清单02 单元语法知识梳理归纳【考点清单】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期中考点大串讲(上外版2020必修一)(上海专用)

2024-09-30
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2024-2025学年高一上期中考点大串讲(上外版2020) 专题02 单元语法知识梳理归纳 上外版必修一 Unit 1 School Life 【语法详解】 1. 时态复习; 2. 过去将来时; 一、一般现在时 (一)定义 表示经常性或习惯性的动作,或存在的状态,还表示主语具备的性格 和能力及客观真理。 例:I get up at 6:30 in the morning . She is at home . (二)构成 主要用动词原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,在动词词尾加s/es。 (三)句型 1、肯定句:主语+谓语+其他。 She reads English everyday . 2、否定句:主语+don’t/doesn’t+谓语+其他。 He doesn’t get up at 6:30 in the morning . 3、一般疑问句:Do/Does+主语+V原+其他? Do you like English ? Yes ,I do ./No, I don’t . 4、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V原+其他? What time do you get up every morning ? Where does your father work ? (三)用法 1、表示经常性或习惯性的动作,或存在的状态,带与表示频率的时间状语如:often , sometimes , usually,always , everyday year,month...) , once/twice a week (month , year , etc.) , seldom , on sundays等连用。 I leave home for school at seven every morning . 2、表示客观真理,科学事实、格言警句。 The sun rises in the east .日出东方。 The earth goes around the sun .地球绕着太阳转。 3、当主句的谓语动词是一般将来时,那么时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。 I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时,我将告诉他这个消息。    4、仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态",其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如: He can speak five foreign languages .他能说五种外语。 That is a beautiful city .那是座美丽的城市。 Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。 二、一般过去时 (一)结构 一般过去时用动词的过去式表示。 基本结构 否定句 一般疑问句 be动词 was/ were+not was或were提前,放于句首 行为动词 didn’t+do(动词原形) Did+主语+do(动词原形) 注:在一般过去时的句子中,谓语动词可分为两类一类是be动词,其形式为was与第一、三人称单数连用,were与第二人称和复数人称的主语连用。凡是由be动词做谓语的句子,变否定句时,直接在其后加not,即wasn’t 或weren’t,变一般疑问句将was/ were放在句首,句末用问号。另一类谓语动词是由行为动词来充当,如stayed\went\visited等,这一类动词做谓语时,可与任何人称连用,句子变否定时,要在主语后面,动词的前面加didn’t,动词用原形;一般疑问句是把did提到句首,动词用原形。 I was in Shanghai last year . I wasn’t in Shanghai last year . Was you in Shanghai last year ? He went to the park yesterday . He didn’t go to the park yesterday ? Did he go to the park yesterday ? (二)句式 1、肯定句:主语+动词过去式+其他。 I was in Beijing yesterday .I went to the beach yesterday . 2、否定句:主语+wasn’t 或weren’t+其他。 主语+didn’t + V原+其他。 I wasn’t in Beijing yesterday .I didn’t go to the beach yesterday . 3、一般疑问句:was/ were+主语+V原+其他? Did +主语+V原+其他? Were you in Beijing yesterday ? Did you go to the beach yesterday ? 4、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+ was/ were+主语+其他? 特殊疑问词+did+主语+V原+其他? Where were you yesterday ? Where did yougo yesterday ? (三)用法 1、表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间里所发生的动作或情况,常与明确的时间状语连用,如:yesterday,last week(month , year…),…ago,the other day ,just now ,at the age of…,in 1980等连用。如: At the age of ten ,she began to learn to play the piano . 2、表示过去经常发生或反复发生的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。 When I was a child ,I often play the football in the street . 3、在时间、条件状语从句中,常用一般过去时态代替过去将来时。 He said he wouldn’t go if it rained . 三、一般将来时 (一)概念 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。 There will be an English party next Saturday . We will come to see you tomorrow . (二)结构 1、由will +动词原形构成,其will适用于各种人称,与主语连在一起时,常常缩写为’ll。变否定句时,只需在will后加not,可缩写为won’t 。在疑问句中,will需提前,构成will+主语+动词原形的结构。 He will arrive here this evening .他今晚抵达这里。 2、shall+动词原形(常用于主语为第一人称) I shall / will not be free tomorrow .我明天没空。 3、be going to+动词原形(打算、准备做某事) He is going to spend his holidays in London . 