Unit 1 A New Start Using language Grammar 句子成分和基本句型 课件-2024-2025学年高中英语外研版（2019）必修第一册

句子成分和结构 英语词性的分类 词类又叫词性，英语词性共有十大类。 Review 1 名词 noun n. student 学生 2 代词 pronoun pron. you 你 3 形容词 adjective adj. happy 高兴的 4 副词 adverb adv. quickly 迅速地 5 动词 verb v. cut 砍、割 6 数词 numeral num. three 三 7 冠词 article art. a 一个 8 介词 preposition prep. at 在... 9 连词 conjunction conj. and 和 10 感叹词 interjection interj. oh 哦 实词 虚词 I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday. ↓ 主语 ↓ 谓 语 ↓ 定语 ↓ 宾 语 ↓ 同位语 ↓ 状 语 分析句子成分 （一）主语（subject） （二）谓语（ predicate/verb ） （三）宾语（ object ） （四）定语（ attributive ） （四）状语（adverbial） （五）补语（ complement ） （七）表语（ predicative ） （八）同位语（appositive） ㈠主语（subject） Jane is good at playing the piano. She went out in a hurry. Four plus four is eight. To see is to believe. Smoking is bad for health. The young should respect the old. What he has said is true. 主语是句子的主体，是句子所要说明的人或事物用于说明谓语所表示的动作或状态的执行者，除倒装句外，一般位于句子的开头。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动词­ing形式或从句等充当。 找出下列句中的主语并说出是有什么来充当的 1.The sun rises in the east.           2.Seeing is believing.      3.To see is to believe.          4.What he needs is a book. 5.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （名词）       （动名词）   （不定式） （句子） （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语） 当不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 什么情况下用it作形式主语？ 你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译下列句子吗？ 1) It is wrong to tell a lie. ( ) 2) It is no use arguing about it. ( ) 3) It is uncertain who will come. ( ) 说谎是错误的。 争吵是没用的。 谁要来还不确定。 ㈡ 谓语（ predicate ） 说明主语的动作、状态和特征，用动词充当（有时不止一个动词），主谓一般要靠在一起。 简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成 I saw the flag on the top of the hill? He looked after two orphans. 复合谓语 由情态动词或助动词+动词; He can speak English well. She doesn’t seem to like dancing 选出下列句中的谓语 ① He looked up the word in the dictionary. A. looked B. looked up C. looked up the word D. in the dictionary ② He has caught a bad cold. A. has B. caught C.has caught D. a bad cold ③ He practices running every morning. A. running B. practices running C. practices D. every morning Show your passport, please. She didn't say anything. How many do you want? - I want two. They sent the injured to hospital. They asked to see my passport. I enjoy working with you. Did you write down what he said? （名词 ） 　( 代词） (数词) (名词化的形容词) (三)宾语（ object ） 动作的对象或承受者，由n.或相当于n.的词担任。 置于_________或______之后。 （不定式） （动名词） （句子） 及物动词 介词 有些及物动词如give, tell, bring, buy等可以带双宾语，一个指人，一个指物。通常情况下，指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语多放在直接宾语之前。 ↓ 间接 宾语 ↓ 直接 宾语 ●please pass me the book. ●He bought his girlfriend some flowers. He gave me some books. 宾语有三种 动宾 I bought a book. 直接/间接宾语 She gave John a book． 介宾 They talk about a book. 注意 挑出下列句中的宾语 ① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English. ③The teacher turned off the lights. ④ He'll give us a talk. ⑤They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is. （四）表语（ predicative ） 在系动词后的部分就是表语 The war was over. They seem to know the truth. Time is precious. I’m not quite myself today. That remains a puzzle. I don’t feel at ease. 表语说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，由名词、形容词、副词、介词、不定式及相当于名词或形容词或短语来担任。 系动词 1.表状态的 be (am, is, are) 2.表感官的 sound, taste, feel，look, seem, appear 3.表持续的 keep, remain, stay, stand 5.表变化的 become, grow, come, go 6.