内容正文:
专题五 形容词和副词
考点一 形容词和副词的基本用法
1.形容词的基本用法
形容词在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语、主语补足语、状语等。
Unlike traditional gyms,appbacked gyms offer people flexible options to exercise.与传统的健身房不同,有应用程序支持的健身房给人们提供了灵活的锻炼选择。
Despite the poor service of the hotel,the manager is reluctant to invest in sufficient training for his staff.尽管这家旅馆服务不好,经理却不愿投资为员工提供足够的培训。
名师点津
(1)形容词作状语主要表示原因、结果或伴随等,其逻辑主语必须与句子主语保持一致。
Lighthearted and optimistic,she is the sort of woman to spread sunshine to people through her smile. 她无忧无虑、积极乐观,是那种用微笑给别人带来快乐的人。
(2)有些以ly结尾的词是形容词,而不是副词。常见的有:friendly,lovely,lively,lonely,elderly,deadly等。
2.副词的基本用法
(1)副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、整个句子或其他副词,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。
A dog's eating habit requires regular training before it is properly established.
狗的饮食习惯在正确建立之前需要定期的训练。
名师点津
有些副词,如fortunately,luckily,surprisingly,honestly,actually,personally等作评注性状语,往往修饰整个句子,而且它们常位于句首,且有逗号与后面的句子分开。
Thankfully,I managed to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.谢天谢地,我终于打完比赛了,所有的辛苦最终都是值得的。
(2)常考的连接性副词:though“然而,可是”(用于句末),meanwhile“在此期间”;therefore/thus/consequently“因此,所以”;moreover/furthermore“此外”;besides“另外,还有”;however“然而”;instead“相反,代替”;anyway/anyhow“尽管,即使这样”;otherwise“否则”。
The young man couldn't afford a new car.Instead,he bought a used one.
这个年轻人买不起一辆新车,相反,他买了一辆二手车。
The house was too expensive and too big.Besides,I'd grown fond of our little rented house.那所房子太贵、太大了。此外,我已经越来越喜欢我们租的这间小屋了。
名师点津
易用错的几类副词
beside在旁边
besides此外,而且
late迟;晚
later以后;后来
latest最近的,最新的
ago以前
(以现在为起点)
before以前
(以过去为起点)
somewhere某处
everywhere到处
high在高处;高
highly高度地;很;非常
wide广阔地;
充分地
widely广泛地;普遍地
deep深深地
deeply深刻地;深沉地
free免费地
freely自由地;畅通地
close接近;
紧挨着
closely仔细地;紧密地
hard努力地
hardly几乎不
near在附近
nearly几乎,差不多
考点二 形容词和副词的比较等级
1.比较级和最高级的构成
(1)规则变化
词形分类及变化构成
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节词和少数双音节词
一般加er或est
tall
taller
tallest
long
longer
longest
以e结尾的,只加r或st
nice
nicer
nicest
fine
finer
finest
以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母的,先双写该辅音字母再加er或est
big
bigger
biggest
hot
hotter
hottest
fat
fatter
fattest
以“辅音字母加y”结尾的,先变y为i再加er或est
happy
happier
happiest
easy
easier
easiest
其他双
音节词
和多音
节词
在前面加more或most
difficult
more
difficult
most
difficult
beautiful
more
beautiful
most
beautiful
名师点津
(1)有少数几个双音节以及ow,er,le结尾的词,既可以加er和est,又可以加more和most构成比较级和最高级。常考的词有:common,clever,simple,quiet,stupid等。
(2)表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent,extreme,perfect,favorite,wonderful等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。有些词不与than连用可用于比较,如be senior to等。
(2)不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
good/well
better
best
bad/ill
worse
worst
many/much
more
most
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest
little
less
least
far
farther(具体)
farthest(具体)
further(抽象)
furthest(抽象)
2.比较等级的用法
(1)同级比较
①as+adj./adv.(原级)+as...“和……一样”;not as/so+adj./adv.(原级)+as...“和……不一样”
Though I worked as hard as before,I felt no fatigue.
虽然我像以前一样努力工作,但我没有感到疲劳。
②当as...as结构中有名词时,可用以下结构:
as+形容词原级+a(n)+n.+as...
as+many+可数名词复数+as...
as+much+不可数名词+as...
I'm not a little tired today after giving the room a thorough cleaning and I have never had as tiring a day as today.
今天对房间进行了大扫除之后我很累,我从来没有过比今天更累的一天了。
(2)比较级
“形容词/副词比较级+than ”表示“两者中一方比另一方更……”。“less+形容词/副词原级+than”结构,表示“一方不及另一方……”。
Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening.
研究发现早起锻炼的人要比晚上锻炼的人睡得更好。
名师点津
修饰比较级的副词有;much,even,still,far,a little,a lot,rather等。more,very等副词不可修饰比较级。
It was also much more than we could afford,but far less than the original asking price.
