather patterns take place, it results in higher extreme temperatures than we used to experience 30 years ago. “As a global community, we need to decrease carbon emissions as soon as possible. We have rapidly developing technologies that are going to help advance the process, but the faster the better, there is no time to waste.” 1．What can we learn from the article? A．Extreme heat is a No.1 death cause. B．People are suffering more extreme heat. C．A 100-degree heat is an extreme heat. D．Extreme heat is getting better over the years. 2．What will Ramseyer possibly agree with? A．Climate change will soon affect human behaviors. B．High temperatures happened frequently in history. C．Air conditioning and water can stop the extreme heat. D．Garbage sorting can less advance the climate change. 3．Why is extreme heat lack of attention? A．Extreme heat can be stopped by technology. B．People have enough time to solve the climate problems. C．The danger of extreme heat is not easily transferred to the public. D．Heatwave-related weather patterns will decrease in the future. 4．What’s the article mainly about? A．Complaints about extreme heat. B．Prevention of extreme heat. C．Characters of extreme heat. D．Technologies behind extreme heat. 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了极端高温越来越频繁，并且造成大量人员死亡，但是得不到关注，最后呼吁尽快减少碳排放。 1．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Summers have been getting hotter and hotter with extreme heatwaves occurring earlier and more frequently.(夏天越来越热，极端热浪出现的时间越来越早，也越来越频繁)”可推知，人们正在遭受更多的极端高温。故选B项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Around the world, more deaths occur due to extreme heat than from hurricanes, flooding, and drought combined. It impacts the most helpless of our citizens who do not have enough access to air conditioning, water, and other important resources.(在世界各地，死于极端高温的人数比死于飓风、洪水和干旱的人数加起来还要多。它影响到我们最无助的公民，他们没有足够的机会获得空调、水和其他重要资源)”可推知，拉姆齐耶认为空调和水可以防止极端高温。故选C项。 3．推理判断题。根据第四段中“Hurricanes, tornadoes, and flash floods drive more media attention because of the natural attraction with the visual impact of those types of hazards. However, heat does not tend to be as attractive and it becomes very difficult to communicate the danger to the public.(飓风、龙卷风和山洪暴发吸引了更多媒体的关注，因为这些类型的灾害具有自然吸引力和视觉冲击。然而，炎热往往没有那么吸引人，向公众传达危险变得非常困难)”可知，极端高温的危险不容易传达给公众导致酷热缺乏关注。故选C项。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段中“Extreme heat is responsible for the highest number of annual deaths among all weather-related hazards.(在所有与天气有关的危害中，极端高温每年造成的死亡人数最高)”以及最后一段“As a global community, we need to decrease carbon emissions as soon as possible. We have rapidly developing technologies that are going to help advance the process, but the faster the better, there is no time to waste.(作为一个国际社会，我们需要尽快减少碳排放。我们有快速发展的技术来帮助推进这一进程，但是越快越好，没有时间可以浪费)”可知，作者在文中介绍了极端高温造成的危害，并呼吁国际社会采取措施应对这一自然灾害，所以“预防极端高温”是本文是主旨。故选B项。 思维素养提升 Task 1 上周五的英语课上，你班围绕“Natural Disasters”进行了一次主题讨论会。请你就此写一篇短文，并给校英语报“英语天地”栏目投稿。内容包括： 1.讨论主题； 2.讨论过程； 3.谈谈收获。 注意：1.词数80左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考答案】     Last Friday, our class held a discussion about natural disasters, which mainly focused on the basic knowledge of earthquakes and floods and tips for self-rescue. During the discussion, we first watched some short videos about earthquakes and floods, which vividly showed us the destructive power of nature. After that, students expressed their understanding of natural disasters and shared ideas about how to carry out self-rescue in an emergency. For me, the discussion is very meaningful, through which I have learned more about natural disasters. More importantly, I have learned how to better protect myself when facing a sudden disaster. 【解析】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生就班班围绕“Natural Disasters”进行的主题讨论会写一篇短文，并给校英语报“英语天地”栏目投稿。 1.词汇积累 主要地：mainly→chiefly 聚焦于，专注于：focus on→concentrate on 基本的：basic→fundamental 表达：express→voice 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：After that, students expressed their understanding of natural disasters and shared ideas about how to carry out self-rescue in an emergency. 拓展句：After that, students expressed their understanding of natural disasters and shared ideas about how they should carry out self-rescue in an emergency. 【高分句型1】Last Friday, our class held a discussion about natural disasters, which mainly focused on the basic knowledge of earthquakes and floods and tips for self-rescue.（运用了which引导的非限制性定语从句） 【高分句型2】More importantly, I have learned how to better protect myself when facing a sudden disaster.