表终止的 prove, turn out 证实… I found the book interesting. Do you smell something burning? He made himself known to them. She asked me to lend her a hand. （五）宾语补足语 补充说明宾语的情况 。由n. /adj. /介宾 /分词 /不定式等担任。与宾语一起构成复合宾语。 常用的动词有： make, consider, cause, see, find, call, get, have, let等 （六）定语（ attributive ） He is a clever boy. His father works in a steel work. There are 54 students in our class. Do you known betty’s sister? There is a sleeping baby in bed. His spoken language is good. (形容词) (名词) (数词) (名词的所有格) (现在分词) (过去分词) 对n. /pron.进行修饰限定的成分， 汉语中用‘……的’表示。 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 定语后置： 如果定语是一个单词时，通常要前置。 而由一个词组或一个句子表示时，通常后置。 The girl in red is his sister. We have a lot of work to do. The girl standing under the tree is his daughter. Do you know the man who spoke just now? （七）状语 用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句的成分,状语的位置灵活。。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。状语一般放在句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。 e.g. He did it carefully. We often help him. Her mother goes out to do some shopping on Sunday. When I grow up, I am going to be a teacher. He sits there. （副词） （副词） （介词短语） （从句作时间状语） （副词地点状语） （八）. 同位语 当两个同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语。 我们有两个孩子，一男一女． We have two children, a boy and a girl. 那人是我的老师，他从来都不骑自行车． The man, my teacher, never rides a bike. 句子类型 1、简单句：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening. 2、并列句：并列句由并列连词或分号“；”把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如：It is late , so we must hurry. 3、复合句：复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。 如：If we want to keep fit , we must always remember that prevention is better than cure. 从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看，我们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。 1.Last week I went to the supermarket. 　Last week I went to the supermarket. 　　 状　 主 谓　　　 状 2.The play was very interesting. 　The play was very interesting. 主　 系　 状　　 表 3.I can’t hear a word. 　I can’t hear a word. 主　 谓　　　 宾 4.They were talking loudly. 　They were talking loudly. 主　 　 谓　 状 5.It was Sunday. 　It was Sunday. 　 主 系　　表 1.I never get up early on Sundays. 　I never get up early on Sundays. 　 主　状　 谓　　 状　　　　状 2.I looked at the young man angrily. 　I looked at the young man 　 主　谓　　　　 宾 angrily. 　　 　 　　　　　 状 8.I read a few lines,but I didn’t understand a word. 　I read a few lines, but I didn’t 主 谓　　定　 宾　 连 主 谓 understand a word. 　　　 谓　　　　 宾 9.My holidays passed quickly,but I didn’t send cards to my friends. 　My holidays passed quickly, but I 　　　　 主　　　 谓　　 状　 连 主 didn’t send cards to my friends. 　　　　谓　　　 宾　　 状 简单句的五种基本句型 1. 主语+不及物动词(主谓) e.g. The sun rises. 太阳升起来。 The car stopped. 小汽车停下来了。 rise和stop都是不及物动词，因此后边不必加宾语。 2. 主语+及物动词+宾语(主谓宾) e.g. I love my country. He helps me. I like action movies. I buy a book. 3. 主语+系动词+表语(主系表) e.g. Her brother is a driver. We feel happy. It gets dark. 4. 主语+及物动词+双宾语 (主谓+直宾+间宾) e.g. He gives Tom a present.（双宾语） Mother make a new dress for me.（双宾语） 5. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(主+谓+宾+宾补) e.g. They call her Mary.（宾补） We make our classroom clean and tidy.（宾补） He always makes us laugh.（宾补） 1. Things changed. 2. Trees are green. 3. We don’t beat children. 4. He gave his sister the piano. 5. I found the book easy. 6. There lies a book on the desk. 主 + 谓 主 + 系 + 表 主 + 谓 + 宾 主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 ‹ › 主+谓 + 宾 + 宾补 There be 句型 Practice Thank You $$