专题04 阅读理解之议论文-【好题汇编】备战2024-2025学年高二英语上学期期中真题分类汇编（北京专用）

专题04 阅读理解之议论文 （23-24高二上·北京·期中）Our green spaces are shrinking, despite all the benefits they give us. If we want to save them, we need to value the ecosystem and health and wellbeing services they offer. Sheffield city council’s balance sheet shows its parks as a £16m liability (负担). Traditional accountancy methods focus on a park’s saleable value, or its operational costs associated with maintenance. So England’s 27,000 parks are considered as financial liabilities rather than the amazing asset to our health and wellbeing that any of their 37 million regular users could vouch for. They also deliver a range of ecosystem services such as improved air and water quality, flood risk reduction by absorbing water run-off, and cooling the urban environment as well as providing much-needed habitat for wildlife. By using a “natural capital” accounting approach that puts a value on all these social, environmental and economic contributions, Sheffield discovered that for every £1 spent on its parks, they generate £34 of benefits. Yet this true value is not widely measured or recognised. As Ian Walmsley, Stockport council’s green space manager told the Communities and Local Government select committee parks inquiry, “an argument has never been successfully made that if you spend a certain amount of money on a park, there will be a saving in the health budget and therefore you should take money out of the health budget and put it into parks”. As a result, the MPs inquiry report published last week warned that parks are at a tipping point of decline, threatened by a 92% reduction in their budgets since 2010-11 because of local authority cuts. Less money means fewer park rangers, less maintenance, more litter, dog poo and antisocial behaviour, including gang and drug-related activities, and gradually much-loved local parks turn into dangerous and unappealing areas. Tragically it’s the small, green spaces in poorer, built-up areas that suffer disproportionate cuts to park keepers and maintenance. We have been here before. Uncared-for, litter-strewn parks were characteristic of Thatcher’s Britain before an injection of public spending by a Labour government and £850m of lottery cash brought them back to life. But it doesn’t have to be this way. Andrew Hinchley, green space development officer at the London Borough of Camden, told MPs if we had new ways of valuing the services parks provide for improving water quality, for example, then you could ask water companies to pay towards their upkeep. The committee wants councils to publish strategic plans to recognise the real value of parks and to set out how they will be managed (possibly by a charitable trust, as Newcastle is looking into) to maximise their contribution to wider local authority goals such as promoting healthier lifestyles. It suggests the government’s obesity strategy could fund parks. It also suggests that it could be a legal requirement for councils to produce such strategies. 1．According to the text, parks are regarded as financial liabilities because ________. A．the area of the park is gradually decreasing due to poor protection B．the budget for the construction of the park is gradually decreasing C．the value of the park is low by using a “natural capital” accounting approach D．the traditional accountancy methods focus on a park’s saleable value 2．According to the text, which of the following is NOT the benefit of the park? A．Improving air and water quality. B．Symbolizing the city civilization. C．Cooling the urban environment. D．Providing much-needed habitat for wildlife. 3．Due to the reduction in budgets, what could probably happen? A．The government will take money out of the health budget. B．The local authorities will centralize the management of the park. C．Much-loved local parks will turn into unwelcoming places. D．The true value of the park will be widely measured or recognised. 4．What can be learned from the last two paragraphs? A．The committee has published strategic plans to recognise the real value of park. B．It could be a legal requirement for councils to produce such strategies. C．The local citizens should pay for the improving water quality. D．The Labour government will spend £850m of lottery cash to revive the park. （23-24高二上·北京房山·期中）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little comer, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t. There are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 5．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 6．According to the author, a person with “his child’s heart” tends to ________. A．lead a simple and satisfying life B．be curious about the unknown C．follow the custom all the time D．try to avoid making mistakes 7．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. B．Experience and special abilities are the keys to success. C．The genius can get things done easily and creatively. D．Satisfying yourself can help you become an expert. 8．What could be the best title of the passage? A．Young Minds Never Feel Contented B．Trial and Error Leads lo Success C．The Keys to Achievement D．Well Begun Is Half Done （22-23高二上·北京顺义·期中）To Friend or Not to Friend We all love our parents and turn to them when we’re in need, but would you like them to hear the conversation you have with your friends on the school playground or lunch queue? Social networking sites have become extensions of the school hallways (走廊), so would you add your parents as “friends” and allow them to view your online activities and conversations with friends? In the past the generation gap included a technology gap, where children were up to date with latest technology and parents were left behind, content to continue their day to day lives as they always had because they had no need to know more about technology. However, more and more parents are beginning to realize just how important social networks are in their lives. This realization has given many parents the motivation to educate themselves about social networking sites. These days many people are attracted to social networking sites because they can choose who they have around them; there’s also a certain amount of control over privacy that we don’t get in real life. Sometimes we feel that privacy is violated(侵犯) when we must accept a “friend” request from a parent or family member, It’s a difficult choice whether or not to allow a parent to become a part of our online lives. On the one hand, we don’t want to “reject” their request because that might hurt their feelings or make the feel you have something to hide. On the other hand if you do accept, then you could have a sense of being watched and no longer feel free to comment or communicate the way you did before. A recent survey suggested that parents shouldn’t take it personally if their child ignores their request, “When a teen ignores a parent’s friend request, it doesn’t necessarily mean that they are hiding something, but it could mean that this is one part of their life where they want to be independent.” Perhaps talking with parents and giving explanations would help soften the blow if you do choose not to add them to your friends list. 9．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 mean? A．students may log in micro-blog on school B．students can find pictures of hallways on micro-blog C．schools begin to build their hallways on the Internet D．students begin to communicate on some websites 10．From Paragraph 2, we learn that . A．parents feel secure about their privacy online B．social networks successfully fill the generation gap C．social networks offer a platform for parents to communicate D．parents have realized the importance of social networks 11．Teenagers may refuse a parent’s friend request because . A．they hide something from their parents B．they are unwilling to be watched by parents C．their parents tend to fall behind in technology D．their parents make negative comments on them 12．What is the passage is written mainly for? A．teenagers B．parents C．teachers D．researchers （22-23高二上·北京·期中）Who is a Real Danger? Cyclists or Pedestrians? We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers. Yes, many cyclists behave dangerously. Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are probably the worst offenders. People of all ages happily walk along the pavement with eyes and hands glued to their mobile phones, quite unaware of what is going on around them. They may even do the same thing while crossing a road at a pedestrian crossing or elsewhere. The rest of us have to evade (避让) them or just stand still to wait for the unavoidable collision. The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others. —Michael Horan I love the letter from Bob Brooks about cyclists (Viewpoints, May 29). I am afraid they seem to think they own the roads. I was walking across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and, on being asked what he was doing, shouted at me. The government built a cycle lane on the road, but it is hardly used. The police do nothing. What a laugh they are! The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent (发荧光的) jackets and lights at night and in the morning. They should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing them. —Carol Harvey Cyclists jump on and off pavements (which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements, and think they have a special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red. I was almost knocked down recently by a cyclist riding on the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next to him. Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules. So why not cyclists? It’s about time they were registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle or cause an accident, at least they can be treated and there might be an opportunity to claim compensation. —JML Write to Viewpoints of the newspaper. 13．Michael Horan wrote the letter mainly to show that __________. A．