（运用了when引导的时间状语从句的省略） Task 2 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 Caught in a flood Mary and her parents were downstairs in the living room. Mary was looking through the windows at the endless rain outside. It had been raining non-stop for three days. She had never seen a storm this bad. It was making her nervous. The wind roared and the rain beat on the roof and windows. Dad was listening to a weather report on the radio, while Mum was putting their important documents and disaster supplies into a bag. “Mum, Dad,” said Mary suddenly, “I think we should leave here right away!” “No,” said Dad. “It’s too late: The radio says the city has already been flooded.” “We can drive our car through the floodwater. Let’s us leave! I’m really scared!” cried Mary. “We can’t do that, honey,” explained Mum, “otherwise the moving water could wash the car away!” Mary walked to the door. She was curious to see how much water there was outside. “Don’t open the door!” shouted Mum and Dad at the same time. “The water may flood in!” Dad moved the dinner table against the door, in case the floodwater forced the door open. Mum waved to Mary to sit on the sofa. “Mary, don’t worry. Everything’s going to be OK,” she said softly, trying her best to comfort Mary. Her voice was calm, but Mary could tell she was worried too. Without saying a single word, Dad walked to the sofa, sat down and hugged his wife and daughter. The sudden silence in the house seemed to make the wind and rain more frightening outside. What could they do? 注意： 1．续写词数应为150左右； 2．续写部分分为两段，每段开头语已为你写好。 Paragraph 1: All of a sudden, the floodwater forced the door open. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 2: Being upstairs, they breathed a sigh of relief. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【参考答案】 Paragraph 1: All of a sudden, the floodwater forced the door open. Shocked, frightened and extremely scared, Mary saw the floodwaters pouring into the room, leaving the dinner table upside down. She didn’t know what to do, trembling, and turned to her mum for help. An idea occurred to Mum that they had to go upstairs, because they had no choice but to save themselves at that moment, and it would be of great danger to stay in place before rescue came to them. Dad also rushed to the second floor without hesitation, not forgetting to take the bag containing important documents and disaster supplies. Paragraph 2: Being upstairs, they breathed a sigh of relief. However, the floodwater had flooded into the whole living room downstairs. They were all nervous and scared to see the floodwater rise further. Fortunately, what relieved them a little was that they prepared enough food and water supplies in advance. The rain was still raining non-stop. Mary and Mum became increasingly nervous while Dad kept giving them comfort and encouragement. Later, they learned from the radio that the government was organizing rescue groups to save people caught in their home by boat. Thinking they would be saved, they couldn’t be more excited. Until then, the easiness and warmth welled up in every corner of the room, seeming to make the floodwater outside less frightening outside. It doesn’t matter what you did when you were faced with tough situation, and what matters most is that you made a wise decision and well prepared. 【解析】本文以事件为线索展开，玛丽一家因为暴雨而被困在家，玛丽感到很紧张，而她的爸爸在听天气预报，妈妈在整理重要文件和救灾物资。玛丽想要赶紧离开，但是爸爸告诉她城市已被洪水淹没，来不及离开了。妈妈安慰了充满担心的玛丽，爸爸默默地拥抱了自己的妻子和女儿。 1. 段落续写： ①由第一段首句内容“突然，洪水把门冲开了。”可知，第一段可描写他们看到的可怕景象和害怕的心理，以及采取的紧急措施。 ②由第二段首句内容“在楼上，他们松了一口气。”可知，第二段可描写洪水继续发展给他们带来的威胁，他们得知将得救后的宽慰，以及面对洪水困境的感悟。 2. 续写线索：洪水把门冲开——所见所感——采取紧急措施——松一口气——洪水继续发展——得知将得救——面对困境的感悟 3. 词汇激活 行为类 ①看到：see/spot/notice ②冲：rush/run/dash ③拿，带：take/grasp/get hold of ④给：give/offer/provide 情绪类 ①震惊的：shocked/astonished/stunned ②害怕的：frightened/scared/terrified ③紧张的：nervous/anxious [高分句型1] An idea occurred to Mum that they had to go upstairs, because they had no choice but to save themselves at that moment, and it would be of great danger to stay in place before rescue came to them. (that引导同位语从句、because引导原因状语从句、before引导时间状语从句) [高分句型2] Fortunately, what relieved them a little was that they prepared enough food and water supplies in advance. (what引导主语从句、that引导表语从句) [高分句型3] It doesn’t matter what you did when you were faced with tough situation, and what matters most is that you made a wise decision and well prepared. (what引导主语从句、when引导时间状语从句、that引导表语从句) ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 2024-2025学年高一英语单元阅读提升（通用版） 主题04 人与自然：灾害预防 主题语境解读 在高中英语阅读中，灾害预防是一个常见且重要的话题。这类文章通常涉及自然灾害、人为灾害以及相应的预防措施和应对策略。通过学习和分析高中英语阅读中的灾害预防话题，学生可以增强对灾害的认识和了解，提高灾害预防意识和应对能力。同时，学生还可以掌握一些常见的词汇和短语，提高英语阅读能力和语言运用能力。 相关词句积累 阅读中常见词汇举例 1.natural disaster 自然灾害 2.prevention of disaster 防灾 3.reduction of disaster 减灾 4.geological disaster 地质灾害 5.environment 环境 6.land 土地 7.resource 资源 8.history 历史 9.status 现状 10.water and soil 水土 11.washing away 流失 12.floodwater 洪水 13.breaking out 爆发 14.mountain coast 山体滑坡 15.vegetation 植被 16.soil fertility 土壤肥力 17.climate 气候 18.EI Nino phenomenon厄尔尼诺现象 19.marsh 湿地沼泽 20.drought disaster旱灾 21.waterlog 涝灾 22.hail 冰雹 23.frost 霜冻 24.gale 大风 25.cold wave 寒潮 26.plant diseases and insect pests 病虫害 27.earthquake 地震 28.plague 瘟疫 29.fire disaster火灾 30.heavy snow disaster 大雪灾 31.lightning strike 雷击 32.ecology 生态 33.balance 平衡 34.original frost 初霜 35.end frost 终霜 36.spring frost 春霜 37.winter frost 冬霜 38.geological disaster 地质灾 39.heavy fog 大雾 40.animal disaster 兽害灾 41.law of drought disaster 旱灾规律 42.law of waterlog disaster 涝灾规律 43.change tendency 变化趋势 44.change law 变化规律 45.territorial disaster 区域性灾害 46.globe disaster 全球性灾害 47.environment 环境 48.protection 保护 49.surface water 地表水 50.groundwater 地下水 51.pollution 污染 52.tropic rain forest 热带雨林 53.typhoon 台风 54.cyclone 飓风 55.tornado 龙卷风 56.crypt 地穴; 57.landform 地形 58.physiognomy 地貌 59.geogeny 地球成因学 60.land surface 地面 61.doing down 下沉 62.water resource 水资源 63.serious pinch 严重匮乏 64.grasshopper disaster 蝗虫灾 