2025届高三英语上学期一轮复习专项培优外刊阅读学案：诺奖得主

高三英语培优外刊阅读 班级：____________学号：____________姓名：____________ 外刊精选｜2022诺奖得主：痴迷古人类，立志做“当代达尔文”？ 最近，瑞典遗传学家帕博博士获得了2022年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，以表彰他对已灭绝古人类基因组和人类进化的发现。2010年，帕博博士及其团队宣布成功检测出古人类“尼安德特人”的全基因组序列，震惊学界。帕博博士的研究究竟意味着什么？他为什么能够因此 Nobel Prize Awarded to Svante Pääbo for Discoveries in Evolution By Denise Roland and Aylin Woodward The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded Monday to Sweden-born geneticist Svante Pääbo, recognizing him for discoveries related to the genomes of extinct human groups that shed light on the genetic characteristics unique to present-day humans. Dr. Pääbo's work made it possible to precisely analyze the genetic characteristics of Neanderthals and helped illuminate how different types of humans mixed on the planet during periods of coexistence. The genetic sequence of a Neanderthal showed that Homo sapiens had children with their now-extinct relatives during the at least 20,000-year period when both groups inhabited the same part of the planet. Around 2% of DNA in the genomes of present-day humans of European or Asian descent is inherited from Neanderthals as the result of ancient interbreeding, Dr. Stringer said, adding that some of that DNA is active in our bodies. Dr. Pääbo's discoveries have laid the groundwork for research on how ancient gene sequences from extinct relatives influence the functioning of present-day humans. "Now we know that this whole idea that Homo sapiens, our species, is unique, or somehow super powerful is actually not quite true," said Dr. Katerina Douka, a University of Vienna anthropologist. "He transformed what we know about human evolution in the last ten to 12 years." 【词汇过关】 请写出下面文单词在文章中的中文意思。 1.geneticist [dʒəˈnetɪsɪst]n. ______________________________________ 2.physiology /ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/ n.______________________________________ 3.genome /ˈdʒiːnəʊm/ n.______________________________________ 4.extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ adj.______________________________________ 5.illuminate /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/vt.照______________________________________ 6.coexistence /ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪstəns/n.______________________________________ 7.sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/ n.______________________________________ 8.inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt/vt.______________________________________ 9.inherit /ɪnˈherɪt/v.______________________________________ 10.interbreed /ˌɪntəˈbriːd/ v.______________________________________ 11.evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/ n.______________________________________ 【词块学习】 请从文章中找到下面中文相对应的文词块。 1.______________________________________对......做出解释，对......具有启发意义 2.______________________________________为......打下基础 拓展练习阅读理解 Among every generation, there are always youths ready to bear heavy burden of responsibility and devoted to their community. Lee Hui Ling is one of them. Lee Hui Ling was exposed to environmental and social issues at a young age. Born into a family of artists, her mother had a strong environmental conscience, which she had expressed through her art and passed on to her daughter. After graduating from the Sarah Lawrence college in New York and moving back to Malaysia, Hui Ling’s concerns for the environment grew, particularly after the Fukushima nuclear crisis in 2011, her mother’s hometown. Hui Ling responded by setting up a Greenpeace Malaysia online community on various social media platforms. A committed volunteer and a natural leader, Hui Ling was involved from the very beginning. She helped to organize and lead at meet-ups in cafes and community halls, as well as run workshops, and training. Taking direct action, she has participated in various campaigns like Break Free from Plastic. “Environmental activism has taught me that doing good is not a sprint, but a marathon, and we need to develop the endurance to make it through the difficult times,” she said. “I think activism has been normalized, and with that kind of normalization, it brings a level of safety. It becomes a very effective way to speak about social issues and affect change.” An artist and educator, Hui Ling organized participatory art projects in line with Greenpeace Malaysia campaigns on deforestation, and plastic pollution. One of them was the Wings of Paradise project, where she led a team of 30 youth volunteers in creating a 64-meter-long mural as part of a global street art campaign against deforestation in Papua. “There is a climate emergency,” said Hui Ling. “However, there is a beacon of hope in the youth activism of the last few years. The youths of today are well organized, and passionate in expressing their desire for positive change and a green and sustainable future for all.” 17．