2025届高三英语一轮复习作业定时练1（50分钟）

2022级高三英语一轮复习 作业定时练 作业定时练 时间 50分钟 阅读2篇 七选五1篇 完形填空1篇 语法填空1篇 阅读理解 阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。 A Enter Our Short Story Competition 2024 Welcome to our Short Story Competition 2024 to show the world your storytelling talents! Note that there are some changes to last year’s competition rules. If you have any questions or concerns, ask us before submitting your story. Rules Please ensure that your submissions are completely new and not previously published. Your story must have uplifting elements and be limited between 250 and 300 words in length. Please include your name, preferred email address or postal address for possible awards in the body of the email with the story attached. Don’t put your personal information anywhere in your story. Prizes There are three categories—one for adults and two categories for schools: one for children aged 12-18 and one for children under 12. In the adults category, the winner will receive £1, 000 and the runner-up will receive £250. In the children aged 12-18 category, the winner will receive a £200 book voucher (代金券) or a branded tablet and a £100 book voucher, and the runner-up will receive a £100 book voucher. In the children under 12 category, the winner will receive a £100 of book voucher or a branded tablet and a £100 book voucher, and the runner-up will receive a £50 book voucher. Other Items Please submit your stories by June 31, 2024 either online or by posting offline. The judge team consisting of our editors and some professional writers will pick a shortlist (入围名单) of entries, and the three best stories in each category will be posted online at on our website on August 1, 2024. You can vote for your favourite, and the one with the most votes will win the top prize. Voting will close on November 30, 2024 and the winning entries will be published on December 31, 2024. 1. What is a qualifying story according to the rules? A. A story which is original. B. A story of over 300 words. C. A story that has won some awards. D. A story with personal information. 2. What prize can a boy aged 17 win if he takes second place? A. As much as £250. B. A branded tablet. C. A £200 book voucher. D. A £100 book voucher. 3. Who will finally determine the winners? A. Editors. B. Voters. C. The judge team. D. Professional writers. B Michael Priscilla is a young architect with a blog that J follow. In a post, he described how in 2005, he rode coast-to-coast, 4,547 miles to Portland, Oregon, and he ended up staying there. He thought his experience changed his life. The story resonated with me, because when I was 17, the summer before I went into architecture school, I did much the same thing, and it changed my life too. I did not go quite as far, traveling 2,700 miles to Vancouver. But it was still a very long way and in 1970, nobody was riding bikes. Our diet only consisted of a loaf or white bread and a jar of peanut butter each meal, or dinner with other people in the campgrounds who were just amazed that we were doing this. Equipment was primitive and we had no sunscreen. But, as it was for Michael, it was a life-changing experience. I have never forgotten that everything weighs something and every ounce matters: in architecture I always tended toward light and portable and simple. I learned that people of all ages and origins are generally really, really nice and helpful and friendly. When I got back to architecture school, I saw the world differently, understood space and time differently, and I don’t think