内容正文:
Unit 5 Into the Wild 关系副词引导的定语从句
定语从句的关系词除了关系代词还有关系副词,关系副词有when, where, why。在判断关系词到底选关系代词还是关系副词时,要观察从句中句子缺不缺成分,如果从句中不缺主语、宾语时关系词就从关系副词中选。
关系副词引导的定语从句
先行词
关系副词
在从句中的作用
与“介词+关系代词”的关系
表示时间的名词:time, day, year等。
when
作时间状语
=at/in/on/ during which
表示地点、场所的名词:park, place, country, house等。
where
作地点状语
=in/at/to/on which
表示原因的名词:the reason
why
作原因状语
=for which
1.关系副词when
when引导定语从句时,先行词往往是表示时间的名词(如time,day,week,month,year等),关系副词when在从句中作时间状语。有时when=in/at/on/during...+which,具体用哪个介词,要根据先行词的搭配来确定。
例如:
There used to be a time when(=during which) I had a hard time.曾有一段时间我很艰难。
I’ll never forget the day when(=on which) I got a 100 marks in the math exam.我永远不会忘记我数学考100分的那天。
【Attention】
when/which/that引导定语从句表时间
when是关系副词, 在从句中只能作状语, 而不能作宾语或主语。关系词如果在从句中作主语或宾语要用关系代词which或that。
例如:
Do you remember the days when we helped each other all night? 你还记得我们互帮互助的日子么? (when在从句中作状语)
Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the campus? 你还记得我们在校园一起度过的那些日子吗? (that或which作spent的宾语)
2.关系副词where
where引导的定语从句的先行词往往是表示地点的名词(如place,room,house,spot等),关系副词where在从句中作地点状语。有时where=in/at/on...+which,具体用哪个介词,要根据先行词的搭配来确定。有一些先行词,如point,stage,position,case,condition等,属于抽象的地点名词,如果定语从句中缺状语,需用where引导。
例如:
They are chasing in the park where(=in which) there are many flowers.他们正在有很多花的公园里追逐。
The office where(=at which) the girl works is not far from here.这个女孩工作的办公室离这儿不远。
You reach a point where you just want to get the thing finished.你会达到一个你只想把事情做完的阶段。
【Attention】
where/which/that引导定语从句表地点
若表示地点的先行词在从句中作地点状语, 用where来引导定语从句, 若作主语或宾语时, 应用which或that来引导定语从句。
例如:
This is the house which/that was ruined in the flood. 这是在洪水中被毁掉的房子。(定语从句中缺少主语, 所以用which/that, 不用where)
【特别注意】
(1)先行词occasion意为“时机”时,用关系副词when;意为“场合”时,用关系副词where。
(2)当先行词way意为“方法、方式”,且在从句中作状语时,可用that, in which或省略关系词这三种形式。
例如:
She was born in an age when technology is advanced.
她出生在一个技术先进的时代。
I finally got to the top of the hill ,where I enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
我最终登上了山顶,在那里我欣赏到了湖光美景。
I have come to the point where/at which I can’t stand the noise any more.
我已经到了无法容忍那噪音的地步。
3.关系副词why
why引导定语从句时,先行词常为reason,关系副词why在从句中作原因状语。可用for which代替。
例如:
Can you explain the reason why(=for which) you didn’t make it on time?你能解释一下你没能准时完成的原因么?
【Attention】
why/which/that引导定语从句表原因
若先行词reason在从句中作原因状语, 用why来引导定语从句, 若其在从句中作主语或宾语, 应用that或which来引导定语从句。
例如:
I won’t listen to the reason that/which you have told us. 我不听你告诉我们的理由。
The reason why/for which you failed was that you were so self-centered.
我认为你失败的原因是你太以自我为中心了。
【特别注意】
(1)当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词,如point, situation, case, stage等时,如果引导词在从句中作状语,常用关系副词where引导定语从句。
(2)先行词occasion意为“时机”时,用关系副词when;意为“场合”时,用关系副词where。
(3)当先行词way意为“方法、方式”,且在从句中作状语时,可用that, in which或省略关系词这三种形式。
例如:
She was born in an age when technology is advanced.
她出生在一个技术先进的时代。
I finally got to the top of the hill ,where I enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.
我最终登上了山顶,在那里我欣赏到了湖光美景。
I have come to the point where/at which I can’t stand the noise any more.