What can we know about Lee HuiLing’s mother? A．She was a successful artist. B．She self-taught her daughter. C．Her family cared about the environment. D．Her hometown was ruined by a nuclear disaster. 18．Which best describes Lee Hui Ling? A．Stubborn. B．Patient. C．Influential. D．Aggressive. 19．What does the underlined phrase “a sprint” in paragraph 5 mean? A．A momentary effort. B．A real dilemma. C．A tough decision. D．A fierce competition. 20．What might be the purpose of Wings of Paradise project? A．To create unique mural. B．To help protect forests in Papua. C．To fight against plastic pollution. D．To honor young artists across the globe. 外刊精选答案 【词汇过关】 请写出下面文单词在文章中的中文意思。 1.geneticist [dʒəˈnetɪsɪst]n. 遗传学家 2.physiology /ˌfɪziˈɒlədʒi/ n.生理学;生理机能 3.genome /ˈdʒiːnəʊm/ n.基因组;染色体组 4.extinct /ɪkˈstɪŋkt/ adj.灭绝的;绝种的;绝迹的 5.illuminate /ɪˈluːmɪneɪt/vt.照明;照射;照亮;阐明;解释;使容光焕发 6.coexistence /ˌkəʊɪɡˈzɪstəns/n.共存;共处 7.sequence /ˈsiːkwəns/ n.序列;顺序;次序; 8.inhabit /ɪnˈhæbɪt/vt.居住在;栖居于 9.inherit /ɪnˈherɪt/v.继承(金钱、财产等);继任;接替 10.interbreed /ˌɪntəˈbriːd/ v.(使)杂交繁殖 11.evolution /ˌiːvəˈluːʃn/ n.演变;进化;发展;渐进 【词块学习】 请从文章中找到下面中文相对应的文词块。 1.shed light on something对......做出解释，对......具有启发意义 2.lay the groundwork for something为......打下基础 【全文翻译】 瑞典科学家斯万特·帕博因人类进化科学发现获诺贝尔奖 10月3日（周一），2022年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓。今年该奖项颁给了生于瑞典的遗传学家斯万特·帕博（Svante Pääbo），以表彰他对已灭绝人种基因组的发现，他的研究为了解现代人种基因的独特性带来了启发。 帕博博士的研究让人们能够精确分析尼安德特人的基因特征，并揭示了在古人类共存时期，地球上不同人种之间如何进行混血繁衍。（译者注：尼安德特人就是上文提到的已灭绝人种。） 在至少2万年间，智人与现已灭绝的近亲尼安德特人共同生活在地球的同一片区域；而尼安德特人的基因组序列显示，在那段时期，两者共同衍育了后代。 斯丁格博士表示，由于古人类的混血繁衍，如今欧洲人与亚洲人有大约2%的DNA是遗传自尼安德特人。他还补充到，其中部分DNA仍存活在我们现代人的体内。 对于尼安德特人基因序列如何影响了现代人类的身体运转，帕博博士的发现为此类研究奠定了基础。 维也纳大学人类学家卡特琳娜·杜卡 (Katerina Douka) 博士谈道：“现在我们知道了，我们的祖先智人是独特的或者在某种程度上超级强大，这种观点实际上并不完全正确。在过去的10到12年里，帕博博士改变了我们对于人类进化的认识。” 拓展练习阅读理解 17．C 18．C 19．A 20．B 【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了Lee Hui Ling从小受母亲的影响，积极参与环保活动，致力于通过艺术和领导力推动环境保护的故事。她通过在马来西亚创立绿色和平社区，并参与各种环保活动，展现了她对环境保护的热情和影响力。 17．推理判断题。根据第二段“Lee Hui Ling was exposed to environmental and social issues at a young age. Born into a family of artists, her mother had a strong environmental conscience, which she had expressed through her art and passed on to her daughter. (Lee Hui Ling从小就接触到环境和社会问题。她的母亲出生在一个艺术家家庭，有着强烈的环境意识，她通过艺术表达了这种意识，并将其传递给了女儿。)”可知，Lee Hui Ling的母亲通过艺术表达了她对环境的关注，并将这种意识传递给了她的女儿。这表明家庭对环境问题有所关心。故选C项。。 18．推理判断题。根据第四段“A committed volunteer and a natural leader, Hui Ling was involved from the very beginning. She helped to organize and lead at meet-ups in cafes and community halls, as well as run workshops, and training. (Hui Ling是一名忠诚的志愿者和天生的领导者，她从一开始就参与其中。她帮助组织和领导咖啡馆和社区会堂的聚会，以及举办研讨会和培训。)”以及第六段“An artist and educator, Hui Ling organized participatory art projects in line with Greenpeace Malaysia campaigns on deforestation, and plastic pollution. One of them was the Wings of Paradise project, where she led a team of 30 youth volunteers in creating a 64-meter-long mural as part of a global street art campaign against deforestation in Papua. (作为一名艺术家和教育家，Hui Ling组织了一些参与式的艺术项目，以配合马来西亚绿色和平组织关于森林砍伐和塑料污染的活动。其中之一是“天堂之翼”项目，她带领一个由30名青年志愿者组成的团队，创作了一幅64米长的壁画，作为全球街头艺术运动的一部分，反对在巴布亚砍伐森林。)”可知，Hui Ling领导其他志愿者参加保护环境的活动，由此可以推知，Hui Ling是很有影响力的。故选C项。 19．词句猜测题。根据后文“but a marathon, and we need to develop the endurance to make it through the difficult times (而是马拉松，我们需要培养耐力来度过困难时期)”可以推知，前文和后文是转折关系，推知a sprint和是“短期的冲刺”之意，和A项意思相近。故选A项。 20．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One of them was the Wings of Paradise project, where she led a team of 30 youth volunteers in creating a 64-meter-long mural as part of a global street art campaign against deforestation in Papua. (其中之一是“天堂之翼”项目，她带领一个由30名青年志愿者组成的团队，创作了一幅64米长的壁画，作为全球街头艺术运动的一部分，反对在巴布亚砍伐森林。)”可知，这一项目的目的是为了保护巴布亚岛的森林。故选B项。 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$