65.heavy drought 大旱 66.heavy waterlog 大涝 67.famine 饥荒 68.visitation of Providence 天灾 69.man-made disaster 人祸 70.surface of sea 海平面 71.moving up 上升 72.mankind 人类 73.facing 面临 74.breathe 生存; 75.challenge 挑战 76.volcano 火山 77.crater 火山口 78.eruption 火山灰 79.sea disaster 海洋灾害 80.storm tide 风暴潮 81.ground sea 海啸 82.red tide 赤潮 83.biologic disaster 生物灾害 84.insect pest 虫害 85.rat pest 鼠害 86.greenhouse gas 温室气体 87.greenhouse effect 温室效应 88.heavy fire from forest 森林大火 89.forestation 森林管理 90.deforestation 森林开发 91.silvics 森林生态学 92.disaster 灾害 93.measure 措施 94.strategy 策略 95.prevention and control 防治 96.countermeasure of reducing disaster 减灾对策 97.countermeasure of preventing disaster 防灾对策 98.risk analysis of natural disaster 自然灾害风险分析 99.risk assessment of natural disaster自然灾害风险评价 100.factor of leading to disaster 致灾因子 时文拓展阅读 Natural disasters are extreme sudden events caused by environmental factors that injure people and damage property. Examples of natural disasters include wild tornadoes, white-out blizzards, raging wildfires, and powerful hurricanes. These events can strike anywhere on Earth, often without warning. In order to cope with natural disasters, it's essential to take proactive measures to prepare and minimize the impact they can have on our lives. First and foremost, it's crucial to create emergency response plans for our families, communities, and organizations. This includes designating safe spaces and establishing evacuation routes. Strengthening early warning systems is also vital. These systems can help alert people to the imminent danger of a natural disaster, allowing them to take necessary precautions. Additionally, conducting disaster prevention training and learning emergency skills can help individuals and communities better respond to emergencies. Another important aspect is ensuring clear communication. During a disaster, accurate and timely information can save lives. Therefore, it's crucial to have a plan for maintaining communication between family members, neighbors, and emergency responders. Building safety is another critical factor to consider. Ensuring that buildings, especially homes and schools, are built to withstand natural disasters can minimize the risk of injury and damage. Furthermore, setting up shelters and stockpiling emergency supplies can provide essential support for those affected by disasters. Following guidance from the government and relevant departments is also essential. Authorities have the expertise and resources to provide accurate information and support during a disaster. Finally, promoting disaster prevention awareness is crucial to preparing ourselves and our communities for the inevitable natural disasters that will occur. By taking these steps, we can better protect ourselves and our loved ones from the devastating effects of natural disasters. It's important to remember that while we may not be able to prevent these events from occurring, we can certainly prepare ourselves and minimize the impact they have on our lives. 【参考译文】 自然灾害是由环境因素引起的极端突发事件，造成人员伤亡和财产损失。自然灾害的例子包括野生龙卷风、白色暴风雪、肆虐的野火和强大的飓风。这些事件可能会袭击地球上的任何地方，通常没有任何预警。 为了应对自然灾害，必须采取积极措施，做好准备，尽量减少它们对我们生活的影响。首先，为我们的家庭、社区和组织制定应急响应计划至关重要。这包括指定安全空间和建立疏散路线。 加强预警系统也至关重要。这些系统可以帮助人们警惕自然灾害迫在眉睫的危险，使他们能够采取必要的预防措施。此外，开展防灾培训和学习应急技能可以帮助个人和社区更好地应对紧急情况。 另一个重要方面是确保清晰的沟通。在灾难发生时，准确及时的信息可以挽救生命。因此，制定一个计划来保持家庭成员、邻居和应急响应人员之间的沟通至关重要。 建筑安全是另一个需要考虑的关键因素。确保建筑物，特别是房屋和学校，能够抵御自然灾害，可以最大限度地降低受伤和损坏的风险。此外，建立避难所和储存应急物资可以为受灾者提供必要的支持。 遵循政府和相关部门的指导也是至关重要的。当局拥有专业知识和资源，可以在灾难期间提供准确的信息和支持。最后，提高防灾意识对于我们自己和我们的社区为不可避免的自然灾害做好准备至关重要。 通过采取这些措施，我们可以更好地保护自己和亲人免受自然灾害的破坏性影响。重要的是要记住，虽然我们可能无法阻止这些事件的发生，但我们当然可以做好准备，尽量减少它们对我们生活的影响。 【参考词汇】 natural disasters自然灾害 environmental factors环境因素 without warning毫无征兆 proactive measures积极主动的措施；预防性措施 evacuation routes疏散路线 early warning预先警报 imminent danger迫在眉睫的危险；迫近的危险 disaster prevention防灾 综合实战演练 1 The number of weather-related disasters has increased by five times over the past 50 years, the latest report by the World Meteorological (气象) Organization (WMO) said on September. However, thanks to improved early warning systems and disaster management, the number of death from these hazards (危险) has been almost three times less. According to the WMO, from 1970 to 2019, weather, climate and water hazards accounted for 50 percent of all disasters. Among the top 10 hazards that led to the largest loss of human life during this period were droughts, storms, floods and extreme temperatures. However, deaths fell from over 50, 000 in the 1970s to less than 20, 000 in the 2010s. “Weather, climate and water extremes are increasing and will become more frequent and severe in many parts of the world as a result of climate change,” says WMO Secretary-General Petteri Taalas. “That means more heat waves, drought and forest fires such as those we have observed recently in Europe and North America. We have more water vapor in the atmosphere, which is worsening extreme rainfall and deadly flooding. The warming of the oceans has affected the frequency and area of existence of the most intense tropical storms.” “Economic losses are increasing as exposure increases. But behind the statistics lies a message of hope. Improved multi-hazard early warning systems have led to a significant reduction in deaths. Quite simply, we are better than ever before at saving lives,” Taalas said. 1．