that ever left me. Going with the flow, having a good attitude and just being open to accept whatever happens, is the formula (公式) to having an amazing experience. Worrying and planning too much stops any experience from ever taking place. This is a hard lesson to learn. Nowadays, lots of people of all ages are doing it. In America and Europe, bicycle tourism has become a big deal, with one website noting that bicycle vacations are the new trend. Perhaps crossing the entire country is a bit much, but reading Michael’s post makes me want to get back on my bike and take a good long ride. 4. What can we learn about Michael’s and the author’s cycling? A. They took place in the same year. B. They had great influence on life. C. They had the same finishing point, D. They covered more than 4,000 miles. 5. Which of the following best describes the author’s bicycling experience? A. Romantic but lonely. B. Wonderful but unsafe. C. Risky but meaningful. D. Challenging but rewarding. 6. What advice will the author most likely give to the eyelists? A. Find a good companion. B. Don’t make too many plans. C. Buy a comfortable bike. D. Choose a nice route. 7. What is the purpose of this passage? A. To recall an experience. B. To introduce a blogger. C. To recommend a tour route. D. To explain a phenomenon. 阅读七选五 阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有 两项为多余选项。 How to Protect Against Undue Influence Online The potential for undue influence has become increasingly significant in this era of digital interconnectivity. Undue influence can affect our perceptions and influence our decisions. It may even end anger our autonomy (自主) and mental health. ____16____ Understand what undue influence is The first step to protecting yourself is understanding what undue influence is. Undue influence refers to a situation in which an individual or group employs unreasonable control over another person’s behavior information, thoughts, and emotions. ____17____ Disinformation campaigns, persuasive advertising, and even content designed to cause fear, uncertainty, or dependency may often appear online. Develop media literacy skills In an age of fake news, it is crucial to develop media literacy skills. ____18____ Become a consumer who can tell the quality of information, identify the source, check for credibility, and look for your unconscious assumptions and preferences. ____19____ Delete as much data as you can about yourself. Be mindful of what information you share online, and always ensure that your online activities are secured through reliable sources. Review all policies on platforms, especially “free” ones. If you aren’t paying, then you are the product, as in many cases, they are selling your data. By including these steps into your digital life, you can protect yourself from undue influence in the online world, ensuring that you can think and act independently, free from ill control. ____20____ It is your mind. Only you should control it! A. Prioritize privacy B. Be mindful of free ones C. It’s vital to have a health y Internet and real-life balance. D. In the digital world, undue influence can take many forms. E. Everyone deserves the right to live free from undue influence. F. They involve analyzing, evaluating, and creating media in various forms. G. Here are some essential strategies for you to protect yourself online from undue influence. 