walking while using phones hurts one’s eyes B．some pedestrians are a threat to road safety C．road accidents can actually be avoided D．drivers should be polite to cyclists 14．Carol Harvey suggests that cyclists should __________. A．be provided with enough roads B．be made to pay less tax for cycling C．be asked to ride on their own lanes D．be fined for laughing at policemen 15．The three letters present viewpoints on __________. A．ways to improve road safety B．the real source of road danger C．measures to punish road offences D．increased awareness of road rules （22-23高三上·北京·期中）The environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that offends our sense of justice. A business may maximize the amount of money it makes by damaging the environment and hurting people. When government regulation is effective, and the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and the public doesn’t care. It is easy to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and they are under obligation to maximize profits for shareholders by legal means. Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable. The public can do that by accusing businesses of harming them. The public may also make their opinion felt by choosing to buy sustainably harvested products; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices. In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government pressure. For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease, transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US government introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when a fast-food company made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers dropped, the meat industry followed immediately. The public’s task is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public pressure. Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs of sound environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits. But I think we have to recognize that, throughout human history, government regulation has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced. My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish. I believe that changes in public attitudes are essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices. 16．The main idea of Paragraph 3 is that environmental damage__________. A．is the result of ignorance of the public B．requires political action if it is to be stopped C．can be prevented by the action of ordinary people D．can only be stopped by educating business leaders 17．In Paragraph 4, the writer describes ways in which the public can__________. A．reduce their own individual impact on the environment B．learn more about the impact of business on the environment C．raise awareness of the effects of specific environmental disasters D．influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments 18．What pressure was given by big business in the case of the disease mentioned in Paragraph 5? A．Meat packers stopped supplying hamburgers to fast-food chains. B．Meat packers persuaded the government to reduce their expenses. C．A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law. D．A fast-food company encouraged the government to introduce regulations. 19．What would be the best heading for this passage? A．Will the world survive the threat caused by big businesses? B．How can big businesses be encouraged to be less driven by profit? C．What environmental dangers are caused by the greed of businesses? D．Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause to the environment? （23-24高二上·北京·期中）Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions (碳排放). Buying local food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly. However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. According to a 2008 study, only 11% of carbon emissions in the food production process result from transportation, and only 4% came from the final delivery of the product from the producer to the seller. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples, for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best option for British people is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the tomatoes grow well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small number of goods are flown to foreign countries, and these are usually high value, perishable (易腐烂的) goods which we cannot produce locally, such as seafood and out-of-season berries. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using human labour and natural fertilisers (肥料), unlikein Britain, where we use oil-based fertilisers and machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower. It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance customers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will wipe out any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labelling (标记) foods with stickers that show it has been imported by air. But the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled. 20．What can we learn about “food miles”? A．It influences how people deliver and transport food. B．It will increase if people are encouraged to buy local food. C．It is the key factor contributing to a food’s carbon emissions. D．It shows how far the food goes from farmland to supermarkets. 21．The author will probably agree that _______. A．transporting food by air is the most energy-saving type of shipping B．storing local food creates more carbon emissions than importing food C．human labour and natural fertilisers can increase the carbon footprint D．growing out-of-season food takes less energy than importing food in season 22．What is the author’s attitude towards cutting food miles to reduce carbon emissions? A．Supportive. B．Negative. C．Confused. D．Doubtful. 23．What is the best title of the passage? A．Food miles: Is buying local food always better? B．Carbon emissions: How to grow food in a greener way? C．Transportation: Is delivering food creates carbon footprint? D．Carbon footprint: What does importing food bring to environment? （22-23高二上·北京·期中）If there’s one cliché (陈词滥调) that really annoys Danah Boyd, a specialist researcher who has made a career from studying the way teenagers use the web, it’s that of the digital native. “Today the world has computer-mediated communications. Thus, in order to learn about their social world around them, teenagers are learning about those things too. And they’re using that to work out the stuff that kids have always worked out: peer (同龄人) sociality, status, etc.” she says. It’s no surprise Boyd takes exception, really. As one of the first digital anthropologists to dig into the way teenagers use social networking sites, she gained insights into the social web by taking a closer look at what was going on. Lately, her work has been about explaining new ways of interpreting the behavior we see online. She outlined some examples at a recent conference in San Francisco, including the case of a young man from one of the poorest districts of Los Angeles who was applying for a top American college. The applicant said he wanted to escape the influence of violence, but the admissions officer was shocked when he discovered that the boy’s MySpace page was covered with precisely the violent language he claimed to hate. “Why was he lying about his motivations?” asked the university. “He wasn’t,” said Boyd. “In his world, showing the right images online was a key part of surviving daily life.” Understanding what’s happening online is especially important, for today’s teenagers have a vastly different approach to privacy from their parents. She says, “Adults think of the home as a very private space. That’s often not the case for teenagers because they have little or no control over who has access to it, or under what conditions. As a result, the online world can feel more private because it feels like there’s more control.” The concept of control is central to Boyd’s work, and it applies to pointing out the true facts about teenage behavior. Boyd suggests control remains in the same places as it always did. “Technologists all go for the idea of techno-utopia (乌托邦), the web as great democratizer (民主化)”, she says. “But we’re not actually democratizing the whole system; we’re just shifting the way in which we discriminate.” It’s a call to arms that most academic researchers would tend to sidestep, but then Boyd admits to treading a fine line between academics and activists. “The questions I continue to want to ask are the things that are challenging to me；having to sit down and be forced to think about uncomfortable social stuff, and it’s really hard to get my head around it, which means it’s exactly what I should dive in and deal with, ” she says. 24．What does Danah Boyd think of “computer-mediated communications”? A．They teach teenagers about social interaction. B．They replace other sorts of social interaction for teenagers. C．They are necessary for teenagers to have social interaction. D．They are barriers to wider social interaction among teenagers. 25．Why does Danah Boyd cite the example of the Los Angeles college applicant? A．To show how easy it is to investigate somebody’s online activity. B．To explain how easy it is to misinterpret an individual online activity. C．To prove how important it is to check the content of someone’s online activity. D．To express how necessary it is to judge someone’s sincerity from his online activity. 26．Danah Boyd argues in Paragraph 4 that________. A．parents tend not to respect teenagers’ need for online privacy B．teenagers are less concerned about privacy than their parents C．teenagers feel more private in the online world than in the home D．parents value the idea of privacy less in a domestic environment 27．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that Danah Boyd________. A．is willing to take on research challenges others would avoid B．regards herself as being more of an activist than a researcher C．is aware that she is lacking in ability to deal with the challenges D．