What do we know from the first paragraph? A．Disasters connected with weather have gone up. B．The number of weather-related disasters has decreased. C．The number of deaths from hazards has been increasing. D．Early warning systems have made disasters decline much. 2．What will happen according to Petteri Taalas? A．There will be more extreme weather. B．Extreme rainfall will no longer exist. C．Water vapor in the atmosphere will go down. D．Humans will defeat extreme weather in the end. 3．What is hopeful behind the bad news? A．Improved warning systems will save economic losses. B．Economic losses are going down as exposure increases. C．More lives will be saved thanks to early warning systems. D．Improved early warning systems will control extreme weather 4．Where may the text be taken from? A．A novel. B．A brochure. C．A magazine. D．A guideline. 2 Two Earthquakes in Two Months: Comparing the Quakes in Haiti (海地) and Chile (智利) Overview (概要) How do the earthquakes in Chile and Haiti compare? Here, students perform a gallery walk to learn more about the earthquakes from a specific point, and then do a specific research and presentation project or response activity. Finally, they seek answers to their unanswered questions. Materials Print copies of photographs, charts, documents and other visuals to display, as described below; computer (s) with Internet access (optional), research materials, handouts. Warm-up Choose and prepare a “gallery” of photographs, graphics, news reports and other materials to display around the room to enable students to consider the 2010 earthquake in Chile. Depending on course program, choose materials for the gallery that provide a window on the two quakes, through one of the following specific points, or the focus of your choice: Earthquakes through History Putting the 2010 Chilean and Haitian quakes into historical view related to other earthquakes, including the 1960 Chilean quake and the 2004 Asian earthquake and tsunami. Rescue and Aid Considering domestic and international response to the disasters by militaries, governments and aid organizations, including rescue and recovery as well as efforts to provide food, water, health care and shelter to those affected. Related The article Underwater Plate Cuts 400 Mile Gash compares several earthquakes: Mr. Lin figured that the quake on Saturday was 250 to 350 times more powerful than the Haitian quake. But Paul Caruso noted that at least on land, the effects of the Chilean tremor (震动) might not be as bad. For one thing, he said, the quality of building construction is generally better in Chile than in Haiti. And the fact that the quake occurred offshore should also help limit the destruction. In Haiti, the rupture (断裂) occurred only a few miles from the capital, Port-au-Prince. The rupture on Saturday was centered about 60 miles from the nearest town, Chillan, and 70 miles from the country’s second-largest city, Concepción. Read the article using the following questions. 1．Which of the following shows one of the reasons for slighter losses in Chile than in Haiti? A．Position: B．Power: C．Building: D．Rescue: 2．We can infer that the article Underwater Plate Cuts 400 Mile Gash includes ________. A．the causes of the 2010 Chilean earthquake and the 1960 Chilean earthquake B．the comparison between the 2010 Haitian and the 2004 Indonesian earthquakes C．the reason for the 2010 Chilean quake being more powerful than January’s Haitian earthquake D．the reason for less damage in the 2010 Chilean quake than in the 2004 Indonesian earthquake 3．What the passage most likely to be? A．A program for research. B．A guide to earthquake study. C．An advertisement for students. D．An introduction to quakes. 3 Phoenix, Arizona, the USA was struck by a big sandstorm (沙尘暴) recently. It was a huge dust storm that struck Phoenix a little after 7:00 p.m. local time. Arizona has sandstorms particularly during the monsoon (季风) season which usually starts from mid-June until the end of September. However, this was the biggest. The cloud of dust turned day into night. Some trees were downed and gardens were destroyed and it cut off the power of thousands of local people in the area, but luckily no death happened. A number of people’s pools became dirty with dust. People who lived in Phoenix for more than 40 years said that this was the first time they had experienced this huge dust storm. It could greatly influence people’s health. The big dust cloud started in Tucson traveling north across the desert. The huge storm ran up to 60 miles per hour. It was more than 100 miles wide and a mile high. Besides Phoenix and nearby cities, the storm also reached Yuma County in southwestern Arizona. It reduced the visibility (能见度) in these areas, putting off the flights at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. The storm only takes place in Arizona, the Sahara Desert and areas of the Middle East, because of the dry environment and large amounts of sand. Because of the serious shortage of rain, there’s a large possibility that the water is polluted because of the storm. 1．In what season do sandstorms usually take place in Arizona? A．