我已经到了无法容忍那噪音的地步。
专项训练
一、单项选择
1.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.
A.where B.which C.when D.who
2.She really enjoyed her home stay there ______ she made a lot of friends.
A.when B.where C.which D.that
3.The good news is that this stormy period ______ teenagers cannot see eye to eye with parents on anything will not last.
A.when B.where C.why D.that
4.Life is a constant match ______ the greatest opponent (对手) is yourself.
A.that B.whose C.where D.when
5.I told my mom that I wanted to give up, and that I would never live in a country ________ French was spoken.
A.that B.whose C.where D.when
6.1953 was the year ________ Xinhua Zidian, or the New Chinese dictionary, first came out.
A.that B.when C.which D.why
7.This is the case we must take immediate action, as any delay could result in severe consequences.
A.which B.that C.when D.where
8.It was on Mid-Autumn Festival, ______ all family members reunited, that I left my hometown for a strange city.
A.which B.as C.that D.when
9.It is best not to talk about politics or religion with your business friends. That can get you into trouble, especially in the United States, ________ people hold divided opinions.
A.as B.because C.where D.which
10.Some pre-school children go to a day-care center, _________ they learn simple games and songs.
A.which B.that C.where D.while
二、语法填空
1.The park where we often go for a walk is a nice place there are many flowers and trees.
2.I still remember the year I graduated from high school.
3.The reason he was late for school is that he missed the bus.
4.It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.
5.The reason I admire him is that he often works hard.
6.I cannot forget the day I first visited the Great Wall.
7.The truth is that there are many reasons wars break out.
8.I found myself in an embarrassing position I didn’t know whether to take up the position.
9.You enter a strange middle-ground you are no longer a small child but not quite an adult.
10.There used to be a restaurant this store stands — Brady’s restaurant.
11.He was put in prison, he suffered a lot of pain physically and mentally.
12.More nature-centred tourist attractions, man and nature live in harmony, can be greatly impacted or even destroyed by the flood of tourists.
13.We’ll put off the outing until next week, we won’t be busy.
14.Finally, if you are looking for something the beaten track, you may visit Cape Breton Island in the province of Nova Scotia, you can dance fiddle tunes and enjoy cultures and traditions of Celtic settlers.
15.The final proof came when an enormous shipyard (discover) in Nanjing, the fleet had been built.
16.One major breakthrough came in 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope was launched.
17.We’re going to host a national food festival, you can sample every kind of delicious cuisine.
18.The tourists came to a botanical garden, they saw the flowers blooming.
19.They crossed the strait and arrived at a splendid valley, __________they could enjoy the distinct scenery.
20.After graduation I decided to stay in Suzhou, I spent my childhood and four years of college life.
三、翻译
1.这就是我为什么喜欢这本书的原因。(汉译英)
2.我这一生都没有想过自己能身处这样一个环境,在这里鼓励每个人展示不同之处,在学习中找到自己的声音。(Never)
3.节日是一种让我们能够享受轻松氛围的时刻。(atmosphere)(汉译英)
4.那儿有中国茶叶商店, 游客可以品尝和购买各种中国茶叶。(汉译英)
5.Kate devoted herself to working and saving lives in the hospital. There she met her husband who’s also a doctor. (用定语从句合并句子)
参考答案
1.A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这家公司的老板正在努力创造一种他的员工可以享受工作的轻松氛围。空处引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词“atmosphere”,在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where。故选A。
2.B
【详解】考查定语从句的引导词。句意:她真的很喜欢在那里的寄宿家庭,在那里她交了很多朋友。设空处引导定语从句且在句中作地点状语,先行词为her homestay,应用where。故选B。