他打算在伦敦度假。 (三)用法 1、表示在将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常与表示将来的时间状语,如:tomorrow, next day(week,month,year....), this evening (weekend …), in the future , in a few minutes, the day after tomorrow ,by..., soon 等连用。 I will pay a visit to Shanghai next week . I hope you won’t be late next time . 2、当主句为一般现在时,在以after,when,while,as soon as ,if ,unless等引导的时间或条件句中,要用一般现在时表将来。 I’ll do it better if the teacher gives me another chance . 四、现在进行时 (一)结构 由 Be(am/is/are) +动词—ing 构成。 (二)用法 1、表示说话时刻正在进行的动作及行为,或者包括说话时刻在内的一段时间正在进行的动作。常用时间状语及标志词:now( at the moment ) , listen , look , this week , this evening , these days 等。 Listen , Someone is playing the piano in the next room . 2、表示一种渐进的过程。 My younger brother is becoming more and more insterested in English . 3、与always , all the time , forever等连用,表示说话人某种强烈的情感,如:赞许、批评;喜欢、厌恶等。例如: He is always thinking of others , not of himself . (表示赞许)他总是为他人着想,而不为自己。 She is often doing well at school. (表示满意)她在学校学习挺不错的。 Are you feeling better today? (表示亲切)你今天觉得好一些吗? One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.(表示不满)我的一个室友老是乱扔东西。 Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us .(表示不喜欢) 有些推销员老是敲我家的门,向我们推销他们的产品。 4、表示移位的动词,如go,come,leave,start,arrive等,其现在进行时可表将来。 She is leaving for Beijing next weak . My friend is coming for dinner . (三)句型 1、肯定句:主语+ be(am/is/are) +动词—ing +其他。 I am studying now . 2、否定句:主语+ be +not+动词—ing +其他。 I am not studying now . 3、一般疑问句:Be+主语+动词—ing +其他? Is she studying now ? Yes ,she is ./No,she isn’t . 4、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+ Be+主语+动词—ing +其他? What are you doing now ? (四)动词的现在分词形式构成的几种方法: 1、一般在动词原形结尾直接加-ing 。 read-reading ,go-going ,visit-visiting 2、以不发音字母e结尾的动词,去e再加-ing。 live-living, write-writing,make-making,take-taking 3、 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词,双写这个字母再加-ing 。 sit-sitting,begin-beginning,get-getting,run-running, put-putting 4、少数几个以ie结尾的动词,变ie为y再加-ing。 die-dying, lie-lying, tie-tying 五、过去进行时 (一)结构 由was/were+动词-ing构成。 (二)用法 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行或发生的动作。动作发生的特指时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明,如:at this time yesterday,at 7:00 yesterday ,last night ,from seven to nine ,at that time以when或while引导的时间状语从句等。 My family were watching TV at this time yesterday . 注意: 1)以when引导的时间状语从句中,从句动作,主句用过去进行时,表示一个动作发生时,另一个动作正在进行。 When he called me , I was having dinner . 2)以while引导的时间状语从句中,从句与主句的动作在过去某一时刻同时进行,while常译为“当……的时候,同时”。 Tom was doing his hmework while hie sister was watching TV . 六、现在完成时 (一)含义 现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系, 也就是说, 动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在。 e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含义是:现在我没有钱花了。) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了。) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱。) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) (二)结构 助动词have /has+动词过去分词,主语为第三人称单数用has,其他人称用have 。 (三)句型 1、肯定句:主语+have /has+动词过去分词+其他。 I have studied English for 5 years . 2、否定句:主语+have /has+not +动词过去分词+其他。 We haven’t been there . 3、一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词过去分词+其他? he eaten that apple ? 4、特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+ have /has +主语+动词过去分词+其他? (四)用法 1、现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的、持续到现在的情况,常与for, since连用。 e.