In fall and winter. B．In summer and fall. C．In winter and spring. D．In spring and summer. 2．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The storm. B．The wind. C．The desert. D．The state. 3．Why was local people lucky after the big sandstorm happened? A．People’s health was not influenced. B．It didn’t do harm to people’s gardens. C．All the local people in the area survived. D．The electricity was not affected at all. 4．What can probably be the title of the passage? A．Phoenix, Arizona has more sandstorms B．Sandstorms do a great deal of harm to people C．We must do something to prevent sandstorms D．Phoenix, Arizona experienced a huge sandstorm 4 As a shift in the polar vortex(极地涡旋)swept across much of the US, many people in the country were hit with a sudden snap of cold. Heavy ice and snow coupled with fallen trees caused the outages in major cities, with companies unable to tell their customers when power will be restored. Polar vortexes were noticed long ago. But the first known use of the term “polar vortex” was in a magazine in 1853. Polar vortexes are present year-round, but we don’t hear about them until they cause problems. They maintain freezing temperatures at the North and South poles by moving in tight counter-clockwise patterns. Polar vortexes grow stronger in winter and weaken in summer. They are kept in place at the poles by another atmospheric current called the jet stream. However, when the jet streams weaken, the cold winds of the polar vortex are pushed southwards and it is during this time that people begin to pay attention! In Texas, roads froze over, causing six traffic deaths, and many schools were shut-down. People are not the only Earthlings to struggle with the cold. Crops and animals are also freezing. This could have major consequences, especially if herds of cattle die. If snow blocks cattle, the animals can’t reach basic necessities like food and fresh water. On a brighter note, some Texas cities were more prepared than others. For instance, Amarillo, which is located in North Texas, so they are more accustomed to colder temperatures. Amarillo is notable because the city was redesigned to stand up to severe winter storms. Officials have spread out fire stations to increase coverage of first responders, employed modified dump trucks for clearing ice, and upgraded civic centers to provide shelter during storms. Hopefully, other Texas cities will follow the good example set by Amarillo! 1．What does the underlined word “outages” refer to? A．Traffic jams. B．Possessions losses. C．Power cuts. D．Traffic accidents. 2．What can we learn about polar vortexes? A．They grow stronger in summer. B．They are affected by jet streams. C．They were first observed in 1853. D．They move in a clockwise direction. 3．What might be the attitude of the people in Texas towards the Polar vortex? A．Pleased. B．Worried. C．Indifferent. D．Doubtful. 4．Why is Amarillo striking? A．Because it is located in the north of Texas. B．Because it has been upgraded and modernized. C．Because it has been regarded as an example to other cities. D．Because it has taken effective measures to resist winter storms. 5 Tsunami warning system is tested If he, the founder of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory, were alive, Thomas Jaggar would be proud of the U.S. tsunami warning system after Friday’s devastating earthquake in Japan sent a surge (大浪，汹涌) of ocean water dashing toward the West Coast. ● WASHINGTON — So many people surged to the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center website that it slowed to a crawl early Friday, unable to provide critical information to the public about the coastal impact in the U.S. of a massive earthquake in Japan. McClatchy Washington Bureau — Mar 11 06:09 p.m. ● CHICAGO — A tsunami warning has been issued for the central and northern California coast and Oregon, the National Weather Service announced early Friday. Chicago Tribune— Mar 11 06:07 a.m. ● HONOLULU — A tsunami warning was issued late on Thursday for Hawaii after an 8.9 magnitude earthquake struck in the Pacific near Japan, prompting state civil defense officials to order all coastal areas evacuated (把……撤出……) by 2 a.m. local time. Tsunami sirens (警报) began sounding at 9:59 p.m. on Thursday. They have sounded every hour since 11:15 p.m. Alaska Tsunami Warning Center also issued a warning for much of the coasts of Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California. Reuters via Yahoo! News — Mar 11 01:22 a.m. ● LOMPOC — Tsunami warning ‘a wake-up call’ A tsunami warning that led to evacuations for coastal communities and campgrounds in Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties Friday served as a successful trial for a more serious emergency, officials said after the danger passed. The Lompoc Record — Mar 11 11:29 p.m. ● WELLINGTON — The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre issued a warning after an 8.9 magnitude earthquake struck in the Pacific near Japan, and it said the sea level readings confirm that a tsunami has been generated and was in effect for some Pacific islands — Hawaii, China’s Taiwan, the Philippines and Indonesia etc. New Straits Times — Mar 11 07:48 a.m. — Reproduced by Yahoo Greenwich Meantime 1． A tsunami warning was issued for all the following states in the U.S. except for _____. A．