3.A
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:好消息是,青少年不能在任何事情上与父母意见一致的暴风雨期不会持续下去。teenagers cannot see eye to eye with parents on anything是一个定语从句,修饰stormy period。从句中缺少状语,因为此处修饰时间,关系副词用when。故选A。
4.C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:生活是一场没有尽头的比赛,在这个比赛中最大的对手是你自己。根据句中结构可知,这是一个定语从句,先行词是a constant match,空处在定语从句中充当地点状语,故用关系副词where。故选C。
5.C
【详解】查定语从句。句意:我告诉妈妈我想放弃,我永远不会住在一个讲法语的国家。先行词country,关系词在从句中作地点状语,使用关系副词where。故选C。
6.B
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:1953年是新华字典第一次出版的年份。空格处引导定语从句,修饰先行词the year,在定语从句中作时间状语,用关系副词when引导,故选B。
7.D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这是我们必须立即采取行动的情况,因为任何延误都可能造成严重后果。空格处单词引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词case(情况),关系词代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,表示“在这种情况下”,应使用关系副词where引导该从句。故选D项。
8.D
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:那是在中秋节,那时候所有家人团聚,我离开了我的家乡前往一个陌生的城市。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Mid-Autumn Festival,先行词在从句中作时间状语,故用关系副词when。故选D项。
9.C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:最好不要和你的商业朋友谈论政治或宗教。这可能会给你带来麻烦,尤其是在人们意见分歧的美国。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是United States,关系词在从句中作地点状语,使用关系副词where引导,故选C。
10.C
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:一些学龄前儿童去日托中心,在那里他们学习简单的游戏和歌曲。分析句子可知,此处为关系副词where引导的非限制性定语从句,先行词center在从句中作地点状语成分。故选C项。
1.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我们经常去散步的公园是一个有许多花草树木的好地方。空处引导定语从句,先行词a nice place,在定语从句中作地点状语,需用关系副词where引导。故填where。
2.when
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我仍然记得我高中毕业的那一年。空处引导定语从句,先行词the year,在定语从句中作时间状语,需用关系副词when引导。故填when。
3.why
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:他上学迟到的原因是他没赶上公共汽车。空处引导定语从句,先行词the reason,在定语从句中作原因状语,需用关系副词why引导。故填why。
4.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:把孩子们放在一个可以让他们从不同的角度审视自己的环境中,对他们是很有帮助的。本空引导限制性定语从句,先行词是situation,关系词在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
5.why
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我佩服他的原因是他经常努力工作。本空引导限制性定语从句,先行词是The reason,关系词代替先行词在从句中作原因状语,需要用关系副词why引导。故填why。
6.when
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我永远不会忘记我第一次参观长城的那一天。本空引导限制性定语从句,先行词是the day,关系词代替先行词在从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when引导。故填when。
7.why
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意:事实上,战争爆发的原因有很多。分析句子该空需要一个连接词引导定语从句修饰先行词reasons,并且指代先行词在从句中作原因状语,应填关系副词why。故填why。
8.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我发现自己处于一个尴尬的境地,我不知道该是否接受这个职位。此处为定语从句,先行词是position,在从句中作地点状语,故用关系副词where引导。故填where。
9.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:你进入了一个奇怪的中间地带,你不再是一个小孩子,但也不完全是一个成年人。此处为定语从句,先行词middle-ground(中间地带)在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用关系副词where引导限制性定语从句。故填where。
10.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:这家店所在的地方曾经有一家餐厅——Brady餐厅。空格处引导的是限制性定语从句,从句中不缺主语或宾语,先行词restaurant是地方,因此空格处用关系副词where,作地点状语。故填where。
11.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:他被关进了监狱,在那里他遭受了身体和精神上的许多痛苦。prison为先行词,逗号后为非限制性定语从句,先行词作从句的地点状语,用关系副词where引导。故填where。
12.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:更多以自然为中心的旅游景点,在那里人和自然和谐共处,可能会受到大量游客的严重影响甚至破坏。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词tourist attractions,关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
13.when
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我们将把郊游推迟到下星期,那时我们不忙。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词next week,空处在从句作时间状语,故填when。
14. off where to
【详解】考查固定搭配和定语从句。句意:最后,如果你想独辟蹊径的话,你可以去新斯科舍省的布雷顿角岛,在那里你可以随着小提琴的曲调跳舞,享受凯尔特移民的文化和传统。根据句意可知,空1表示“脱离”用介词off,off the beaten track意为“不落俗套”是固定短语;空2引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为Cape Breton Island,定语从句中缺少地点状语,应用关系副词where引导从句;空3表示“随着”用介词to,dance to是固定搭配,后跟某种乐曲的名字或者某种类音乐。故空1填off;空2填where;空3填to。
