2024年中考英语复习 第十一讲 阅读理解

第十一讲 阅读理解技巧 教学内容:1.阅读理解考查方式 2.阅读理解题型介绍 3.阅读理解解题指导 【知识要点】 阅读理解:在中考中占的比重很大。阅读理解能力属于语言的领会技能。包括对书面语言的识别、理解、推理、判断和快速记忆等几个方面。不仅仅涉及到语音、语法、词汇这些语言因素、还涉及到非语言因素,即:阅读者对所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识的掌握、对所读材料内容的熟悉、个人经历、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等各方面。阅读技巧之一是阅读时要扩大视距。二是不要心读或朗读;三是要理解段落或文章的细节。四是要学会猜测词义,五要理解中心思想。六要具备合理 推理和判断的能力。 初中阶段阅读题重点考查的内容是事实认定、词语理解、数量计算,主要思想归纳等。而从考查方式来看,则以直接型、转换型和归纳型的试题为主,需要依据文章事实和作者思路进行推理的题次之。 文章主旨和大意的考查。这类试题主要是考查对文章的理解程度,考查内容包括作者的写作目的,文章的中心思想等内容。考生只有读懂全文,才能选出正确答案。 细节和事实的考查。做此类试题一定要抓住事件发生的时间、地点、人物、发展过程和结局等环节,所选答案一定要符合原文,切不可望文生义。 词义或句义的考查。这些词句往往具有深层意义,要透过表层意义来理解深层意义,或根据句子的语法关系分析其含义,要反复琢磨,仔细推敲,弄清作者的真正意图,从而选择正确答案。遇到生词,要根据上下文和一定的构词法知识,如前缀、后缀来分析、判断、猜测其词形和含义。 结论或推论性考查。这类考题答案的选择往往无所谓正确与错误之别,而是最佳与非最佳之别。因此,须读懂通篇文章,弄懂作者的写作要旨,按照文章的内容和逻辑关系,做出符合原文逻辑或主旨的结论或推论,才能选出最佳答案。 拟选题目考查。一篇文章究竟应加一个什么样的题目为最佳,主要取决于文章的内容,英语文章标题的特点一般多以短语或简单句为主。选择标题的一般标准是:一要切题,即能够概括出全文的主旨;二要简洁,即文字要简单明了。 阅读理解题型介绍: 1. 选择答案型阅读理解 2. 判断正误型阅读理解 3. 完成句子型阅读理解 4. 回答问题型阅读理解 阅读理解解题指导: 1. 客观信息题 所谓"客观信息",是指在短文中客观存在的事实,客观信息的答案一般都可以在原文中找到。完成客观信息题应注意以下三点: (1)辨认事实,注意细节 (2)同义转换,着重内涵 (3)把握数据,注意推算 在有关数据推算的试题中,根据短文所提供的数据进行必要的运算时所涉及的数学知识一般都比较简单,关键在于理解原文。 2. 主观判断题 一般来说,这类问题都不可能直接从原文中找到答案,必须根据原文提供的有关信息,进行合理的推理和判断才能回答。 3. 细节辨认题 文章的中心思想或主题是通过一系列的事实、细节来说明和支持的,要透彻地理解段落、文章的中心思想,就必须理解文章中的重要事实和细节。只有真正理解了全部细节,才能深刻地领悟大意,理解短文细节分下面三个步骤: (1)首先找出文章或段落的中心思想。文章的中心思想主要体现在首句和尾句中,有时在文中的某一句话当中。 (2)寻找重要的事实与细节,不是所有的事实和细节都重要,那些与中心思想有关的事实和细节才重要。 (3)检查已确定的事实与细节,看它们是否支持中心思想。如果这些事实与细节不能支持中心思想,就说明原来所确定的中心思想不明确或者这些事实和细节没有找准。 属于细节类的阅读理解题一般只针对某个特定的细节,题型可以多种多样,没有固定模式。常见的设题方式有: (1)Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage? (2)All the following statements are not true except. (3)Which of the following facts is not mentioned in the supporing details? 4. 词汇障碍题 在中考阅读题中,考生遇到的最大障碍往往有两个:一是被已认识的单词的某一熟知含义所误导;二是被完全不认识的单词的意思所阻碍,从而出现理解偏差或理解困难,影响阅读的速度。其实解决这两个困难的一个重要法宝是考生在心目中树立起上下文观念,用上下文去确定词汇的含义。在阅读解题时要注意从以下七个方面着手: (1)根据定义或解释、说明猜测生词的词义 在be,be called,call等判断词出现的判断句中,可以根据已知部分,猜测生词的含义。例如: A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. 通过理解定语从句的意思,能猜出carpenter是"木匠" (2)根据对比关系猜测生词的词义 在but,however,yet,otherwise,though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中,其前后的词有明显的对比关系,根据已知的内容,通过这种对比关系,就很容易猜出生词的词义了。例如: Though Tom's face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 和clean意思相对的便是"肮脏的"了,因此可猜出句中grubby的意思是"肮脏的" (3)通过因果关系猜测词义 because, since与as是连接原因状语从句的从属连词,so是连接表示结果的状语从句的连词,so...that与such...that中的that是连接结果状语从句的。当这些信息词出现在有生词的句子中,通过因果关系,依据已知部分就能猜出生词的词义。例如: She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 根据because从句所讲的意思,我们就可推测trim就是"修剪"之意。 (4)根据生活常识猜测词义 运用逻辑推理能力,自身的生活经验及生活常识。再联系上下文能读懂的部分,可以正确猜出词义。例如: Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold. 根据句子意思及生活经验,wither表示"枯萎" (5)根据同等关系猜测词义 同等关系,指的是一个词,一组词或短语在句中作同一成分,而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴。明显的标志是,这样的词组或短语中间常常用并列连词and或or来连接。例如: At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy. 从"年龄42岁"以及与prime具有同等关系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是"盛年时期"。 (6)根据列举的事例猜测词义 You can take any of the periodicals: "The World of English"."Foreign Language Teaching in Schools", or "English Learning". 从后面列举的例子中,可以猜出periodical是"期刊,杂志"的意思。 (7)根据构词法知识猜测词义 根据学过的构词法知识,知道词根和前缀或后缀的意义,就可猜出由它们组成的新词词义。例如: The colors of Hawaii in Summer are unforgettable. 利用构词法常识和我们已熟悉的词forget,我们可以知道unforgettable就是"令人难忘的"意思。 阅读理解解题步骤: 1. 浏览全文,捕捉信息。要求考生通过浏览全文,掌握其大意了解作者的观点和写作意图。 2. 细读思考题,分析信息。通读(浏览全文)短文后,已对文章或段落大意有所了解再读 考题,对要捕捉的信息进行分析、推理,这样便可先解答与主题思想有关的问题。 3. 复读全文,抓住细节。带着问题去复读,可缩小复读的范围,更便于捕捉关键的信息。 复读时可边读边用铅笔做些标记,把有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因(即5W:who, what, when, where, why)划出来。例如:凡逢人物就圈起来,看完一遍,有几个圈就是几 个人,一目了然。经过这样的处理,你对文章的内容和细节便清楚了,对其中矛盾的产生、 发展和解决心里就会有底了。 另外,在复读全文时,还应特别注意首段或每一自然段的首句,以及结尾句。因为短文的首句和首段往往是作者要说明的对象或事件的起因;作者阐述自己的观点或事件发生的时间、地点与人物的联系。结尾句、段是事件的结论或作者表达的态度、意图、目的等。这样一来便容易抓住中心,为准确、快速地解题打下良好的基础。 4. 解答问题,选定答案。对那些明显的,有把握的题可以断然圈定。遇到不会做的问题可暂时不做,把每个问题阅读完毕,等会做的题已做完,然后再回头做剩下的题目。在做题时,如果遇到困难,再重新查阅。这次重读,要针对问题的要求,抓住重点,一次求得正确答案。 5. 再读全文,核对答案。这是最后一步,也是重要的一步,不能疏忽。这一步骤要用全文的主题思想统率各考题,把我们在阅读和答题时所得到的信息归纳整理一遍后重新再读一遍短文检查答案,看是否前后一致;意义和语言知识是否和原文相符;是否符合逻辑等。发现前后矛盾、遗漏要点等错误,要立即纠正。 