feels like abandoning the research into uncomfortable social stuff （22-23高二上·北京·期中）Why teach kids to forgive? It’s been more than four decades, but I still can’t forgive what they did to me that summer afternoon. I was 14, walking in the mall with my two “friends”, Roger and Carson. I had introduced them to each other the week before and now they were chatting back-and-forth, leaving me out. Forty-two years later, Carson died of injuries caused by a motorcycle crash, the bad blood between us unresolved. Roger? I have 4,922 Facebook friends, but he’s not one of them. I delete his every request. Revenge isn’t so sweet Revenge (报复) is a powerful emotion; the desire to hurt those who wrong us is a universal quality of human nature. However, research associates not-forgiving with depression, anxiety, and hostility. Multiple studies find a higher rate of heart problems in adults who won’t forgive. On the contrary, children and adults who are able to let go of angry feelings experience greater psychological well-being. No hard feelings Despite the evidence that forgiving is good for you, forgiveness has an image problem, originating from a misunderstanding of what forgiveness is and isn’t. Forgiveness is often thought to be a weak response that minimizes or excuses wrongdoing. These are all misunderstandings, says Loren Toussaint, professor of psychology at Luther College. Forgiveness doesn’t require that the other person apologize. And it doesn’t have to result in reconciliation (和解). Forgiveness simply means you’re letting go of feelings of resentment and revenge. You’re refocusing your thoughts on positive emotions; perhaps even feelings of understanding, empathy, and compassion toward the person who hurt you. Why it works When kids are wronged and don’t forgive, they continue to release stress chemicals into their brains, which activate survival emotions such as fear and anger and results in an inhibition (抑制) of the brain’s problem-solving ability, creativity and reasoning. What happens in the brain when a person forgives is a very different picture. A University of Pisa study found that participants who thought about forgiveness exhibited activation in five brain regions, indicating an increase in positive emotions, understanding of the mental states of others, perception, and control of emotions. “Research supports the connection between forgiveness and improved academic functions,” Toussaint says. “The negative emotions of unforgiveness can be powerful factors that affect children’s attention and focus in the classroom and in their individual studies.” Okay. I will finally let go of my 50 years of resentment. And I’m moving on. Roger… I accept your FB request… Hi. 28．Why does the writer tell his own story? A．To share his personal experience of forgiveness. B．To introduce the topic of teaching forgiveness. C．To show his determination to get revenge. D．To express his hatred toward two friends. 29．Which of the following statements would Loren Toussaint agree with? A．Forgiving should be based on sincere apology. B．Forgiveness will result in refreshed friendship. C．Forgiving people means you are weaker than others. D．Forgiveness means becoming free from negative emotions. 30．Why should kids be taught to forgive? A．Forgiveness improves academic performance. B．Forgiveness helps cure psychological diseases. C．Forgiveness heals hurts and is good for the forgiver. D．Forgiveness makes the forgiver an intelligent person. 31．The main purpose of the passage is to________. A．inform and explain B．argue and discuss C．examine and assess D．compare and evaluate （22-23高二上·北京朝阳·期中）My university has now topped the U.S. News & World Report rankings for 11 years running. Given Princeton’s success, you might think I would be a fan of the list. Not so. Don’t get me wrong. I am proud of Princeton’s teaching, research and commitment to service. I like seeing our quality recognized. Rankings, however, are a misleading way to assess universities. Different schools have distinct strengths, structures and missions. The idea of picking one as “best”, as though educational programs competed like athletic teams, is strange. However, the U.S. News rankings attract great attention and a huge customer base. Applicants and their families rely on the rankings and feel pressure to get into highly regarded institutions. As a result, many schools make intense efforts to move up in the rankings. This competition produces damaging consequences. For example, some universities avoid doing difficult but valuable things—such as admitting talented lower-income students who can succeed at university if given appropriate support. Still, students and families need comparative information to choose universities. If rankings mislead, what is the alternative? For generations, buyers have turned to Consumer Reports for advice about almost everything except university education. When Consumer Reports evaluates a product, it assesses multiple factors so that potential buyers can make their own choice wisely. Similarly, university applicants need information about some basic variables. Graduation rates are crucial. A university that does not graduate its students is like a car with a bad maintenance (维修) record. It costs money without getting you anywhere. What applicants need is not the average graduation rate, but the rate for students with backgrounds like their own. For example, some places successfully graduate their wealthy students but do less well for lower-income students. Applicants should also see some measure of post-graduation outcomes. Here is a partial list of other factors that matter: cost of tuition (学费) and fees; high-quality teachers actively engaged in undergraduate instruction; and a learning culture composed of diverse students who study hard and educate one another. Judged by these criteria, many schools could be “Consumer Reports Best Buys”. Applicants should be excited to get into any of them; they should pick the one they find most appealing; and they should not waste time worrying about which is “the best”. It would be great to have a Consumer Reports for universities. I hope that some national publication will have the courage to produce an annual, user-friendly Consumer Reports-style analysis of higher education institutions, even if it is not as attractive as a football-style set of rankings. In the meantime, those of us who understand the imperfection in the rankings must call them out—even when, indeed especially when, we finish at the top. 32．What is the author’s attitude towards university rankings? A．Supportive. B．Indifferent. C．Disapproving. D．Neutral. 33．Why does the author mention Consumer Reports? A．To reveal the multiplicity of consumers. B．To present the information of potential buyers. C．To highlight the difficulty of choosing universities. D．To emphasize the need of overall evaluation of universities. 34．What can we learn from this passage? A．It is not likely to have a Consumer Reports for universities. B．The most suitable university for applicants may not rank the top. C．The average graduation rate is crucial to lower-income applicants. D．The top universities can see the imperfection in the rankings better. 35．What is the main idea of the passage? A．There is no such thing as a good or bad student. B．Education equality is an ideal hard to be realized. C．An alternative approach is needed to assess universities. D．Discrimination against poor students brings loss of talents. （22-23高二上·北京·期中）Today’s grandparents are joining grandchildren on social media, but the different generation’s online habits couldn’t be more different. The over-55s are joining Facebook in increasing numbers, meaning that they will soon be the site’s second biggest user group, with 3.5 million users aged 55-64 and 2.9 million over-65s. Sheila, aged 59, says, “I joined to see what my grandchildren are doing, as my daughter posts videos and photos of them. It’s a much better way to see what they’re doing than waiting for letters and photos in the post. I think I’m lucky I get to see so much more of their lives than my grandparents did.” However, Sheila’s grandchildren are less likely to use Facebook themselves. Children under 17 are leaving the site—only 2.2 million users are under 17---but they’re not going far from their smartphones. Chloe, age 15, even sleeps with her phone. “It’s my alarm clock so I have to,” she says. “I look at it before I go to sleep and as soon as I wake up.” Teenagers might have their parents to thank for their smartphone and social media addiction as their parents were the early adopters of the smartphone. Peter, 38 and father of two teenagers, reports that he used to be on his phone or laptop constantly. He says, “How could I tell my kids to get off their phones is I was always in front of a screen myself?” So, in the evenings and at weekends, he takes his SIM card out of his smartphone and puts it into an old-style mobile phone that can only make calls and send text messages. “I’m not completely separated from the world if emergent, but the important thing is that I’m setting a better example to my kids and spending more quality time with them.” Is it only a matter of time until the generation above and below Peter catches up with the new trend (趋势) for a less digital life? 36．How does Sheila feel about social media? A．Useful. B．Disappointed. C．Useless. D．Addicted. 37．Why does Peter take his SIM card out of his smartphone? A．To make calls to his boss. B．To stop his work. C．To set a good example to his kids. D．To catch up with the new trend. 38．What does the underlined word “separated” mean in Paragraph 4? A．different B．figured out C．cut off D．protected 39．What can we learn from the passage? A．Children under 17 don’t use smartphone at all. B．Chloe is one of the early adopters of the smartphone. C．Today’s grandparents enjoy a life without social media. D．People may enjoy a less digital life in the near future. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 阅读理解之议论文 （23-24高二上·北京·期中）Our green spaces are shrinking, despite all the benefits they give us. If we want to save them, we need to value the ecosystem and health and wellbeing services they offer. Sheffield city council’s balance sheet shows its parks as a £16m liability (负担). Traditional accountancy methods focus on a park’s saleable value, or its operational costs associated with maintenance. So England’s 27,000 parks are considered as financial liabilities rather than the amazing asset to our health and wellbeing that any of their 37 million regular users could vouch for. They also deliver a range of ecosystem services such as improved air and water quality, flood risk reduction by absorbing water run-off, and cooling the urban environment as well as providing much-needed habitat for wildlife. By using a “natural capital” accounting approach that puts a value on all these social, environmental and economic contributions, Sheffield discovered that for every £1 spent on its parks, they generate £34 of benefits. Yet this true value is not widely measured or recognised. As Ian Walmsley, Stockport council’s green space manager told the Communities and Local Government select committee parks inquiry, “an argument has never been successfully made that if you spend a certain amount of money on a park, there will be a saving in the health budget and therefore you should take money out of the health budget and put it into parks”. As a result, the MPs inquiry report published last week warned that parks are at a tipping point of decline, threatened by a 92% reduction in their budgets since 2010-11 because of local authority cuts. Less money means fewer park rangers, less maintenance, more litter, dog poo and antisocial behaviour, including gang and drug-related activities, and gradually much-loved local parks turn into dangerous and unappealing areas. Tragically it’s the small, green spaces in poorer, built-up areas that suffer disproportionate cuts to park keepers and maintenance. We have been here before. Uncared-for, litter-strewn parks were characteristic of Thatcher’s Britain before an injection of public spending by a Labour government and £850m of lottery cash brought them back to life. But it doesn’t have to be this way. Andrew Hinchley, green space development officer at the London Borough of Camden, told MPs if we had new ways of valuing the services parks provide for improving water quality, for example, then you could ask water companies to pay towards their upkeep. The committee wants councils to publish strategic plans to recognise the real value of parks and to set out how they will be managed (possibly by a charitable trust, as Newcastle is looking into) to maximise their contribution to wider local authority goals such as promoting healthier lifestyles. It suggests the government’s obesity strategy could fund parks. It also suggests that it could be a legal requirement for councils to produce such strategies. 1．According to the text, parks are regarded as financial liabilities because ________. A．the area of the park is gradually decreasing due to poor protection B．the budget for the construction of the park is gradually decreasing C．the value of the park is low by using a “natural capital” accounting approach D．the traditional accountancy methods focus on a park’s saleable value 2．According to the text, which of the following is NOT the benefit of the park? A．Improving air and water quality. B．Symbolizing the city civilization. C．Cooling the urban environment. D．Providing much-needed habitat for wildlife. 3．Due to the reduction in budgets, what could probably happen? A．The government will take money out of the health budget. B．The local authorities will centralize the management of the park. C．Much-loved local parks will turn into unwelcoming places. D．The true value of the park will be widely measured or recognised. 4．What can be learned from the last two paragraphs? A．The committee has published strategic plans to recognise the real value of park. B．It could be a legal requirement for councils to produce such strategies. C．The local citizens should pay for the improving water quality. D．The Labour government will spend £850m of lottery cash to revive the park. 【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C 4．B 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了为什么我们要认识和承认公园的真正价值。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Traditional accountancy methods focus on a park’s saleable value, or its operational costs associated with maintenance. So England’s 27,000 parks are considered as financial liabilities rather than the amazing asset to our health and wellbeing that any of their 37 million regular users could vouch for.(传统的会计方法侧重于公园的可销售价值，或与维护相关的运营成本。因此，英国的2.7万个公园被视为金融负债，而不是3700万公园常客中任何一个人都可以保证的健康和福祉的惊人资产)”可知，由于传统的会计方法侧重于公园的可销售价值，因此公园被视为金融负债。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“They also deliver a range of ecosystem services such as improved air and water quality, flood risk reduction by absorbing water run-off, and cooling the urban environment as well as providing much-needed habitat for wildlife.(它们还提供一系列生态系统服务，如改善空气和水质，通过吸收径流减少洪水风险，为城市环境降温，并为野生动物提供急需的栖息地)”可知，象征城市文明不是公园的好处。故选B。 3．细节理解题。根据第三段中的“As a result, the MPs inquiry report published last week warned that parks are at a tipping point of decline, threatened by a 92% reduction in their budgets since 2010-11 because of local authority cuts. Less money means fewer park rangers, less maintenance, more litter, dog poo and antisocial behaviour, including gang and drug-related activities, and gradually much-loved local parks turn into dangerous and unappealing areas.(因此，上周发表的国会议员调查报告警告说，由于地方政府的削减，自2010-11年以来，公园的预算减少了92%，公园正处于衰退的临界点。更少的钱意味着更少的公园管理员，更少的维护，更多的垃圾，狗屎和反社会行为，包括帮派和毒品相关的活动，逐渐地，深受喜爱的当地公园变成了危险和无吸引力的地方)”可知，由于预算的减少，备受喜爱的当地公园将变成不受欢迎的地方。故选C。 4．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“Andrew Hinchley, green space development officer at the London Borough of Camden, told MPs if we had new ways of valuing the services parks provide for improving water quality, for example, then you could ask water companies to pay towards their upkeep.(Andrew Hinchley是伦敦卡姆登区的绿色空间发展官员，他告诉国会议员，如果我们有新的方法来评估公园为改善水质所提供的服务，那么你可以要求水务公司支付他们的维护费用)”和最后一段中的“It suggests the government’s obesity strategy could fund parks. It also suggests that it could be a legal requirement for councils to produce such strategies.(它建议政府的肥胖策略可以为公园提供资金。它还表明，议会制定这样的战略可能是一项法律要求)”可推知，委员会制定这样的策略可能是一项法律要求。故选B。 （23-24高二上·北京房山·期中）After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent. I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either. And I have never known an average man who had both. The two belong together. Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more than ambition. Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground. Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?” Fortunately curiosity and discontent don’t have to be learned. We are born with them and need only recapture them. “The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.” Yet most of us do lose it. We stop asking questions. We stop challenging custom. We just follow the crowd. And the crowd desires restful average. It encourages us to occupy our own little comer, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied. Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation. But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance. We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake. How should you start? Modestly, so as not to become discouraged. I think of one friend who couldn’t arrange flowers to satisfy herself. She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement. One way to begin is to answer your own excuses. You haven’t any special ability? Most people don’t. There are only a few geniuses. You haven’t any time? That’s good, because it’s always the people with no time who get things done. Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom’s Cabin while cooking. You’re too old? Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78. However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you’ll never be more alive than you are at this moment. 5．In writing Paragraph 1, the author aims to ________. A．propose a definition B．make a comparison C．reach a conclusion D．present an argument 6．According to the author, a person with “his child’s heart” tends to ________. A．lead a simple and satisfying life B．be curious about the unknown C．follow the custom all the time D．try to avoid making mistakes 7．What can we learn from Paragraphs 6 and 7? A．Lack of talent and time is no reason for taking no action. B．Experience and special abilities are the keys to success. C．The genius can get things done easily and creatively. D．Satisfying yourself can help you become an expert. 8．What could be the best title of the passage? A．Young Minds Never Feel Contented B．Trial and Error Leads lo Success C．The Keys to Achievement D．Well Begun Is Half Done 【答案】5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 【导语】这是一篇议论文。经过多年对人性的观察，作者发现有两种品质决定了有成就的人和表现平平的人的区别：好奇心和不满。 5．推理判断题。根据第一段“After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent.(经过多年对人性的观察，我发现有两种品质决定了有成就的人和表现平平的人的区别：好奇心和不满)”可知，第一段提出了本文的论点，可推理出作者写第一段的目的是陈述论点，故选D项。 6．推理判断题。根据第二段“Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”(像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都很好奇，不满意地问道：“为什么？为什么？为什么。”)”以及下文““The great man,” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child’s heart.”(“伟人，”孟子说，“是不失童心的人。”)”可推理出，作者认为不失童心的人对未知的事物感到好奇，故选B项。 7．细节理解题。根据第六段“She was curious about how the experts did it. Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.(她很好奇专家们是怎么做到的。现在她成了其中一位专家，正在写插花方面的书。)”以及第七段“Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.(请记住，托马斯·科斯坦出版第一部小说时57岁，摩西奶奶在78岁时展示了她的第一张照片。)”可知，保持好奇心和不满，什么时候开始都不晚，可推理出作者写这两段的主要目的是告诉人们：缺乏天赋和时间并不是不采取行动的理由，故选A项。 8．主旨大意题。根据第一段“After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent.(经过多年对人性的观察，我发现有两种品质决定了有成就的人和表现平平的人的区别：好奇心和不满)”、第二段“Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why? Why? Why?”