Unit 5 Section Ⅱ LESSON 2 & LESSON 3（Word教参）-【优化指导】2024-2025学年高中英语选择性必修第二册（北师大版2019）

Section Ⅱ　LESSON 2 ＆ & LESSON 3 [对应学生用书P77] [默写单词] 1.gain vt.获得,赢得,取得;受益 2.well-rounded adj.多面的,全面的 3.pursue vt.追求 4.insight n.洞察力;顿悟 5.integrity n.正直,诚实;完整 6.acquisition n.获得,习得 7.finance n.金融;财政 8.economics n.经济学 9.expose vt.使接触;使体验;使暴露;揭露 10.surrounding adj.四周的,附近的 11.circumstance n.境况,状况;情况,情形 12.citizen n.公民;市民 13.priority n.优先处理的事;优先权 14.stimulate vt.刺激,促使,促进 15.initiative n.主动性 16.demonstrate vt.展示;说明 17.primitive adj.原始的 18.urge vt.强烈要求;敦促 19.prison n.监狱 20.abandon vt.放弃;抛弃 21.respected adj.受尊敬的,受敬重的 22.wisdom n.智慧 23.owe vt.有……是由于;把……归功于 24.conventional adj.守旧的;传统的 [拓展单词] 1.critical adj.批评的,批判的→criticize v.批评；评论；苛求→critically adv.批评地→uncritically→adv.无鉴别力地;不加批评地 2.civil adj.文明的,有礼貌的;公民的→civilization n.文明；文化→civilly adv.谦恭地；民法上 3.educate vt.教育;教导,指导→educator n.教育工作者→education n.教育 4.contribute vi.& vt.奉献,捐献→contribution n.贡献；捐献；投稿→contributor n.捐款者；捐赠者 5.regardless adv.不管;不顾→regard vt.将……认为；把……视为；看待→regarding prep.关于；至于 6.behave vi.表现→behavior n.行为，举止；态度；反应 7.conclusion n.结论→conclude vt.断定 8.definition n.定义,释义→define vt.定义；使明确；规定 9.respectively adv.各自地→respective adj.分别的，各自的 10.responsibility n.责任→responsible adj.负责的，可靠的；有责任的→responsibly adv.负责地，可信赖地 11.assess vt.评价→assessment n.评估 12.obvious adj.显然的,明显的;易理解的→obviously adv.显然地 13.analysis n.分析→analyse v.分析 14.inefficient adj.效率低的→efficient adj.效率高的 15.worthy adj.有价值的;值得尊敬的→worth adj.有……价值；值……钱 16.approve vt.赞成;赞许;批准→approving adj.赞成的，满意的 17.assumption n.假定,假设→assume v.假定,假设；认为 18.vital adj.极其重要的,必不可少的→vitally adv.极其；紧要地 19.beneficial adj.有利的,有帮助的→benefit n.优势；益处；成效 20.judgement n.判断力;意见,评价;判决→judge vt.判断；断定；认为 1.instead of 相反 2.put forward 提出 3.approve of 赞成，认可，承认 4.put Sb. in prison 把某人关进监狱 5.make the assumption 假设 6.even though 即使 7.at times 有时 8.make mistakes 犯错误 9.in other words 换句话说 10.fight for 为……斗争 11.in conclusion 最后 12.regardless of 不顾，不管 13.give insight into 使顿悟，猛醒 14.owe ...to ... 把……归功于…… 15.sit back 休息；不采取行动 16.be vital to ... 对……至关重要 17.be beneficial to 对……有益 18.be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 19.tend to 往往；易于 1．句型公式：同位语从句 教材原句：At that time, people believed more in the church than in facts, and people like Galileo Galilei(1564-1642), who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”, were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. 那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564-1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 佳句仿写：我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 The news that our team has won the game is true. [对应学生用书P79] [主旨大意] The text means that knowledge and understanding are more important than money. They are more helpful and useful because they can guide our ways of learning about the world and help us solve problems all the time while money can just buy certain goods and solve problems for some time. [文章架构] Paragraph Main ideas Details 1 A type of 1.analysis To start with, we need questions. Then, to find 2.answers, we observe the world around us and study the facts. 2 Some great men in history using this type of thinking were not 3.supported, but 4.punished. However, in the 17th century when Francis Bacon(1561-1626) suggested that this type of thinking was the way to 5.gain knowledge, he was going against the views of the day. In fact, when Galilei proved that the Earth was 6.not the centre of the universe, instead of 7.believing him, people chose to believe 8.views that were almost 2,000 years old! 3 Why people didn’t 9.approve of this type of thinking? It is not 10.surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been 11.put forward by the great 12.philosopher Aristotle(384-322 BCE). And Galilei also made 13.mistakes. He is now known as the father of astronomy but he believed that the Earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle. He was 14.wrong. 