2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习培优外刊阅读学案: 孤独的“杀伤力”

2024-09-16
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高三英语培优外刊阅读 班级:____________学号:____________姓名:____________ 外刊精选|孤独的“杀伤力”远比想象中更大!科学家敲响警钟 身为现代人,难免在快节奏的生活中感到孤独。而最新研究表明,长期的孤独状态不仅影响心理健康,还会对神经元及其突触连接造成损伤,导致大脑结构和功能变化。看似无害的孤独实则如同毒药,悄无声息地侵蚀着我们的健康。为什么孤独会对大脑造成影响?我们该如何调节孤独状态? What Does a Lonely Brain Look Like? By Dana G. Smith Everyone feels lonely from time to time — after, say, a move to a new school or city, when a child leaves for college, or following the loss of a spouse. Some people, though, experience loneliness not just transiently but chronically. It becomes "a personality trait, something that’s pretty sticky," said Dr. Ellen Lee, an associate professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. Research is mounting that this type of entrenched loneliness is bad for our health and can even change our brains, raising the risk for neurodegenerative diseases. How could a subjective feeling have such a profound effect on the brain's structure and functions? Scientists aren't sure, but they think that when loneliness triggers the stress response, it also activates the immune system, increasing levels of some inflammatory chemicals. When they're experienced for long periods of time, stress and inflammation can be detrimental for brain health, damaging neurons and the connections between them. One of the most common recommendations is a little obvious: Try to make new friends. Whether that's through art classes, sports teams or volunteer opportunities, the goal is to put yourself in places where people come together. These types of engineered social situations have mixed results. Dr. Lee said they tend to work best if there is a "shared identity" among the people involved, like groups specifically for people with diabetes, so they have something to connect over. 【词汇过关】 请写出下面文单词在文章中的中文意思。 1.say英 [seɪ] 美 [seɪ]v._____________________ 2.loss英 [lɒs] 美 [lɑːs]n._____________________ 3.spouse英 [spaʊs] 美 [spaʊs]n. _____________________ 4.transiently英 [ˈtrænziəntli] 美 [ˈtrænziəntli]adv._____________________ 5.transient adj. _____________________ 6.chronically英 [ˈkrɒnɪkli] 美 [ˈkrɑːnɪkəli]adv. _____________________ 7.chronic adj._____________________ 8.personality n. _____________________ 9.trait n. _____________________ 10.sticky英 [ˈstɪki] 美 [ˈstɪki]adj. _____________________ 11.mount v. _____________________ 12.entrenched adj._____________________ 13.neurodegenerative英 [ˌnjʊərəʊdɪˈdʒenərətɪv] _____________________ 14.neuroscience n. _____________________ 15.degenerate v. _____________________ 16.degenerative adj._____________________ 17.Alzheimer's_____________________ 18.subjective英 [səbˈdʒektɪv] 美 [səbˈdʒektɪv]adj. _____________________ 19.profound adj. _____________________ 20.trigger英 [ˈtrɪɡə] 美 [ˈtrɪɡər]v. _____________________ 21.activate英 [ˈæktɪveɪt] 美 [ˈæktəveɪt]v. _____________________ 22.inflammatory英 [ɪnˈflæmətri] 美 [ɪnˈflæmətɔːri]adj. _____________________ 23.inflammation英 [ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn] 美 [ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn]n. _____________________ 24.detrimental英 [ˌdetrɪˈmentl] 美 [ˌdetrəˈmentl]adj. _____________________ 25.obvious英 [ˈɒbviəs] 美 [ˈɑːbviəs]adj. _____________________ 26.volunteer英 [ˌvɒlənˈtɪə] 美 [ˌvɑːlənˈtɪr]n. _________;v. ___________ 27.opportunity英 [ˌɒpəˈtʃuːnəti] 美 [ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti]n. 