(像伽利略一样，历史上所有的伟人都很好奇，不满地问道：“为什么？为什么？为什么。”)”以及第七段“Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.(请记住，托马斯·科斯坦出版第一部小说时57岁，摩西奶奶在78岁时展示了她的第一张照片。)”可知本文主要论证了有成就的人的关键品质为：好奇心和不满，分析选项，C项“The Keys to Achievement(成就的秘诀)”表达的含义适合用作本文标题，故选C项。 （22-23高二上·北京顺义·期中）To Friend or Not to Friend We all love our parents and turn to them when we’re in need, but would you like them to hear the conversation you have with your friends on the school playground or lunch queue? Social networking sites have become extensions of the school hallways (走廊), so would you add your parents as “friends” and allow them to view your online activities and conversations with friends? In the past the generation gap included a technology gap, where children were up to date with latest technology and parents were left behind, content to continue their day to day lives as they always had because they had no need to know more about technology. However, more and more parents are beginning to realize just how important social networks are in their lives. This realization has given many parents the motivation to educate themselves about social networking sites. These days many people are attracted to social networking sites because they can choose who they have around them; there’s also a certain amount of control over privacy that we don’t get in real life. Sometimes we feel that privacy is violated(侵犯) when we must accept a “friend” request from a parent or family member, It’s a difficult choice whether or not to allow a parent to become a part of our online lives. On the one hand, we don’t want to “reject” their request because that might hurt their feelings or make the feel you have something to hide. On the other hand if you do accept, then you could have a sense of being watched and no longer feel free to comment or communicate the way you did before. A recent survey suggested that parents shouldn’t take it personally if their child ignores their request, “When a teen ignores a parent’s friend request, it doesn’t necessarily mean that they are hiding something, but it could mean that this is one part of their life where they want to be independent.” Perhaps talking with parents and giving explanations would help soften the blow if you do choose not to add them to your friends list. 9．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 1 mean? A．students may log in micro-blog on school B．students can find pictures of hallways on micro-blog C．schools begin to build their hallways on the Internet D．students begin to communicate on some websites 10．From Paragraph 2, we learn that . A．parents feel secure about their privacy online B．social networks successfully fill the generation gap C．social networks offer a platform for parents to communicate D．parents have realized the importance of social networks 11．Teenagers may refuse a parent’s friend request because . A．they hide something from their parents B．they are unwilling to be watched by parents C．their parents tend to fall behind in technology D．their parents make negative comments on them 12．What is the passage is written mainly for? A．teenagers B．parents C．teachers D．researchers 【答案】9．D 10．D 11．B 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了孩子要不要在社交网站上加父母为好友。 9．词句猜测题。根据划线句后半句“so would you add your parents as “friends” and allow them to view your online activities and conversations with friends?(所以你会把你的父母加为“好友”，并允许他们查看你的在线活动和与朋友的对话吗?)”可知，学生开始在一些网站上交流。故选D。 10．细节理解题。根据第二段“However, more and more parents are beginning to realize just how important social networks are in their lives.(然而，越来越多的父母开始意识到社交网络在他们生活中的重要性。)”可知，越来越多的父母开始意识到社交网络在他们的生活中有多么重要。故选D。 11．细节理解题。根据第四段“On the other hand if you do accept, then you could have a sense of being watched and no longer feel free to comment or communicate the way you did before.(另一方面，如果你真的接受了，那么你就会有一种被监视的感觉，不再像以前那样自由地评论或交流。)”可知，如果你加父母为好友，那么你就会有一种被关注的感觉，所以青少年会拒绝加父母为好友。故选B。 12．推理判断题。根据第一段“We all love our parents and turn to them when we’re in need, but would you like them to hear the conversation you have with your friends on the school playground or lunch queue?(我们都爱我们的父母，在我们需要帮助的时候求助于他们，但是你愿意他们听到你和你的朋友在学校操场上或午餐排队时的对话吗?)”以及全文内容可知，文章主要讨论了青少年要不要加父母为好友，由此可知这篇文章是写给青少年的。故选A。 （22-23高二上·北京·期中）Who is a Real Danger? Cyclists or Pedestrians? We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers. Yes, many cyclists behave dangerously. Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are probably the worst offenders. People of all ages happily walk along the pavement with eyes and hands glued to their mobile phones, quite unaware of what is going on around them. They may even do the same thing while crossing a road at a pedestrian crossing or elsewhere. The rest of us have to evade (避让) them or just stand still to wait for the unavoidable collision. The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others. —Michael Horan I love the letter from Bob Brooks about cyclists (Viewpoints, May 29). I am afraid they seem to think they own the roads. I was walking across Altrincham Road one morning when a cyclist went round me and, on being asked what he was doing, shouted at me. The government built a cycle lane on the road, but it is hardly used. The police do nothing. What a laugh they are! The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent (发荧光的) jackets and lights at night and in the morning. They should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing them. —Carol Harvey Cyclists jump on and off pavements (which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements, and think they have a special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red. I was almost knocked down recently by a cyclist riding on the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next to him. Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules. So why not cyclists? It’s about time they were registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle or cause an accident, at least they can be treated and there might be an opportunity to claim compensation. —JML Write to Viewpoints of the newspaper. 13．Michael Horan wrote the letter mainly to show that __________. A．walking while using phones hurts one’s eyes B．some pedestrians are a threat to road safety C．road accidents can actually be avoided D．drivers should be polite to cyclists 14．Carol Harvey suggests that cyclists should __________. A．be provided with enough roads B．be made to pay less tax for cycling C．be asked to ride on their own lanes D．be fined for laughing at policemen 15．The three letters present viewpoints on __________. A．ways to improve road safety B．the real source of road danger C．measures to punish road offences D．increased awareness of road rules 【答案】13．B 14．C 15．B 【导语】本文是一片议论文。 本文围绕一个主题展开一场争论——谁才是马路安全隐患的威胁？不遵守交通规则的骑自行车的人给行人带了了很多的危险。 13．推理判断题。根据第二段“Many drivers are disrespectful of cyclists. But pedestrians are probably worse offenders.(许多司机不尊重骑自行车的人。但行人可能是更糟糕的违规者)”和第四段“The real problem is that some pedestrians seem to be, at least for the moment, in worlds of their own that are, to them, much more important than the welfare of others.(真正的问题是，一些行人似乎，至少目前，沉浸在他们自己的世界，对他们来说，自己比其他人的幸福更重要)”可推断，Michael Horan写信主要为了展示一些行人对道路安全构成威胁。故选B。 14．细节理解题。 根据Carol Harvey所说的话“The cyclists should all have to be made to use the cycle lanes and wear helmets, fluorescent (发荧光的) jackets and lights at night and in the morning. they should pay some sort of tax and be fined for not wearing them.(骑自行车的人都应该在早上和晚上使用自行车道和戴头盔，佩戴荧光夹克和灯。如果不穿他们应该支付一些税收和罚款)”可知，Carol Harvey建议要求骑自行车的人在他们自己的车道上骑行。故选C。 15．推理判断题。由文章开头“Forget Cyclists, Pedestrians are Real Danger. We are having a debate about this topic. Here are some letters from our readers.(忘记骑自行车的人，行人是真正的危险。我们正在就这个问题进行辩论。下面是读者的来信）”以及三封信的具体内容可知，这篇文章主要探讨了谁是道路安全的真正隐患，是骑自行车的人，还是行人？故选B。 （22-23高三上·北京·期中）The environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that offends our sense of justice. A business may maximize the amount of money it makes by damaging the environment and hurting people. When government regulation is effective, and the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective and the public doesn’t care. It is easy to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and they are under obligation to maximize profits for shareholders by legal means. Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable. The public can do that by accusing businesses of harming them. The public may also make their opinion felt by choosing to buy sustainably harvested products; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices. In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government pressure. For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease, transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US government introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when a fast-food company made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers dropped, the meat industry followed immediately. The public’s task is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain are sensitive to public pressure. Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs of sound environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore the belief that businesses should act in accordance with moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their profits. But I think we have to recognize that, throughout human history, government regulation has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced. My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish. I believe that changes in public attitudes are essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices. 16．The main idea of Paragraph 3 is that environmental damage__________. A．is the result of ignorance of the public B．requires political action if it is to be stopped C．can be prevented by the action of ordinary people D．can only be stopped by educating business leaders 17．In Paragraph 4, the writer describes ways in which the public can__________. A．reduce their own individual impact on the environment B．