专题05 阅读理解之说明文-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语上学期期中真题分类汇编（北京专用）

专题05 阅读理解之说明文 （23-24高二上·北京·期中）Living in a city is a well-known risk factor for developing a mental disorder, while living close to nature is largely beneficial for mental health and the brain. A central brain region, the amygdala (大脑杏仁核)involved in stress processing, has been shown to be less activated during stress in people living in rural areas, compared to those who live in cities, hinting at the potential benefits of nature. “But so far the hen-and-egg problem could not be resolved, namely whether nature actually caused the effects in the brain or whether the particular individuals chose to live in rural or urban regions,” says Sonja Sudimac. To achieve causal evidence, the researchers from the group examined brain activity in regions involved in stress processing in 63 healthy volunteers before and after a one-hour walk in Grunewald forest or a shopping street with traffic in Berlin. The results revealed that activity in the amygdala decreased after the walk in nature, suggesting that nature elicits beneficial effects on brain regions related to stress. “The results support the previously assumed positive relationship between nature and brain health, but this is the first study to prove the causal link. Interestingly, the brain activity after the urban walk in these regions remained stable and showed no increases, which argues against a commonly held view that urban exposure causes additional stress,” explains Simone Kühn, head of the group. The authors show that nature has a positive impact on brain regions involved in stress processing and that it can already be observed after a one-hour walk. This contributes to the understanding of how our physical living environment affects brain and mental health. Even a short exposure to nature decreases amygdala activity, suggesting that a walk in nature could serve as a preventive measure against developing mental health problems and reducing the potentially disadvantageous impact of the city on the brain. In order to investigate beneficial effects of nature in different populations and age groups, the researchers are currently working on a study examining how a one-hour walk in natural versus urban environments impacts stress in mothers and their babies. 1．What does the hen-and-egg problem mean by Sonja Sudimac? A．Living in rural areas actually affects brain activity. B．People in cities tend to have a higher risk of mental problems. C．It’s unnecessary to work out the complex issue of stress and health. D．It’s hard to clarify the impact of living environment on mental health. 2．How did researchers collect evidence for the study? A．By quoting authoritative experts. B．By interviewing healthy volunteers. C．By researching on a previous theory. D．By comparing volunteers’ amygdala activities. 3．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．Benefits of a regular walk in nature. B．The focus of the follow-up research. C．An appeal for living in urban regions. D．Nature’s positive effects on women and children. （23-24高二上·北京·期中）Success and Risk in Extreme Sports What is it that drives some to take extreme risks, while the rest of us hurry for the safety of the sidelines? Lester Keller, sports-psychology expert, says that not everyone has the mental makeup to do well in extreme sports. He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite for extreme risk in tricky conditions. But others have a much higher tolerance for risk. Keller points to a top ski racer. He told Keller that “the high element of risk makes you feel alive, tests what you are made of and how far you can take yourself”. He said he would get nervous on some of the courses, but that this would just make him fight more. Psychologists note that some people seem to have a strong desire for adrenaline(肾上腺素)rushes as a behavior seeking excited feelings. Like many extreme athletes, Emily Cook`s appetite for risk appeared at a young age. “I was a gymnast,” she said. “I was one of those kids who enjoyed and did well at anything where you were upside down.” As she started doing harder tricks, she was drawn to the challenge. “There are moments when you`re up there doing a new trick and it seems like an impossible thing. But overcoming that is just the coolest feeling in the world.” Shane Murphy, sports professor, has worked with groups climbing Everest. “To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they`ve prepared for years.” Murphy said the view of extreme athletes is different from our own. “We look at a risky situation and know that if we were in that situation we would be out of control. But from the athletes` view, they have a lot of control, and there are many things that they do to minimize risk.” Another aspect of risk perception(认知)may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present. “Something that makes you try doing a tougher climb than usual, perhaps, is that your adrenaline flows and you become very concentrated on what you`re doing,” Murphy says. “After it`s over, there`s great excitement.” People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme. “I can enjoy hitting a tennis ball around, because that`s my skill level,” Murphy says. “But others might need the challenge of Olympic competition.” 4．What does Shane Murphy think about the mountain climbers he mentions? A．They put in lots of preparation for challenges. B．They are more fortunate than other sportspeople. C．They carry little risk when facing big challenges. D．They have special reasons that others can`t easily understand. 5．What main point is made in Paragraph 5? A．Extreme athletes use techniques other people don`t use. B．Non-athletes are probably wise not to try extreme sports. C．Most people lack the focus required to take bigger risks. D．A certain state of mind makes attempting an activity more likely. 6．We can learn from the passage that ______. A．risk-taking is something you either naturally do or avoid B．those who take risks are more likely to be successful in life C．extreme athletes are driven by a need to be better than others D．taking part in extreme sports is not as difficult as people think （23-24高二上·北京·期中）“Roses are red. Violets are blue.” As an English poem tells us, most things we see in the world have a certain color. However, if a red rose shrinks (缩小) to the world of nanometers (纳米), chances are you might see it in orange, yellow, or blue, depending on its size. This incredible phenomenon is due to the quantum effect (量子效应). An element’s properties (性质) are largely determined by how many electrons it has, noted the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. However, when matter shrinks to nanometers, its properties are determined by its size. Based on this effect, Alexei Ekimov from Russia and Louis Brus and Moungi Bawendi from the US received the Nobel Prize in chemistry this year for the discovery and development of quantum dots (量子点), semiconducting nanoparticles (半导体纳米粒子) that are usually 2 to 10 nanometers in size. “Quantum dots have many fascinating and unusual properties. Importantly, they have different colors depending on their size,” said Johan Aqvist, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. Quanturn dots absorb light and then release it at another wavelength (波长). The smaller the dot is, the shorter the wavelength is, resulting in a bluer light. Likewise, the larger it is, the redder the light will be. The research by the three scientists opened up a whole new world for chemistry. The light from quantum dots is pure and bright, providing more convenience and enjoyment in many aspects of our lives. In hospitals, quantum dots are applied to bioimaging (生物成像) and traceable (可追踪的) drug delivery. They can guide doctors when they remove tumors (肿瘤). The dots are much brighter than traditional organic dyes (染料). In our homes, we enjoy pure and dynamic light from TV and computer displays using QLED technology (Q stands for quantum dots). In labs, chemists make use of light from quantum dots to catalyze (催化) chemical reactions. Looking ahead, scientists believe that quantum dots could help in the making of tiny sensors and thinner solar cells. , as well as in encrypted (加密的) quantum communication. Quantum dots have been benefiting humankind in many ways. However, our exploration of them is still at an early stage. 7．What determines the color of quantum dots? A．Their sizes. B．The wavelength they emit. C．The material they are made of. D．The amount of light they absorb. 8．In what aspects are quantum dots being used in hospitals? a. Biological imaging    b. Write a prescription (开处方) c. Tumor removal    d. Dye usage    e. Drug delivery A．a, b, c B．b, c, e C．a, c, e D．a, d, e 9．What’s the main idea of this article? A．Explored the potential application fields of future quantum dots. B．The importance of quantum effect in determining an element’s properties. C．Introduction to three scientists who have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. D．The discovery and development of quantum dots and their applications in different fields. （23-24高二上·北京·期中）The Printing Press What do you think is the most important invention in the last 1, 000 years? It is the lightbulb or the Internet? Many people say that it is the printing press, a machine that allows us to print copies or books and documents. But why is the printing press so important? Before the printing press, books were copied by hand. Ancient Roman book publisher sometimes sold as many as 5, 000 copies of a book that had been copied by slaves. But copying a book took so much time and was so expensive that often only a few copies of each book were made. As a result, usually only a small percentage of the population learned to read and owned books. In 1450, a goldsmith named Johannes Gutenberg in Germany invented the modern printing press. The impact of his machine is sometimes compared to the invention of the Internet. Although ancient Chinese people invented paper in 105 AD and used woodblock printing before 200 AD, Gutenberg’s printing press was easy to use with languages that had alphabetic scripts. After 1450, thousands of copies of a popular book or newspaper could be made quickly and cheaply. Books and newspapers with ideas and images from all over the world went into the market for the wide public. Knowledge is power. Reading has brought about amazing changes in science, technology and politics. We have learned how to create wealth and even travel to far-away worlds. The computer, cellphone, and Internet have grown, because billions of powerful readers were created by the printing press. From 1450 on, more and more people have become readers. These billions of readers are powerful, and they help the world to make progress at a fast speed. 