完形填空 阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 Clark, a bald eagle (秃鹰), is a frequent commercial flier. He takes at least six trips a year. When the plane touches down, the ___21___ will often announce to the cabin: “The eagle has ___22___.” Like many passengers who touch down in the nation’s capital, Clark has a pretty high profile. His eagle father, Captain, was given as a ___23___ to the United States in 1982 by West German. At the time, the bald eagle was endangered, and environmentalists were ___24___ about the present. At its low point, the bald eagle population had fallen to 417 known nesting pairs. The United States made great efforts to ___25___ the bald eagle population and the result was ___26___. The species was saved and the bald eagle was ___27___ from the list of threatened species in 2007. Captain was part of a critical conservation breeding program, ___28___ six healthy eaglets (雏鹰). While Clark’s siblings were ___29___ into the wild, Clark has spent his whole life under human care. Clark’s claw (爪) did not form ____30____ and just didn’t give him the ____31____ that he would need. After all, the wild is not the most ____32____ place. Clark travels across the country to ____33____ flight demonstrations and other educational programs at events. People react similarly when they see him at events. They’re ____34____. Clark’s physical presence leaves a lasting impression and ____35____ people to care more about conservation efforts. 21. A. driver B. passenger C. pilot D. conductor 22. A. boarded B. landed C. left D. launched 23. A. gift B. decoration C. product D. reward 24. A. passionate B. concerned C. excited D. curious 25. A. keep B. monitor C. study D. recover 26. A. satisfactory B. scary C. discouraging D. convincing 27. A. excused B. protected C. removed D. separated 28. A. teaching B. fathering C. catching D. adopting 29. A. thrown B. changed C. divided D. freed 30. A. carefully B. beautifully C. formally D. properly 31. A. necessity B. company C. protection D. opportunity 32. A. secret B. forgiving C. striking D. impressive 33. A. learn B. seek C. observe D. perform 34. A. blown away B. put away C. taken away D. hidden away 35. A. encourages B. trains C. forces D. warns 语法填空 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The Chinese zodiac, also known as Sheng Xiao or Shu Xiang, is a ____36____ (repeat) circle of 12 years. Each year ____37____ (represent) by an animal. Chinese New Year 2024 is a year of the Loong. Chinese Zodiac Loong is the ____38____ (five) of the 12 zodiac animals, following the Rot, Ox, Tiger and Rabbit. People born in the year of the Loong — an animal no one knows if it existed in real world—are enveloped in mystery, and very charming. Back in the pre-Qin period over 2,200 years ago, there was already the Chinese zodiac signs theory. So it is ____39____ (reason) that Chinese Zodiac years are in agreement with the beginning of Chinese Lunar New Year. If you have an idea of Lunar Calendar, you will know ____40____ Chinese zodiac year often starts from late January and ends in middle February of the next year. Therefore, to see what your Chinese zodiac animal is, ____41____ to confirm whether you are a Loong, you need to change your Gregorian calendar birthday to Lunar Calendar of the year you were born. For example, if you were born ____42____ February 16, 1988 (a year of the Loong), the Lunar New Year’s Eve, which was very close to Loong year, but you are a Rabbit. ____43____ is also worth mentioning is that if two people were born in the different Loong years, they may have very different ____44____ (personality), and horoscope, due to the Five Elements, which are Gold, Wood, Water, Fire, and Earth. Each element _____45_____ (come) in a 60-year cycle. 