这个价格仍然远远超出我们能够负担得起的价位,但是它已经远远低于最初的要价了。
(3)最高级
①表示三者或三者以上的比较,常见的结构:“the+最高级+表示比较范围的短语或从句”,表示“……是……中最……的”。
Andy is content with the toy.It is the best he has ever got.
安迪很满意这个玩具。这是他至今得到的最好的玩具。
②one of+形容词最高级+名词复数
Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in our country.= Shanghai is among the biggest cities in our country.
上海是我国最大的城市之一。
③序数词+形容词最高级+名词
Africa is the second largest continent in the world.
非洲是世界上第二大洲。
④最高级的其他表达法
a.否定词+比较级
b.比较级+than+any other+单数名词
比较级+than+all the other+复数名词
比较级+than+any of the other+复数名词
比较级+than anything/anyone else
Your story is perfect;I' ve never heard a better one before.
Z你的故事太完美了,我以前从未听过比这更好听的故事。
The Yangtze River is longer than any other river/than all the other rivers/than any of the other rivers in China.
长江比中国的其他任何一条河都长。
(4)含有比较等级的特殊句型
①“The+adj./adv.er,the+adj./adv.er”“越……,就越……”
②“adj./adv.er+and+adj./adv.er”“越来越……”
③“the+adj.er+of the two+名词”“某人或某物是两者中较……的那个”
④no more than“仅仅”;not more than“至多;不超过”
⑤more...than...“与其说……倒不如说……”
⑥no+比较级+than“和……一样不……”
⑦not+比较级+than“不比……更……”
⑧倍数句型
a.A is+倍数+比较级+than+B
b.A is+倍数+as+原级+as+B
c.A is+倍数+the+名词(size,length,height等)+of+B
(全国卷Ⅲ)The more positive an article is,the more likely it was to be shared.
一篇文章越积极,就越可能被分享。
More and more people realize the importance of learning a foreign language well.
越来越多的人认识到学好一门外语的重要性。
The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster than traditional garbage as a whole.
总的来说,电子废弃物正以比传统垃圾快三倍的速度增加。
1.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)The latest engineering techniques are applied to create this protective __functional__ (function) structure that is also beautiful.The design features ten steel “sepals (萼片)”made of glass and aluminium (铝).
解析:考查形容词。句意:最新的工程技术被用来创造一个同样美丽的保护功能结构。空处修饰名词structure,应用形容词作定语functional,符合题意。故填functional。
2.(2024·新课标Ⅰ卷)In cold weather,the structure stays __closed__ (close) to protect the plants.
解析:考查形容词。句意:然后在寒冷的天气里,这个结构保持关闭,以保护亚热带植物。空处用于stays之后作表语,应用形容词closed,表示“紧闭的”,符合题意。故填closed。
3.(2024·全国甲卷)Yellowstone was the __largest__(large)United States national park—2.2 million acres—until WrangellSaint Elias in southern Alaska,which became a national monument in 1978,took the honors as a national park in 1980 with 12.3 million acres.
解析:考查形容词最高级。句意:黄石公园是美国最大的国家公园,占地220万英亩,直到1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔——圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积作为国家公园获得这项荣誉。本空前有the,为形容词最高级标志词,结合下文“1978年成为国家纪念碑的阿拉斯加南部的弗兰格尔——圣伊莱亚斯在1980年以1230万英亩的面积获得国家公园的荣誉”可知,用large的最高级largest作定语,故填largest。
4.(2023·全国乙卷)The __remarkable__ (remark) development of this city,which is consciously designed to protect the past while stepping into the modern world,means there is always something new to discover here,and I could be photographing Beijing for the next 50 years.
解析:考查形容词。句意:这个城市的显著发展,是有意识地在保护过去的同时步入现代世界,这意味着这里总是有新的东西可以发现,我可以在接下来的50年里一直拍摄北京。分析句子成分可知,空处为形容词修饰名词“development of this city”。故填remarkable。
5.(2023·新高考全国Ⅱ卷)So,what are they learning? __Basically__ (basic),how to describe a panda's life.
解析:考查副词。句意:基本上,如何描述熊猫的生活。分析句子结构可知,空处修饰空后整个句子,应该用副词修饰,basic的副词形式是basically位于句首,首字母应大写。故填Basically。
6.(2023·新高考全国Ⅰ卷)Xiao long bao (soup dumplings),those amazing constructions of delicate dumpling wrappers,encasing hot,__tasty__ (taste) soup and sweet,fresh meat,are far and away my favorite Chinese street food.
解析:考查形容词。句意:小笼包(汤包),那些精致的饺子皮,包裹着热腾腾的美味汤和甜甜的鲜肉,是我最喜欢的中国街头小吃。形容词需修饰后面的名词soup(汤),故空格需用tasty“美味的”作定语,故填tasty。
7.Silences may be __thoughtful__(thought),or they may have nothing to say.