机会 28.engineered英 [ˌendʒɪˈnɪəd] 美 [ˌendʒɪˈnɪəd]adj. _____________________ 29.engineer n. _____________________;v. _____________________ 30.mixed英 [mɪkst] 美 [mɪkst]adj. _____________________ 31.work英 [wɜːk] 美 [wɜrːk]v. _____________________ 32.shared英 [ʃeəd] 美 [ʃerd]adj. _____________________ 33.share v. _____________________ 34.identity英 [aɪˈdentəti] 美 [aɪˈdentəti]n. _____________________ 35.specifically英 [spəˈsɪfɪkli] 美 [spəˈsɪfɪkəli]adv. _____________________ 【词块学习】 请从文章中找到下面中文相对应的文词块。 1._____________________ 时不时地,时常 2.比如说 _____________________ 3._____________________ 一个暂时的问题 4.短暂的影响 _____________________ 5.慢性关节炎 _____________________ 6.慢性哮喘 _____________________ 7.人格特征,个性特征 _____________________ 8._____________________ 个性很强 9.性格冲突 _____________________ 10.音乐界名流 _____________________ 11._____________________ 一位体育界名人 12.越来越多的研究表明 … _____________________ 13._____________________ 长期孤独 14.大脑退化的疾病 _____________________ 15.对……产生巨大的影响 _____________________ 16._____________________ 重大变化 17.深切的悲痛 _____________________ 18.应激反应 _____________________ 19.免疫系统 _____________________ 20.由于显而易见的原因 _____________________ 21.有一个机会,得到一个机会 _____________________ / _____________________ 22._____________________ 借此机会 23._____________________ 一有机会就...... 24.混杂的情绪 _____________________ 25.褒贬不一的反应 _____________________ 26.往往会,常常会…… _____________________ 27.民族特征 _____________________ 28.群体特征 _____________________ 拓展练习阅读理解 Two researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Alex Robel and Shi Joyce Sim, have worked on a new model for how water moves under glaciers (冰川). The new theory shows that up to twice the amount of under-glacier water that was originally predicted might be flowing into the ocean-potentially increasing glacial melting (融化), sea level rise, and so on. While there are pre-existing methods to understand under-glacier flow, these techniques involve time-consuming computations. Robel and Sim developed a simple solution, which can predict how fast exfiltration (渗漏) is, using satellite measurements of Antarctica from the last two decades. Robel explains, “Previously, people would run a model, which would have to be applied at every point under Antarctica, and then run forward over a long time period. Now the entirety of our prediction can be done in a second on a computer.” The potentially large source of under-glacier water-possibly up to double the amount previously thought-could be affecting how quickly glacial ice flows and how quickly the ice melts at its base. Robel and Sim hope that the predictions made possible by this theory can be included into ice sheet models that scientists use to predict future ice sheet change and sea level rise. Beyond sea level rise, this additional exfiltration and melting has other possible future effects. Some of the places of richest ocean productivity in the world occur off the coast of Antarctica, and being able to better predict exfiltration and melting could help