即时演练: (A) In Japan there are many holidays and other great days.We can tell only a few here. The fifth birthday of a boy is a great day in the family.The boy puts on a shirt like the one his father wears.It is an important moment in his life and means that he must now be a manly little boy like his father.He must smile when he has pain(疼痛)or trouble.He must carry on. The day a girl becomes seven years old is a big day in the family.She may now wear a sash(腰带)like the one her mother wears.Her friends and her mother's friends come and drink tea and eat cakes.It means that the girl must now be a womanly little girl and help in the home. One of the great holidays in Japan is the Emperor's(天皇)birthday.Instead of school there are picnics,games,sports and speeches(演讲), as we have on our fourth of July in America. 根据短文内容选择正确答案。 1.How many holidays and great days are told of in the story? . A.One B.Two C.Three D.Four 2.When a boy begins to wear a shirt like the one his father wears, . A.he isn't a boy B.he needn't go to school C.he must be a boy of strong character(性格)like his father D.he has no trouble 3.Which birthday of a girl is a big day in her family? . A.The sixth B.The seventh C.The eighth D.The seventeenth 4.Japanese children don't go to school on . A.their fifth birthdays B.their seventh birthdays C.their fifth and seventh birthdays D.their Emperor's birthday 5.From the story we can know the writer is from . A.China B.America C.England D.Japan 参考答案:1-5 CCBDB (B) Tom arrived at the bus station quite early for Paris bus. The bus for Paris would not leave until five to twelve. He saw a lot of people waiting in the station. Some were standing in line(排队), others were walking around. There was a group of schoolgirls. Their teacher was trying to keep them in line. Tom looked around but there was no place for him to sit. He walked into the station cafe(咖啡馆). he looked up at the clock there. It was only twenty to twelve. He found a seat and sat down before a large mirror(镜子) on the wall. Just then, Mike, one of Tom's workmates came in and sat with Tom. “What time is your bus?” asked Mike. “There's plenty of time yet,” answered Tom. “Well, I'll get you some more tea then,” said Mike. They talked while drinking. Then Tom looked at the clock again. “Oh! It's going backward(倒行)!” he cried. “A few minutes ago it was twenty to twelve and now it's half past eleven.” “You're looking at the clock in the mirror.” said Mike. Tom was so sad(难过). The next bus was not to leave for another hour. Since then Tom has never liked mirrors. 根据以上短文内容,从下列各题所给的四个选项中选择最佳的一项。 1、Tom went into the station cafe because . A.Mike asked him to have a cup of tea B.it was quite early and he could find a seat there C.he didn't like to stay with the schoolgirls D.he wanted to have a drink with his workmate there 2、What time was it in fact when Tom looked at the clock in the mirror? A.Half past twelve B.Twenty to twelve C.Half past eleven D.Half past one 3、From the story we know that when we look at a clock in a mirror, we will find A.the time is right B.it's going slower C.it's going backward D.it's going faster 4、Which of the following is true? A.Tom arrived in Paris on time B.The next bus would leave in half an hour C.After that Tom didn't like clocks any longer D.Tom looked at the clock in the mirror only once 5、 Which of the following is the title(题目) of the story? A.The Mirror of the Station B.Not A Careful Man C.Missing A Bus D.The Clock In The Mirror (C) When Mr. David retired(退休),he bought a small house in a village near the sea. He liked it and hoped to live a quiet life in it. But to his great surprise, many tourists(游客)came to see his house in summer holidays, for it was the most interesting building in the village. From morning to night there were tourists outside the house. They kept looking into the rooms through the windows and many of them even went into Mr. David's garden. This was too much for Mr. David. He decided to drive the visitors away. So he put a notice on the window. The notice said: “If you want to satisfy your curiosity(好奇心), came in and look round. Price(价格): twenty dollars.” Mr. David was sure that the visitors would stop coming, but he was wrong. More and more visitors came and Mr. David had to spend every day showing them around his house. “I came here to retire, not to work as a guide(导游).” he said angrily. In the end, he sold the house and moved away. 