4 Our understanding of the world around us is constantly 15.growing and changing. We learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say, “We know it all.” 5 We should thank the great men of the past for 16.their wisdom. We owe so much of our knowledge and 17.understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to 18.step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s 19.civilisation is built upon. [细节探究] 1.What's the very first step of Francis Bacon's type of thinking?( A ) A.Raising questions. B.Observing the world. C.Thinking over the possible answers. D.Testing for a right answer. 2.What do we know from the passage?( B ) A.Both Bacon and Galilei were punished for their scientific ideas. B.At that time, people believed more in religion than in facts. C.Before Galilei, Aristotle's theory had influenced people for 1，000 years. D.The church was against the great philosopher Aristotle for his theory of the universe. 3.What's the main idea of the passage?( D ) A.Francis Bacon was going against the views of his day. B.Galileo Galilei was great to prove the Earth is not the centre of the universe. C.The Earth is not the center of the universe and it doesn't move round the sun in a perfect circle, either. D.People should question more because great men, even Aristotle and Galilei, might make mistakes. 4.What is the correct order to acquire knowledge and understanding according to the article?( A ) A.questions, observe and study, consider and test, find the right answers B.acquire the knowledge, understanding, find the right answers, consider and test C.observe, study, consider, find the right answers D.questions, find the right answers, observe, test 5.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?( B ) A.People tend to believe everything that the person they respect says. B.Galileo proved “the Earth is not the centre of the universe” and he never made mistakes. C.Knowledge is got by learning not by believing. D.Civilisation is built on the kingdom of knowledge. [难句突破] 1.Although today we are more used to typing a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to give us an answer, modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world’s problems with this type of analysis—luckily for us. 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。Although引导让步状语从句。typing ...and waiting for ...是两个动名词短语作介词to的宾语；modern scientists ...是主句。 翻译：尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中敲几个关键词，等待互联网为我们提供答案，但当代科学家、思想家仍采用这种分析方式来解决问题——我们应该为此感到庆幸。 2.At that time, people believed more in the church than in facts, and people like Galileo Galilei(1564-1642), who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”, were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. 分析：本句是一个并列复合句。and连接两个并列的分句，第二个分句中，who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Galileo Galilei，who在从句中作主语；that引导同位语从句，解释说明idea。 翻译：那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564-1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 3.It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle(384-322 BCE). 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。that引导主语从句，作真正的主语，it作形式主语；as引导原因状语从句，as意为“因为”。 翻译：人们愿意相信伟大哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384前322)提出的那些陈旧的观点，这一点并不奇怪。 4.We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s civilisation is built upon. 