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 2、现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等: e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven’t seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet? 3、现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用 e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing? I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 4、现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。 e.g. Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has bee too much rain this year. The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 5、现在完成时表示现在之前就已完成的动作, 虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续, 但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性。 e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.) 6、现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作。 e.g. We have had four texts this semester. 现在完成时中的时间状语: ★already通常用于肯定句中,意为“已经”,位于行为动词之前, be动词、助动词之后。有时可放在疑问句句尾,表示惊讶。例如: We have already cleaned the classroom. Have you finished it already? ★yet用于疑问句中表示“已经”;用于否定句中,表示“还(没)”。例如: —Has he found his watch yet?他还没找到他的表吗? —No, not yet. 是, 还没有。 ★ever意为“曾经”,常用于疑问句或否定句中,位于助动词和过去分词之间,表示从过去到目前为止的时间。例如: Have you ever been there?你曾经去过那里吗? Nothing has ever happened here. 这里未曾发生过什么事。 ★never意为“(曾经)从未、没有”, 是否定副词,在句中位于助动词和过去分词之间。ever与否定词not连用相当于never。例如: I haven’t ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我从未跟她讲过话。 ★just意为“刚刚”, 用于现在完成时, 表示行为刚刚过去, 位于助动词与过去分词之间。 e.g. He has just come back from school.他刚从学校回来。 ★ just now意为“刚才”, 表示过去某时, 用于一般过去时, 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他刚才从学校回来。 ★for 和since的用法及区别。for 与一段时间连用,since 与时间点连用。 注意:since 后接过去时的时间状语或过去时的句子。 e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970. I haven’t seen her since she left Shanghai. I saw Ping Ping six years ago. Since I havenever seen her. ★have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别。 have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人还未回来 have/ has been to 曾经去过, 人已经回来了 have/ has been in 已经在, 常与一段时间连用 e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去过上海。 She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。 Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青岛了吗?但不能说 Have you gone to Qingdao? 区分短暂性动词与持续性动词. 表示短暂性(瞬间性)的动词在现在完成时的句中不能和一段时间连用.短暂性的动词如:come,go,join,leave,buy等,在完成时态中不能与for,since短语或How long等引起的时间状语连用。 瞬间动词不能直接与for,since 连用,要改变动词为延续性动词。 瞬间动词转换为延续性动词: buy ---- have borrow ---- keep • arrive/ come---- be in /at leave ----away (from) • join----be a member of/be in • die--- be dead get up ---- be up • get married---- be married go there ---- be there • begin/start---- be on stop---- be over • open ---- be open 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别 : 一般过去式:过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作。 现在完成时:为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的联系,对现在的影响。 一般过去时强调过去发生的动作或状态,与现在没有联系。 七、过去将来时: 表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作, 该时态仍属于过去时的范畴。 过去将来时的结构: 一)、"would+动词原形"表示过去将来时: "would+动词原形"构成过去将来时,常表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事。 例1:He said he would come to see me.他说他要来看我。 例2:He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。 二)、"was /were+going to+动词原形"表示过去将来时: "was /were+going to+动词原形"也可表示根据计划或安排即将发生的事。 例1:She said she was going to start at once.她说她将立即出发。 例2:I was told that he was going to return home.他告诉我他准备要回家。 "was /were+going to+动词原形"还可表示根据当时情况判断有可能但不一定会发生某事。 例:It seemed as if it was going to rain.