根据短文内容,从下列各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选择正确答案。 1、Mr. David's house was that many tourists came to see it. A.so small B.so quiet C.so interesting D.such interesting 2、Mr. David put a notice on the window in order . A.to drive the visitors away B.to satisfy the visitor's curiosity C.to let visitors come in and look round D.to get some money out of the visitors 3、The notice made the visitors . A.more interested in his house B.lost interest in his house C.angry at the unfair price D.feel happy about the price 4、After Mr. David put up the notice . A.the visitors didn't come any longer B.fewer and fewer visitors came to see his house C.more and more tourists came for a visit D.no tourist would pay the money for a visit 5、At last he had to sell his house and move away because . A.he did not like it at all B.he could not work as a guide C.he made enough money and wanted to buy a new expensive house D.he could not live a quiet life in it (D) Sigmund Freud was a world-famous doctor of Vienna(维也纳). He was also a man full of humour(幽默). Once, at his 70th birthday party, a friend asked Freud if he could put his work into several words. “Well,” said Freud, “we take the sick out of their trouble and return them to the common suffering.” As a devoted(忠实的)son, Freud often visited his old mother. His mother usually spent her summers in a small mountain town in Austria(奥地利). The King Josef usually spent his summers there, too. One day in the summer, a band(乐队)was playing a lively tune(曲子)when Freud's mother was sitting at the window and watching the people singing and dancing on Main Street. The old woman had a poor memory. She heard the band playing, but forgot it was the King's birthday. Freud was visiting his mother on her 95th birthday. He told his mother, “Mama, the band is playing for your birthday.” She believed him and had a wonderful day. 根据短文内容,从下列各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选择正确答案。 1、Freud was a famous of . A.doctor, Austria B.general, Vienna C.King, Austria D.doctor, Australia 2、From what Freud said at his 70th birthday party, we can see that he was . A.a brave man B.a sick man C.a devoted man D.a man full of humour 3、One day Freud came to the small mountain town for . A.his 70th birthday B.the King Josef's birthday C.his mother's birthday D.for his holiday 4、Which of the four sentences is wrong? A.Freud's mother and the King Josef usually spent their summers in the same place. B.Freud' mother's birthday and the King's birthday were on the same day. C.Freud's mother was so old that her memory was very bad. D.She knew that the band was playing for the King. 5、Freud's mother felt very happy on her 95th birthday because . A.the King Josef himself came to celebrate(庆贺)her birthday B.the people of the town came out to celebrate her birthday C.she believed that the band was playing for her birthday D.she heard the band playing a lively tune so wonderfully (E) We each have a memory(记忆力). That's why we can still remember things after a long time. Some people have very good memories and they can easily learn many things by heart, but some people can only remember things when they say or do them again and again. Many of the great men of the world have got surprising memories. A good memory is a great help in learning a language. Everybody learns his mother language when he is a small child. He hears the sounds, remembers them and then he learns to speak. Some children are living with their parents in foreign countries. They can learn two languages as easily as one because they hear, remember and speak two languages every day. In school it is not so easy to learn a foreign language because the pupils have so little time for it, and they are busy with other subjects, too. But your memory will become better and better when you do more and more exercises. 根据短文内容,选择最佳答案。 