10．Not many people read in ancient Rome because they had ___. A．few books to read B．little time to read C．no money for books D．no interest in books 11．The modern printing press is sometimes compared to the Internet due to its ___. A．low cost B．comm on use C．great influence D．rapid development 12．What is mainly discussed about the printing press in the last two paragraphs? A．The progress B．The contribution C．The future D．The function （21-22高二上·北京·期中）One of the classic science-fiction treatments of the end of civilization was The Death of Grass, by John Christopher, in which a mysterious sickness struck down all the grasses on which most of the world’s agriculture is based, from rice to wheat. In the end, politics among the survivors of disease, war and famine were reduced to bitter fratricidal struggle over a defensible potato patch. Like most of the so-called “comfortable disaster” novels, this could be criticized for optimism. Depressing as a future of famine and the war of all against all might seem, the consequences were largely limited to humans. However, the threatened extinction of insect populations around the world raises the prospect of a much less general disaster, which would involve plants, birds, fish, small mammals, and everything else depending on insects. That’s just the start. Other species, and we ourselves, depend on the animals and plants that need insects. When they go, we go. This is not just a greater disaster. It’s a much more reasonable one. The most recent study has concluded that insect biomass is decreasing around the world at a rate of 2.5% a year. At that rate, half the insects in the world will be gone in 50 years’ time, and all of them in a century — though no one will be keeping track of centuries then. The chief driver of this disaster is unchecked human greed. For all our individual and even collective cleverness, we behave as a species with as little foresight as a colony of nematode worms that will consume everything that it can reach until all is gone and it dies off naturally. The challenge of behaving more intelligently than creatures that have no brain at all will not be easy. But unlike the nematodes, we know what to do. The UN convention on biodiversity was signed in 1992, alongside the convention on climate change. Giving it the strength to hold back our appetites is now urgent. Biodiversity is not an optional extra. It is the web that holds all life, including human life. The two main expressions of greed that speed this apocalypse are global warming and industrial agriculture. It appears that most of the damage is being done in the developed world by farming practices. The use of giant fields, lacking in  shelter for insects of any sort at all, whether they are harmful to human interests or not, and where the plants are drenched in long-lasting pesticides, has been fatal for uncounted billions of insects. The effects of this kind of forming reach beyond the fields immediately affected, too. There has been a huge loss of aquatic insect species from the rivers into which the products of industrial agriculture arc flushed by rain. Even in German nature reserves, which are by definition protected from the use of pesticides, there have been sleep falls in insect populations because so many of the most widely used ones are persistent and prevent breeding. 13．Which of the following statements about The Death of Grass is true? A．It gives a vivid account of the most serious famine in history. B．It holds an optimistic attitude towards famine in the future. C．It understates the severity of the disaster facing the world. D．It demonstrates how evil human nature turns out to be. 14．In paragraph 2, the writer mentions the most recent study in order to________. A．prove that the prediction about the great disaster makes sense B．suggest a possible approach to increasing insect biomass C．show how soon the insects worldwide will go extinct D．argue for the necessity to protect insect populations 15．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Humans are similar to nematode in that both of them lack foresight. B．Modem farming is to blame for the threatened extinction of insects. C．Germany sets a good example by minimizing the use of pesticides. D．We haven’t done enough about maintaining biodiversity. 16．What will the author probably discuss after the last paragraph? A．What we can do to deal with the situation. B．How industrial agriculture brings about apocalypse. C．What influence pesticides may have on people’s lives. D．Why insect populations in Germany are on the decline. （21-22高二上·北京·期中）Every four years we get to see the best competing to win the Olympic medals. But sometimes the best inspiration comes from those who don’t win-- or even someone who came in dead last. In 1988, Michael “The Eagle” Edwards became the first competitor since 1928 to represent Great Britain in Olympic ski jumping. How did Eddie do? He came in No. 58 out of 58. But it didn’t matter. His fans loved him for other reasons. He had no trainer, no money, no practice facilities--and some called him the great British loser. Eddie says, “I got my letter saying, ‘Congratulations, you can represent Great Britain in the Olympic Games’ when I was in a mental hospital in Finland. I wasn’t a patient. I was there because it was the cheapest place for me to stay.” On getting ready to do his jump, Eddie says, “There were about 85 or 90 thousand people in the ski jump area, and I thought ‘this is going to be really good, I’m really going to go for this,’ The Germans and the Swiss and the Italians were going down jumping, but the crowd were ignoring them and chanting, ‘Eddie! Eddie!’” “And I got out and sat on the bar and they started cheering and cheering and it was great!” “When you sit at the top of the ski jump, you look down, and you’re probably about 500 or 600 feet up from where you’re actually going to finish. You can see a million and one different reasons why you shouldn’t really go down. So you do have to be not a little crazy, but probably a lot.” “You’re travelling at 65 or 75 miles per hour. Within about a second you’ll be 250 feet up from where you’re going to be landing. And you just try to relax and let your skis carry you to the bottom of the hill.” “It’s the most exciting feeling in the world.” Eddie’s British record jump of 71 meters landed him in 58th place--out of 58 competitors, 19 meters behind the jumper who was placed 57th. And if you ask anyone in Great Britain, “Who won the Olympic ski jump in 1988?” Almost no one could tell you. But if you ask, “Who is Eddie ‘The Eagle’ Edwards?” They’ll tell you all about the crazy ski jump guy who they still remember and love to this day. The British people were so proud of him for just trying, that winning didn’t matter a bit. He dares to go where most of us won’t. Yes, he came in dead last, but he will be forever and fondly remembered by his country for doing what no one else had done in 60 years. So what daring thing are you afraid to do? Take Eddie’s example and just go for it. You might just become a legend. 17．The competitor who was placed 57th kept the record jump of ________meters in 1988. A．52 B．77 C．90 D．129 18．Which statement is true according to the passage? A．Eddie represented Finland in Olympic ski jumping. B．Eddie trained himself with good practical facilities. C．Eddie thought it didn’t matter to be in dead last. D．Eddie thought himself to be a legend in Britain. 19．How did Eddie win the hearts of British people? A．He became the first British competitor in Olympic ski jumping. B．He did what no one else had done in 60 years for his country. C．He could ski jump at the speed of 65 or 75 miles per hour. D．He has got a great deal of British sport fans. 20．What is the best title of the passage? A．The Eagle B．Getting to the medal C．The Importance of Failure D．When Last Place is Really First （22-23高三上·北京大兴·期中）Automation (自动化) was a hot topic. Nearly everyone agreed that people would be working less once computers and other kinds of automatic machinery became widespread. For optimists, this was a promise of liberation: At last humanity would be freed from constant toil, and we could all devote our days to more refined pursuits. But others saw a threat: Millions of people would be thrown out of work, and desperate masses would roam the streets. Looking back from 50 years hence, the controversy over automation seems a quaint and curious episode. The dispute was never resolved. A．