ocean biologists better understand where ocean productivity is occurring, and how it might change in the future. Robel also hopes this work will open the doorway to more cooperation with groundwater hydrologists who may be able to apply their knowledge to ice sheet dynamics, while Sim stresses the need for more fieldwork. “Getting the observationalists interested in trying to help us better understand the qualities of ice sheets would produce a dramatic effect,” Sim says. “That’s our largest unknown at this point, and it heavily influences the results.” 45.What is the new model used to study? A.The risk of sea level rise. B.The changes of ocean ecosystems. C.The speed of glacial melting. D.The flow of water beneath glaciers. 46.How does the author show the advantage of the new model? A.By analyzing facts. B.By referring to figures. C.By giving examples. D.By making a comparison. 47.What does the author stress about the additional exfiltration and melting? A.It gets attention in many places. B.It may influence more than one field. C.It is responsible for sea level rise. D.It has been considered by biologists. 48.Which can be a suitable title for the text? A.An In-depth Study of Antarctic Glaciers B.A Prediction of the Future of Glaciers C.A Big Discovery About Under-glacier Flow D.A New Model Invented to Monitor Glaciers 外刊精选答案 【词汇过关】 请写出下面文单词在文章中的中文意思。 1.say英 [seɪ] 美 [seɪ]v. 举例 2.loss英 [lɒs] 美 [lɑːs]n. (亲人、朋友的)去世;失落感 3.spouse英 [spaʊs] 美 [spaʊs]n. 配偶 4.transiently英 [ˈtrænziəntli] 美 [ˈtrænziəntli]adv. 暂时地 5.transient adj. 短暂的,转瞬即逝的(temporary);暂住的,临时的 6.chronically英 [ˈkrɒnɪkli] 美 [ˈkrɑːnɪkəli]adv. 长期地 7.chronic adj. 慢性的;长期的 8.personality n. 个性,性格;名人(celebrity) 9.trait n. (人的)特征,特点 10.sticky英 [ˈstɪki] 美 [ˈstɪki]adj. 黏的,粘手的 11.mount v. 逐步增加 12.entrenched adj. 根深蒂固的 13.neurodegenerative英 [ˌnjʊərəʊdɪˈdʒenərətɪv] 美 [nʊroʊdɪˈdʒenərətɪv]adj. 神经组织退化的 14.neuroscience n. 神经科学 15.degenerate v. 恶化、衰退 16.degenerative adj.(医疗领域)退化的 17.Alzheimer's 阿尔茨海默病(老年痴呆症) 18.subjective英 [səbˈdʒektɪv] 美 [səbˈdʒektɪv]adj. 主观的 19.profound adj. 深刻的,巨大的 20.trigger英 [ˈtrɪɡə] 美 [ˈtrɪɡər]v. 引发,引起 21.activate英 [ˈæktɪveɪt] 美 [ˈæktəveɪt]v. 启动,激活 22.inflammatory英 [ɪnˈflæmətri] 美 [ɪnˈflæmətɔːri]adj. 发炎的,引发炎症的 23.inflammation英 [ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn] 美 [ˌɪnfləˈmeɪʃn]n. 炎症 24.detrimental英 [ˌdetrɪˈmentl] 美 [ˌdetrəˈmentl]adj. 有害的 25.obvious英 [ˈɒbviəs] 美 [ˈɑːbviəs]adj. 明显的,显然的 26.volunteer英 [ˌvɒlənˈtɪə] 美 [ˌvɑːlənˈtɪr]n. 志愿者;主动做某事的人;v. 自愿做,无偿做 27.opportunity英 [ˌɒpəˈtʃuːnəti] 美 [ˌɑːpərˈtuːnəti]n. 机会 28.engineered英 [ˌendʒɪˈnɪəd] 美 [ˌendʒɪˈnɪəd]adj. 精心策划的 29.engineer n. 工程师,设计师;v. 精心安排、策划(通常含有贬义) 30.mixed英 [mɪkst] 美 [mɪkst]adj. 混合的,混杂的 31.work英 [wɜːk] 美 [wɜrːk]v. 奏效,产生结果 32.shared英 [ʃeəd] 美 [ʃerd]adj. 共享的 33.share v. 分享 34.identity英 [aɪˈdentəti] 美 [aɪˈdentəti]n. 特征;身份 35.specifically英 [spəˈsɪfɪkli] 美 [spəˈsɪfɪkəli]adv. 专门地,特意地 【词块学习】 请从文章中找到下面中文相对应的文词块。 