1、Some people can easily learn many things by heart because . A.they always sleep very well B.they often eat good food C.they read a lot of books D.they have very good memories 2、Everybody learns his mother language . A.at the age of six B.when he is a small child C.after he goes to school D.when he can read and write 3、Before a child can speak, he must . A.read and write B.make sentences C.hear and remember the sounds D.think hard 4、In school the pupils can't learn a foreign language well because . A.they have no good memories B.they have no recorders C.they have too much time for it D.they are busy with other subjects 5、Your memory will become better and better . A.if you have plenty of good food B.if you do more and more exercises C.if you do morning exercises every day D.if you get up early (F) We spent a day in the country and picked a lot of flowers. Our car was full of flowers inside! On the way home we had to stop at traffic lights, and there my wife saw the bookshelf. It stood outside a furniture(家具)shop. “Buy it,” she said at once. “We'll carry it home on the roof-rack(车顶架). I've always wanted one like that.” What could I do? Ten minutes later I was twenty dollars poorer, and the bookshelf was tied on to the roof rack. It was tall and narrow, quite heavy too. As it was getting darker, I drove slowly. Other drivers seemed more polite than usual that evening. The police even stopped traffic to let us through. Carrying furniture was a good idea. After a time my wife said, “There's a long line of cars behind. Why don't they overtake(超车)?”Just at that time a police car did overtake. The two officers(警官)inside looked at us seriously when they went past. But then, with a kind smile they asked us to follow their car through the busy traffic. The police car stopped at our village church(教堂). One of the officers came to me. “Right, sir,” he said. “Do you need any more help now?” I didn't quite understand. “Thanks, officer,” I said. “You've been very kind. I live just down the road.” He was looking at our things: first at the flowers, then at the bookshelf. “Well, well,” he said and laughed. “It's a bookshelf you've got there! We thought it was——er, something else.” My wife began to laugh. Suddenly I understood why the police drove here. I smiled at the officer. “Yes, it's a bookshelf, but thanks again.” I drove home as fast as I could. 1、From the story we know that . A.the writer was poor and didn't buy the bookshelf for his wife B.the writer's wife didn't like the bookshelf at all C.the writer was always glad to buy something for his wife D.the writer was not very glad to buy the bookshelf for his wife 2、What made the writer think that carrying furniture was “a good idea”? A.He could drive slowly and it was safe. B.Other drivers would let him go first. C.His wife could use a new bookshelf. D.He could save a lot of money and time. 3、Why were the police and other drivers so kind to the writer? A.Because they thought the writer liked studying very much and needed a bookshelf. B.Because they didn't think it was polite to overtake a car with a bookshelf on it. C.Because they thought somebody in the writer's family had died and he needed help. D.Because they thought it was dangerous to carry a bookshelf on a car. 4、Why did the writer's wife begin to laugh? A.Because now she knew what mistake the police had made. B.Because at last her husband understood why the police had driven to the church. C.Because the officer was always looking at the flowers and the bookshelf. D.Because the police had helped them a lot. 5、When did the officers begin to realize(意识到)they had made a mistake? A.Before they arrived at the church. B.Before they overtook(overtake的过去式)the writer's car. C.After one of them looked at the flowers and the bookshelf carefully at the church. D.After the writer's family left the church. (G) Mr. and Mrs. Bell are very forgetful(健忘的). For example, Mr. Bell sometimes goes to his office for work on Sunday morning, for he thinks it is Monday. And Mrs. Bell sometimes forget to cook supper for the family. One summer they planned(计划)to fly to New York for their holidays. They got to the airport only ten minutes before the plane took off. So time was short. But suddenly Mrs. Bell said she must tell Alice, their daughter,not to forget to lock the front door when she went to school. As Alice was then at school, they couldn't tell her about it by telephone. So they hurried to the post office. Mrs. Bell wrote a short note to Alice while Mr. Bell bought a stamp and an envelope(信封). Soon the note was ready. They put the stamp on the envelope in a hurry and dropped it in the letter box, but suddenly Mrs. Bell began to cry. The short note was still in her hand. She had put the plane tickets in the envelope. 