分析：本句是一个主从复合句。who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词people，who在从句中作主语，该从句中，that引导定语从句，修饰先行词knowledge，that在从句中作宾语。 翻译：我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利略这样的人，正是他们勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影，才帮我们找到了构建当今文明的知识王国。 ENLIGHTENING A MIND It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding. To start with①, we need questions. Then, to find answers, we observe the world around us and study the facts. After that, we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones. ❶Although today we are more used to typing② a few key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet to give us an answer, modern scientists and thinkers are still solving the world's problems with this type of analysis—luckily for us. However, in the 17th century when Francis Bacon(1561-1626) suggested that this type of thinking was the way to③ gain knowledge, he was going against④ the views of the day. Although Bacon held an important rank in King James' royal court of England, his true interest was not the daytoday, slow and inefficient working style of the government, but the worthy search for⑤ knowledge. This was certainly not the interest of most people in his days. ❷At that time⑥, people believed more in the church than in facts, and people like Galileo Galilei(1564-1642), who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of⑦ the universe”, were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. The church and many people tended to⑧ ignore the facts and didn't want to challenge what they had always comfortably believed. In fact⑨, when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, instead of⑩ believing him, people chose to believe views that were almost 2,000 years old! ❸It is not surprising that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward⑪ by the great philosopher Aristotle(384-322 BCE). ❹He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe because it felt like⑫ the Earth was standing still⑬. Galilei disagreed. ❺At first, people approved of⑭ his studies and urged him to continue, but later when he proved Aristotle wrong, they grew angry and put him in prison⑮. They didn't want to abandon what they'd always thought as true. And this is still often true today. ❻People make the assumption⑯ that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so. But even though ⑰Aristotle was a great man who inspired many great scientists and philosophers after him, he was wrong at times⑱. And Galilei also made mistakes⑲. He is now known as⑳ the father of astronomy but he believed that the Earth moved round the sun in a perfect circle. He was wrong. Therefore, our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. In other words, we learn more every day and none of us can ever sit back and say, “We know it all.” We need to thank the great men of the past for their wisdom. They understood that we don't know everything and probably never will, for that would mean a world with questions. ❼We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei, who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today's civilisation is built upon. These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for; more vital to a man, and more beneficial to mankind, some might say, than all the money in the world. [参考译文] 当今，如何获取知识、认识世界，人人皆知。首先，我们需要问题。然后，为了寻找答案，我们观察周围的世界并研究相关事实。之后，我们思考可能的答案并逐个验证，以找到正确答案。尽管我们现在更习惯于在搜索引擎中敲几个关键词，等待互联网为我们提供答案，但当代科学家、思想家仍采用这种分析方式来解决问题——我们应该为此感到庆幸。 17世纪时，弗朗西斯·培根(1561—1626)提出用这种思考方式获取知识时，他的观点却与当时的观念背道而驰。尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的宫廷中位高权重，但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、拖拉、低效的工作作风，而是那些值得探索的知识。当然，探索知识并不是那个时代大多数人的兴趣所在。那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564—1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。教会和多数人一样往往忽视事实，不愿意去挑战自己一直以来相信的东西。事实上，当伽利略证明地球不是宇宙的中心时，人们没有选择相信他，而宁愿相信2 000年前的陈旧观点！ 人们愿意相信伟大哲学家亚里士多德(公元前384—前322)提出的那些陈旧的观点，这一点并不奇怪。亚里士多德坚信地球是宇宙的中心，因为人们感觉地球是静止不动的。伽利略却不同意。起初人们认可他的研究成果，催促他继续研究，但是当他证实亚里士多德有错时，人们生气了，并把他送进了监狱。他们并不想放弃自己一直认为正确的知识。如今这种现象也很常见。如果一个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么人们就会认为这件事一定是对的。但即使是亚里士多德这样曾鼓舞了无数科学家和哲学家的伟大人物，有时也会犯错误。伽利略自己也犯过错误。虽然他现在被称为天文学之父，但他认为地球绕太阳旋转的轨迹是一个正圆。他错了。 因此，我们对周围世界的认识在不断地增长、变化。换句话说，我们每天都在学习更多的知识，谁也不能停止学习并且说：“我什么都知道了。”我们需要感谢先辈伟人的智慧。他们早就知道，人不可能什么都懂，而且或许永远都不会知道所有的事情，也就是说世界总是充满问题的。 我们对世界的认识和理解，很大程度上要归功于培根和伽利略这样的人，正是他们勇敢地走出了传统思想的阴影，才帮我们找到了构建当今文明的知识王国。这些伟人懂得，知识和对世界的认识才是值得追求的；正如一些人所言，和全世界的金钱相比，这些对个人而言更重要，对全人类而言更有益。 [难词注解] ①to start with 开始 ②be used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事 ③the way to 去……的路上 ④go against 违背 ⑤search for 搜索 ⑥at that time 在那时 ⑦the centre of ……的中心 ⑧tend to 趋向 ⑨in fact 事实上 ⑩instead of 相反 ⑪put forward 提出 ⑫feel like 像…… ⑬still adj.安静的 ⑭approve of 赞成，认可；承认 ⑮put Sb. in prison 把某人关进监狱 ⑯make the assumption 假设 ⑰even though 即使 ⑱at times 有时 ⑲make mistakes 犯错误 ⑳be known as 作为……出名 constantly adv.不断地 in other words 换句话说 be+adj.+enough to 足够……做…… step out 跳出 in order to 为了 fight for 为……斗争 [难句分析] ❶本句是一个主从复合句。Although引导让步状语从句。typing ...engine和waiting for ...answer是两个动名词短语作介词to的宾语；modern scientists ...是主句。 ❷本句是一个并列复合句。and连接两个并列的分句，第二个分句中，who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Galileo Galilei，who在从句中作主语；that引导同位语从句，解释说明idea。 ❸本句是一个主从复合句。that引导主语从句，作真正的主语，it作形式主语；as引导原因状语从句，意为“因为”。 ❹本句是一个主从复合句。that引导宾语从句，该从句中because引导原因状语从句。 ❺本句是一个并列句。but连接两个表示转折关系的分句。第一个分句中，and连接并列的谓语；第二个分句中，when引导时间状语从句。 ❻本句是一个主从复合句。第一个that引导同位语从句；if引导条件状语从句；第二个that引导宾语从句。 ❼本句是一个主从复合句。who引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词people，who在从句中作主语，该从句中，that引导定语从句，修饰先行词knowledge， that在从句中作宾语。 [对应学生用书P53] 1 contribute vi.& vt.奉献,捐献 Obviously, certain kinds of knowledge are necessary not only to pursue certain careers but also to contribute to the world. 显然，某些种类的知识不仅对追求某些职业是必要的，而且对为世界作出贡献也是必要的。 ►情景探究 She would try to persuade local business leaders to contribute to the cause. 她会尽力说服当地的商业领导者们为这项事业捐款。 ►要点突破 ①contribute ... to ... 为……贡献/捐献…… contribute to 有助于；导致（=lead to=result in）；为……作出贡献；向……捐款 ②contribution n.贡献；捐献；投稿 make a contribution/contributions to 为……作出贡献；向……捐款 Many people contributed money to the poor boy，which contributed to his return to school. A writer wrote a story about this and contributed it to a press. 许多人给那个贫穷的男孩捐款，这使他重返校园。一位作家写了一个关于此事的故事并把它投给了一家出版社。 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①Only in this way can we make a great contribution（contribute) to our family and our society. ②Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the leading author of the study. [完成句子] ③谁为美国的民权运动作出了巨大的贡献? Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the US? ④3D食物打印可能有助于解决这个问题。 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. ⑤在这个国家，酒精每年造成许多人死亡。 Alcohol contributes to many deaths a year in this country. 2 regardless （of） adv.不管;不顾 It helps you to understand what is wrong and what is right,explore the truth and develop cognition, regardless of whether it’s easy or what others’ opinions are ... 它帮助你理解什么是对，什么是错，帮助你探索真理，发展认知，不管这是否容易或别人的意见如何…… ►情景探究 ①He went ahead and did it, regardless of the consequences. 他说做就做了，没有考虑后果。 ②I went shopping in spite of the rain. 尽管下雨，我还是出去购物了。 ③Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, is regarded as one of the best all-round forms of exercise. 现在，骑自行车、慢跑和游泳都被认为是最好的全面运动方式之一。 ►要点突破 ①regard vt.将……认为；把……视为；看待 be regarded as 被认为是……；被看作是…… regard ...with ... 对……持……态度 ②regard n.注意，关注；尊重；［pl.］致意，问候 have high regard for 钦佩…… hold Sb./sth. in high regard 敬重…… give one's regards to 代……向……问候 with/in regard to 关于；有关 ③regarding prep.关于；至于 regardless of/in spite of regardless of 一般用于客观上无法避免的事实,往往是不利的条件、因素，需要主语去正确面对和处理，并不是避而远之 in spite of 一般是主观上故意去忽视,有时是好的条件、因素，或他人的建议，很可能导致不好的结果 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①Our club is open to everyone regardless（regard） of age， sex or educational background. ② Regarding（regard) judgement：The Internet has made me smarter in matters small and large. ③I am always delighted when I receive an email from you. With regard to the party on July 1st, I shall be pleased to attend. [完成句子] ④此外，互联网使调查和投票变得简单和方便，无论时间和空间。 In addition，the Internet makes surveying and voting easy and convenient， regardless of time and space. ⑤尽管有这么多问题，有几个队员还是表现得很出色。 In spite of all the problems, several of the players produced excellent performances. 3 conclusion n.结论 In conclusion, education is important not only because it facilitates individual development, but also promotes social and national development. 总之，教育是重要的，不仅因为它促进个人的发展，而且促进社会和国家的发展。 ►情景探究 ①I came to the conclusion that I should raise money to promote medical research into back injuries. 我得出的结论是：我应该募集钱来促进脊柱损伤的医学研究。 ②All the information should be available so that people can reach their own conclusions. 所有的信息都应该是可用的，这样人们才能得出他们自己的结论。 ►要点突破 ①come to/draw/reach a conclusion 得出结论 jump to conclusions 匆忙下结论 in conclusion 最后 bring ...to a conclusion 使……结束 ②conclude vt.断定 conclude from sth. that ... 从……中推断出…… to conclude 最后 conclude with 以……结束 conclude the meeting 结束会议 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①It can be concluded（conclude) that restaurant keepers need not “be overly concerned about ‘bad’ tables”, given that they’re profitable. ②Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions（conclude）. [完成句子] ③让双方各自得出结论吧。 Leave the two parties to reach their own conclusions. ④那么从这场辩论中我们能推断出什么呢？ So what can we conclude from this debate? 4 responsibility n. 责任 Let’s first talk about teachers’ responsibility. 让我们先谈谈教师的责任。 ►情景探究 ①You should take responsibility for what you said. 你应该对你说的话负责。 ②Tome should take full responsibility for the damage. 汤姆应该对损失承担全部责任。 ►要点突破 ①have/take responsibility for ... 对……负责 It is one’s responsibility to do sth. 做某事是某人的职责。 ②responsible adj.负责的，可靠的；有责任的 be responsible for （doing） sth. 对(做)某事负责 be responsible to Sb. 对某人负责 ③responsibly adv.负责地，可信赖地 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①Children get the opportunity to take on full responsibility for another creature’s life. ②As an adult you have responsibility（responsible） to look out for your children, which includes having some fun together. [完成句子] ③请确保您拥有自己的个人物品保险，因为怀卡托住宿服务对个人物品的任何盗窃或损坏都不负任何责任。 Please ensure that you have your own insurance for your personal belongings as Waikato Accommodation Services takes no responsibility for any theft or damage to personal belongings. ④汽车生产商中谁负责这些车辆的运营还不清楚。 Who is responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers. 5 assess vt.评价 Another thing that’s important for students is that they need to make proper judgements to guide their own beliefs and actions, and it’s a brilliant idea to demonstrate what they have learnt when assessed. 另一件对学生很重要的事情是，他们需要做出适当的判断来指导自己的信念和行动，在评估时展示他们所学到的东西是一个很好的主意。 ►情景探究 ①There is little assessment of the damage to the natural environment. 