J. Hayes, a leader (and no relation to me), wrote in 1964: Automation is not just a new kind of mechanization but a revolutionary force capable of overturning our social order. Whereas mechanization made workers more efficient — and thus more valuable — automation threatens to make them superfluous (过剩的) — and thus without value. The opinions I have cited here represent extreme positions, and there were also many milder views. But I think it’s fair to say that most early students of automation, including both critics and enthusiasts, believed the new technology would lead us into a world where people worked much less. As for economic consequences, worries about unemployment have certainly not gone away — not with job losses in the current recession approaching 2 million workers in our country alone. But recent job losses are commonly attributed to causes other than automation, such as competition from overseas or a roller-coaster financial system. In any case, the vision of a world where machines do all the work and people stand idly by has simply not come to pass. The spread of automation outside of the factory has altered its social and economic impact in some curious ways. In many cases, the net effect of automation is not that machines are doing work that people used to do. Instead we’ve dispensed with the people who used to be paid to run the machines, and we’ve learned to run them ourselves. These trends contradict almost all the expectations of early writers on automation, both optimists and pessimists. So far, automation has neither liberated us from the need to work nor deprived (剥夺) us of the opportunity to work. Instead, we’re working more than ever. What about trades closer to my own vital interests? Will science be automated? Technology already has a central role in many areas of research; for example, genome sequences could not be read by traditional lab-bench methods. Replacing the scientist will presumably be a little harder than replacing the lab technician, but when a machine exhibits enough curiosity and tenacity, I think we’ll just have to welcome it as a companion in zealous research. And if the scientist is elbowed aside by an automaton, then surely the science writer can’t hold out either. I’m ready for my 15-hour workweek. 21．In Paragraph 1, the writer mainly wants to convey that ________. A．automation results in unemployment B．automation does more harm than good C．the issue of automation was still in discussion D．automation brings in much convenience in life 22．According to J. Hayes, we can infer _________ A．automation is more valuable than what we imagine B．automation is a revolutionary force to better development C．the disadvantages of automation far outweigh the advantages D．the new technology would lead people into working much less 23．What’s the author’s attitude toward automation on jobs? A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Disapproving. D．Neutral. 24．What can we conclude from this passage? A．People needn’t work so hard due to automation. B．Traditional labor force will be replaced in the near future. C．Automation should be accepted reasonably in development. D．Automation results in more job losses in the writer’s country. （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期中）In the sprawling metropolis of Grayville, where skyscrapers touched the heavens and streets were constantly buzzing with life, there existed a unique place called “The Corner of Quietude”. It was neither a park nor a building. In fact, it was simply a street corner, marked by a single lamppost with a peculiar sign: “Speak softly, for this is a place of solace”. Legend had it that anyone speaking beneath this lamppost, regardless of the surrounding noise, would find their words drowned out, replaced by an mysterious peace. Over the years, many had come to experience its magic. They spoke of heartbreaks, dreams, regrets, and wishes, seeking solace in its embrace. Ella, a journalist new to Grayville, stumbled upon this corner during an assignment. Doubtful, she decided to test the legend. Whispering her deepest fears about her failing career and struggles in the big city, she was shocked when all she heard was a calming whisper, almost as if the world around her paused. Ella dug into the history of “The Corner of Quietude”. She discovered that decades ago, a musician named Alaric had lost his voice and would visit the corner every night, playing his silent tunes on a violin, hoping to communicate through his music. Some believed that the corner absorbed Alaric’s yearning for expression and became a place for all who sought to voice their innermost emotions. 25．What was unique about “The Corner of Quietude” in Grayville? A．It was the oldest park in this busy city. B．It was where Alaric played music every night. C．People found their words replaced by quietness. D．It was a silent zone where no sound was allowed. 26．Why did Ella come to the corner in the first place? A．To check the legend. B．To whisper her fears. C．To meet the musician. D．To finish her assignment. 27．How did Ella react upon experiencing the corner’s magic? A．She felt it was just another city mystery. B．She immediately believed in the legend. C．She wrote an article to clarify the truth. D．She was surprised and felt a sense of calm. 28．What is suggested about the musician Alaric? A．He was the founder of Grayville and the corner. B．He reclaimed his voice by playing at the corner. C．He played music to disrupt the peace of the corner. D．His silent tunes contributed to the corner’s mysterious sense. （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期中）Chinese scientists recently achieved precise total synthesis (合成) of sugar from carbon dioxide in the laboratory, marking a crucial step in artificial sugar synthesis. The synthesis, which took more than two years to realize, was achieved by teams from the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and the academy’s Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics. Their research was published last week in a paper in Chinese Science Bulletin, a multidisciplinary academic journal. Sugar is a major source of energy for the human body and a key raw material for industrial production, and it is mainly obtained by extracting it from crops such as sugar cane. However, the traditional method of extraction is limited by the energy conversion efficiency of plant photosynthesis. Moreover, the process of extracting sugar has been affected by uncertain raw material supplies due to land degradation and shortages, ecosystem degradation and extreme weather and natural disasters caused by global warming. As a result, artificial sugar synthesis has been continually studied by the scientific community in recent years, and scientists around the world have contributed to the effort. In their latest research, the Chinese scientists adjusted high-concentration carbon dioxide and other raw materials in the reaction solution. With the help of chemical catalysts and enzyme (酶) catalysts, they obtained four kinds of sugars: glucose, allulose, tagatose and mannose. The experiment lasted about 17 hours, much shorter than the time required for traditional methods of sugar extraction, according to Yang Jiangang, lead author of the paper and associate researcher at the Tianjin institute. The efficiency of sugar synthesis in this study was 0.67 grams per liter per hour, which was more than 10 times higher than the previous results achieved by scientists worldwide. Yang said that the carbon dioxide to sugar conversion rate of glucose reached 59.8 nanomoles of carbon per milligram of catalyst per minute. This is the highest level of artificial sugar production known domestically and internationally. The study also achieved precise control of artificial sugar synthesis. “By controlling the varied catalytic effects of different enzymes, theoretically almost any type of sugar can be synthesized,” Yang said. Regarding the study, Manfred Reetz, a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, said it is a particularly challenging task to convert carbon dioxide into sugars. The achievement by Chinese scientists has provided a flexible, multifunctional and efficient sugar synthesis route, which opens a door for green chemistry, Reetz said. Green chemistry, similar to sustainable chemistry, is a rapidly developing field that focuses on how to fully utilize raw materials and energy in the process of producing the intended product while minimizing or eliminating the use and generation of harmful substances. Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion is seen as an example of green chemistry, since it was conducted under normal temperature and pressure conditions and did not yield any harmful substances. 29．Why do scientists keep studying artificial sugar synthesis? A．Because sugar is an essential energy source for industrial production. B．Because the traditional extraction approach is not environmentally friendly. C．Because raw material supply is unreliable in the process of traditional sugar extraction. D．Because the traditional extraction approach is less productive than plant photosynthesis. 30．How is the Chinese study significant? A．It synthesized almost all types of sugar in the laboratory. B．It controlled varied catalytic effects of different enzymes. C．It converted high-concentration carbon dioxide into sugar. D．It lasted 17 hours, shorter than previous traditional methods. 31．What can we infer from the passage? A．Green chemistry helped use up all raw materials to generate more products. B．Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion will be used in industrial production soon. C．Green chemistry is a new field where Chinese scientists will put more efforts on. D．Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion will take up all sugar production due to its efficiency. （22-23高二上·北京·期中）Self-driving vehicles will rely on cameras，sensors and artificial intelligence (Al) to recognize and respond to road and traffic conditions.But sensing is the most effective for objects and movement in the neighborhood of the vehicle.Not everything important in a car’s environment will be caught by the vehicle’s camera.Another vehicle approaching at high speed on a collision(碰撞)track might not be visible until it’s too late.This is why vehicle-to-vehicle communication is undergoing rapid development.Our researches show that cars will need to be able to chat and operate on the road，although the technical challenges are considerable. Applications for vehicle-to-vehicle communication range from vehicles driving together in a row，to safety messages about nearby emergency vehicles.Vehicles could alert each other to avoid collisions or share notices about passers-by and bicycles. From as far as several hundred meters away.vehicles could exchange messages with one another or receive information from roadside units (RSUs) about nearby incidents or dangerous road conditions through 4 G network.A high level of Al seems required for such vehicles，not only to self-drive from A to B，but also to react intelligently to messages received.Vehicles will need to plan，reason，strategize and adapt in the light of information received in real time and to carry out cooperative behaviors.For example，a group of autonomous vehicles might avoid a route together because of potential risks，or a vehicle could decide to drop someone of earlier due to messages received，a foreseen crowding ahead. Further applications of vehicle-to-vehicle communication are still being researched，including how to perform cooperative behavior. 