Ohio B．California C．Oregon D．Alaska 2．The underlined word “prompting” (in the fourth paragraph) most probably means _____. A．promoting B．advocating C．urging D．appealing 3．According to the passage, the Pacific Tsunami warning was first reported by _____. A．New Straits Times B．Reuters via Yahoo! News C．McClatchy Washington Bureau D．Chicago Tribune 4．In which city did the news agency issue a tsunami affecting for some other places apart from Japan and Hawaii? A．LOMPOC． B．WASHINGTON. C．HONOLULU. D．WELLINGTON. 6 NEW YORK CITY — A hurricane warning has been given for New York City. Forecasters say Hurricane Irene could cause widespread flooding, power failure and billions of dollars in damage. About 65 million Americans live in Hurricane Irene’s projected path — many of whom have been evacuated. In New York City, Mayor Michael Bloomberg has ordered the city’s first-ever evacuation. Roughly 250,000 people have been told to leave their homes in low-lying areas, including the Wall Street financial district. WASHINGTON D．C． — On Aug. 24, 2011, Apple announced that Mr. Steve Jobs, who has battled cancer for several years, was stepping down as the CEO but would serve as chairman. In January, he had announced that he was taking a medical leave of absence from Apple. In announcing his leave, he turned daily oversight of the company over to the chief operating officer, Timothy D．Cook, and it was Mr. Cook whom Apple named to succeed him as the next CEO of the company. TRIPOLI — Opposition forces in Libya say they control more than 90 percent of the country. It is still not clear where Moammar Gadhafi is. The opposition has offered more than 1,600,000 dollars for his capture (逮捕). The head of the opposition forces said his group supports a decision by local businessmen to provide the money in an effort to speed up the capture. Earlier Wednesday, government forces fired onto the former headquarters (总部) of Mr. Gadhafi, which is now controlled by opposition forces. Heavy fighting also continued near Tripoli’s airport and in a town of Zuara. 1．The underlined word “evacuated” probably means ________. A．sent away to safer places B．gathered around to higher positions C．flooded off to lower reaches D．left behind to dangerous situations 2．Who has been appointed as the new CEO of Apple? A．Steve Jobs. B．Michael Bloomberg. C．Moammar Gadhafi. D．Timothy D．Cook. 3．From the news above, we know that in Libya _______. A．the local businessmen have offered money to catch hold of Gadhafi B．the opposition forces suffered a thorough defeat near Tripoli’s airport C．the government forces are defending the headquarters of Mr. Gadhafi D．the town of Zuara is the place where Moammar Gadhafi probably hides 7 International ShakeOut Day This Year This year’s International ShakeOut Day is October 17, when millions of people worldwide will take part in earthquake drills (演习) at work, school, or home! It is a great way for your family or organization to become better prepared to survive and recover quickly from big earthquakes. At 10:17 am (local time) on 10/17, you can join millions of people across the world in practicing earthquake safety. While we encourage everyone to take part, you can sign up for your ShakeOut drill for any day of the year, and drill at a time of your choice, You can also include people in different locations through videos.FIND YOUR REGION Most participants (参与者) are in one of the official ShakeOut Regions listed below the page (with current sign-up totals). People and organizations in other countries can also sign up. All regions take part in it on October 17,2024, unless specified. （As of  Today） Global Totals US totals oct.17,2024 Drills Over 270,000 Over 260,000 All 2024 Drills Over 1.10million Over 950,000 All 2023 Drills Over 57.3million Over 19.3million ShakeOut began in California and has also been organized in many other states and countries. Official ShakeOut Regions require special local or regional cooperation, typically by an emergency (紧急情况) management agency or a union of many organizations. If you are interested in establishing ShakeOut for your region, please contact us at https://www.shakeout.org. If your state, province, or country is not yet taking part, you can sign up for yourself or your organization as part of the global participation total. 1．What is the purpose of the activity? A．To raise people’s safety awareness. B．To stress the challenges of earthquakes. C．To help people get ready for an earthquake. D．To warn people of the danger of earthquakes. 2．How many people worldwide took part in the drills in 2023? A．Over 270,000. B．Over 950,000. C．Over 57.3 million. D．Over 19.3 million. 3．Where is the text from? A．A website. B．A book review. C．A guidebook. D．A diary entry. 