几乎没有对自然环境的破坏程度作出评估。 ②It would be a matter of assessing whether she was well enough to travel. 这将是一个评估她是否身体好到可以旅行的问题。 ►要点突破 ①assess Sb./sth.(as sth.) 评估，评定（性质、质量） assess Sb./sth.(at sth.) 估算，估定，核定（数量、价值） ②assessment n.评估 make an assessment of 对……作出评估 a reading assessment test 一次阅读评估测试 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①The value of the business was assessed at ￡1.25 million. ②Tax assessment（assess） is all about comparing values of similar properties. [完成句子] ③这些年轻人被评定为谨慎驾驶员和不谨慎驾驶员两类。 The young men were assessed as either safe or unsafe drivers. ④我很难评定他的努力程度。 It is difficult for me to make an assessment of his efforts. 6 worthy adj.有价值的;值得尊敬的 Although Bacon held an important rank in King James’ royal court of England, his true interest was not the day-to-day, slow and inefficient working style of the government, but the worthy search for knowledge. 尽管培根在英国国王詹姆斯的宫廷中位高权重，但他真正感兴趣的不是政府日复一日、拖拉、低效的工作作风，而是那些值得探索的知识。 ►情景探究 ①The article is well worth reading,but it’s not of being translated. 这篇文章很值得一读，但是不值得翻译。 ②The film is well worth seeing. 这部影片很值得一看。 ③Our house is worth about ＄100,000. 我们的房子大约值10万美元。 ④I think it worthwhile to go camping in such mild weather. 我认为在这样温和的天气去露营是值得的。 ►要点突破 表示“做某事是值得的”： ①It is worthwhile to do sth./doing sth. ②be worth+n./pron./doing ③be worthy to be done/of being done/of sth. ①worth 只能作表语，而worthy和worthwhile除作表语之外还可作定语。 ②be worth后接动名词的主动形式表示被动含义。worth前常用well修饰，表示“很值得”。be worth sth.还可以表示“值……钱”。 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①Teaching is a worthy（worth） cause and worthy of our effort. ②It wasn’t worthwhile to continue/continuing（continue) with the project. [完成句子] ③在申请之前亲自去参观他们所期望的大学是非常值得的。 It’s really worthwhile to pay a visit to their desired colleges personally before applying. ④它尽管尝起来没什么特别的，但仍然值得一试。 Although it doesn’t taste of anything special, it’s still worth a try. ⑤在她13岁的时候，她的公司价值数百万美元。 By the time she was 13, her company was worth millions of dollars. 7 abandon vt.放弃;抛弃 They didn’t want to abandon what they’d always thought as true. 他们并不想放弃自己一直认为正确的知识。 ►情景探究 ①In each episode of Man vs Wild，Grylls is abandoned in a wild area and has to find his way out. 在《荒野求生》的每一期节目中，格里尔斯都被弃于一个野外之地，不得不自己逃生。 ②The study showed a deep fear among the elderly of being abandoned to the care of strangers. 研究表明，老人十分害怕被丢给陌生人照管。 ③He abandoned himself to despair. 他陷入了绝望。 ►要点突破 ①abandon doing sth. 放弃做某事 abandon oneself to 沉湎于（某种情感） ②abandoned adj.被遗弃的，被抛弃的 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①Wang collected more than 7 million abandoned（abandon) bricks of different ages. ②However, these plans were abandoned（abandon) because of financial problems. ③It doesn’t follow that one should abandon carrying（carry) out plan simply because of minor setbacks. [完成句子] ④他沉浸在母亲去世的悲痛中。 He abandoned himself to sadness of his mother’s death. 8 assumption n.假定,假设 People make the assumption that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so. 如果一个重要的、受人尊敬的人说某件事是对的，那么人们就会认为这件事一定是对的。 ►情景探究 ①It is wrong to assume art groups cannot make a profit. 认为艺术团体不能盈利是错误的。 ②In art criticism, you must assume the artist has a secret message hidden within the work. 进行艺术评论时，你必须假设艺术家在作品中隐藏着秘密信息。 ③We need to challenge some of the basic assumptions of Western philosophy. 我们有必要向西方哲学的某些基本假设提出质疑。 ►要点突破 ①make an assumption作出假设 be based on an assumption以假设为基础 ②assume v.假定，假设；认为 assume the worst往最坏处想 assume (that) ...认为…… Let us/Let’s assume (that) ...我们假设…… It is reasonable to assume (that) ...认为……是有道理的。 It is generally/usually assumed that ...普遍/通常认为…… ③assuming (that) ...