解析:句意为:沉默也许是深思熟虑的,也可能是他们没话可说。be动词后接形容词作表语,故填名词thought的形容词形式thoughtful。
8.That was definitely not an attractive idea so I __politely__ (polite) declined her invitation,closed my book and walked away.
解析:句意为:那绝对不是个吸引人的主意,因此我礼貌地拒绝了她的邀请,并合上书走开了。设空处应用副词修饰动词declined,故填politely。
9.(2024·湖北部分重点中学联考) We should therefore learn to use our words __accurately__ (accurate) or they will make our speech silly and dull.
解析:句意为:因此,我们应该学会准确地使用语言,否则我们的语言会使演讲变得愚蠢且无趣。分析句子结构可知,设空处修饰动词use,应用副词形式,故填accurately。
10.__Fortunately__(fortunate),there are only two people ahead of us waiting to take photos with the legendary tree.
解析:句意为:幸运的是,我们前面只有两个人等着与传说中的那棵树合影。设空处作状语修饰整个句子,应用副词,且位于句首,首字母要大写,故填Fortunately。
11.Dr.Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick.However,the __closest__ (close) supply was over 1,000 miles away.
解析:句意为:韦尔奇医生需要尽快拿到药品以防止其他的孩子生病。然而,最近的供应也有1,000多英里远。结合语境和空前的the可知,此处要填close的最高级形式closest。
12.(2024·江苏省南通等六市高三一模)Tanghulu (also known as bingtang hulu) is a traditional Chinese snack consisting of hardened sugar coated fruits on a stick.__Classically__(classic),tanghulu is made of hawthorns that are rich in vitamin C.
解析:考查副词。句意:传统上,糖葫芦是由富含维生素C的山楂制成的。分析句式结构可知,此处用提示词的副词形式classically作状语表示“传统上”。故填Classically。
13.(2024·江苏省连云港市淮安市高三一模)They have created __innovative__ (innovate) development models,giving rise to a number of desirable rural tourism destinations.
解析:考查形容词。句意:他们创造了创新的发展模式,催生了一批令人向往的乡村旅游目的地。设空处作定语修饰名词短语development models,应填所给词innovate的形容词innovative。故填innovative。
14.(2024·浙江省杭州市高考模拟)The __cheaper__(cheap),molded figures often serve as children's toys while the handcrafted pieces are more refined and original.
解析:考查形容词比较级。句意:较便宜的塑料模型人物通常用作儿童玩具,而手工制作的作品则更精致、更新颖。根据下文more refined and original可知,此处是指相比之下塑料模型人物的价格更加便宜,因此空处用比较级cheaper作定语,修饰名词短语molded figures。故填cheaper。
15.(2024·湖北省七市高三3月联合统一调研)Mike McKenzie found that students who studied over three hours per day were 3.5 times __more__likely__(likely) to be exercisers.
解析:考查形容词。句意:迈克·麦肯齐发现,每天学习超过三小时的学生锻炼身体的可能性是平时的3.5倍。根据空前3.5 times以及语意可知,此处表示学习超过三小时的学生更有可能去锻炼身体,空处应用形容词的比较级形式more likely,表示“更有可能的”。故填more likely。
看到以下四种情况,要想到比较级或最高级。
一、看到与than连用
Finally,that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is ________ (clean) than ever.
【解析】 根据后面的than可知此处要用比较级,因此要用cleaner。
【答案】 cleaner
After a few months,we all felt that we had been able to build much ________(strong) relationships with the family than we had before.
【解析】 根据句中的比较级标志词than可知,本句应用比较级,表示几个月后的情况与之前的情况进行比较,much用于修饰比较级。故填stronger。
【答案】 stronger
二、看到and,but,or等连词前或后用的比较等级形式
They were also the best and ________ (bad) years in my life.
【解析】 由并列连词and前面的“the best”可知,此处应用形容词的最高级形式。
【答案】 worst
三、看到语境中暗含的比较含义
After our plane landed,we went to the hotel.We had made our reservation six months ________ (early),but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake.
【解析】 由had made可知该动作发生在到达旅馆之前,故应该是早在六个月之前我们就已经预订了,故用比较级earlier。
【答案】 earlier
四、看到下列固定搭配
1.The+比较级...,the+比较级...
The ________ (hard) you try to beat him,the more likely you will get hit.
【解析】 分析句子结构可知此句为“the+比较级...,the+比较级...”句式,意为“越……,就越……”。故填harder。
【答案】 harder
2.the+最高级+标志性词语或从句
My mum makes the ________ (good) biscuits in the world,so I decide to ask her for help.
【解析】 此处前面有the,后面有表示范围的“in the world”,所以应该用形容词的最高级。故填best。
【答案】 best
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