看来好像要下雨。 三)、某些动词的过去进行时可表示过去将来时 come,go,leave,arrive,start等严格按照时间表发生的表起止的动词可用过去进行时代替过去将来时。 例1:He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.他说火车第二天早晨出发。 例2:She told me she was coming to see me.她告诉我她要来看我。 四)、特定场合的一般过去时可表示过去将来时 条件状语从句和时间状语从句中须用一般过去时代替过去将来时。 例1:I didn't know when she would come, but when she came I would let you know.我不知道她什么时候来, 但她来了我会告诉你。 析:第一个when引导宾语从句,可使用过去将来时,第二个when引导时间状语从句, 只能用一般过去时代替过去将来时 注意:这个"将来"时间绝不会延伸到“现在”;而仅限于“过去时间区域内”。这个时态常用于: A)宾语从句或间接引语中; B)表示过去习惯性的动作; C)表示过去情况中的“愿望”、“倾向”,多用于否定句。 I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。 I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。 I didn't know if he would come. 我不知道他是否会来。 She was sixty-six. In three years,she would be sixty-nine. 她66岁了。三年后,她是69岁。 I didn't know how to do it. What would be their ideas?我不知如何去做,他们会有什么想法呢? Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained. 上星期天我们本想去游览长城的,但却下雨了。 I should be told about the thing.应该有人告诉我这件事。 Were they going to finish the work before the next day?第二天他们能完成工作吗? They were not going to go hiking unless they finished their homework. 除非他们完成作业,否则他们不会去远足。 上外版必修一 Unit 2 Language and Culture 【单元语法】 1. 句子成分; 2. 简单句的5种类型。 一、句子成分的分类: 主语: 动作的发出者。 1. American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class. 3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. 4. Smoking does harm to the health. 5. The rich should help the poor. 谓语: 主语发出的动作状态。 1. I don't like the picture on the wall. 2. The days get longer and longer when summer comes. 3. We had better send for a doctor. 4. He is interested in music. 表语 :用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份,它一般位于系动词(如be, ...look, smell, ... become, get, ... 等)之后。 1. Our English teacher is an American. 2. The weather has turned cold. 3. The little boy looks very happy. 宾语:表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面 1. My brother hasn’t done his homework. 2. People all over the world speak English. 3. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is. 4. The old man said he was ill. 双宾语:直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story. ② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. 宾语补足语:宾语发出的动作或状态。 1. I found the book interesting. 2. Do you smell something burning? 3. He asked her to take the boy out of school. 4. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. 5. We must keep it a secret. 状语:在句子中表时间,地点,原因,方式,比较等的单词或短语就是状语 1. We go to school on foot every day. 2. They will meet at the airport at 6:00 tomorrow. 3. Because of his illness he can’t go swimming. 4. I will tell him the news when he comes back next week. 定语:在句子中修饰名词代词的单词或短语就是定语 1. He bought an interesting book. 2. The boy in the room is my brother. 二、简单句5种基本类型: 1、句型1: Subject (主语) + Verb (谓语) (动词为不及物动词) The red sun rises in the east.红彤彤的太阳从东方升起来。 Lucy and Mary get up early every morning.露西和玛丽每天早上很早就起床。 His parents have worked in the company for ten years. 他的父母在这家公司工作十年了。 What he said does not matter.他说的话不重要。 They had to travel by boat.他们不得不乘船旅行。 The egg hatched. 这只蛋孵化了。 The accident happened because of his carelessness. 这次事故发生是因为他的粗细大意。 It weighs nearly 27 kilos (about 65 pounds) 它重近27千克(约65磅)。 2、句型2:Subject (主语) + Link. V(系动词) + Predicate(表语) Our English teacher is thirty years old.我们的英语老师30岁了。 The cake tastes delicious.这个蛋糕吃起来很可口。 The potatoes went bad in the field.土豆在地里就坏了。 They seemed very happy together.他们在一起好像很幸福。 