根据短文内容判断各句是否符合短文意思,符合的划“√”,否则划“ ”。 ( )1、Mr. Bell is so forgetful that sometimes he takes Sunday for Monday and goes to work on Sunday morning. ( )2、One summer they planned to fly to New York to see their daughter. ( )3、There was no telephone at the airport, so they had to write a note to Alice. ( )4、In a hurry they dropped their tickets in the letter box. ( )5、Suddenly Mrs. Bell began to cry because she had forgotten to put the stamp on the envelope. (H) Lu Xun is one of the greatest Chinese writers of the 20th century. Besides his famous stories, he also wrote many influential articles about the living conditions of Chinese people. Born in 1881 to a wealthy family, Lu Xun had a happy childhood. In 1893, however, his grandfather, a senior government official, was put into prison for taking money. At the same time, his father became seriously ill. From that time on, his family were no longer accepted by their relatives and friends. These early experiences greatly influenced his writing. By the time Lu Xun arrived in Nanjing to study at university in 1899, he already believed that Chinese society had to change and become modern. In 1902 he went to study in Japan. There, he began writing articles for several Chinese student magazines. He showed a gift for writing and translating and he even wrote several books, although none was popular. He returned to China in 1909 because he was in need of money. After working for several years as a teacher in Beijing, Lu Xun again returned to writing. In 1918, he wrote his famous short story Diary of a Madman. It was the first Chinese novel published using the everyday language that people spoke, which helped make it a great success. This, together with his novel The True Story of Ah Q (1921), made Lu Xun a leading Chinese writer. Although successful, Lu Xun still worried greatly about China's future. In 1926, he moved to Shanghai and gave up writing stories in order to devote himself to what he called “pen warfare”. He now only wrote articles which called on the people to fight against the government. For this, the government stopped him from publishing any more books. He was forced to write his articles using false names. Since his death in 1936, Lu Xun's importance and influence have grown. Today, many of his writings are included in school textbooks and his works are read by millions around the world. 1. Which of the following greatly influenced Lu Xun's writing according to the passage? A. The people he met in Japan. B. The experiences in his early life. C. Working as a teacher in Beijing. D. His father's being put into prison. 2. According to the passage, why was Lu Xun's story Diary of a Madmam so popular? A. It was based on Lu Xun's diary. B. It was the first novel to use everyday language. C. Its story took place in modern times.D. It was written using a western style. 3. The underlined word “This” (Paragraph 4) refers to . A. the success of Diary of a Madman B. the use of everyday language C. the first Chinese novel D. The True Story of Ah Q 4. After moving to Shanghai, Lu Xun mainly wrote . A. funny stories B. articles about himself C. articles against the government D. stories about governmment officials 5. In what order did these events take place in Lu Xun's life? a. The government stopped him from publishing books. b. He wrote Diary of a Madman. c. His father became ill. d. He moved to Shanghai. e. His writings were put into textbooks. A. c-a-b-d-e B. c-b-d-a-e C. a-c-d-b-e D. a-d-b-c-e 1 ( 6 ) 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$