假定…… ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①We are working on the assumption（assume) that everyone invited will turn up. ②It was impossible to make assumptions（assume) about people’s reactions. [完成句子] ③他的行为基于错误的设想。 His actions were based on a false assumption. ④普遍认为，紧张是工作过重所致。 It is generally assumed that stress is caused by too much work. 9 beneficial adj.有利的,有帮助的 These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for; more vital to a man, and more beneficial to mankind, some might say, than all the money in the world. 这些伟人懂得，知识和对世界的认识才是值得追求的；正如一些人所言，和全世界的金钱相比，这些对个人而言更重要，对全人类而言更有益。 ►情景探究 ①A good diet is beneficial to health. 良好的饮食有益于健康。 ②The giants’ success has benefited consumers. 巨头（大公司）的成功给消费者带来了好处。 ►要点突破 ①be beneficial to ... 对……有益 ②benefit n.优势；益处；成效 to the benefit of 惠及…… for one’s benefit（=for the benefit of Sb.） 为了某人的利益 be of benefit to（=be beneficial to） 对……有益 have the benefit of sth. 获益于某事物 ③benefit v.对（某人）有用；使受益 benefit Sb. 使某人受益 benefit from/by 得益于…… ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①Working out in the morning provides additional benefits（benefit） beyond being physically fit. ②You can also revise the knowledge at the same time and you are sure to benefit from it. ③While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial（benefit）vitamin D. [完成句子] ④要不是托马斯·爱迪生，许多我们现在从中受益的东西不会出现在我们身边。 Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison. [一句多译] ⑤实际上，这些书对全体员工都大有好处。 →Actually， these books are of great benefit to the entire staff. →Actually， these books are very beneficial to the entire staff. 同位语从句 At that time, people believed more in the church than in facts, and people like Galileo Galilei(1564-1642), who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”, were often punished by the church with no one coming to their defence. 那时人们相信教会胜过相信事实，像伽利略·伽利莱(1564-1642)那样证明了“地球不是宇宙中心”的人物，往往会被教会惩罚，也没有人会为他们辩护。 ►情景探究 We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back. 我们都相信，如果你有幸获得成功，你就应该有所回报。 ►要点突破 同位语从句：在复合句中，充当同位语成分的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般由that，wh-类连接词引导，常放在doubt，fact，news，idea，truth，hope，problem，information，thought 等抽象名词后，解释说明该名词的具体内容。 that引导同位语从句时，that只起连接作用，无实际意义，不充当句子成分，但不能省略。 ►学以致用 [单句填空] ①There is no doubt that this candidate’s advantage lies in his ability to communicate with foreigners in English. [完成句子] ②经理建议我们应该有一个助手。有太多的工作要做了。 The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do. ③宇宙中其他星球上存在生命的可能性一直激励着科学家们去探索外太空。 The possibility that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space. [对应学生用书P90] 1.I find it difficult to be objective（客观的) where he's concerned. 2.There are certain habits they pursue（追求) every day to keep this healthy view. 3.I have always regarded him as a man of integrity（正直). 4.It is a question of the relation of ethics to economics（经济学). 5.Stop any unnecessary socializing before you start your priority（优先处理的事） tasks. 6.New York and other cities have demonstrated（展示） that forbidding peak hour ones can help reduce urban congestion. 7.It is their answer to what they see as the inefficient（效率低的）process of cutting down mature trees to create furniture. 8.Let your kids throw themselves into the natural world with a lack of care and resist(抵制) the potential urge（敦促） to shout, “Be careful! Not so high! Put that down! Ew, that’s dirty!” 9.Since the drilling was stopped in 1992, and the project site was abandoned（放弃） around a decade later, the Kola Superdeep Borehole has maintained the record for the deepest artificial point on earth. 10.I always suspected she owed（归功于）her first job to her friendship with Roger. 1.It is critical（criticize） to be aware of the social network. 