32．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The reasons for the accidents by self-driving vehicles. B．The research about applications for self-driving vehicles. C．The reasons for developing communication between self-driving vehicles. D．The importance of artificial intelligence of self-driving vehicles. 33．What does the underlined word “alert” mean in Paragraph2? A．Blame. B．Alarm C．Ignore. D．Govern. 34．What can we learn about road side units (RSUs)? A．They serve as efficient information stations. B．They can improve bad road conditions. C．They take over the passing vehicles. D．They classify the vehicles on the road. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．When Do Vehicles Communicate? B．The Reasons Why a High Level of Al Is Important. C．What Do Applications for Vehicle-to-vehicle Communication Need? D．Vehicle-to-vehicle Communication Is Coming. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题05 阅读理解之说明文 （23-24高二上·北京·期中）Living in a city is a well-known risk factor for developing a mental disorder, while living close to nature is largely beneficial for mental health and the brain. A central brain region, the amygdala (大脑杏仁核)involved in stress processing, has been shown to be less activated during stress in people living in rural areas, compared to those who live in cities, hinting at the potential benefits of nature. “But so far the hen-and-egg problem could not be resolved, namely whether nature actually caused the effects in the brain or whether the particular individuals chose to live in rural or urban regions,” says Sonja Sudimac. To achieve causal evidence, the researchers from the group examined brain activity in regions involved in stress processing in 63 healthy volunteers before and after a one-hour walk in Grunewald forest or a shopping street with traffic in Berlin. The results revealed that activity in the amygdala decreased after the walk in nature, suggesting that nature elicits beneficial effects on brain regions related to stress. “The results support the previously assumed positive relationship between nature and brain health, but this is the first study to prove the causal link. Interestingly, the brain activity after the urban walk in these regions remained stable and showed no increases, which argues against a commonly held view that urban exposure causes additional stress,” explains Simone Kühn, head of the group. The authors show that nature has a positive impact on brain regions involved in stress processing and that it can already be observed after a one-hour walk. This contributes to the understanding of how our physical living environment affects brain and mental health. Even a short exposure to nature decreases amygdala activity, suggesting that a walk in nature could serve as a preventive measure against developing mental health problems and reducing the potentially disadvantageous impact of the city on the brain. In order to investigate beneficial effects of nature in different populations and age groups, the researchers are currently working on a study examining how a one-hour walk in natural versus urban environments impacts stress in mothers and their babies. 1．What does the hen-and-egg problem mean by Sonja Sudimac? A．Living in rural areas actually affects brain activity. B．People in cities tend to have a higher risk of mental problems. C．It’s unnecessary to work out the complex issue of stress and health. D．It’s hard to clarify the impact of living environment on mental health. 2．How did researchers collect evidence for the study? A．By quoting authoritative experts. B．By interviewing healthy volunteers. C．By researching on a previous theory. D．By comparing volunteers’ amygdala activities. 3．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about? A．Benefits of a regular walk in nature. B．The focus of the follow-up research. C．An appeal for living in urban regions. D．Nature’s positive effects on women and children. 【答案】1．D 2．D 3．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项关于自然对人大脑产生的影响的研究结果。研究发现，接近自然环境会使与压力相关的大脑区域杏仁核的活动减少，因此对大脑和心理健康有益。研究人员目前正在进行一项研究，探究自然环境对母亲和婴儿的压力的影响方式。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“But so far the hen-and-egg problem could not be resolved, namely whether nature actually caused the effects in the brain or whether the particular individuals chose to live in rural or urban regions(但是到目前为止，母鸡和蛋的问题还没有得到解决，也就是说，到底是大自然对大脑产生了影响，还是特定的个体选择生活在农村还是城市地区)”可知，Sonja Sudimac的“母鸡和鸡蛋的问题”意味着生活环境对精神健康的影响很难说清楚。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段“To achieve causal evidence, the researchers from the group examined brain activity in regions involved in stress processing in 63 healthy volunteers before and after a one-hour walk in Grunewald forest or a shopping street with traffic in Berlin. The results revealed that activity in the amygdala decreased after the walk in nature, suggesting that nature elicits beneficial effects on brain regions related to stress.(为了获得因果证据，该小组的研究人员对63名健康志愿者在格鲁内瓦尔德森林或柏林交通繁忙的购物街散步一小时前后的大脑活动进行了检查。结果显示，在大自然中散步后，杏仁核的活动减少了，这表明大自然对大脑中与压力相关的区域产生了有益的影响)”可知，研究人员通过比较志愿者的杏仁核活动来为这项研究收集证据。故选D。 3．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“In order to investigate beneficial effects of nature in different populations and age groups, the researchers are currently working on a study examining how a one-hour walk in natural versus urban environments impacts stress in mothers and their babies.(为了调查自然对不同人群和年龄组的有益影响，研究人员目前正在进行一项研究，研究在自然环境和城市环境中散步一小时对母亲和婴儿的压力有何影响)”可知，最后一段主要讲的是后续研究的重点。故选B。 （23-24高二上·北京·期中）Success and Risk in Extreme Sports What is it that drives some to take extreme risks, while the rest of us hurry for the safety of the sidelines? Lester Keller, sports-psychology expert, says that not everyone has the mental makeup to do well in extreme sports. He notes that most of us hit a natural ceiling that limits our appetite for extreme risk in tricky conditions. But others have a much higher tolerance for risk. Keller points to a top ski racer. He told Keller that “the high element of risk makes you feel alive, tests what you are made of and how far you can take yourself”. He said he would get nervous on some of the courses, but that this would just make him fight more. Psychologists note that some people seem to have a strong desire for adrenaline(肾上腺素)rushes as a behavior seeking excited feelings. Like many extreme athletes, Emily Cook`s appetite for risk appeared at a young age. “I was a gymnast,” she said. “I was one of those kids who enjoyed and did well at anything where you were upside down.” As she started doing harder tricks, she was drawn to the challenge. “There are moments when you`re up there doing a new trick and it seems like an impossible thing. But overcoming that is just the coolest feeling in the world.” Shane Murphy, sports professor, has worked with groups climbing Everest. “To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they`ve prepared for years.” Murphy said the view of extreme athletes is different from our own. “We look at a risky situation and know that if we were in that situation we would be out of control. But from the athletes` view, they have a lot of control, and there are many things that they do to minimize risk.” Another aspect of risk perception(认知)may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present. “Something that makes you try doing a tougher climb than usual, perhaps, is that your adrenaline flows and you become very concentrated on what you`re doing,” Murphy says. “After it`s over, there`s great excitement.” People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme. “I can enjoy hitting a tennis ball around, because that`s my skill level,” Murphy says. “But others might need the challenge of Olympic competition.” 4．What does Shane Murphy think about the mountain climbers he mentions? A．They put in lots of preparation for challenges. B．They are more fortunate than other sportspeople. C．They carry little risk when facing big challenges. D．They have special reasons that others can`t easily understand. 5．What main point is made in Paragraph 5? A．Extreme athletes use techniques other people don`t use. B．Non-athletes are probably wise not to try extreme sports. C．Most people lack the focus required to take bigger risks. D．A certain state of mind makes attempting an activity more likely. 6．We can learn from the passage that ______. A．risk-taking is something you either naturally do or avoid B．those who take risks are more likely to be successful in life C．extreme athletes are driven by a need to be better than others D．taking part in extreme sports is not as difficult as people think 【答案】4．A 5．D 6．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了极限运动的成功与风险。 4．细节理解题。根据第四段中“Shane Murphy, sports professor, has worked with groups climbing Everest. “To me, that just seems like the height of risk,” he said. “But to them it was the next step in an activity that they`ve prepared for years.””（体育教授谢恩·墨菲(Shane Murphy)曾带领团队攀登珠峰。“对我来说，这似乎就是风险的高度，”他说。“但对他们来说，这是他们准备多年的活动的下一步。”）可知，登山者为迎接挑战做了大量的准备。故选A项。 5．主旨大意题。根据第五段中“Another aspect of risk perception(认知)may be something referred to as “the flow”, a state in which many athletes become absorbed in the acts that focus the mind completely on the present.”（风险感知的另一个方面可能是被称为“心流”的东西，在这种状态下，许多运动员全神贯注于将注意力完全集中在当前的行为中。）以及后面的进一步解释可知，本段的主要观点就是“the flow”这种特定的精神状态使尝试一项活动的可能性更大。故选D项。 6．推理判断题。根据最后一段“People of different skill levels experience the flow at different times. Some may always be driven to adventures that others consider extreme. “I can enjoy hitting a tennis ball around, because that`s my skill level,” Murphy says. “But others might need the challenge of Olympic competition.””（不同技能水平的人在不同的时间体验心流。有些人可能总是被驱使去做别人认为极端的冒险。墨菲说：“我可以享受打网球的乐趣，因为这是我的技术水平。“但其他人可能需要奥运会的挑战。”）以及后文所举的事例可知，不同技能水平的人有自己不同的选择，所以冒险是你可以选择或选择避免的事情。故选A项。 （23-24高二上·北京·期中）“Roses are red. Violets are blue.” As an English poem tells us, most things we see in the world have a certain color. However, if a red rose shrinks (缩小) to the world of nanometers (纳米), chances are you might see it in orange, yellow, or blue, depending on its size. This incredible phenomenon is due to the quantum effect (量子效应). An element’s properties (性质) are largely determined by how many electrons it has, noted the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. However, when matter shrinks to nanometers, its properties are determined by its size. Based on this effect, Alexei Ekimov from Russia and Louis Brus and Moungi Bawendi from the US received the Nobel Prize in chemistry this year for the discovery and development of quantum dots (量子点), semiconducting nanoparticles (半导体纳米粒子) that are usually 2 to 10 nanometers in size. “Quantum dots have many fascinating and unusual properties. Importantly, they have different colors depending on their size,” said Johan Aqvist, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. Quanturn dots absorb light and then release it at another wavelength (波长). The smaller the dot is, the shorter the wavelength is, resulting in a bluer light. Likewise, the larger it is, the redder the light will be. The research by the three scientists opened up a whole new world for chemistry. The light from quantum dots is pure and bright, providing more convenience and enjoyment in many aspects of our lives. In hospitals, quantum dots are applied to bioimaging (生物成像) and traceable (可追踪的) drug delivery. They can guide doctors when they remove tumors (肿瘤). The dots are much brighter than traditional organic dyes (染料). In our homes, we enjoy pure and dynamic light from TV and computer displays using QLED technology (Q stands for quantum dots). In labs, chemists make use of light from quantum dots to catalyze (催化) chemical reactions. Looking ahead, scientists believe that quantum dots could help in the making of tiny sensors and thinner solar cells. , as well as in encrypted (加密的) quantum communication. Quantum dots have been benefiting humankind in many ways. However, our exploration of them is still at an early stage. 7．What determines the color of quantum dots? A．Their sizes. B．The wavelength they emit. C．The material they are made of. D．The amount of light they absorb. 8．In what aspects are quantum dots being used in hospitals? a. Biological imaging    b. Write a prescription (开处方) c. Tumor removal    d. Dye usage    e. Drug delivery A．a, b, c B．b, c, e C．a, c, e D．a, d, e 9．What’s the main idea of this article? A．Explored the potential application fields of future quantum dots. B．The importance of quantum effect in determining an element’s properties. C．Introduction to three scientists who have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. D．The discovery and development of quantum dots and their applications in different fields. 【答案】7．A 8．C 9．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了量子点的发现、发展及其在不同领域的应用。 7．细节理解题。根据第一段中“However, if a red rose shrinks (缩小) to the world of nanometers (纳米), chances are you might see it in orange, yellow, or blue, depending on its size. (然而，如果一朵红玫瑰缩小到纳米级别，你可能会看到橙色、黄色或蓝色，这取决于它的大小。)”可知，量子点的大小决定了量子点的颜色，故选A。 8．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“In hospitals, quantum dots are applied to bioimaging (生物成像) and traceable (可追踪的) drug delivery. They can guide doctors when they remove tumors (肿瘤). The dots are much brighter than traditional organic dyes (染料). ( 在医院，量子点应用于生物成像和可追踪的药物输送。他们可以指导医生切除肿瘤。这些点比传统的有机染料要亮得多。)”可知，在医院量子点应用于生物成像和可追踪的药物输送，以及指导医生切除肿瘤，a.Biological imaging(生物影像学)，c.Tumor removal(切除肿瘤)和 e. Drug delivery(药物输送)符合，故选C。 9．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“This incredible phenomenon is due to the quantum effect (量子效应).(这种不可思议的现象是由量子效应引起的。)”，第五段“The research by the three scientists opened up a whole new world for chemistry. The light from quantum dots is pure and bright, providing more convenience and enjoyment in many aspects of our lives.(这三位科学家的研究为化学开辟了一个全新的世界。量子点发出的光既纯净又明亮，为我们生活的方方面面提供了更多的便利和享受。)”和第六段“In hospitals, quantum dots are applied to bioimaging (生物成像) and traceable (可追踪的) drug delivery. They can guide doctors when they remove tumors (肿瘤). The dots are much brighter than traditional organic dyes (染料). In our homes, we enjoy pure and dynamic light from TV and computer displays using QLED technology (Q stands for quantum dots). In labs, chemists make use of light from quantum dots to catalyze (催化) chemical reactions.(在医院，量子点应用于生物成像和可追踪药物输送。他们可以指导医生切除肿瘤。这些点比传统的有机染料要亮得多。在我们的家里，我们使用 QLED 技术(Q 代表量子点)来享受电视和电脑显示器发出的纯净而动态的光。在实验室里，化学家利用量子点发出的光来催化化学反应。)”可知，文章主要介绍了量子点的发现、发展及其在不同领域的应用。故选D。 （23-24高二上·北京·期中）The Printing Press What do you think is the most important invention in the last 1, 000 years? It is the lightbulb or the Internet? Many people say that it is the printing press, a machine that allows us to print copies or books and documents. But why is the printing press so important? Before the printing press, books were copied by hand. Ancient Roman book publisher sometimes sold as many as 5, 000 copies of a book that had been copied by slaves. But copying a book took so much time and was so expensive that often only a few copies of each book were made. As a result, usually only a small percentage of the population learned to read and owned books. In 1450, a goldsmith named Johannes Gutenberg in Germany invented the modern printing press. The impact of his machine is sometimes compared to the invention of the Internet. Although ancient Chinese people invented paper in 105 AD and used woodblock printing before 200 AD, Gutenberg’s printing press was easy to use with languages that had alphabetic scripts. After 1450, thousands of copies of a popular book or newspaper could be made quickly and cheaply. Books and newspapers with ideas and images from all over the world went into the market for the wide public. Knowledge is power. Reading has brought about amazing changes in science, technology and politics. We have learned how to create wealth and even travel to far-away worlds. The computer, cellphone, and Internet have grown, because billions of powerful readers were created by the printing press. From 1450 on, more and more people have become readers. These billions of readers are powerful, and they help the world to make progress at a fast speed. 10．Not many people read in ancient Rome because they had ___. A．few books to read B．little time to read C．no money for books D．no interest in books 11．The modern printing press is sometimes compared to the Internet due to its ___. A．low cost B．comm on use C．great influence D．rapid development 12．What is mainly discussed about the printing press in the last two paragraphs? A．The progress B．The contribution C．The future D．The function 【答案】10．A 11．C 12．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了印刷机的发展以及贡献。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段“Ancient Roman book publisher sometimes sold as many as 5, 000 copies of a book that had been copied by slaves. But copying a book took so much time and was so expensive that often only a few copies of each book were made. As a result, usually only a small percentage of the population learned to read and owned books. (古罗马的图书出版商有时能卖出5000本奴隶抄写的书。但是抄写一本书要花费大量的时间而且成本高昂，所以通常每本书只能抄写几本。因此，通常只有一小部分人学会阅读和拥有书籍)”可知，在古罗马，没有多少人读书，是因为他们没什么书可读。故选A。 11．细节理解题。根据第三段“The impact of his machine is sometimes compared to the invention of the Internet. (他的机器的影响有时被比作互联网的发明)”可知，由于其巨大的影响力，现代印刷机有时被比作互联网。故选C。 12．主旨大意题。根据倒数第二段“Knowledge is power. Reading has brought about amazing changes in science, technology and politics. We have learned how to create wealth and even travel to far-away worlds. The computer, cellphone, and Internet have grown, because billions of powerful readers were created by the printing press. (知识就是力量。阅读给科学、技术和政治带来了惊人的变化。我们学会了如何创造财富，甚至去遥远的世界旅行。电脑、手机和互联网都在发展，因为印刷机创造了数十亿强大的读者)”以及最后一段“From 1450 on, more and more people have become readers. These billions of readers are powerful, and they help the world to make progress at a fast speed. (从1450年起，越来越多的人成为读者。数以亿计的读者是强大的，他们帮助世界快速进步)”可知，最后两段主要讨论了印刷机的贡献。故选B。 （21-22高二上·北京·期中）One of the classic science-fiction treatments of the end of civilization was The Death of Grass, by John Christopher, in which a mysterious sickness struck down all the grasses on which most of the world’s agriculture is based, from rice to wheat. In the end, politics among the survivors of disease, war and famine were reduced to bitter fratricidal struggle over a defensible potato patch. Like most of the so-called “comfortable disaster” novels, this could be criticized for optimism. Depressing as a future of famine and the war of all against all might seem, the consequences were largely limited to humans. However, the threatened extinction of insect populations around the world raises the prospect of a much less general disaster, which would involve plants, birds, fish, small mammals, and everything else depending on insects. That’s just the start. Other species, and we ourselves, depend on the animals and plants that need insects. When they go, we go. This is not just a greater disaster. It’s a much more reasonable one. The most recent study has concluded that insect biomass is decreasing around the world at a rate of 2.5% a year. At that rate, half the insects in the world will be gone in 50 years’ time, and all of them in a century — though no one will be keeping track of centuries then. The chief driver of this disaster is unchecked human greed. For all our individual and even collective cleverness, we behave as a species with as little foresight as a colony of nematode worms that will consume everything that it can reach until all is gone and it dies off naturally. The challenge of behaving more intelligently than creatures that have no brain at all will not be easy. But unlike the nematodes, we know what to do. The UN convention on biodiversity was signed in 1992, alongside the convention on climate change. Giving it the strength to hold back our appetites is now urgent. Biodiversity is not an optional extra. It is the web that holds all life, including human life. The two main expressions of greed that speed this apocalypse are global warming and industrial agriculture. It appears that most of the damage is being done in the developed world by farming practices. The use of giant fields, lacking in  shelter for insects of any sort at all, whether they are harmful to human interests or not, and where the plants are drenched in long-lasting pesticides, has been fatal for uncounted billions of insects. The effects of this kind of forming reach beyond the fields immediately affected, too. There has been a huge loss of aquatic insect species from the rivers into which the products of industrial agriculture arc flushed by rain. Even in German nature reserves, which are by definition protected from the use of pesticides, there have been sleep falls in insect populations because so many of the most widely used ones are persistent and prevent breeding. 