It gets colder and colder.天气越来越冷了。 The leaves have turned yellow. 树叶已经变黄了。 3、句型3: Subject(主语) + Verb (谓语)(谓语为及物动词) + Object (宾语) He put the dictionary in the backpack. 他把词典放进了背包里。 I saw her just now and she was doing her homework in the classroom. 我刚才看到她了,她正在教室做作业。 They haven’t decided when and where to hold the party. 他们还没有决定什么时候、在哪儿举办这次聚会。 She stopped teaching English two years ago. 她两年前就不教英语了。 Do you know when he left for Beijing? 你知道他什么时候去的北京吗? Mother promised to give me a present. 母亲答应要给我一件礼物。 Would you mind opening the window?打开窗户你介意吗? 注意:跟不定式to do 作宾语的动词有: 打算(intend)计划(plan)和期盼(expect) 假装(pretend)喜欢(would like)表祝愿(wish) 决定(decide)同意(agree)设法(manage)说服(persuade)不拒绝(refuse) 好像(seem/appear)答应(promise)做努力(attempt)失败(fail)也付得起(afford) 注意:常要求接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的动词有ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, know, learn, remember, tell, think, understand, wonder等。 注意:只接动词的-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有 admit 承认   appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 consider 考虑 delay 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 fancy 想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 cannot help 情不自禁 imagine 设想 include 包括 keep 保持 mention 提及 mind 介意 miss 逃过 put off 推迟 practice 练习 resist 抵制 risk 冒险 4、句型4: Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+ Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语) Mr. Smith taught us English last year. 史密斯先生去年教我们英语。 Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 奶奶昨晚给我讲了一个有趣的故事。 Would you please pass me that dictionary? =Would you please pass that dictionary to me? 请你把那本词典递给我好吗? He bought his mother a new sweater with his first month’s salary. =He bought a new sweater for his mother with his first month’s salary. 他用第一个月的工资给母亲买了一件新毛衣。 He showed the guard his ticket.他把票给守卫展示了一下。 His contribution won him a good fame.他的贡献为他赢得了良好的声誉。 注意:主语+谓语+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如果把表示物的直接宾 语放在表示人的间接宾语前,需要借助于介词to或for。to表示:朝着,向着, 对着;for表示:为(某人),替(某人)。 需要借助介词to的动词有:bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write等。 需要借助介词for的动词有:bring, buy, cook, find, get, make, order, save, spare等。 5、句型5: Subject(主语)+Verb (动词)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语) If you let me go. I’ll make you king. (名词作宾补) I consider Tom my best friend. (名词作宾补) Leave the door open. (形容词作宾补) We found Li Ming out when we arrived. (副词作宾补) Make yourself at home. (介词短语作宾补) I saw a stranger enter the building. (不定式作宾补) 省略to的不定式 The boss kept them working all day. (现在分词作宾补) Yesterday he had his leg broken. (过去分词作宾补) 上外版必修一 Unit 3 Travel 【单元语法】 状语从句复习 (从句用来修饰状语部分,由一系列的副词和连词做引导关联词) 一、条件状语从句 1、一般情况下主句是将来时时,从句要用一般现在时。 2、引导条件状语从句的连词: 1)表示只要,只有: as, as(so) far ......至..... as so long as,不要望文生义理解成足够远足够长) only if(if only 表示要....就好了用于虚拟语气要进行区别) ,only that (不是如果的意思要注意) 2)表示如果: if, in case(that), provided/providing(that), suppose 3)表示考虑到:given (that) 4)表示一旦: once 5)表示条件是: on condition that 6)表示除非: unless(=if not)般情况下,unless 相当于if...not,可以互换。但在以下情况下不可互换: A)unless引导真实条件句,if..not 可以引导非真实条件句或真实条件句 B)Unless从句中有否定词时,不能换成if..not结构. C)如果主句描述的是情感或情绪活动方面的内容if..not结构不能换成unless D)Unless表示唯一条件, 不能用and连接重复使用,if..not则可以。 二、让步状语从句 让步状语从句有虽然,尽管,即使之意,其引导词有: 1、as,though, although虽然 1)当有though, although 时,后面的从句不能有but,但是though和yet可连用。Though 还可以用做副词,放在句末。 2) as和though引导的让步状语从句必须使表语或状语(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词等) 前置于连词前。 