2.In addition, she says she will work harder to make contributions（contribute） to this career. 3.Researchers in Italy examined the tail wagging behavior（behave) of 30 dogs, catching their responses to a range of stimuli with video cameras. 4.Well, now you're going to have to add tea shops and something called “the Tube” to your definition（define）, because London, England has signed up to be the first “National Park City”. 5.Having your children clean up their own messes will give them a sense of responsibility（responsible）. 6.Obviously（obvious）, I was unhappy, but I won't quit. 7.His mother leaned forward and gave him an approving（approve） look. 8.You would be making an assumption（assume） that's not based on any fact that you could report. 9.I question the wisdom of giving（give） a child so much money. 10.Education is vitally（vital） important for the country's future. 1.我不赞成任何形式的暴力行为。 I don’t approve of violence in any shape. 2.我不想在生活中忙忙碌碌，而想做更有意义的事。 Instead of rushing at life, I want something more meaningful. 3.他的观点建立在人人平等的假设之上。 His views are grounded on the assumption that all people are equal. 4.所以，试着用其他工作来填满你的时间。这就是为什么有这样一句谚语：如果你想做某事，请一个忙碌的人去做。 So, try filling up your time with other work. This is why there is a saying that if you want something done, ask a busy person to do it. 5.这些文章让读者对中国式的思维有了深入了解。 These texts give the readers an insight into the Chinese mind. It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge and understanding. 1.To start with, we need questions. Then, to find answers, we observe the world around us and study the facts. After that, we consider possible answers and test each to find the right ones. However, in the 17th century when Francis Bacon(1561-1626) suggested that this type of thinking was the way to gain knowledge, he was going 2.against the views of the day. This was 3.certainly（certain） not the interest of most people in his days. At that time, people believed more in the church than in facts, and people like Galileo Galilei(1564-1642), who proved the idea that “the Earth is not the centre of the universe”, were often 4.punished（punish) by the church with no one 5.coming（come） to their defence. In fact, when Galilei proved that the Earth was not the centre of the universe, instead of believing him, people chose to believe views that were almost 2,000 years old!It is not 6.surprising（surprise） that people wanted to believe these primitive ideas as they had been put forward by the great philosopher Aristotle(384-322 BCE). He said that the Earth must be the centre of the universe because it felt like the Earth was standing still. Galilei disagreed. At first, people approved 7.of his studies and urged him to continue, but later when he proved Aristotle wrong, they grew angry and put him in prison. They didn’t want to abandon what they'd always thought as true. And this is still often true today. People make the 8. assumption(assume) that if someone important and respected says that something is right, then it must be so. Therefore, our understanding of the world around us is constantly growing and changing. We owe so much of our knowledge and understanding of the world to people like Bacon and Galilei, 9.who were brave enough to step out from the shadows of conventional thought in order to find the kingdom of knowledge that today’s civilisation is built upon. These men knew that knowledge and understanding are things to fight for; more vital to a man, and more 10.beneficial（benefit) to mankind, some might say, than all the money in the world. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$