13．Which of the following statements about The Death of Grass is true? A．It gives a vivid account of the most serious famine in history. B．It holds an optimistic attitude towards famine in the future. C．It understates the severity of the disaster facing the world. D．It demonstrates how evil human nature turns out to be. 14．In paragraph 2, the writer mentions the most recent study in order to________. A．prove that the prediction about the great disaster makes sense B．suggest a possible approach to increasing insect biomass C．show how soon the insects worldwide will go extinct D．argue for the necessity to protect insect populations 15．What can be inferred from the passage? A．Humans are similar to nematode in that both of them lack foresight. B．Modem farming is to blame for the threatened extinction of insects. C．Germany sets a good example by minimizing the use of pesticides. D．We haven’t done enough about maintaining biodiversity. 16．What will the author probably discuss after the last paragraph? A．What we can do to deal with the situation. B．How industrial agriculture brings about apocalypse. C．What influence pesticides may have on people’s lives. D．Why insect populations in Germany are on the decline. 【答案】13．C 14．A 15．B 16．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了尽管未来的饥荒和人们之间的战争看起来令人沮丧，但其后果在很大程度上仅限于人类自身。人类的一些做法，使得世界各地的昆虫生物量正在以每年2.5%的速度减少，人类依赖需要昆虫的动植物，这对于人类来说无疑是一场灾难。 13．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Like most of the so-called “comfortable disaster” novels, this could be criticized for optimism.(就像大多数所谓的“舒适的灾难”小说一样，这可能会被批评为乐观主义)”可知，C选项“它低估了世界面临的灾难的严重性”正确。故选C。 14．推理判断题。根据第二段“However, the threatened extinction of insect populations around the world raises the prospect of a much less general disaster, which would involve plants, birds, fish, small mammals, and everything else depending on insects. That’s just the start. Other species, and we ourselves, depend on the animals and plants that need insects. When they go, we go. This is not just a greater disaster. It’s a much more reasonable one. The most recent study has concluded that insect biomass is decreasing around the world at a rate of 2.5% a year. At that rate, half the insects in the world will be gone in 50 years’ time, and all of them in a century — though no one will be keeping track of centuries then.(然而，世界各地昆虫种群灭绝的威胁增加了一种不那么普遍的灾难的可能性，这种灾难将涉及植物、鸟类、鱼类、小型哺乳动物以及其他一切依赖昆虫的生物。这只是开始。其他物种，包括我们自己，都依赖于需要昆虫的动植物。它们走了，我们也走了。这不仅仅是一场更大的灾难。这是一个更合理的选择。最近的研究得出结论，世界各地的昆虫生物量正在以每年2.5%的速度减少。按照这样的速度，世界上一半的昆虫将在50年内消失，而所有昆虫将在一个世纪内消失——尽管到时没有人会记录几个世纪的情况)”可推知，作者提到了最近的研究，以证明关于大灾难的预测是有道理的。故选A。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The two main expressions of greed that speed this apocalypse are global warming and industrial agriculture.(加速这场灾难的贪婪的两种主要表现形式是全球变暖和工业化农业)”可推知，现代农业是造成昆虫濒临灭绝的原因。故选B。 16．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The two main expressions of greed that speed this apocalypse are global warming and industrial agriculture. It appears that most of the damage is being done in the developed world by farming practices. The use of giant fields, lacking in  shelter for insects of any sort at all, whether they are harmful to human interests or not, and where the plants are drenched in long-lasting pesticides, has been fatal for uncounted billions of insects. The effects of this kind of forming reach beyond the fields immediately affected, too. There has been a huge loss of aquatic insect species from the rivers into which the products of industrial agriculture arc flushed by rain. Even in German nature reserves, which are by definition protected from the use of pesticides, there have been sleep falls in insect populations because so many of the most widely used ones are persistent and prevent breeding.(加速这场灾难的贪婪的两种主要表现形式是全球变暖和工业化农业。似乎大部分的损害是由发达国家的耕作方式造成的。巨大的农田，没有任何种类昆虫的庇护所，无论它们是否对人类利益有害，而且植物被长效杀虫剂浸透，对无法计数的数十亿昆虫来说是致命的。这种形成的影响也超出了立即受到影响的领域。由于工业化农业生产的产品被雨水冲入河流，水生昆虫种类大量减少。即使是在德国自然保护区——按照定义，这些自然保护区不受杀虫剂的影响——也曾出现过昆虫睡眠不足的情况，因为许多最广泛使用的杀虫剂是持久性的，会阻止昆虫繁殖)”可推知，作者在最后一段之后可能会讨论我们能做些什么来应对这种情况。故选A。 （21-22高二上·北京·期中）Every four years we get to see the best competing to win the Olympic medals. But sometimes the best inspiration comes from those who don’t win-- or even someone who came in dead last. In 1988, Michael “The Eagle” Edwards became the first competitor since 1928 to represent Great Britain in Olympic ski jumping. How did Eddie do? He came in No. 58 out of 58. But it didn’t matter. His fans loved him for other reasons. He had no trainer, no money, no practice facilities--and some called him the great British loser. Eddie says, “I got my letter saying, ‘Congratulations, you can represent Great Britain in the Olympic Games’ when I was in a mental hospital in Finland. I wasn’t a patient. I was there because it was the cheapest place for me to stay.” On getting ready to do his jump, Eddie says, “There were about 85 or 90 thousand people in the ski jump area, and I thought ‘this is going to be really good, I’m really going to go for this,’ The Germans and the Swiss and the Italians were going down jumping, but the crowd were ignoring them and chanting, ‘Eddie! Eddie!’” “And I got out and sat on the bar and they started cheering and cheering and it was great!” “When you sit at the top of the ski jump, you look down, and you’re probably about 500 or 600 feet up from where you’re actually going to finish. You can see a million and one different reasons why you shouldn’t really go down. So you do have to be not a little crazy, but probably a lot.” “You’re travelling at 65 or 75 miles per hour. Within about a second you’ll be 250 feet up from where you’re going to be landing. And you just try to relax and let your skis carry you to the bottom of the hill.” “It’s the most exciting feeling in the world.” Eddie’s British record jump of 71 meters landed him in 58th place--out of 58 competitors, 19 meters behind the jumper who was placed 57th. And if you ask anyone in Great Britain, “Who won the Olympic ski jump in 1988?” Almost no one could tell you. But if you ask, “Who is Eddie ‘The Eagle’ Edwards?” They’ll tell you all about the crazy ski jump guy who they still remember and love to this day. The British people were so proud of him for just trying, that winning didn’t matter a bit. He dares to go where most of us won’t. Yes, he came in dead last, but he will be forever and fondly remembered by his country for doing what no one else had done in 60 years. So what daring thing are you afraid to do? Take Eddie’s example and just go for it. You might just become a legend. 17．The competitor who was placed 57th kept the record jump of ________meters in 1988. A．52 B．77 C．90 D．129 18．Which statement is true according to the passage? A．Eddie represented Finland in Olympic ski jumping. B．Eddie trained himself with good practical facilities. C．Eddie thought it didn’t matter to be in dead last. D．Eddie thought himself to be a legend in Britain. 19．How did Eddie win the hearts of British people? A．He became the first British competitor in Olympic ski jumping. B．He did what no one else had done in 60 years for his country. C．He could ski jump at the speed of 65 or 75 miles per hour. D．He has got a great deal of British sport fans. 20．What is the best title of the passage? A．The Eagle B．Getting to the medal C．The Importance of Failure D．When Last Place is Really First 【答案】17．C 18．C 19．B 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在1988年冬奥会上，英国小伙“飞鹰”艾迪在58人参加的跳台滑雪比赛中名列倒数第一。但他以坚韧不拔、勇于开拓的精神和不畏艰难、与命运抗争的勇气而被人们所铭记。 17．细节理解题。根据第七段“Eddie’s British record jump of 71 meters landed him in 58th place--out of 58 competitors, 19 meters behind the jumper who was placed 57th. (艾迪以71米的成绩打破了英国跳远纪录，在58名参赛选手中排名58位，比排名57位的选手落后19米。)”可知，1988年，排名第57位的选手保持了90米跳远纪录。故选C。 18．细节理解题。根据第二段“On getting ready to do his jump, Eddie says, “There were about 85 or 90 thousand people in the ski jump area, and I thought ‘this is going to be really good, I’m really going to go for this,’ The Germans and the Swiss and the Italians were going down jumping, but the crowd were ignoring them and chanting, ‘Eddie! Eddie!’”(在准备起跳的时候，艾迪说:“跳台滑雪区大约有8万5千到9万人，我想‘这一定会很棒，我一定要去试试。’德国人、瑞士人和意大利人都在跳台，但人群无视他们，高喊‘艾迪!艾迪!’”)”可知，艾迪认为自己一定要去试试，是最后一名不重要。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据第七段“Yes, he came in dead last, but he will be forever and fondly remembered by his country for doing what no one else had done in 60 years. (是的，他是最后一位，但他的国家将永远怀念他，因为他做了60年来没有人做过的事情。)”可知，艾迪为他的国家做了60年来没有人做过的事情，赢得了英国人的心。故选B。 20．主旨大意题。根据第二段“In1988, Michael “The Eagle” Edwards became the first competitor since 1928 to represent Great Britain in Olympic ski jumping. How did Eddie do? He came in No. 58 out of 58. But it didn’t matter. (1988年，“飞鹰”迈克尔·爱德华兹成为自1928年以来首位代表英国参加奥运会跳台滑雪比赛的运动员。艾迪做得怎么样？他在58人中排名第58。但这并不重要。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了在1988年冬奥会上，英国小伙“飞鹰”艾迪在58人参加的跳台滑雪比赛中名列倒数第一。但他以坚韧不拔、勇于开拓的精神和不畏艰难、与命运抗争的勇气而被人们所铭记。所以“When Last Place is Really First(当最后一名才是真正的第一名的时候)”作为文章标题最为合适。故选D。 （22-23高三上·北京大兴·期中）Automation (自动化) was a hot topic. Nearly everyone agreed that people would be working less once computers and other kinds of automatic machinery became widespread. For optimists, this was a promise of liberation: At last humanity would be freed from constant toil, and we could all devote our days to more refined pursuits. But others saw a threat: Millions of people would be thrown out of work, and desperate masses would roam the streets. Looking back from 50 years hence, the controversy over automation seems a quaint and curious episode. The dispute was never resolved. A．