作业定时练1 答案 A 【答案】1. A 2. D 3. B 【导语】这是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2024年短篇小说大赛的一些情况。 【1题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“Please ensure that your submissions are completely new and not previously published.(请确保您提交的作品是全新的，以前没有发表过)”可知，根据规则，原创的故事是合格的故事。故选A。 【2题详解】 细节理解题。根据Prizes部分中“In the children aged 12-18 category, the winner will receive a £200 book voucher (代金券) or a branded tablet and a £100 book voucher, and the runner-up will receive a £100 book voucher.(在12-18岁的儿童组别中，获胜者将获得价值200英镑的图书代金券或品牌平板电脑和价值100英镑的图书代金券，亚军将获得价值100英镑的图书代金券)”可知，如果一个17岁的男孩得了第二名，他可以获得100英镑的图书代金券。故选D。 【3题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“You can vote for your favourite, and the one with the most votes will win the top prize.(你可以为你最喜欢投票，得票最多的人将赢得最高奖)”可知，投票人将最终决定获胜者。故选B。 B 【答案】4. B 5. D 6. B 7. A 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。作者一直关注一位年轻建筑师的博客，博主的骑行经历让作者想起了自己年轻时类似的骑自行车长途旅行的经历，以及这段经历如何改变了作者对生活和建筑设计的看法，强调了随遇而安、心态良好对于获得非凡体验的重要性。 【4题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段中“In a post, he described how in 2005, he rode coast-to-coast, 4,547 miles to Portland, Oregon, and he ended up staying there. He thought his experience changed his life.(在一篇博文中，他描述了他在2005年如何从一个海岸到另一个海岸，骑行4547英里到达俄勒冈州的波特兰，最终留在那里。他认为他的那次经历改变了他的人生)”和第二段中“The story resonated with me, because when I was 17, the summer before I went into architecture school, I did much the same thing, and it changed my life too.(这个故事引起了我的共鸣，因为当我17岁的时候，在我进入建筑学院之前的那个夏天，我做了很多同样的事情，它也改变了我的人生)”可知，骑行对迈克尔和作者的生活都产生了很大的影响，都改变了两人的人生。故选B项。 【5题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段“Our diet only consisted of a loaf of white bread and a jar of peanut butter each meal, or dinner with other people in the campgrounds who were just amazed that we were doing this. Equipment was primitive and we had no sunscreen.(我们每顿饭只有一条白面包和一罐花生酱，或者和露营地的其他人一起吃晚餐，他们对我们这样做感到惊讶。我们的装备很简陋，我们也没有防晒霜)”和第四段中“But, as it was for Michael, it was a life-changing experience.(但是，和迈克尔一样，这是一次改变人生的经历)”可知，在作者的骑车旅途中，饮食简单，装备简陋，充满挑战，但这一经历改变了作者人生，所以它是具有挑战性但值得的。故选D项。 【6题详解】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Worrying and planning too much stops any experience from ever taking place. This is a hard lesson to learn. (过多的担心和计划会阻止任何经历的发生。这是一个艰难的教训)”可知，作者最可能给骑车人的建议是不要制定太多的计划。故选B项。 【7题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段中“The story resonated with me, because when I was 17, the summer before I went into architecture school, I did much the same thing, and it changed my life too.(这个故事引起了我的共鸣，因为当我17岁的时候，在我进入建筑学院之前的那个夏天，我做了很多同样的事情，它也改变了我的人生)”和下文经历陈述可知，这篇文章旨在回忆一段经历。故选A项。 阅读七选五 【答案】16. G 17. D 18. F 19. A 20. E 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了通过提高媒体素养、注意隐私保护、审慎对待免费服务等措施，人们可以在网络空间中更好地保护自己，确保能够独立思考和行动，远离不当控制。 【16题详解】 根据上文的“The potential for undue influence has become increasingly significant in this era of digital interconnectivity. Undue influence can affect our perceptions and influence our decisions. It may even end anger our autonomy and mental health. (在这个数字互联互通的时代，不正当影响的可能性变得越来越大。不适当的影响会影响我们的认知，影响我们的决定。它甚至可能结束我们的自主权和心理健康)”可知，G项Here are some essential strategies for you to protect yourself online from undue influence.(这里有一些重要的策略，可以让你在网上免受不正当的影响)承接上文，作为过渡句，引出后文的策略，故选G项。 【17题详解】 根据上文的“The first step to protecting yourself is understanding what undue influence is. Undue influence refers to a situation in which an individual or group employs unreasonable control over another person’s behavior information, thoughts, and emotions. (保护自己的第一步是了解什么是不当影响。