learn more about the impact of business on the environment C．raise awareness of the effects of specific environmental disasters D．influence the environmental policies of businesses and governments 18．What pressure was given by big business in the case of the disease mentioned in Paragraph 5? A．Meat packers stopped supplying hamburgers to fast-food chains. B．Meat packers persuaded the government to reduce their expenses. C．A fast-food company forced their meat suppliers to follow the law. D．A fast-food company encouraged the government to introduce regulations. 19．What would be the best heading for this passage? A．Will the world survive the threat caused by big businesses? B．How can big businesses be encouraged to be less driven by profit? C．What environmental dangers are caused by the greed of businesses? D．Are big businesses to blame for the damage they cause to the environment? 【答案】16．C 17．D 18．C 19．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章论述了企业通过破坏环境和伤害人们来获得利益，这是很正常的，但仅仅指责企业是没用的，还需发挥公众的作用和影响力。 16．主旨大意题。由第三段“Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable. (我们对企业的指责也忽视了公众的最终责任，是他们创造出相应的条件，让企业可以通过破坏环境的政策来赚取利润。长期来看，无论是直接参与也好，通过政客也好，只有公众才有权力让这些破坏性的政策变得无利可图或者违背法律，让可持续的环保政策能够盈利)”可知，公众能创造相应条件让企业通过破坏环境的政策来赚取利润，公众也可以通过行动让企业从破坏环境的政策变得无利可图，概括可知第三段的主要思想是环境破坏可以通过普通人的行动来预防。故选C项。 17．细节理解题。由第四段“The public can do that by accusing businesses of harming them. The public may also make their opinion felt by choosing to buy sustainably harvested products; by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record; and by pressing their governments to pass and enforce laws and regulations requiring good environmental practices. (公众可以通过起诉企业伤害他们来实现这一点。公众也可以通过选择购买可持续收获的产品来表达自己的意见；通过选择本国政府将有价值的合同授予有良好环境记录的企业；并通过敦促其政府通过和执行要求良好环境做法的法律和法规)”可知，在第四段中，作者描述了公众可以影响企业和政府的环境政策的方式。故选D项。 18．细节理解题。由第五段中的“In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on any suppliers that might ignore public or government pressure. (反过来，大企业可以对任何忽视公众或政府压力的供应商施加强大压力)”和“For instance, after the US public became concerned about the spread of a disease, transmitted to humans through infected meat, the US government introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. But the meat packers refused to follow these, claiming that they would be too expensive to obey. However, when a fast-food company made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers dropped, the meat industry followed immediately. (例如，在美国公众开始关注通过受感染的肉类传播给人类的疾病传播后，美国政府食品和药品管理局就出台规定，要求肉制品行业放弃可能涉及疾病传播风险的做法。但是，肉类加工商拒绝遵守这些规定，声称遵守规定的成本太高。然而，当一家大型快餐公司在消费者对其汉堡包的购买量大幅下降之后也提出相应的要求时，肉制品行业在几周的时间里就屈从了)”可知，针对提到的疾病，在肉类加工商拒绝遵守这些规定的前提下，一家快餐公司（施加压力）强制其肉类供应商遵守法律。故选C项。 19．主旨大意题。由第二段“It is easy to blame a business for helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that businesses are not charities but profit-making companies, and they are under obligation to maximize profits for shareholders by legal means. (对于我们来说，指责一家公司损人利己是件很容易的事情。但指责本身不会产生改变。它忽视了如下事实：企业不是慈善机构而是赚取利润的公司，而拥有股东的上市公司有义务在法律许可的范围内为股东实现利润最大化)”，第三段“Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate responsibility of the public for creating the conditions that let a business profit through destructive environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable. (我们对企业的指责也忽视了公众的最终责任，是他们创造出相应的条件，让企业可以通过破坏环境的政策来赚取利润。长期来看，无论是直接参与也好，通过政客也好，只有公众才有权力让这些破坏性的政策变得无利可图或者违背法律，让可持续的环保政策能够盈利)”，第六段中的“Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I place the ultimate responsibility for business practices harming the public on the public itself. (一些读者可能会感到失望或愤怒，因为我把损害公众的商业行为的最终责任推到了公众身上)”和最后一段中的“I believe that changes in public attitudes are essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices. (我认为，公众态度的改变对企业环境实践的改变至关重要)”可知，文章论述了企业通过破坏环境和伤害人们来获得利益，这是很正常的，但仅仅指责企业是没用的，还需发挥公众的作用和影响力，D项“大企业对环境造成的破坏应该受到谴责吗？”符合文意。故选D项。 （23-24高二上·北京·期中）Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. They reason that the higher the food miles, the more carbon emissions (碳排放). Buying local food, therefore, has a lower carbon footprint and is more environmentally friendly. However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. According to a 2008 study, only 11% of carbon emissions in the food production process result from transportation, and only 4% came from the final delivery of the product from the producer to the seller. In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. Take apples, for example. In autumn, when apples are harvested, the best option for British people is to buy British apples. However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. Heating also uses a lot of energy, which is why growing tomatoes in heated greenhouses in the UK is less environmentally friendly than importing them from Spain, where the tomatoes grow well in the local climate. We must also take into account the type of transport. Transporting food by air creates about 50 times more emissions than shipping it. However, only a small number of goods are flown to foreign countries, and these are usually high value, perishable (易腐烂的) goods which we cannot produce locally, such as seafood and out-of-season berries. Even then, these foods may not have a higher carbon footprint than locally grown food. For example, beans flown in from Kenya are grown in sunny fields using human labour and natural fertilisers (肥料), unlikein Britain, where we use oil-based fertilisers and machinery. Therefore, the total carbon footprint is still lower. It’s also worth remembering that a product’s journey does not end at the supermarket. The distance customers travel to buy their food, and the kind of transport they use will also add to its carbon footprint. So driving a long way to shop for food will wipe out any environmental benefits of buying locally grown produce. Recently, some supermarkets have been trying to raise awareness of food miles by labelling (标记) foods with stickers that show it has been imported by air. But the message this gives is too simple. Lots of different factors contribute to a food’s carbon footprint besides the distance it has travelled. 20．What can we learn about “food miles”? A．It influences how people deliver and transport food. B．It will increase if people are encouraged to buy local food. C．It is the key factor contributing to a food’s carbon emissions. D．It shows how far the food goes from farmland to supermarkets. 21．The author will probably agree that _______. A．transporting food by air is the most energy-saving type of shipping B．storing local food creates more carbon emissions than importing food C．human labour and natural fertilisers can increase the carbon footprint D．growing out-of-season food takes less energy than importing food in season 22．What is the author’s attitude towards cutting food miles to reduce carbon emissions? A．Supportive. B．Negative. C．Confused. D．Doubtful. 23．What is the best title of the passage? A．Food miles: Is buying local food always better? B．Carbon emissions: How to grow food in a greener way? C．Transportation: Is delivering food creates carbon footprint? D．Carbon footprint: What does importing food bring to environment? 【答案】20．D 21．B 22．B 23．A 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要对“减少食物里程以减少碳排放”这一观点进行了讨论，作者认为，要想减少碳排放，不仅仅是减少食物里程，而是着眼于整个农业过程，考虑多方面因素。 20．细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. (这减少了“食物里程”，即食物从生产者到销售者的距离。)”可知，“食物里程”指食物从生产者到销售者的距离，由此可知，“食物里程”显示了食物从农田到超市有多远。故选D项。 21．推理判断题。根据第三段第四句“However, the apples we buy in winter or spring have been kept refrigerated for months, and this uses up a lot of energy. In spring, therefore, it is more energy-saving to import them from New Zealand, where they are in season. (然而，我们在冬天或春天买的苹果已经冷藏了几个月，这消耗了很多能量。因此，在春季，从新西兰进口苹果更节能，因为新西兰正是盛产苹果的季节。)”可知，作者列举苹果的例子告诉我们，储存当地的食物会消耗更多能量，产生更多的碳排放，相比之下，进口食物更节能，由此可知，作者可能会同意储存当地食物比进口食物产生更多的碳排放。故选B项。 22．推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. (最近，环保主义者鼓励我们购买当地食物。这减少了“食物里程”，即食物从生产者到销售者的距离。)”可知，文章第一段表明环保主义者认为减少食物里程可以减少碳排放；根据第二段第一句“However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. (然而，真实的故事并没有那么简单。如果我们的目标是减少碳排放，我们必须着眼于整个农业过程，而不仅仅是运输。)”和第三段第一句“In fact, imported food often has a lower carbon footprint than locally grown food. (事实上，进口食品的碳足迹通常低于当地种植的食品。)”可知，作者在下文否定了环保主义者的观点，作者认为要想减少碳排放，必须着眼于整个农业过程，而不仅仅是运输，有时，进口食品的碳足迹通常低于当地种植的食品，由此可推断出，作者对减少食物里程以减少碳排放持否定态度。故选B项。 23．主旨大意题。根据第一段第一句“Recently, environmentalists have encouraged us to buy local food. This reduces “food miles”, that is, the distance food travels to get from the producer to the seller. (最近，环保主义者鼓励我们购买当地食物。这减少了“食物里程”，即食物从生产者到销售者的距离。)”第二段第一句“However, the real story is not as simple as that. If our aim is to reduce carbon emissions, we must look at the whole farming process, not just transportation. (然而，真实的故事并没有那么简单。如果我们的目标是减少碳排放，我们必须着眼于整个农业过程，而不仅仅是运输。)”可知，文章主要对“减少食物里程以减少碳排放”这一观点进行了讨论，作者认为，要想减少碳排放，不仅仅是减少食物里程，而是着眼于整个农业过程，考虑多方面因素，并举例告诉我们有时当地的储存食物比进口食物产生更多的碳排放，A选项“Food miles: Is buying local food always better? (食物里程：买当地食物总是更好吗？)”能够概括文章要讨论的话题。故选A项。 （22-23高二上·北京·期中）If there’s one cliché (陈词滥调) that really annoys Danah Boyd, a specialist researcher who has made a career from studying the way teenagers use the web, it’s that of the digital native. “Today the world has computer-mediated communications. Thus, in order to learn about their social world around them, teenagers are learning about those things too. And they’re using that to work out the stuff that kids have always worked out: peer (同龄人) sociality, status, etc.” she says. It’s no surprise Boyd takes exception, really. As one of the first digital anthropologists to dig into the way teenagers use social networking sites, she gained insights into the social web by taking a closer look at what was going on. Lately, her work has been about explaining new ways of interpreting the behavior we see online. She outlined some examples at a recent conference in San Francisco, including the case of a young man from one of the poorest districts of Los Angeles who was applying for a top American college. The applicant said he wanted to escape the influence of violence, but the admissions officer was shocked when he discovered that the boy’s MySpace page was covered with precisely the violent language he claimed to hate. “Why was he lying about his motivations?” asked the university. “He wasn’t,” said Boyd. “In his world, showing the right images online was a key part of surviving daily life.” Understanding what’s happening online is especially important, for today’s teenagers have a vastly different approach to privacy from their parents. She says, “Adults think of the home as a very private space. That’s often not the case for teenagers because they have little or no control over who has access to it, or under what conditions. As a result, the online world can feel more private because it feels like there’s more control.” The concept of control is central to Boyd’s work, and it applies to pointing out the true facts about teenage behavior. Boyd suggests control remains in the same places as it always did. “Technologists all go for the idea of techno-utopia (乌托邦), the web as great democratizer (民主化)”, she says. “But we’re not actually democratizing the whole system; we’re just shifting the way in which we discriminate.” It’s a call to arms that most academic researchers would tend to sidestep, but then Boyd admits to treading a fine line between academics and activists. “The questions I continue to want to ask are the things that are challenging to me；having to sit down and be forced to think about uncomfortable social stuff, and it’s really hard to get my head around it, which means it’s exactly what I should dive in and deal with, ” she says. 24．What does Danah Boyd think of “computer-mediated communications”? A．They teach teenagers about social interaction. B．They replace other sorts of social interaction for teenagers. C．They are necessary for teenagers to have social interaction. D．They are barriers to wider social interaction among teenagers. 25．Why does Danah Boyd cite the example of the Los Angeles college applicant? A．To show how easy it is to investigate somebody’s online activity. B．To explain how easy it is to misinterpret an individual online activity. C．To prove how important it is to check the content of someone’s online activity. D．To express how necessary it is to judge someone’s sincerity from his online activity. 26．Danah Boyd argues in Paragraph 4 that________. A．parents tend not to respect teenagers’ need for online privacy B．teenagers are less concerned about privacy than their parents C．teenagers feel more private in the online world than in the home D．parents value the idea of privacy less in a domestic environment 27．It can be inferred from the last paragraph that Danah Boyd________. A．is willing to take on research challenges others would avoid B．regards herself as being more of an activist than a researcher C．is aware that she is lacking in ability to deal with the challenges D．feels like abandoning the research into uncomfortable social stuff 【答案】24．C 25．B 26．C 27．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。数字人类学家Danah Boyd深入研究青少年使用社交网站方式，她指出：青少年在网络上的行为很容易被误解，他们在网络世界里隐私感更强。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段中Danah Boyd 所说的话“Today the world has computer-mediated communications. Thus, in order to learn about their social world around them, teenagers are learning about those things too.(今天，世界已经有了以计算机为媒介的通信。因此，为了了解他们周围的社会世界，青少年也在学习这些东西)”可推知，Danah Boyd认为“以计算机为媒介的通信”是青少年进行社会互动所必需的渠道。故选C。 25．推理判断题。文章第三段列举了一位来自洛杉矶最贫困地区的年轻人申请美国顶尖大学的例子，根据段中“The applicant said he wanted to escape the influence of violence, but the admissions officer was shocked when he discovered that the boy’s MySpace page was covered with precisely the violent language he claimed to hate. “Why was he lying about his motivations?” asked the university.“He wasn’t, ” said Boyd. “In his world, showing the right images online was a key part of surviving daily life.” (申请人说他想逃离暴力的影响，但是当招生官发现男孩的MySpace页面上满是他声称讨厌的那些暴力语言时，他感到非常震惊。“他为什么对自己的动机撒谎?”所申请的大学问。“他没有（撒谎），”Boyd说。“在他的世界里，在网上展示正确的图片是日常生活的一个关键部分” )”可知，那个男孩申请的大学对他在网上的行为有所误解，认为他撒谎。但是Boyd认为那个男孩没有撒谎，并解释他在网上的那些有暴力语言的图片反映了他在日常生活中是怎样生存的。因此可以推断，Boyd举出这个例子是为了说明一个人的网上活动是多么容易被误解。故选B。 26．细节理解题。根据第四段“Adults think of the home as a very private space. That’s often not the case for teenagers because they have little or no control over who has access to it, or under what conditions. As a result, the online world can feel more private because it feels like there’s more control. (成年人认为家是一个非常私人的空间。对于青少年来说，情况往往不是这样，因为他们很少能或根本无法控制谁或者在什么条件下会进入（他们的隐私空间）。因此，网络世界感觉更私密，因为它感觉有更多的控制)”可知，Danah Boyd认为青少年在网络世界里比在家里感觉更有隐私。故选C。 27．推理判断题。根据最后一段“It’s a call to arms that most academic researchers would tend to sidestep, but then Boyd admits to treading a fine line between academics and activists. ‘The questions I continue to want to ask are the things that are challenging to me; having to sit down and be forced to think about uncomfortable social stuff, and it’s really hard to get my head around it, which means it’s exactly what I should dive in and deal with, ’ she says.(这是一个大多数学术研究人员往往会回避的战斗号召，但Boyd承认，他在学术和活动家之间走了一条微妙的线。她说：“我一直想问的问题对我来说是具有挑战性的；我不得不坐下来，被迫思考不舒服的社交问题，这真的很难让我的脑袋转过去，这意味着这正是我应该投入和处理的。”)”可推知，Danah Boyd 认为大多数学术研究人员都倾向于回避，但是她觉得这些问题对她来说是挑战。这些问题很难理解，而这正是她应该深入研究探讨的。因此可以推断，Boyd愿意接受其他人可能会回避的挑战。故选A。 （22-23高二上·北京·期中）Why teach kids to forgive? It’s been more than four decades, but I still can’t forgive what they did to me that summer afternoon. I was 14, walking in the mall with my two “friends”, Roger and Carson. I had introduced them to each other the week before and now they were chatting back-and-forth, leaving me out. Forty-two years later, Carson died of injuries caused by a motorcycle crash, the bad blood between us unresolved. Roger? I have 4,922 Facebook friends, but he’s not one of them. I delete his every request. Revenge isn’t so sweet Revenge (报复) is a powerful emotion; the desire to hurt those who wrong us is a universal quality of human nature. However, research associates not-forgiving with depression, anxiety, and hostility. Multiple studies find a higher rate of heart problems in adults who won’t forgive. On the contrary, children and adults who are able to let go of angry feelings experience greater psychological well-being. No hard feelings Despite the evidence that forgiving is good for you, forgiveness has an image problem, originating from a misunderstanding of what forgiveness is and isn’t. Forgiveness is often thought to be a weak response that minimizes or excuses wrongdoing. These are all misunderstandings, says Loren Toussaint, professor of psychology at Luther College. Forgiveness doesn’t require that the other person apologize. And it doesn’t have to result in reconciliation (和解). Forgiveness simply means you’re letting go of feelings of resentment and revenge. You’re refocusing your thoughts on positive emotions; perhaps even feelings of understanding, empathy, and compassion toward the person who hurt you. Why it works When kids are wronged and don’t forgive, they continue to release stress chemicals into their brains, which activate survival emotions such as fear and anger and results in an inhibition (抑制) of the brain’s problem-solving ability, creativity and reasoning. What happens in the brain when a person forgives is a very different picture. A University of Pisa study found that participants who thought about forgiveness exhibited activation in five brain regions, indicating an increase in positive emotions, understanding of the mental states of others, perception, and control of emotions. “Research supports the connection between forgiveness and improved academic functions,” Toussaint says. “The negative emotions of unforgiveness can be powerful factors that affect children’s attention and focus in the classroom and in their individual studies.” Okay. I will finally let go of my 50 years of resentment. And I’m moving on. Roger… I accept your FB request… Hi. 28．Why does the writer tell his own story? A．To share his personal experience of forgiveness. B．To introduce the topic of teaching forgiveness. C．To show his determination to get revenge. D．To express his hatred toward two friends. 29．Which of the following statements would Loren Toussaint agree with? A．Forgiving should be based on sincere apology. B．Forgiveness will result in refreshed friendship. C．Forgiving people means you are weaker than others. D．Forgiveness means becoming free from negative emotions. 30．Why should kids be taught to forgive? A．Forgiveness improves academic performance. B．Forgiveness helps cure psychological diseases. C．Forgiveness heals hurts and is good for the forgiver. D．Forgiveness makes the forgiver an intelligent person. 31．The main purpose of the passage is to________. A．inform and explain B．argue and discuss C．examine and assess D．compare and evaluate 【答案】28．B 29．D 30．C 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要阐述教育孩子学会宽恕的理由。 28．推理判断题。根据第一段“It’s been more than four decades, but I still can’t forgive what they did to me that summer afternoon. I was 14, walking in the mall with my two “friends”, Roger and Carson. I had introduced them to each other the week before and now they were chatting back-and-forth, leaving me out.”（40多年过去了，但我仍然无法原谅他们在那个夏天的下午对我所做的一切。当时我14岁，和我的两个“朋友”罗杰和卡森在商场里散步。上个星期我已经把他们介绍给彼此认识了，现在他们彼此交往，把我排除在外。）可知，作者年少时曾被两个所谓的朋友伤过心，四十多年来未曾宽恕过他们，由此引出了文章的主题：宽恕教育，下文主要阐述为什么要教会宽恕。所以，作者讲述自身故事是为了引出文章的主题。故选B项。 29．推理判断题。根据文章第五段的倒数第二句“Forgiveness simply means you’re letting go of feelings of resentment and revenge.”（宽恕只是意味着你要放下怨恨和复仇的情绪。）可知，洛伦·图桑认为宽恕的内涵是放下怨恨和复仇这些负面的情绪。由此可知，图桑会认可D项观点：Forgiveness means becoming free from negative emotions.（宽恕意味着从负面情绪中解脱出来。）故选D项。 30．细节理解题。根据文章第三段的最后一句“On the contrary, children and adults who are able to let go of angry feelings experience greater psychological well-being.”（相反，能够放下愤怒情绪的儿童和成年人心理会更加健康。）和倒数第二段的第二句“A University of Pisa study found that participants who thought about forgiveness exhibited activation in five brain regions, indicating an increase in positive emotions, understanding of the mental states of others, perception, and control of emotions.”