3) as引导的让步状语从句必须倒装,如果是动词或现在分词,要提前在句首,谓语要补助 动词do,does,did,或will等。作表语用的单数可数名词放在句首时,该名词前不可加冠词或不定冠词。 4)在正式文体中,though引导的让步状语从句要求倒装,其结构与as引导的让步状语从句 类似。当though引导的从句不要求倒装时,有时可以用although替换though,但是当让步 状语从句指某种假设的情况时,通常用though,而不用although。 5)在as引出的方式状语从句既可以用陈述语气表示可能符合事实的情况,又可以用虚拟语 气,表示与事实不符的情况。 2、even if /even though即使 3、Nomatter+疑问词(what,who,when,where,which,how或疑问词+后缀ever ( whatever /whoever /whenever /whichever/ however) 1)no matter 疑问词不能引导主语从句和宾语从句 2)连词whether..or...或no matter whether.以 及whether..or not 或whether..or ..not(不管 是 否..也可以引导让步状语从句,意思为不管..还.是..... 4、In spite of the fact that,while,much as,for all引导的让步状语从句 5、While作虽然,尽管时,可以引导让步状语从句,这时while表达并列的转折,即在时间 上主句与从句的动作是同一时间发生的。While 引导的从句通常放在句首之前。 三、地点状语从句 地点状语从句由where (在... .的地方),wherever (无论哪里),anywhere ( 任何地方) , 和everywhere (每一个地方)引导,既可以放在主语前,也可以放在主语后。 四、比较状语从句 1、比较状语从句常由as(同级比较)、than (不同程度的比较)、the more....the more. just as ... ,so.... A is to B what /as X is to Y,not so much as等词引导。 2、如果主句(结果)在前,从句(条件)在后,则主句不用倒装,只需倒装从句:主语+ 谓语+the more+the more主语+谓语。主句为结果,从句为条件。 3、注意than后的省略(见方式状语中的4) 五、原因状语从句 表示原因的状语从句可以由as (由于),because (因为),since (既然),now (that) (既 然),considering that (顾及),seeing that(由于),for the reason that, not that , in that (在于) , now that, since, given that ,in as much as ,in so much as等连词引导 1、because, since, as 和for (1)Because 语气最强,强调原因,在回答why引导的特殊疑问句时,一般只用because;在强调结构it is/was...that..中,也只能用because,此外在关联词no...but.. 结构中,也用because引导的原因状语从句。 (2)since 语气不如because 强,as 则不如since。 表达的往往是显而易见的或己为人们所知的原因,强调主句。 (3) for为并列连词,语气最弱,不表示原因,其所联系的是并列句,是一种解释原因,尤其是当用结果来反证原因时 (4)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗号,则可以用for来代替,但如果不是. 说明有直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for (5)其他连词还有now that /seeing (that )/ considering that /in that /no等that 六、方式状语从句 1、方式状语从句通常用as,(just)as...so...,as...if , as though,the way引导。 2、as,(just) as...so.引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后。但在(just) as...so... ..结构中位于 句首时as从句带有比喻的含义,意思........就像多用于正式文体。 3、as if /as though 两者的意义和用法相同,引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气,表示与事实相反,有时也用陈 述语气,表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性大。汉语译作仿佛...似.的,好像....似的 4、连词than引导的比较状语从句,也是一-种方式状语从句。Than 从句的省略有以下几个 特点: (1)省去主语,保留谓语部分,这种结构多见于正式文体中。 (2)省去部分谓语,保留主语和be、have 或助动词。这是从句中的be、have 或助动词可以放置于主句之前,形成倒装结构。 (3)省去整个谓语部分,保留主语。 (4)省去主语和部分谓语,保留宾语或修饰语 (5)省去宾语 (6)在一些比较省略结构中,than之后了用动词不定式或动名词。 七、结果状语从句 1、结果状语从句常由so....that或such..that引导。其中so是副词,修饰形容词或副词;such 是形容词,修饰名词词组,so...that 与such..that结构可以互相转换。 2、So much,so that用于形容词或副词之后,表示“到如此程度以至于”。 3、当名词有many, much, few,lttle 修饰时要用so, 不能用such 4、So ..hat结构中的so有时可放在句首,句子用倒装语序 5可以引导结果状语从句的连词还有 That/ so that/ to the degree that/to the extent that/to such a degree that 八、目的状语从句 1、引导目的状语从句的连词有 That/so that(以便)Lest(唯恐) for fear that/in case in the hope that等。从句使用一些情态动词: can, could,may,might,should等,should 有时可以省略。 2、Lest 有否定的意义。意为以免或似的。Lest 所引导的从句多用助动词should, would, might等虚拟形式。Incase引导的从句则较少用虚拟形式。 3、引导结果状语从句的连词有that、so much..that和 so(that)/with the result that等,其中so that 引导的结果状语从句前常用逗号与主句隔开,而so that引导的目的状语从句与主句之间则不用逗号隔开。目的状语从句可置于句首,而结果状语从句则不能放在句首。 九、时间状语从句 1、在时间状语从句中,要注意时态一致,一般情况下主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时。 2、表.....时候: when、while、as just as、next time、 the last time 表示时间先后: after before when 用于完成时态: by the time(等到...时) ,it is the first /second time(第一次...