不当影响指的是个人或团体对他人的行为、信息、思想和情绪采取不合理控制的情况)”和下文的“Disinformation campaigns, persuasive advertising, and even content designed to cause fear, uncertainty, or dependency may often appear online.(虚假信息运动，有说服力的广告，甚至旨在引起恐惧，不确定性或依赖的内容可能经常出现在网上)”可知，D项In the digital world, undue influence can take many forms.(在数字世界中，不当影响可以有多种形式)承接上文，在不当影响的定义之后又继续指出它存在多种形式，下文举例说明了不当影响都有哪些具体的表现，故选D项。 【18题详解】 根据上文的“In an age of fake news, it is crucial to develop media literacy skills. (在假新闻泛滥的时代，培养媒体素养至关重要)”和下文的“Become a consumer who can tell the quality of information, identify the source, check for credibility, and look for your unconscious assumptions and preferences.(成为一个消费者，能够判断信息的质量，识别来源，检查可信度，并寻找你无意识的假设和偏好)”可知，F项They involve analyzing, evaluating, and creating media in various forms.(它们包括分析、评价和创造各种形式的媒体)承接上文，指出了媒体素养所包含的内容，下文指出了成为一名具有媒体素养的消费者应该做到的事情，故选F项。 【19题详解】 根据本段的“Delete as much data as you can about yourself. Be mindful of what information you share online, and always ensure that your online activities are secured through reliable sources. Review all policies on platforms, especially “free” ones. If you aren’t paying, then you are the product, as in many cases, they are selling your data.(删除尽可能多的关于你自己的数据。注意你在网上分享的信息，并始终确保你的在线活动通过可靠的来源得到保护。查看平台上的所有政策，尤其是“免费”平台。如果你不付钱，那么你就是产品，因为在很多情况下，他们在出售你的数据)”可知，本段主要讲述的是上网时的安全问题，因此A项Prioritize privacy(优先考虑隐私)能够概括本段大意，可以作为段落小标题，故选A项。 【20题详解】 根据下文的“It is your mind. Only you should control it!(这是你的思想。只有你能控制它！)”可知，E项Everyone deserves the right to live free from undue influence.(每个人都应该享有不受不当影响的生活权利)指出人们在网络上要摆脱不当影响，而这取决于你的判断能力和媒体素养，因此该项与下文连接通顺，故选E项。 第一节（共15小题；每小题1分,满分15分） 21. C 22. B 23. A 24. B 25. D 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. D 31. A 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. A 【导语】本文的体裁是记叙文，主要讲述了一只名为Clark的秃鹰作为美国保护项目的象征，它的出身背景、生活现状以及它如何参与公共教育活动，提升人们保护野生动物意识的故事。 【21题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：当飞机着陆时，飞行员将会经常向机舱宣布：“鹰已经着陆了。”A. driver司机；B. passenger乘客；C. pilot飞行员；D. conductor售票员。根据上文“When the plane touches down”和下文“will often announce to the cabin”可知，此处应是指飞机上的工作人员向乘客宣布信息，最合适的是飞行员。故选C。 【22题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：当飞机触地时，飞行员经常会向机舱宣布：“鹰已经着陆了。”A. boarded登机；B. landed着陆；C. left离开；D. launched发射。根据上文“Clark, a bald eagle (秃鹰), is a frequent commercial flier.”和“When the plane touches down”可知，这只秃鹰是一名飞行员，当它驾驶的飞机着陆时，即表明这只鹰已经着陆。故选B。 【23题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：他的鹰父亲Captain在1982年由西德作为一份礼物赠送给美国。A. gift礼物；B. decoration装饰；C. product产品；D. reward奖励。根据下文“to the United States in 1982 by West German”和历史背景和外交常识，动物作为两国友谊的象征通常作为礼物赠送。故选A。 【24题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当时，秃鹰处于濒危状态，环保主义者对这份礼物感到非常担忧。A. passionate热情的；B. concerned担忧的；C. excited兴奋的；D. curious好奇的。根据上文的“At the time, the bald eagle was endangered, and environmentalists were”可知，由于秃鹰濒危，所以收到这样的礼物，环保主义者更可能是担忧其保护状况。故选B。 【25题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：美国做出了巨大努力来恢复秃鹰的数量，结果是令人满意的。A. keep保持；B. monitor监控；C. study研究；D. recover恢复。根据下文的“The species was saved and the bald eagle was 7 from the list of threatened species in 2007.”可知，此处指针对濒危物种的保护措施，目的是恢复种群数量。故选D。 【26题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：美国做出了巨大努力来恢复秃鹰的数量，结果是令人满意的。A. satisfactory令人满意的；B. scary可怕的；C. discouraging令人沮丧的；D. convincing有说服力的。根据下文的“The species was saved and the bald eagle was 7 from the list of threatened species in 2007.”可知，该物种被拯救，可知结果是积极的，令人满意的。故选A。 【27题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：这一物种被拯救了，2007年秃鹰从受威胁物种名单上被移除。