8 The cold, wet weather of winter often puts out any wildfires that are still burning, but not in the far North areas, such as Alaska, Canada, and other parts of North America. Some forest fires just don’t die in these places. Think of the fires as “zombies” (僵尸): Scientists do. When summers are warmer than normal, some fires can hide through the winter. They burn dead plant matter and soils under snow. In May 2021, scientists reported their work to a scientific journal. The scientists saw that zombie fires are rare but they could become more common as the world warms, the study warns. “Some years, new fires were starting very close to the previous year’s fire,” explains Rebecca Scholten. She studies Earth and environmental sciences at Vrije University Amsterdam in the Netherlands. The new fires made scientists wonder how often fires might survive the winter. The scientists started by combing through firefighter reports. Then they compared these with satellite images of Alaska and northern Canada. The scientists looked for fires that began close to fires from the year before. They also focused on blazes starting before the middle of summer. Random lightning or human actions spark most fires in the area, Scholten says. But those fires happen later in the year. Zombie fires accounted for less than 1 percent of the total area burned by fires from 2002 to 2018. But it changed from year to year. Take 2008, for example. A zombie fire burned Alaska that year. It caused almost one-third of fire damage that year. One clear pattern emerged: Zombie fires were more likely to happen after very warm summers. High temperatures may allow fires to reach more deeply into the soil. Such deep burns are more likely to survive to spring. The zombie fire threat could grow. The climate is warming. Forests in the far North already are warming faster. “We’re seeing more hot summers and more large fires and intense burning,” Scholten says. Plus, zombie fires could cause more issues. The fires release huge amounts of greenhouse gases. These trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere. The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surround the Earth. Scholten’s research could help fire management. Firefighters would know to check for them after warm summers. 1．What may lead to zombie fires according to the passage? A．wet weather B．hotter summers C．low temperatures D．cold winters 2．What can we learn about zombie fires from Paragraph 2? A．Where flames broke out provided the clue. B．Changing climate plays a role in the zombie fire threat. C．Zombie fires are less likely to happen after very warm summers. D．It is of little use comparing firefighter reports with satellite images. 3．What conclusion will be possibly made based on the last paragraph? A．It is important to understand zombie fires. B．Zombie fires are likely to be under control soon. C．Firefighters cannot do much to stop the zombie fires. D．We still have much to learn about the warming climate. 4．Which of the following could be the suitable title of the passage? A．“Zombie“ wildfires do great damage to land B．“Zombie” wildfires release greenhouse gases C．“Zombie“ wildfires sparked by human actions D．“Zombie” wildfires reappear after wintering underground 9 Dry lightning(雷电)can still be harmful even when conditions aren’t so dry, said a study published in Geophysical Research Letters last month. Dry lightning during little to no rainfall was previously thought to cause wildfire danger only with less than 2.5mm of rain in a day. A Washington State University-led study of wildfires in the US West found dry lightning caused wildfires despite up to 7.7 mm of rain. “The rainfall amounts we recorded should help provide a better understanding of just how much rain can cause a fire risk,” said Dmitri Kalashnikov, lead author of the study. The researchers analyzed(分析)cases on more than 4,600 naturally caused fires from 2015 to 2020. They matched 3,726 of those to the lightning strikes that likely started them with the help of National Lightning Detection Network. The study found that 15.3% of those were holdover fires which burn without smoke, bringing about over a hundred fires each year. Analyzing the rainfall amounts around the time of the lightning strikes showed greater rainfall than previously thought among the earlier found fires ranging from 1.7 mm to 4.6 mm. While humans still cause most fires either by accident or on purpose, lightning-caused wildfires burn the most areas. Nearly 70% of the wildfire-burned land in the West was from lightning-caused fires according to the study. For example, the largest wildfire burn area in California history took place in August 2020 after dry lightning caused many wildfires at once. Dry lightning can also start wildfires in places that are hard for firefighters to reach. This study found the places where holdover fires happened repeatedly were in the forested mountains of the Southwest as well as the middle and southern Rocky Mountains. Holdover fires cause the problem because they are so hard to notice. 1．The new study found dry lightning can still cause wildfires with a daily rainfall of __________. A．7.7 mm B．8.0mm C．9.4mm D．10.2mm 2．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．The finding of the research. B．The number of the cases. C．The process of the study. D．The designers of the test. 3．Why did holdover fires happen repeatedly in the forested mountains? A．They are difficult to notice. B．The fire service is short-handed. C．Campers often smoke there. D．The locals fail to call firefighters. 4．From which is the text probably taken? A．A history textbook. B．