J. Hayes, a leader (and no relation to me), wrote in 1964: Automation is not just a new kind of mechanization but a revolutionary force capable of overturning our social order. Whereas mechanization made workers more efficient — and thus more valuable — automation threatens to make them superfluous (过剩的) — and thus without value. The opinions I have cited here represent extreme positions, and there were also many milder views. But I think it’s fair to say that most early students of automation, including both critics and enthusiasts, believed the new technology would lead us into a world where people worked much less. As for economic consequences, worries about unemployment have certainly not gone away — not with job losses in the current recession approaching 2 million workers in our country alone. But recent job losses are commonly attributed to causes other than automation, such as competition from overseas or a roller-coaster financial system. In any case, the vision of a world where machines do all the work and people stand idly by has simply not come to pass. The spread of automation outside of the factory has altered its social and economic impact in some curious ways. In many cases, the net effect of automation is not that machines are doing work that people used to do. Instead we’ve dispensed with the people who used to be paid to run the machines, and we’ve learned to run them ourselves. These trends contradict almost all the expectations of early writers on automation, both optimists and pessimists. So far, automation has neither liberated us from the need to work nor deprived (剥夺) us of the opportunity to work. Instead, we’re working more than ever. What about trades closer to my own vital interests? Will science be automated? Technology already has a central role in many areas of research; for example, genome sequences could not be read by traditional lab-bench methods. Replacing the scientist will presumably be a little harder than replacing the lab technician, but when a machine exhibits enough curiosity and tenacity, I think we’ll just have to welcome it as a companion in zealous research. And if the scientist is elbowed aside by an automaton, then surely the science writer can’t hold out either. I’m ready for my 15-hour workweek. 21．In Paragraph 1, the writer mainly wants to convey that ________. A．automation results in unemployment B．automation does more harm than good C．the issue of automation was still in discussion D．automation brings in much convenience in life 22．According to J. Hayes, we can infer _________ A．automation is more valuable than what we imagine B．automation is a revolutionary force to better development C．the disadvantages of automation far outweigh the advantages D．the new technology would lead people into working much less 23．What’s the author’s attitude toward automation on jobs? A．Doubtful. B．Supportive. C．Disapproving. D．Neutral. 24．What can we conclude from this passage? A．People needn’t work so hard due to automation. B．Traditional labor force will be replaced in the near future. C．Automation should be accepted reasonably in development. D．Automation results in more job losses in the writer’s country. 【答案】21．C 22．B 23．D 24．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人们对于生活中自动化的评价及看法。 21．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Nearly everyone agreed that people would be working less once computers and other kinds of automatic machinery became widespread. For optimists, this was a promise of liberation: At last humanity would be freed from constant toil, and we could all devote our days to more refined pursuits. But others saw a threat: Millions of people would be thrown out of work, and desperate masses would roam the streets. Looking back from 50 years hence, the controversy over automation seems a quaint and curious episode. The dispute was never resolved. (几乎每个人都同意，一旦计算机和其他种类的自动化机器普及，人们的工作量就会减少。对于乐观主义者来说，这是一种解放的承诺：最终，人类将从不断的劳动中解放出来，我们都可以把我们的时间投入到更精致的追求中去。但其他人看到了一个威胁：数百万人将失去工作，绝望的群众将漫步街头。从50年前开始回顾，围绕自动化的争论似乎是一个古怪而奇怪的插曲。争端从未得到解决)”可知，自从自动化产生，人们对于其孰优孰劣的争论一直持续不断。由此可知，本段主要想表达的内容是自动化的问题仍在讨论中。故选C。 22．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Automation is not just a new kind of mechanization but a revolutionary force capable of overturning our social order. Whereas mechanization made workers more efficient— and thus more valuable — automation threatens to make them superfluous (过剩的) — and thus without value. (自动化不仅是一种新型的机械化，而且是一种能够颠覆社会秩序的革命力量。机械化使工人更有效率，因而更有价值，而自动化则使他们变得多余，因而没有价值)”可推知，根据J.Hayes的说法，自动化是更好发展的革命性力量。故选B。 23．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“So far, automation has neither liberated us from the need to work nor deprived (剥夺) us of the opportunity to work. Instead, we’re working more than ever. (到目前为止，自动化既没有把我们从工作的需要中解放出来，也没有剥夺我们工作的机会。相反，我们比以往任何时候都更加努力)”可推知，作者对自动化对工作的影响持中立的态度。故选D。 24．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Replacing the scientist will presumably be a little harder than replacing the lab technician, but when a machine exhibits enough curiosity and tenacity, I think we’ll just have to welcome it as a companion in zealous research.(取代科学家可能会比取代实验室技术员更难一些，但当一台机器表现出足够的好奇心和韧劲时，我认为我们只能欢迎它作为热情研究的伙伴)”可推知，在发展中应合理接受自动化。故选C。 （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期中）In the sprawling metropolis of Grayville, where skyscrapers touched the heavens and streets were constantly buzzing with life, there existed a unique place called “The Corner of Quietude”. It was neither a park nor a building. In fact, it was simply a street corner, marked by a single lamppost with a peculiar sign: “Speak softly, for this is a place of solace”. Legend had it that anyone speaking beneath this lamppost, regardless of the surrounding noise, would find their words drowned out, replaced by an mysterious peace. Over the years, many had come to experience its magic. They spoke of heartbreaks, dreams, regrets, and wishes, seeking solace in its embrace. Ella, a journalist new to Grayville, stumbled upon this corner during an assignment. Doubtful, she decided to test the legend. Whispering her deepest fears about her failing career and struggles in the big city, she was shocked when all she heard was a calming whisper, almost as if the world around her paused. Ella dug into the history of “The Corner of Quietude”. She discovered that decades ago, a musician named Alaric had lost his voice and would visit the corner every night, playing his silent tunes on a violin, hoping to communicate through his music. Some believed that the corner absorbed Alaric’s yearning for expression and became a place for all who sought to voice their innermost emotions. 25．What was unique about “The Corner of Quietude” in Grayville? A．It was the oldest park in this busy city. B．It was where Alaric played music every night. C．People found their words replaced by quietness. D．It was a silent zone where no sound was allowed. 26．Why did Ella come to the corner in the first place? A．To check the legend. B．To whisper her fears. C．To meet the musician. D．To finish her assignment. 27．How did Ella react upon experiencing the corner’s magic? A．She felt it was just another city mystery. B．She immediately believed in the legend. C．She wrote an article to clarify the truth. D．She was surprised and felt a sense of calm. 28．What is suggested about the musician Alaric? A．He was the founder of Grayville and the corner. B．He reclaimed his voice by playing at the corner. C．He played music to disrupt the peace of the corner. D．His silent tunes contributed to the corner’s mysterious sense. 【答案】25．C 26．A 27．D 28．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了“安静之角”的特殊之处。 25．细节理解题。由文章第二段中“Legend had it that anyone speaking beneath this lamppost, regardless of the surrounding noise, would find their words drowned out, replaced by an mysterious peace. (传说任何在这个灯柱下说话的人，不管周围有什么噪音，都会发现他们的话被淹没，取而代之的是一种神秘的平静。)”可知，在格雷维尔的《安静之角》人们发现他们的话语被安静所取代。故选C。 26．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“Ella, a journalist new to Grayville, stumbled upon this corner during an assignment.  Doubtful, she decided to test the legend.  (艾拉是格雷维尔新来的记者，在一次任务中偶然发现了这个角落。她心存疑虑，决定验证一下这个传说。)”可知，埃拉来到这里是为了验证一下这个传说。故选A。 27．细节理解题。由文章第三段中“Whispering her deepest fears about her failing career and struggles in the big city, she was shocked when all she heard was a calming whisper, almost as if the world around her paused. (她低声诉说着自己对事业失败和在大城市里的挣扎最深的恐惧，当她听到的只是平静的低语时，她震惊了，仿佛她周围的世界都停顿了。)”可知，埃拉在经历了角落的魔法后感到很惊讶，但又感觉仿佛她周围的世界都停顿了，即感到一种平静。故选D。 28．推理判断题。由文章最后一段中“She discovered that decades ago, a musician named Alaric had lost his voice and would visit the corner every night, playing his silent tunes on a violin, hoping to communicate through his music.  Some believed that the corner absorbed Alaric’s yearning for expression and became a place for all who sought to voice their innermost emotions. (她发现，几十年前，一位名叫阿拉里的音乐家失声了，每天晚上都会来到这个角落，用小提琴演奏他无声的曲调，希望通过他的音乐与人交流。一些人认为，这个角落吸收了阿拉里克对表达的渴望，成为所有寻求表达内心情感的人的地方。)”可知，阿拉里那无声的曲调增加了角落的神秘感。故选D。 （23-24高二上·北京大兴·期中）Chinese scientists recently achieved precise total synthesis (合成) of sugar from carbon dioxide in the laboratory, marking a crucial step in artificial sugar synthesis. The synthesis, which took more than two years to realize, was achieved by teams from the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology and the academy’s Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics. Their research was published last week in a paper in Chinese Science Bulletin, a multidisciplinary academic journal. Sugar is a major source of energy for the human body and a key raw material for industrial production, and it is mainly obtained by extracting it from crops such as sugar cane. However, the traditional method of extraction is limited by the energy conversion efficiency of plant photosynthesis. Moreover, the process of extracting sugar has been affected by uncertain raw material supplies due to land degradation and shortages, ecosystem degradation and extreme weather and natural disasters caused by global warming. As a result, artificial sugar synthesis has been continually studied by the scientific community in recent years, and scientists around the world have contributed to the effort. In their latest research, the Chinese scientists adjusted high-concentration carbon dioxide and other raw materials in the reaction solution. With the help of chemical catalysts and enzyme (酶) catalysts, they obtained four kinds of sugars: glucose, allulose, tagatose and mannose. The experiment lasted about 17 hours, much shorter than the time required for traditional methods of sugar extraction, according to Yang Jiangang, lead author of the paper and associate researcher at the Tianjin institute. The efficiency of sugar synthesis in this study was 0.67 grams per liter per hour, which was more than 10 times higher than the previous results achieved by scientists worldwide. Yang said that the carbon dioxide to sugar conversion rate of glucose reached 59.8 nanomoles of carbon per milligram of catalyst per minute. This is the highest level of artificial sugar production known domestically and internationally. The study also achieved precise control of artificial sugar synthesis. “By controlling the varied catalytic effects of different enzymes, theoretically almost any type of sugar can be synthesized,” Yang said. Regarding the study, Manfred Reetz, a member of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, said it is a particularly challenging task to convert carbon dioxide into sugars. The achievement by Chinese scientists has provided a flexible, multifunctional and efficient sugar synthesis route, which opens a door for green chemistry, Reetz said. Green chemistry, similar to sustainable chemistry, is a rapidly developing field that focuses on how to fully utilize raw materials and energy in the process of producing the intended product while minimizing or eliminating the use and generation of harmful substances. Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion is seen as an example of green chemistry, since it was conducted under normal temperature and pressure conditions and did not yield any harmful substances. 29．Why do scientists keep studying artificial sugar synthesis? A．Because sugar is an essential energy source for industrial production. B．Because the traditional extraction approach is not environmentally friendly. C．Because raw material supply is unreliable in the process of traditional sugar extraction. D．Because the traditional extraction approach is less productive than plant photosynthesis. 30．How is the Chinese study significant? A．It synthesized almost all types of sugar in the laboratory. B．It controlled varied catalytic effects of different enzymes. C．It converted high-concentration carbon dioxide into sugar. D．It lasted 17 hours, shorter than previous traditional methods. 31．What can we infer from the passage? A．Green chemistry helped use up all raw materials to generate more products. B．Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion will be used in industrial production soon. C．Green chemistry is a new field where Chinese scientists will put more efforts on. D．Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion will take up all sugar production due to its efficiency. 【答案】29．C 30．C 31．C 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，文章讲述了中国科学家最近在实验室中实现了用二氧化碳精确合成糖，标志着人工糖合成迈出了关键一步。 29．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“Moreover, the process of extracting sugar has been affected by uncertain raw material supplies due to land degradation and shortages, ecosystem degradation and extreme weather and natural disasters caused by global warming.(此外，由于土地退化和短缺、生态系统退化以及全球变暖导致的极端天气和自然灾害，原料供应不确定，影响了提取糖的过程)”及文章第四段“As a result, artificial sugar synthesis has been continually studied by the scientific community in recent years, and scientists around the world have contributed to the effort.(因此，近年来，人工糖的合成一直受到科学界的不断研究，世界各地的科学家都为这一努力做出了贡献)”可知，传统的糖提取过程中原料供应不可靠，所以科学家一直研究人工糖合成。故选C项。 30．细节理解题。根据文章第六段“The efficiency of sugar synthesis in this study was 0.67 grams per liter per hour, which was more than 10 times higher than the previous results achieved by scientists worldwide. Yang said that the carbon dioxide to sugar conversion rate of glucose reached 59.8 nanomoles of carbon per milligram of catalyst per minute. This is the highest level of artificial sugar production known domestically and internationally.(在这项研究中，糖的合成效率为每小时0.67克每升，比全球科学家之前取得的成果高出10倍以上。杨教授说，二氧化碳转化为糖的葡萄糖转化率达到每毫克催化剂每分钟59.8纳摩尔的碳。这是国内和国际上已知的人造糖产量的最高水平)”可知，二氧化碳转化为糖的葡萄糖转化率浓度高，糖的合成效率为每小时0.67克每升，比全球科学家之前取得的成果高出10倍以上，所以中国科学家的研究意义重大，是因为它将高浓度的二氧化碳转化为糖。故选C项。 31．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“The achievement by Chinese scientists has provided a flexible, multifunctional and efficient sugar synthesis route, which opens a door for green chemistry, Reetz said. Green chemistry, similar to sustainable chemistry, is a rapidly developing field(Reetz说，中国科学家的这一成就提供了一种灵活、多功能和高效的糖合成途径，为绿色化学打开了一扇门。绿色化学，类似于可持续化学，是一个快速发展的领域)”及最后一段“Carbon dioxide to sugar conversion is seen as an example of green chemistry, since it was conducted under normal temperature and pressure conditions and did not yield any harmful substances.(二氧化碳到糖的转化被视为绿色化学的一个例子，因为它是在常温常压条件下进行的，不产生任何有害物质)”可知，二氧化碳精确合成糖为绿色化学打开了一扇门，它是一个快速发展的领域，可得出绿色化学是中国科学家将投入更多努力的一个新领域。故选C项。 （22-23高二上·北京·期中）Self-driving vehicles will rely on cameras，sensors and artificial intelligence (Al) to recognize and respond to road and traffic conditions.But sensing is the most effective for objects and movement in the neighborhood of the vehicle.Not everything important in a car’s environment will be caught by the vehicle’s camera.Another vehicle approaching at high speed on a collision(碰撞)track might not be visible until it’s too late.This is why vehicle-to-vehicle communication is undergoing rapid development.Our researches show that cars will need to be able to chat and operate on the road，although the technical challenges are considerable. Applications for vehicle-to-vehicle communication range from vehicles driving together in a row，to safety messages about nearby emergency vehicles.Vehicles could alert each other to avoid collisions or share notices about passers-by and bicycles. From as far as several hundred meters away.vehicles could exchange messages with one another or receive information from roadside units (RSUs) about nearby incidents or dangerous road conditions through 4 G network.A high level of Al seems required for such vehicles，not only to self-drive from A to B，but also to react intelligently to messages received.Vehicles will need to plan，reason，strategize and adapt in the light of information received in real time and to carry out cooperative behaviors.For example，a group of autonomous vehicles might avoid a route together because of potential risks，or a vehicle could decide to drop someone of earlier due to messages received，a foreseen crowding ahead. Further applications of vehicle-to-vehicle communication are still being researched，including how to perform cooperative behavior. 32．What is the first paragraph mainly about? A．The reasons for the accidents by self-driving vehicles. B．The research about applications for self-driving vehicles. C．The reasons for developing communication between self-driving vehicles. D．The importance of artificial intelligence of self-driving vehicles. 33．What does the underlined word “alert” mean in Paragraph2? A．Blame. B．Alarm C．Ignore. D．Govern. 34．What can we learn about road side units (RSUs)? A．They serve as efficient information stations. B．They can improve bad road conditions. C．They take over the passing vehicles. D．They classify the vehicles on the road. 35．What is the best title for the text? A．When Do Vehicles Communicate? B．The Reasons Why a High Level of Al Is Important. C．What Do Applications for Vehicle-to-vehicle Communication Need? D．Vehicle-to-vehicle Communication Is Coming. 【答案】32．C 33．B 34．A 35．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了车对车通信，介绍了其概念以及其重要性。 32．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Self-driving vehicles will rely on cameras，sensors and artificial intelligence (Al) to recognize and respond to road and traffic conditions. But sensing is the most effective for objects and movement in the neighborhood of the vehicle. Not everything important in a car’s environment will be caught by the vehicle’s camera. Another vehicle approaching at high speed on a collision(碰撞)track might not be visible until it’s too late. This is why vehicle-to-vehicle communication is undergoing rapid development. Our researches show that cars will need to be able to chat and operate on the road，although the technical challenges are considerable.(自动驾驶汽车将依靠摄像头、传感器和人工智能来识别和响应道路和交通状况。但感应对于车辆附近的物体和运动是最有效的。并不是汽车环境中所有重要的东西都能被摄像头捕捉到。另一辆高速驶近碰撞轨道的车辆可能在发现时为时已晚。这就是为什么车对车通信正在快速发展的原因。我们的研究表明，汽车将需要能够在路上聊天和操作，尽管技术挑战相当大。)”可知，第一段主要分析了开发自动驾驶车辆车对车通信的原因。故选C。 33．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“to avoid collisions or share notices about passers-by and bicycles.(以避免碰撞，或者共享关于行人和自行车的通知。)”可知，划线单词指的是“警告”，这样才能避免自动驾驶车碰撞。选项A“Blame. (责备)”；选项B“Alarm (警告)”；选项C“Ignore (忽视)”；选项D“Govern (统治)”。故选B。 34．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“A high level of Al seems required for such vehicles，not only to self-drive from A to B，but also to react intelligently to messages received. Vehicles will need to plan, reason, strategize and adapt in the light of information received in real time and to carry out cooperative behaviors.(这些车辆似乎需要高水平的人工智能，不仅要从A点自动驾驶到B点，还要对接收到的信息做出智能反应。车辆将需要根据实时接收到的信息进行计划、推理、策略和适应，并进行合作行为。)”可推断出，车辆需要对接收到的信息做出智能反应，所以RSUs是一个有效的信息站。故选A。 35．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段内容可知，第一段主要分析了为什么需要开发车对车通信；而根据第二段“Applications for vehicle-to-vehicle communication range from vehicles driving together in a row，to safety messages about nearby emergency vehicles.(车对车通信的应用范围从并排行驶的车辆到附近紧急车辆的安全信息。)”以及最后一段“Further applications of vehicle-to-vehicle communication are still being researched，including how to perform cooperative behavior.(车对车通信的进一步应用仍在研究中，包括如何执行合作行为。)”可知，文章主要介绍了即将投入使用的车对车通信。故选D。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$