Unit 4 Journey across a vast land Discover Useful Structures 过去分词与动词-ing形式作表语和状语 讲义-2024-2025学年高中英语人教版（2019）选择性必修第二册

Unit 4 过去分词与动词-ing形式作表语和状语讲义 在高中英语语法中,过去分词与动词-ing形式在句子中可以作表语和状语,是常考的知识点。 一、过去分词(短语)作表语 过去分词与系动词(如be, become, get, keep, stay, remain, look, sound, feel等)一起构成系表结构,表达主语的状态、性质或特征。这类过去分词(短语)动作意味较弱,可以看作形容词。以下是一些具体的例子来说明过去分词(短语)如何作表语: 1、表示情感的过去分词 这类过去分词主要描述人的内心感受,如: Astonished(惊讶的),amazed(惊奇的),annoyed(恼怒的),amused(愉快的,被逗乐的),convinced(确信的),delighted(高兴的),disappointed(失望的),encouraged(受到鼓舞的),excited(兴奋的),frightened(害怕的),interested(感兴趣的),pleased(高兴的),surprised(惊奇的),satisfied(满意的),shocked(震惊的),terrified(极度害怕的),touched(感动的),moved(感动的),worried(担心的) 这些过去分词在句子中常作为表语,与系动词(如be, feel, seem等)连用,表达人的情感状态。例如: I was astonished by the news. 我对这个消息感到惊讶。 She looked delighted when she opened the present. 她打开礼物时看起来很高兴。 2、表示状态的过去分词 除了表示情感外,一些过去分词还用来描述事物的状态或特征,这些状态可能不是由人的情感直接引起的,但同样具有形容词化的特性。例如: broken(破碎的),closed(关闭的),finished(完成的),lost(迷路的,失去的),painted(被涂漆的),seated(坐着的) (注意:这里通常用作形容词化的过去分词,表示状态,而非被动语态) 这些过去分词在句子中也可以作为表语或定语,描述事物的状态或特征。例如: The door is closed. 门是关着的。 The painting is beautifully painted. 这幅画被画得很美。 二、过去分词(短语)作状语 过去分词(短语)作状语,可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、让步、方式或伴随情况等,其前可带 when, while, once, if, unless ,though, although, even if / though 等连词。过去分词(短语)作状语时,其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语,且与主句主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。 1、表示时间:过去分词(短语)作时间状语时,相当于一个时间从句,例如: When asked about his family, he made no answer. (当问到有关他的家庭的情况时,他没有回答。) When exposed to light, potatoes will turn green. (马铃薯在光的照射下会发绿色。) 2、表示原因:过去分词(短语)作原因状语时,相当于原因状语从句,例如: Deeply moved by the story, Larry began to cry. (由于被故事深深感动,拉里开始哭了起来。) Greatly inspired by the teacher's words, I have made up my mind to work even harder. (在老师的鼓励下,我决心更加努力地学习。) 3、表示条件:过去分词(短语)作条件状语时,相当于一个条件状语从句,例如: Given more time, we could do it better. (多给点时间的话,我们会做得更好。) If these seeds are grown in rich soil, they can grow fast. (如果种在肥沃的土壤里,这些种子能长得快。) 4、表示让步:过去分词(短语)作让步状语时,相当于让步状语从句,例如: Though encouraged by his parents, he still refused to give up. (尽管受到父母的鼓励,他仍然拒绝放弃。) 5、表示方式或伴随情况:过去分词(短语)作伴随或方式状语时,例如: The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. (训练员出现了,后面跟着六条小狗。) He walked up and down the room, lost in thought. (他在屋子时走来走去,陷入了沉思。)动词的-ing形式(包括动名词和现在分词)作为表语时,主要表示主语的内容、性质或特征,通常放在连系动词(如be, seem, appear等)之后。 三、动词-ing形式作为表语 动词-ing形式作为表语时,动词-ing形式有两类,一是动名词,二是形容词。 1、动名词作表语,表示主语的内容或性质: Her job is looking after the sick old people. 她的工作是照顾患病的老人。 My hobby is playing games. 我的爱好是玩游戏。 John's hobby is collecting stamps. 约翰的爱好是收集邮票。 在这些例子中,动词-ing形式(looking after, playing, collecting)描述了主语(her job, my hobby, John's hobby)的内容或性质,被称为动名词,通常表示一种习惯性、经常性或抽象性的动作,而不是具体的、一次性的动作。 2.表示主语具有的特征: 以下是一些常见的表示情感或状态的动词及其-ing形式: amazing - adj. 令人惊叹的;annoying - adj. 令人恼怒的;astonishing - adj. 令人惊愕的;confusing - adj. 