Unit2 Sports and Fitness Section Ⅲ Grammar(Word教参)-【精讲精练】2024-2025学年高中英语必修第一册（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅲ　Grammar [对应学生用书P60]项目一　定语从句(1) 一、概述 定语从句是用来修饰、限定正在谈论的人或物，关系代词which，who，that和whose引导定语从句，关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。 二、关系代词的用法 1．that 可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语。指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于 which。不能引导非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语。 2．which 指物；在定语从句中作主语、宾语。 The book which/that was on the desk was bought by my father.(主语) 在桌子上的那本书是我父亲买的。 3．who，whom，whose (1)who主格，在从句中作主语，只可指人。 (2)whom宾格，在从句中只能作宾语；只可指人。 (3)whose表所属关系，在从句中作定语。译为某人的，某物的。 (4)whose＋n.＝the＋n.＋ of which(某物的)＝the＋n.＋of whom(某人的)。 [即学活用1]—关系代词填空 ①Do you know the man who/that is talking with your mother? ②Those who want to see the film set down your names，please. ③This is the person who/whom/that you should thank for helping your son. ④Look，here are some people who/whom/that I want you to meet. ⑤Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which we visited three months ago? ⑥Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government. 三、关系代词that与which的用法区别 (一)只能用that，不能用 which的情况 1．先行词是 all，something，everything，anything，nothing，little，much，few等不定代词或先行词被all，any，every，no，little，much，some等词修饰。 (2023·全国乙卷·B)After we found a crazy­looking road that hung over a bunch of rocks，we decided to photograph the scene at sunset. 在我们发现了一条悬挂在一堆岩石上的看起来很疯狂的道路后，我们决定在日落时拍摄这个场景。 2．先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、the only，the very，the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用 which。 The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。 This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。 This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。 3．先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用 which。 The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。 The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children's Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。 4．句中其他位置已出现 which，为避免重复，不用 which而用that引导限定性定语从句。 Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车？ [即学活用2]—完成句子 ①这是我参观过的最漂亮的公园。 This is the most beautiful park that I have visited． ②我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。 We often talk about the persons and things that we remember． ③我已找到昨天丢的钢笔。 I have found the very pen that I lost yesterday. (二)只用which，不能用that的情况 1．在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时，关系代词必须用which。 Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born? 这是莎士比亚出生的房子吗？ This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。 2．先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时，关系代词通常只用 which而不用that。 Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。 A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。 3．当先行词指物，关系词在句中作主语或宾语，引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用 which，而不用that。 [即学活用3]—用关系代词填空 ①The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. ②Have you ever read the book，which was written by a young girl? 项目二　不定代词 一、概述 不明确指代某个人、某个事物、某些人、某些事物的代词叫不定代词。不定代词可以代替名称和形容词，表示不同的数量概念。不定代词没有主格和宾格之分，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语等。 不定代词的句法功能 成分 all，both，each，neither，either，much，little，many，few，other，some，any，one 在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和定语 everyone，everybody，everything，someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，no one，nobody，nothing，none 在句中可作主语、宾语和表语 every，no 在句中只能作定语 二、几组不定代词的用法 1．some，any 不定代词 不同 相同 some some多用于肯定句；在表示请求、劝告、邀请或不希望对方拒绝的疑问句中用some而不用any some，any作定语时既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词 any any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件状语从句中；用于肯定句中，表示“任何” Some rice in the bag has been sold out. 袋子里的一些大米已经卖出去了。 Do you have any brothers or sisters? 你有兄弟姐妹吗？ Some boys are good at swimming. 一些男孩擅长游泳。 Will you give me some water? 请给我一些水好吗？ Are there any stamps in your drawer? 你的抽屉里有一些邮票吗？ If you have any questions，please ask me. 如果你有问题，可以问我。 Any child needs love. 任何一个孩子都需要爱。 (1)some和any可以用来修饰单数名词，some表示“某一”，any表示“任何的”。 (2)no相当于not a(n)，修饰可数名词单数；相当于not any，修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词。 Any student can answer this question. 任何学生都可以回答这个问题。 Some day Chinese people will fly to the moon. 某天中国人将会飞上月球。 I have no money.＝I don't have any money. 我没有钱。 [即学活用1]—选词填空 ①Won't you try some of the bread？(any/some) ②Is there any money in the drawer？(any/some) ③There is not a student in the classroom.(not/no) ④No news is good news.(Not/No) 2．many，much，few，a few，little，a little 意义区别 许多 有点/些(表示肯定) 几乎没有(表示否定) 可数 many a few few 不可数 much a little little I have a lot of friends but I don't have much money.我有很多朋友，但是我没有很多钱。 