15. was discovered where
【详解】考查动词的时态和语态以及定语从句。句意:最终的证据是在南京发现了一个巨大的造船厂,这支舰队就是在那里建造而成。①空处是when引导的从句的谓语动词,句子描述的是过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时,主语an enormous shipyard与discover是被动关系,应用一般过去时的被动语态,且主语是第三人称单数,be动词用was,故①空填was discovered;②空引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为an enormous shipyard,空处在从句中作地点状语,用关系副词where。故填①was discovered;②where。
16.when
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:一个重大突破出现在1990年,当时哈勃太空望远镜发射升空。引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是1990,关系词在从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when引导。故填when。
17.when
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:我们将举办全国美食节,届时你可以品尝到各种美味佳肴。空处引导非限制性定语从句,先行词是a national food festival,关系词在定语从句中作时间状语,需用关系副词when引导。故填when。
18.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:游客们来到一个植物园,他们看到了盛开的花朵。空处引导非限定性定语从句,修饰先行词a botanical garden。关系词指代先行词在定语从句中作地点状语,所以用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。
19.where
【详解】考查定语从句关系词。句意:他们渡过了海峡,来到了一个美丽的山谷,在那里他们可以欣赏到独特的风景。该空需要一个关系词引导非限制性定语从句,补充说明先行词valley,并指代先行词在从句中作地点状语,应填关系副词where。故填where。
20.where
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:毕业后,我决定留在苏州,在那里度过了我的童年和四年的大学生活。空处引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Suzhou,先行词是表示地点的名词,引导词指代先行词并在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where引导。故填where。
1.This is (the reason) why I like the book.
【详解】考查定语从句或表语从句。“这就是……的原因”可表示为This is why...,why引导表语从句,也可表示为This is the reason why...,why引导定语从句,修饰reason。“喜欢”可表示为like;“书”可表示为book。本句陈述的是现实情况,所以应用一般现在时。故本句可翻译为:This is (the reason) why I like the book.
2.Never did I think in my life that I could be in such an environment, where everyone is encouraged to show their differences and find their own voice in learning.
【详解】考查never位于句首时的倒装。根据句意及提示词可知,关键词(组):such an environment(这样一种环境),encourage (鼓励),show(展示),one’s own voice(自己的声音);提示词首字母大写,否定词前置,使用部分倒装结构,“没有想过自己能身处这样一个环境”属于以前的动作,应使用一般过去时;“这里鼓励每个人展示不同之处,在学习中找到自己的声音”属于目前的情况,应使用一般现在时。故译为Never did I think in my life that I could be in such an environment, where everyone is encouraged to show their differences and find their own voice in learning.
3.Festivals are occasions when we can enjoy the relaxing atmosphere。
【详解】考查定语从句和名词。句子陈述客观事实,用一般现在时。主语“节日”festival,使用复数形式表示泛指,be动词使用are,表语“时刻”occasion,使用复数形式表示泛指,“让我们享受轻松氛围的”使用定语从句结构,修饰先行词occasions,“能够享受”can enjoy,宾语“轻松氛围”the relaxing atmosphere,先行词occasions指时间,关系词在从句中作时间状语,使用关系副词when引导从句。故翻译为Festivals are occasions when we can enjoy the relaxing atmosphere.
4.There are Chinese tea stores, where visitors can taste and buy varieties of Chinese tea.
【详解】考查定语从句。根据句意可知,句子陈述现在的事实和状态,应用一般现在时,主语“中国茶叶商店”Chinese tea stores,“那儿有”应用there be结构,主语为复数,应用there are,there位于句首,首字母大写,以Chinese tea stores为先行词,用关系副词where引导定语从句,在从句中作地点状语,从句主语“游客”visitors,谓语动词“可以品尝和购买”can taste and buy,宾语“各种中国茶叶”varieties of Chinese tea。故翻译为There are Chinese tea stores, where visitors can taste and buy varieties of Chinese tea.
5.Kate devoted herself to working and saving lives in the hospital where she met her husband who’s also a doctor./Kate devoted herself to working and saving lives in the hospital, where she met her husband who’s also a doctor.
【详解】考查定语从句。句意:凯特献身于医院的工作和拯救生命。在那里,她遇到了她的丈夫,他也是一名医生。分析句子结构可知,可将第二句作定语从句,先行词是the hospital,关系词代替先行词在从句中作地点状语,应用关系副词where引导,将There替换为where,可用限制性定语从句或非限制性定语从句。故合并为:Kate devoted herself to working and saving lives in the hospital where she met her husband who’s also a doctor.或Kate devoted herself to working and saving lives in the hospital, where she met her husband who’s also a doctor.
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