令人困惑的;convincing - adj. 令人信服的;depressing - adj. 令人低落(沮丧)的;disappointing - adj. 令人失望的;discouraging - adj. 令人泄气的;embarrassing - adj. 令人尴尬的;encouraging - adj. 令人鼓舞的;exciting - adj. 令人兴奋的; 例如: The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 The food at the dinner party did not seem very inviting. 宴会上的食物似乎并不诱人。 The look on his face is amusing. 他脸上的表情很搞笑。 四、动词的-ing形式(也称为现在分词)作状语 它用来修饰或说明谓语动词所表示的动作,通常表示时间、条件、原因、让步、结果、方式或伴随动作,相当于相应的状语从句 。以下是动词-ing形式作状语的具体用法和例如: 1.表示时间 动词-ing形式作时间状语时,通常表示与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它可以放在句首,相当于when或while引导的时间状语从句。 例如: Walking along the street, he met his old friend.(= When he was walking along the street, he met his old friend.)当他走在街上时,他遇到了他的老朋友。 2.表示原因 动词-ing形式作原因状语时,通常放在句首,相当于because、since等引导的原因状语从句。 例如: Being ill, he didn’t go to school.(= Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school.)因为他生病了,所以他没有去上学。 3.表示条件 动词-ing形式作条件状语时,相当于if或unless引导的条件状语从句,一般放在句首。 例如: Working hard, you will succeed.(= If you work hard, you will succeed.)如果你努力工作,你就会成功。 4.表示让步 动词-ing形式作让步状语时,通常放在句首,相当于though引导的让步状语从句。 例如: Being busy and exhausted, he gave us a lot of help.(= Though being busy and exhausted, he gave us a lot of help.)虽然他很忙,也很疲惫,但他给了我们很多帮助。 5.表示结果 动词-ing形式作结果状语时,通常位于句末,且中间有逗号,相当于一个并列分句。 例如: The boy fell off his bike, breaking his right arm.(= The boy fell off his bike, and broke his right arm.)男孩从自行车上摔下来,摔断了右臂。 6.表示方式或伴随 动词-ing形式作方式状语或伴随状语时,表示主语以某种方式或伴随某种状态进行谓语动词所表示的动作。 例如: They sat on the grassland, singing together. 他们坐在草原上,一起唱歌。(作伴随状语) The whale looks for food using sound waves. 鲸鱼利用声波寻找食物。(作方式状语) 注意事项 1.动词-ing形式作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致,且为主动关系。例如,在句子“Walking along the street, he met his old friend.”中,动词-ing形式“Walking along the street”作时间状语,其逻辑主语是“he”。 2.动词-ing形式的否定形式常在其前面加not。例如,句子“Not knowing how to use a computer makes it more difficult for him to do his academic research.”中的“Not knowing”就是动词-ing形式的否定形式,表示“不知道如何使用电脑”,这使得他进行学术研究变得更加困难。 五、巩固练习 用所给词的适当形式填空。 1. The _ look on her face suggested that she was _ by the _scene. (frighten) 2. What he did is _, so I’m _ by what he did. (encourage) 3. Our job is _ all kinds of music. (play) 4. A number of people have become_in the matter. (involve) 5. It’s hard to keep your nerve when people keep _ you. (interrupt) 6. The tips given in this book are useful and _ . (motivate) 7. _ by this music, he said,“It was like seeing color for the first time.” (move) 8. _in a heavy rain, he was all wet. (catch) 9. _along the street, I met a friend ot mine. (walk) 10. _ their work, they went home to have a rest. (finish) 答案: 1. frightened;frightened;frightening 2. encouraging;encouraged 3. playing 4. involved 5. interrupting 6. motivating 7. Moved 8. Caught 9. Walking 10. Having finished 2 / 4 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$