的时候), hardly when had....before/ no sooner..than刚 就), scarcely...When , now that , since ,ever since 表示习惯性、经常性“每次”:each time ,every time,whennever 表示一旦: as soon as, once 表示直到: the instance the moment(一…就…)till, until ,the minute,the second,the day 3、since/ever since 1) It is/was ..since 是常用句型,主句的动作或状态持续时间较短,不能用ever since( eve放在since之前是用来表示说话者强调主句动作或状态持续时间长)。 2) Ever since可以放在句末,since 不可以. 3)Eversince(自.从...引导的从句一般要用动作或状态的结束。 3、till until及not until 1) till 表示做某事直到某时,动词必须是延续性的。Until 表示直至某时才能做某事 2) Until可用于句首,而till 通常不用于句首,用于肯定句时,主句用延续性动词,若用于 否定句主句可以用非延续性动词。 3) Until when疑问句中,until 要放在句首 4、while when as 1)这三个词都表示主从句的动作或状态同时发生,as和when引导的从句中的谓语动词既可以是持续性动词,也可以是短暂性动词,while 引导的从句中的谓语为持续性动词。 2)When还有at the momen的意思(=and then) ,引起的句子不能放在句首,也不能用as,while来替换 3)从句表示“随时间推移”连词用as,不用when或while。 4)如果从句和主句要表示一个人的两个动作交替进行或同时完成时,则多用as,可译为一边, 一边。 5)When while as在译成...时候的用法区别: when指一个时间段或持续的动作,while 只. 能表示持续的动作或状态,不能表示一段时间的或短暂的动作;as可与when或while互换。 When作正在此时..when从句相当于连词and引导的并列分句。 6)如果when引导的时间状语从句用一.般过去时,其主句用的是过去进行时或be about to结构,这时主句表示从句动作发生的背景(正在或正要做某事),when 意为“正在这时”,等于and at this time. 7)关系副词when(先行词是表示时间的名词,在从句中做时间状语,在语义上相当于介词 +which,同理where,why 等。 5、表示一...就....的结构 1)hardly/scarely..when/before, no sooner as都可以表示“一....就...的意思。 2)如果这些词放在句首则句子必须倒装 6、before引导的时间状语从句的用法 1)表.....之前,趁....还没有,还没有来得....的意思。从句中的谓语动词有时用情 态动词can、could 。 2 ) It is/was /will be ..(time)before过一段时间才.....的句型不要和it is/has been... (time) since (.自...以来已有多少时间了)句型混淆。 7、一些副词如instantly immediate directly presently等也可以引导时间状语从句 8、句型A is to B what C is to中的连接词what可以用来比较两种事物相同或相似的关系, 相当于as(好比)A is to B what C is to较为常见的结构,意为“A之于B就像C之于D一样。 9、Not比较级+than与句型no+比较级+than 1) Not better than没有...好。..而句型"no比较级+than意为“.和....一样不”,含义为“两 者都不 No more than(仅仅,不过,只有) no less than(正如) more than(比.....多得多) 上外版必修一 Unit 4 Customs and Traditions 【单元语法】 1. 被动语态复习 2. 现在进行时的被动语态; 3. 现在完成时的被动语态。 一、被动语态 汉语常有把“把”字句改为“被”字句的情况, 如: “张亮把一个西瓜切开了。”改为被字句是,“一个西瓜被张亮切开了。 1. 主语和宾语交换位置, 2. “把”改成“被”。 英语的被动语态,也有异曲同工之妙。 将下面的句子改为被动语态: They plant trees every spring. 主语 谓语 宾语 Trees are planted by them every spring. 宾变主 be+过去分词 by+主变宾 注意: 1. 主动语态的主语如果为人称代词主格,改为被动语态时,要变成宾格,并在前面加by。 2. 谓语动词的形式是be + 过去分词,但是由于英语有多种时态,所以被动语态的形式也会根据时态有所变化,具体如下图所示。 时态 被动语态动词结构形式 例句 一般现在时 am/is /are + done Trees are planted by them every spring. 一般过去时 were / was + done The window was broken by that boy yesterday. 一般将来时 shall/will +be + done am/is/are going to + be + done The bottle will be thrown away by the old lady later. The film is going to be shown at the cinema next week. 现在进行时 am/is /are + being+ done Tom is being taken good care of by his parents. 过去进行时 was /were + being + done The room was being cleaned by them when the man came in. 现在完成时 have/has +been + done The dress has already been washed by mum. 过去完成时 had + been + done The house had been sold out when I asked the agency. 含有情态动词 情态动词+ be done The pizza can be cut into several pieces. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!10 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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清单02 单元语法知识梳理归纳【考点清单】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期中考点大串讲(上外版2020必修一)(上海专用)
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清单02 单元语法知识梳理归纳【考点清单】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期中考点大串讲(上外版2020必修一)(上海专用)
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清单02 单元语法知识梳理归纳【考点清单】-2024-2025学年高一英语上学期期中考点大串讲(上外版2020必修一)(上海专用)
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