A science magazine. C．A course plan. D．A book review. ( 用 主题句法 解答主旨大意题 解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。 (1)根据文体和写作手法来定位主题句 (2)根据行文标志来定位主题句 转折词 如but，however，in fact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。 总结词 如therefore，thus，in short，conclude 等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。 疑问句 若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。 ) 10 There is hot, and then there is hot! Extreme heat is a period of high heat and humidity with temperatures above 90 degrees Fahrenheit for at least two to three days. Extreme heat is responsible for the highest number of annual deaths among all weather-related hazards (危害). It’s not your imagination. Summers have been getting hotter and hotter with extreme heatwaves occurring earlier and more frequently. But why is this happening and can we better predict heatwaves in advance to give people time to prepare? “Climate change is here and it’s already been changing human behavior and causing significant influence in the society. As global temperatures rise, historically excessive (过高的) temperatures are more likely to occur.” says Craig Ramseyer, an assistant professor who studies climate modeling in the department of geography at Virginia Tech. Ramseyer says heatwaves are the most concerning because of the lack of attention they normally receive. “Hurricanes, tornadoes, and flash floods drive more media attention because of the natural attraction with the visual impact of those types of hazards. However, heat does not tend to be as attractive and it becomes very difficult to communicate the danger to the public,” said Ramseyer. “Around the world, more deaths occur due to extreme heat than from hurricanes, flooding, and drought combined. It impacts the most helpless of our citizens who do not have enough access to air conditioning, water, and other important resources.” Since the Earth is running warmer than it used to, Ramseyer says that when these heatwave-related weather patterns take place, it results in higher extreme temperatures than we used to experience 30 years ago. “As a global community, we need to decrease carbon emissions as soon as possible. We have rapidly developing technologies that are going to help advance the process, but the faster the better, there is no time to waste.” 1．What can we learn from the article? A．Extreme heat is a No.1 death cause. B．People are suffering more extreme heat. C．A 100-degree heat is an extreme heat. D．Extreme heat is getting better over the years. 2．What will Ramseyer possibly agree with? A．Climate change will soon affect human behaviors. B．High temperatures happened frequently in history. C．Air conditioning and water can stop the extreme heat. D．Garbage sorting can less advance the climate change. 3．Why is extreme heat lack of attention? A．Extreme heat can be stopped by technology. B．People have enough time to solve the climate problems. C．The danger of extreme heat is not easily transferred to the public. D．Heatwave-related weather patterns will decrease in the future. 4．What’s the article mainly about? A．Complaints about extreme heat. B．Prevention of extreme heat. C．Characters of extreme heat. D．Technologies behind extreme heat. 思维素养提升 Task 1 上周五的英语课上，你班围绕“Natural Disasters”进行了一次主题讨论会。请你就此写一篇短文，并给校英语报“英语天地”栏目投稿。内容包括： 1.讨论主题； 2.讨论过程； 3.谈谈收获。 注意：1.词数80左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Task 2 阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。 Caught in a flood Mary and her parents were downstairs in the living room. Mary was looking through the windows at the endless rain outside. It had been raining non-stop for three days. She had never seen a storm this bad. It was making her nervous. The wind roared and the rain beat on the roof and windows. Dad was listening to a weather report on the radio, while Mum was putting their important documents and disaster supplies into a bag. “Mum, Dad,” said Mary suddenly, “I think we should leave here right away!” “No,” said Dad. “It’s too late: The radio says the city has already been flooded.” “We can drive our car through the floodwater. Let’s us leave! I’m really scared!” cried Mary. “We can’t do that, honey,” explained Mum, “otherwise the moving water could wash the car away!” Mary walked to the door. She was curious to see how much water there was outside. “Don’t open the door!” shouted Mum and Dad at the same time. “The water may flood in!” Dad moved the dinner table against the door, in case the floodwater forced the door open. Mum waved to Mary to sit on the sofa. “Mary, don’t worry. Everything’s going to be OK,” she said softly, trying her best to comfort Mary. Her voice was calm, but Mary could tell she was worried too. Without saying a single word, Dad walked to the sofa, sat down and hugged his wife and daughter. The sudden silence in the house seemed to make the wind and rain more frightening outside. What could they do? 注意： 1．续写词数应为150左右； 2．续写部分分为两段，每段开头语已为你写好。 Paragraph 1: All of a sudden, the floodwater forced the door open. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Paragraph 2: Being upstairs, they breathed a sigh of relief. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ( 6 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$