You can't have one toy each.We haven't got many.你们不能一人一个玩具。我们没有很多。 Stephen Hawking's theory is so difficult that few people can understand and accept it.史蒂芬·霍金的理论很深奥，很少有人会理解并接受它。 —Would you like some more coffee? ——你还想喝点咖啡吗？ —Oh，thanks，a little，please. ——好的，谢谢。请来一点。 not a little相当于much或quite a little; not a few相当于many或quite a few。 We needn't hurry.There's not a little time left. 我们没有必要着急，还剩很多时间呢。 You've made not a few mistakes. 你已出了很多错误。 [即学活用2]—选词填空 many，much，(a) few，(a) little ①Many hands make light work. ②Few of my friends were there. ③You should spend as much time as you can on English. ④Don't worry.There's not a little money left. 3．another，other，the other，others，the others 不定代词 词义 用法 another 另一个，又一个 用于三者或三者以上中的另一个，后接可数名词单数 other 其他的，另外的 作定语，后接复数名词或不可数名词 the other 两者中的另一个 常与one连用，构成one ...the other ...结构 others 泛指别的人或物 是other的复数形式，不能作定语，常构成some...others...结构 the others 特指其余的人或物 是the other的复数形式，常构成some...the others...结构 Please give me another ten minutes. 请再给我十分钟。 He raised one hand and then the other. 他先举起一只手，然后举起另一只。 (2023·新课标Ⅰ卷)On this one，list all the positive things you've done for others.在这个上面，列出你为别人做过的所有积极的事情。 another是“an＋单数名词”的意思，所以不和复数名词连用，但是后面附加two，three等数词或是few，就可与复数名词连用，表示“另外的……”。注意以下短语的语序： another five plates ＝ five other plates ＝ five more plates另外5个碟子。 [即学活用3]—完成句子 ①他买了两本书——一本是教材，另一本是小说。 He bought two books — one is a textbook；the other is a novel． ②这些铅笔中有一些是红色的，其余的是黄色的。 Some of the pencils are red，the others are all yellow. ③那个小男孩吃了一碗米饭，但他还觉得饿，因此他又要了一碗。 The boy had one bowl of rice，but he still felt hungry，so he asked for another． 4．all，none，each，every 不定代词 词义 用法 all 全部(三者或三者以上) 指代或修饰可数名词或不可数名词均可，可接of短语 none 一个/点都没有(三者或三者以上) 指人指物均可；可接of短语；否定词 each 每一个(两者或两者以上) 指代或修饰可数名词，可接of短语 every 每一个(三者或三者以上) 修饰可数名词；不可单独使用，不可接of短语 We all made mistakes at times. 有时我们都犯错误。 —How many elephants are there in the zoo? ——动物园里有多少头大象？ —None. ——一只也没有。 —Every coin has its two sides. ——每一枚硬币都有两面。 none和no one/nobody 不定代词 指代 范围 主谓一致 none 既指人又指物 可接表示范围的of短语，限定范围 若指不可数名词，谓语用单数，若指可数名词，则谓语可用单数也可用复数 no one/nobody 只用于指人，意思是“没有人” 其后不能接表示范围的of短语 谓语动词用单数 None of their promises has/have been kept. 他们的诺言一个也没有信守。 No one has ever found a way to solve the problem. 从来没有人找到过解决这个问题的方法。 —Who is in the classroom? ——谁在教室？ —No one. ——没有人。 —How many students are there in the classroom? ——教室里有多少学生？ —None of them is/are in the classroom. ——教室里一个学生也没有。 [即学活用4]—完成句子/单句语法填空 ①对所有人都是朋友的人就对哪个也不是朋友。 A friend to all is a friend to none． ②所有男孩都很聪明，但没人能解出这道题。 All of the boys/All the boys are clever，but none of them can work out this problem. ③No one/Nobody likes a person with bad manners. ④Sorry，but none of us speaks/speak English. 5．both，neither，either 代词 意义 在句中所作成分 谓语动词的形式 both 两者都 作主语、宾语、定语或同位语，可以和of短语连用 作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式 neither 两者都不 作主语、宾语及定语，可以和of短语连用 作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式 either 两者中任一个 作主语、宾语及定语，可以和of短语连用 作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式 Both of us agree with you. 我们两个都同意你的意见。 They both agreed to take part in the birthday party. 他们俩都答应参加生日晚会。 Both of them are not of the same character. 他们两个性格并不一样。 Neither of you has been chosen as a clerk here. 你们当中没有人被选作这里的职员。 They are both suitable，so you can use either. 他们都合适，你可以用任何一个。 all，each，every，both等具有总括意义的不定代词和not连用时，无论not的位置如何，均表示部分否定。 [即学活用5]—翻译句子 ①他们两个我并不都认识。 I don't know both of them. ②你们两个我都不依靠。 I depend on neither of you. ③路的两边都没有树。 There is no tree on either side of the road./There are trees on neither side of the road. ④他们我全不接受。 I don't accept any of them./I accept none of them. 6．复合不定代词 构成 用法 复合不定代词由some，any，every，no与body，one，thing构成，如somebody，anybody，everybody，nobody，someone， anyone，everyone，no one，something， anything，everything，nothing等。 (1)不定代词被定语所修饰时，定语则须放在它们的后面。 (2)指代something，anything，nothing， everything等复合不定代词用it。 (3)含some的复合不定代词与含any的复合不定代词的区别与some和any的区别相似。 I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 We can't decide anything now. 我们现在不能做什么决定。 If you want anything，call me. 你要是需要什么，给我打电话。 Everything went according to the plan，didn't it? 一切都是按计划进行，是吗？ [即学活用6]—同义句转换 ①In fact，we knew nothing about the matter. →In fact，we didn't know anything about the matter. ②There is only a computer in the room. →There is nothing but a computer in the room. [对应学生用书P66] 项目一 Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词填空 1．The boy who/that broke the window is called Tom. 2．The most interesting book that I have ever read is Howl's Moving Castle. 3．Do you know the lady that/whom/who our English teacher is talking with under the big tree? 4．He was watching the children and parcels that filled the car. 5．The most important thing that we should consider is the first idea that he has mentioned in his speech. 