A. excused原谅；B. protected保护；C. removed移除；D. separated分离。根据上文的“The species was saved”和下文的“from the list of threatened species in 2007”可知，此处指秃鹰因为数量恢复，不再属于受威胁物种，所以从名单上被移除。故选C。 【28题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Captain是关键保育繁殖项目的一部分，繁衍了六只健康的雏鹰。A. teaching教学；B. fathering繁衍；C. catching捕捉；D. adopting收养。根据下文的“six healthy eaglets (雏鹰)”可知，Captain作为一只雄性鹰参与繁殖计划，繁衍了后代。故选B。 【29题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：尽管Clark的兄弟姐妹们被放归野外，Clark一生都在人类的照料下度过。A. thrown扔；B. changed改变；C. divided分割；D. freed释放，放归。根据上文的“While Clark’s siblings were”和下文的“into the wild, Clark has spent his whole life under human care”可知，此处指对比了Clark和Clark的兄弟姐妹的状况，Clark一生都在人类的照料下度过，Clark的兄弟姐妹们被放归野外。故选D。 【30题详解】 考查副词词义辨析。句意：Clark的爪子没有正常发育，因此没有赋予它在野外生存所必需的能力。A. carefully小心地；B. beautifully美丽地；C. formally正式地；D. properly正确地，恰当地。根据前文的“Clark’s claw (爪) did not form”可知，此处指Clark的生理缺陷，爪子没有正常发育。故选D。 【31题详解】 考查名词词义辨析。句意：Clark的爪子没有正常发育，因此没有赋予它在野外生存所必需的能力。A. necessity必需的事物，必要；B. company公司，陪伴；C. protection保护；D. opportunity机会。根据上文的“Clark’s claw (爪) did not form 10 and just didn’t give him”和下文的“that he would need”可知，此处指Clark因为生理缺陷，无法拥有在野外生存的必需的能力。故选A。 【32题详解】 考查形容词词义辨析。句意：毕竟，野外并不是一个最宽容的地方。A. secret秘密的；B. forgiving宽容的，容易适应的；C. striking引人注目的；D. impressive印象深刻的。根据上文的“Clark’s claw (爪) did not form 10 and just didn’t give him the 11 that he would need. After all, the wild is not the most”可知，野外环境严苛，对于有生理缺陷的生物来说，不是一个宽容的环境。故选B。 【33题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Clark在全国各地旅行，为活动进行飞行表演和其他教育项目。A. learn学习；B. seek寻找；C. observe观察；D. perform表演。根据下文的“flight demonstrations and other educational programs at events”可知，Clark参与的是教育展示活动，因此是进行飞行表演。故选D。 【34题详解】 考查动词短语辨析。句意：当人们在活动中看到他时，他们的反应都是惊叹不已。A. blown away极为惊讶，惊叹不已；B. put away收起；C. taken away带走；D. hidden away隐藏起来。根据下文的“Clark’s physical presence leaves a lasting impression”可知，Clark给人们留下了持久的印象，人们对Clark的出现通常会感到非常惊奇和赞叹。故选A。 【35题详解】 考查动词词义辨析。句意：Clark的身体存在留下了持久的印象，并鼓励人们更加关注保护工作。A. encourages鼓励；B. trains训练；C. forces强迫；D. warns警告。根据上文的“Clark travels across the country to flight demonstrations and other educational programs at events.”和下文的“people to care more about conservation efforts”可知，Clark的存在和展示活动是为了正面促进人们保护野生动物的意识。故选A。 语法填空 36. repeating 37. is represented 38. fifth 39. reasonable 40. a 41. or 42. or 43. What 44. personalities 45. comes 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了中国十二生肖年份中的龙年。 【36题详解】 考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的十二生肖，也被称为“生肖”或“属相”，是一个重复的12年循环。空处需填非谓语动词作定语，此处表示十二生肖的周而复始，circle是repeat这一动作的发出者，二者为逻辑主谓关系，需用现在分词形式。故填repeating。 【37题详解】 考查动词时态语态。句意：每一年都由一种动物代表。represent和主语each year为被动关系，且此处描述的是客观事实，应使用一般现在时的被动语态，主语为单数名词，be动词用is。故填is represented。 【38题详解】 考查序数词。句意：龙是十二生肖中的第五个，排在龙、牛、虎、兔之后。定冠词the修饰序数词，结合常识可知，龙在十二生肖中排第五。故填fifth。 【39题详解】 考查形容词。句意：因此，中国的生肖年与中国农历新年的开始是一致的，这是合理的。is为系动词，空处需填形容词reasonable，作表语。故填reasonable。 【40题详解】 考查冠词。句意：如果你对农历有所了解，你就会知道中国的生肖年通常从1月下旬开始，到次年的2月中旬结束。year为可数名词，此处表示泛指，且Chinese发音以辅音音素开头，需用不定冠词a修饰。故填a。 【41题详解】 考查连词。句意：因此，要想知道你的生肖是什么，或者确认你是否属龙，你需要将你的公历生日更改为农历生日。空处前后的逻辑关系为选择关系，需用连词or连接。故填or。 【42题详解】 考查介词。句意：例如，如果你出生在1988年2月16日(龙年)，农历除夕，这是非常接近龙年，但你是属兔的。此处指具体某一天，应用介词on。故填on。 【43题详解】 考查主语从句。句意：值得一提的是，如果两个人出生在不同的龙年，他们可能会有非常不同的性格和星座，因为五行是金、木、水、火、土。空处引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，需用连接代词what引导，位于句首，首字母需大写。故填What。 【44题详解】 考查名词。句意同上。personality意为“性格”，是可数名词，结合“different”可知，此处需填名词复数形式。故填personalities。 【45题详解】 考查动词时态。句意：每种元素以60年为一个周期。此处陈述客观事实，使用一般现在时，主语为Each element，谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填comes。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$