（比萨大学的一项研究发现，考虑宽恕他人的参与者的大脑有五个区域均被激活，这表明积极情绪、共情能力、洞察力和情绪控制等方面都有所增加。）可知，宽恕他人能够促进积极情绪，抚平伤痛，并且让心理更加健康，在共情能力、洞察力和情绪控制等方面也有所提升。所以，教育孩子学会宽恕的原因在于宽恕他人能够抚平伤痛，对宽恕者本身颇有益处。故选C项。 31．推理判断题。本文主要告诉大家应该教会孩子们学会宽恕别人，并解释其中的原因。所以短文的目的是告知与解释，故选A项。 （22-23高二上·北京朝阳·期中）My university has now topped the U.S. News & World Report rankings for 11 years running. Given Princeton’s success, you might think I would be a fan of the list. Not so. Don’t get me wrong. I am proud of Princeton’s teaching, research and commitment to service. I like seeing our quality recognized. Rankings, however, are a misleading way to assess universities. Different schools have distinct strengths, structures and missions. The idea of picking one as “best”, as though educational programs competed like athletic teams, is strange. However, the U.S. News rankings attract great attention and a huge customer base. Applicants and their families rely on the rankings and feel pressure to get into highly regarded institutions. As a result, many schools make intense efforts to move up in the rankings. This competition produces damaging consequences. For example, some universities avoid doing difficult but valuable things—such as admitting talented lower-income students who can succeed at university if given appropriate support. Still, students and families need comparative information to choose universities. If rankings mislead, what is the alternative? For generations, buyers have turned to Consumer Reports for advice about almost everything except university education. When Consumer Reports evaluates a product, it assesses multiple factors so that potential buyers can make their own choice wisely. Similarly, university applicants need information about some basic variables. Graduation rates are crucial. A university that does not graduate its students is like a car with a bad maintenance (维修) record. It costs money without getting you anywhere. What applicants need is not the average graduation rate, but the rate for students with backgrounds like their own. For example, some places successfully graduate their wealthy students but do less well for lower-income students. Applicants should also see some measure of post-graduation outcomes. Here is a partial list of other factors that matter: cost of tuition (学费) and fees; high-quality teachers actively engaged in undergraduate instruction; and a learning culture composed of diverse students who study hard and educate one another. Judged by these criteria, many schools could be “Consumer Reports Best Buys”. Applicants should be excited to get into any of them; they should pick the one they find most appealing; and they should not waste time worrying about which is “the best”. It would be great to have a Consumer Reports for universities. I hope that some national publication will have the courage to produce an annual, user-friendly Consumer Reports-style analysis of higher education institutions, even if it is not as attractive as a football-style set of rankings. In the meantime, those of us who understand the imperfection in the rankings must call them out—even when, indeed especially when, we finish at the top. 32．What is the author’s attitude towards university rankings? A．Supportive. B．Indifferent. C．Disapproving. D．Neutral. 33．Why does the author mention Consumer Reports? A．To reveal the multiplicity of consumers. B．To present the information of potential buyers. C．To highlight the difficulty of choosing universities. D．To emphasize the need of overall evaluation of universities. 34．What can we learn from this passage? A．It is not likely to have a Consumer Reports for universities. B．The most suitable university for applicants may not rank the top. C．The average graduation rate is crucial to lower-income applicants. D．The top universities can see the imperfection in the rankings better. 35．What is the main idea of the passage? A．There is no such thing as a good or bad student. B．Education equality is an ideal hard to be realized. C．An alternative approach is needed to assess universities. D．Discrimination against poor students brings loss of talents. 【答案】32．C 33．D 34．B 35．C 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了大学排名是是一种误导性的评估方式，所以作者用其他的方法来评估大学。 【详解】1.观点态度题。根据第一段中的“Rankings, however, are a misleading way to assess universities.”(然而，排名是一种误导性的大学评估方式。)可知，作者认为排名是一种误导性的大学评估方式，由此可以推断出，作者对大学排名的态度是不赞成的，C选项“Disapproving”(反对的；不赞成的)符合，A. Supportive.支持的；B. Indifferent.漠不关心的；D. Neutral.中立的，均不符，故选C。 2.推理判断题。根据第三段中的“If rankings mislead, what is the alternative? For generations, buyers have turned to Consumer Reports for advice about almost everything except university education. When Consumer Reports evaluates a product, it assesses multiple factors so that potential buyers can make their own choice wisely. Similarly, university applicants need information about some basic variables.”(如果排名误导了别人，那还有什么选择呢？几代人以来，除了大学教育，消费者几乎都是从《消费者报告》中获得各方面的建议。当《消费者报告》评估一个产品时，它评估了多个因素，以便潜在的买家能够明智地做出自己的选择。同样，大学申请者需要一些基本变量的信息。)可知，作者提到《消费者报告》是为了强调大学综合评价的必要性，故选D。 3.推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中的“they should pick the one they find most appealing; and they should not waste time worrying about which is “the best”.”(他们应该挑选自己认为最有吸引力的学校，而不应该浪费时间担心哪一所学校是“最好的”。)可知，申请者应该申请自己认为最有吸引力的学校而不是那些排名最好的学校，由此可以推断出最适合申请者的学校，不一定是排名最好的学校，故选B。 4.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段中的“It would be great to have a Consumer Reports for universities. I hope that some national publication will have the courage to produce an annual, user-friendly Consumer Reports-style analysis of higher education institutions, even if it is not as attractive as a football-style set of rankings.”(如果能有一份大学的《消费者报告》就好了。我希望一些全国性的出版物有勇气对高等教育机构进行一年一度、用户友好型的消费者报告分析，即使它不像足球式的排名那么有吸引力也没关系。)可知，文章主要讲述了大学排名是是一种误导性的评估方式，所以要用其他的方法来评估大学，即大学需要另一种评估方式。故选C。 （22-23高二上·北京·期中）Today’s grandparents are joining grandchildren on social media, but the different generation’s online habits couldn’t be more different. The over-55s are joining Facebook in increasing numbers, meaning that they will soon be the site’s second biggest user group, with 3.5 million users aged 55-64 and 2.9 million over-65s. Sheila, aged 59, says, “I joined to see what my grandchildren are doing, as my daughter posts videos and photos of them. It’s a much better way to see what they’re doing than waiting for letters and photos in the post. I think I’m lucky I get to see so much more of their lives than my grandparents did.” However, Sheila’s grandchildren are less likely to use Facebook themselves. Children under 17 are leaving the site—only 2.2 million users are under 17---but they’re not going far from their smartphones. Chloe, age 15, even sleeps with her phone. “It’s my alarm clock so I have to,” she says. “I look at it before I go to sleep and as soon as I wake up.” Teenagers might have their parents to thank for their smartphone and social media addiction as their parents were the early adopters of the smartphone. Peter, 38 and father of two teenagers, reports that he used to be on his phone or laptop constantly. He says, “How could I tell my kids to get off their phones is I was always in front of a screen myself?” So, in the evenings and at weekends, he takes his SIM card out of his smartphone and puts it into an old-style mobile phone that can only make calls and send text messages. “I’m not completely separated from the world if emergent, but the important thing is that I’m setting a better example to my kids and spending more quality time with them.” Is it only a matter of time until the generation above and below Peter catches up with the new trend (趋势) for a less digital life? 36．How does Sheila feel about social media? A．Useful. B．Disappointed. C．Useless. D．Addicted. 37．Why does Peter take his SIM card out of his smartphone? A．To make calls to his boss. B．To stop his work. C．To set a good example to his kids. D．To catch up with the new trend. 38．What does the underlined word “separated” mean in Paragraph 4? A．different B．figured out C．cut off D．protected 39．What can we learn from the passage? A．Children under 17 don’t use smartphone at all. B．Chloe is one of the early adopters of the smartphone. C．Today’s grandparents enjoy a life without social media. D．People may enjoy a less digital life in the near future. 【答案】36．A 37．C 38．C 39．D 【分析】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过59岁的希拉和有两个十几岁孩子的38岁的父亲彼得来阐述作者的观点：在未来人们可能会享受更少的数字生活。 36．推理判断题。根据文章第二段希拉说的话“I joined to see what my grandchildren are doing, as my daughter posts videos and photos of them. It’s a much better way to see what they’re doing than waiting for letters and photos in the post. I think I’m lucky I get to see so much more of their lives than my grandparents did”（我加入是为了看看我的外孙们在做什么，因为我女儿上传了她们的视频和照片。这是一个更好的方式去了解他们在做什么，而不是等待在邮寄的信件和照片。我觉得自己很幸运，能比我的祖父母更多地了解他们的生活）可推断，希拉觉得社交媒体很有用。故选A项。 37．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“So, in the evenings and at weekends, he takes his SIM card out of his smartphone and puts it into an old-style mobile phone that can only make calls and send text messages. “I’m not completely separated from the world if emergent, but the important thing is that I’m setting a better example to my kids and spending more quality time with them.””（所以，到了晚上和周末，他就把SIM卡从智能手机里拿出来，放进一个只能打电话和发短信的老式手机里。“如果是突发事件，我不会完全脱离这个世界，但重要的是，我为我的孩子树立了一个更好的榜样，花更多的时间和他们在一起。”）可知，彼得把他的SIM卡从智能手机里拿出来的原因是给孩子们树立一个好榜样。故选C项。 38．词句猜测题。根据划线词前句“So, in the evenings and at weekends, he takes his SIM card out of his smartphone and puts it into an old-style mobile phone that can only make calls and send text messages.”（所以，到了晚上和周末，他就把SIM卡从智能手机里拿出来，放进一个只能打电话和发短信的老式手机里。）这样做不会使自己与世界脱离，所以划线的separated指的是“脱离”的意思。故选C项。 39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Is it only a matter of time until the generation above and below Peter catches up with the new trend (趋势) for a less digital life?”（彼得的上一代和下一代赶上少数字化生活的新趋势只是时间问题吗?）可判断，在未来人们可能会享受更少的数字生活。故选D项。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！22 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$