1.from time to time时不时地,时常 2.let's say 比如说 3.a transient problem 一个暂时的问题 4.transient effects 短暂的影响 5.chronic arthritis 慢性关节炎 6.chronic asthma 慢性哮喘 7.personality trait人格特征,个性特征 8.have a strong personality 个性很强 9.personality clashes 性格冲突 10.personalities from the world of music 音乐界名流 11.a sports personality 一位体育界名人 12.research is mounting that …越来越多的研究表明 … 13.entrenched loneliness长期孤独 14.degenerative diseases of the brain 大脑退化的疾病 15.have such a profound effect on something对……产生巨大的影响 16.profound changes 重大变化 17.profound sadness 深切的悲痛 18.stress response应激反应 19.immune system免疫系统 20.for obvious reasons由于显而易见的原因 21.have an opportunity / be given an opportunity 有一个机会,得到一个机会 22.take the opportunity 借此机会 23.at every opportunity 一有机会就...... 24.mixed feelings 混杂的情绪 25.mixed reactions 褒贬不一的反应 26.tend to往往会,常常会…… 27.national identity 民族特征 28.group identity 群体特征 【全文翻译】 孤独之人的大脑是什么样的? 每个人都会时不时地感到孤独,比方说,在搬到新学校或者新城市之后,在孩子上大学之后,又或是失去配偶之后。 然而,有些人感受到的孤独并非转瞬即逝,而是长期持续。艾伦·李博士(Dr. Ellen Lee)是加利福尼亚大学圣迭戈分校精神病学副教授,他说道,这成为了“一种性格特征,一种相当顽固的东西”。 越来越多的研究表明,这种根深蒂固的孤独感不利于我们的健康,甚至会改变我们的大脑,增加罹患神经退行性疾病的风险。 一种主观感受怎么会对大脑的结构和功能产生如此深远的影响?科学家们并不确定,但他们认为,当孤独引发应激反应时,它也会激活免疫系统,增加一些炎症化学物质的水平。如果长期处于这种状态,压力和炎症就会损害大脑健康,破坏神经元及它们之间的连接。 很明显,一种最常见的建议就是去尝试结交新朋友。无论是参加艺术课程、运动小组还是志愿活动,目的都是把自己置身于人们聚集的地方。 这类精心设计好的社交场合往往效果好坏参半。李博士说,如果参与者之间能有一个“共同的身份”,比如有那种专门为糖尿病患者设立的团体,参与者之间会更容易建立链接,这一类社交情境往往会发挥出最好的功效。 拓展练习阅读理解 45.D 46.D 47.B 48.C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Georgia Institute of Technology的两位研究人员开发了一种新的模型,用于研究冰川下的水流,并发现冰川下的水流可能比原先预测的要大得多,这可能对冰川融化和海平面上升等产生影响。 45.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Two researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Alex Robel and Shi Joyce Sim, have worked on a new model for how water moves under glaciers (冰川). ( 来自乔治亚理工学院的两位研究人员Alex Robel和Shi Joyce Sim开发了一种新的模型,用于研究冰川下的水流如何移动。)”可知,该模型用于研究冰川下的水流。故选D。 46.推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Robel explains, “Previously, people would run a model, which would have to be applied at every point under Antarctica, and then run forward over a long time period. Now the entirety of our prediction can be done in a second on a computer.” (罗伯尔解释说:“以前,人们会运行一个模型,这个模型必须应用于南极洲下的每一个点,然后才能向前运行很长一段时间。现在,我们的整个预测可以在计算机上一秒钟内完成。”)”可知,作者通过比较之前的方法和新的模型来展示新模型的优点。故选D。 47.推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Beyond sea level rise, this additional exfiltration and melting has other possible future effects. Some of the places of richest ocean productivity in the world occur off the coast of Antarctica, and being able to better predict exfiltration and melting could help ocean biologists better understand where ocean productivity is occurring, and how it might change in the future. (除了海平面上升之外,这种额外的渗漏和融化还可能对未来产生其他影响。世界上一些海洋生产力最丰富的地区位于南极洲沿岸,如果能够更好地预测渗漏和融化,将有助于海洋生物学家更好地了解海洋生产力的发生地,以及它未来可能如何变化。)”可知,在文章第四段中提到,除了海平面上升之外,这种额外的渗漏和融化还可能对未来产生其他影响。这表明额外的渗漏和融化可能会影响多个领域,因此作者强调了这一点。故选B。 48.主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了Georgia Institute of Technology的两位研究人员开发了一种新的模型,用于研究冰川下的水流,并发现冰川下的水流可能比原先预测的要大得多,这可能对冰川融化和海平面上升等产生影响。因此,文章主要讲述的是关于冰川下水流的一个重大发现,所以C选项“A Big Discovery About Under-glacier Flow”最适合作为文章的标题。故选C。 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习培优外刊阅读学案: 孤独的“杀伤力”
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2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习培优外刊阅读学案: 孤独的“杀伤力”
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2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习培优外刊阅读学案: 孤独的“杀伤力”
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