6．My eldest son，whose work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment. 7．The bridge on which they were standing collapsed. 8．Women that/who drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those who don't. 9．This is the building whose windows were all painted green. 10．That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop. Ⅱ.完成句子 1．在大火中屋顶被毁坏的那座房子是我祖父母的。 The house whose roof was damaged in the big fire belongs to my grandparents. 2．我不认识和你说话的那个女孩。 I don't know the girl who/whom/that you speak to． 3．那些正在打网球的男孩是我的朋友。 Those boys who/that are playing tennis are my friends. 4．他永远不会忘记的那一天对他来说是特别的。 The day which/that he will never forget is special for him. 5．我们正在讨论如何帮助那位病重住院的学生。 We were discussing how to help the student that/who was seriously ill in hospital． 6．你也可以与你信任的人分享你的不快，并听听他们的建议。 You can also share your unhappy things with somebody that/who/whom you trust and listen to their suggestions. Ⅲ.用适当的关系代词完成下面语段 Michael is my best friend 1.who/that studies very hard.Every day he works until everyone else in my class leaves the classroom.He lives in a big house 2.which/that is near our school.He likes to read the same books as I do.We often play football together on weekends.He has loving parents 3.whose jobs are very busy，but they often invite me to their house.I really value our friendship 4.which/that I think will last forever. 项目二 Ⅰ.用适当的不定代词填空 1．This watch doesn't work，so I must get another one． 2．—How many books do you find in the box? — None． 3．Someone suggests putting off the meeting.What's your opinion? 4．There's something wrong with the machine.We must have it repaired. 5．Susan and I attended the meeting but neither of us agreed with the speaker. 6．Anybody can do this work.It's very simple. 7．He said he knew nothing about it.You have to ask someone else for detailed information. 8．Everything is ready for the experiment after one and a half hours' hard work. 9．I have two brothers；one is a worker，the other is a teacher. 10．The little boy finished his cake and asked for another． Ⅱ.根据汉语意思完成句子 1．今天报纸上有什么重要消息吗？ Is there anything important in today's newspaper? 2．他饿了，但在厨房里他没有找到吃的东西。 He felt hungry，but he could find nothing to eat in the kitchen. 3．如果有什么我能帮你的，请告诉我。 If there is anything I can do for you，please tell me. 4．他们当中没有一个人害怕危险。 None of them is/are afraid of danger. 5．这机器没出什么毛病。 There is nothing wrong with the machine. 6．你想喝点什么吗？ Do you want something to drink? Ⅲ.用适当的代词填空 Many students got together to visit their old university professor.All of 1.them were very successful.At first，they talked happily.Then their talk turned into complaints about stress in work and life.Hearing 2.that，the professor went to the kitchen and brought a large pot of coffee and different kinds of cups.The cups were porcelain，plastic，glass or crystal.3.Some were plainlooking.The others were exquisite.The professor asked 4.his students to choose their own coffee cup and help 5.themselves to the coffee. When 6.all of them had a cup of coffee in hand，the professor said，“Now I find all the goodlooking and expensive cups are taken up.7.This is the source of your problems and stress.In fact，what you really wanted was coffee，not the cup，but you just went for the best cups and looked at 8.these cups.” Hearing the professor's words，9.everyone was in silence.We should focus our attention on 10.something that really matters. [对应知能达标训练P19] Ⅰ.用适当的关系代词填空 1．This is the book whose cover is blue. 2．The woman who/whom/that we talked about is my sister. 3．He told everything that he had seen in the traffic accident. 4．This was the best model of the TV set that the factory produced last year. 5．I don't like the girl who/whom/that you are talking about. 6．This is the house that/which we have just painted. 7．The rulers that/which are made of plastic are usually colorful. 8．He is the student whose mother is a very famous singer. 9．Just then I caught sight of a violin which/that was hanging on the wall. 10．With him was a young fellow whose appearance told of many days in hiding. Ⅱ.用适当的代词填空 1．The size of our school is larger than that of theirs. 2．I lost my pen last week so I bought another one yesterday. 3．The TVs in this shop are cheaper than those/the ones in that one，so I want to buy one here. 4．Each of us has something to say. 5．There are two books on the desk.You can take either/both of them. 6．I agree with some of what you said，but not everything． 7．Nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it． 8．I phoned my parents yesterday，but neither of them answered. 9．I have two books；one is in English，and the other is in French. 10．Another job of the group is education. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$