专题10 自然和宇宙探索 - 2025年高考英语热点话题阅读&时文阅读

专题10 自然和宇宙探索（原卷版） 【材料来源：The New York Times May 27, 2024】 Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet Witnessing the blood-red fires of a volcanic eruption on Earth is memorable. But to see molten rock bleed out of a volcano on a different planet would be extraordinary. That is close to what scientists have spotted on Venus: two vast, sinuous lava flows oozing from two different corners of Earth's planetary neighbor. "After you see something like this, the first reaction is 'wow',"said Davide Sulcanese, author of a study reporting the discovery in the journal Nature Astronomy. Earth and Venus were forged at the same time. Both are made of the same primeval matter, and both are the same age and size. So why is Earth a paradise overflowing with water and life,while Venus is a scorched hellscape with acidic skies? Volcanic eruptions tinker with planetary atmospheres. One theory holds that, eons ago, several apocalyptic eruptions set off a runaway greenhouse effect on Venus, turning it from a temperate, waterlogged world into an arid desert. To better understand its volcanism, scientists hoped to catch a Venusian eruption in the act. But although the planet is known to be smothered in volcanoes, an opaque atmosphere has prevented anyone from seeing an eruption. In the 1990s, NASA used cloud-penetrating radar to survey most of the planet. But back then, the relatively low-resolution images made spotting fresh molten rock a troublesome task. By using modern software,scientists have now found two unambiguous lava flows. 【译文欣赏】 金星上的熔岩河揭示了一颗火山活动更加活跃的行星 在地球上目睹火山爆发时的血红色火焰令人难忘。但在另一颗行星上看到熔岩从火山中喷涌而出，更是非同寻常。这几乎就是科学家们在金星上发现的情况：在这个地球邻居的行星表面上，两股巨大的熔岩流从两个不同的角落里蜿蜒流出。 这一发现已发表在《自然-天文学》（Nature Astronomy）期刊上。这项研究的作者达维德·苏尔卡内塞（Davide Sulcanese）说：“当你看到这样的场景时，第一反应就是'哇'。” 地球和金星诞生于同一时期。两者由相同的原始物质构成，年龄和大小也相同。那么，为什么地球是一个充满水和生命的天堂，而金星却是一个天上下酸雨的焦土地狱呢？ 火山喷发改变了行星的大气层。有一种理论认为，很久以前，几次世界末日般的火山喷发引发了失控的温室效应，使得金星从一个气候温和、水源丰富的世界变成了干旱的沙漠。 为了更好地了解金星上的火山活动，科学家们希望能够捕捉到火山喷发的画面。然而，尽管人们知道金星上遍布火山，但不透明的大气层让人们无法看到火山爆发。 20世纪90年代，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）使用穿透云层的雷达勘测了金星的大部分区域。但在当时，图像分辨率较低，要发现新鲜的熔岩十分困难。 如今，借助现代软件，科学家们发现了两处清晰可见的熔岩流。 【词汇积累】 ( 1 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. witness /ˈwɪtnəs/ v. 目击 2. molten /ˈmoʊltən/ adj. 熔化的；铸造的；炽热的 3. extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔːrdəˌneri/ adj. 非凡的；特别的；离奇的；特派的 4. sinuous /ˈsɪnjuəs/ adj. 蜿蜒曲折的 5. ooze /uːz/ v. 渗出；渗透 6. forge /fɔːrdʒ/ v. 锻造（金属） 7. primeval /praɪˈmiːvəl/ adj. 原始的；初期的（等于primaeval) 8. overflow /ˌoʊvərˈfloʊ/ v. 溢出；挤满了人；过度延伸；淹没 9. scorched /skɔːrtʃt/ adj. 烧焦的 10. a runaway effect /ˈrʌnəˌweɪ ɪˈfɛkt/ 失控 11. eons /ˈiːɑːnz/ n. 万古；永世 12. waterlogged /ˈwɔːtərˌlɔːɡd/ adj. 涝的，浸满水的，吸绝水的 13. arid /ˈærɪd/ adj. 干旱的；不毛的，［农］荒芜的 14. smothered /ˈsmʌðərd/ in sth 被某物裹着 15. opaque /oʊˈpeɪk/ adj. 不透明的 16. cloud-penetrating /klaʊd ˈpɛnɪtreɪtɪŋ/ adj. 穿越云层的 17. troublesome /ˈtrʌbəlsəm/ adj. 令人烦恼的；讨厌的；令人痛苦的 18. unambiguous /ˌʌnæmˈbɪɡjuəs/ adj. 意思清楚的；明确的 【长难句分析】 原句 But although the planet is known to be smothered in volcanoes, an opaque atmosphere has prevented anyone from seeing an eruption. 译文 然而，尽管人们知道金星上遍布火山，但不透明的大气层让人们无法看到火山爆发。 分析 +--[主句: an opaque atmosphere has prevented anyone from seeing an eruption] | +--[让步状语从句: But although the planet is known to be smothered in volcanoes] | +--[主语: the planet] | +--[谓语: is known] | +--[不定式短语: to be smothered in volcanoes] | +--[介词短语: in volcanoes] （一） New Space Missions in 2024 ESA’s Hera mission The European Space Agency (ESA) plans to launch its Hera spacecraft in October on a mission to return to an asteroid (小行星) system visited by NASA’s DART spacecraft in 2022. Hera is designed to collect data on the targeted system, called Didymos. The spacecraft is expected to closely examine the physical properties of Didymos and measure detailed effects of DART’s crash. Europa Clipper NASA hopes to launch its Europa Clipper mission in October. This orbiter is designed to carry out close examinations of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Specifically, the mission will look for signs that the icy moon might hold the right conditions to support life. NASA says the orbiter will fly in orbit around Jupiter and perform repeated close flybys of the icy moon. Boeing’s Starliner test flight NASA and Boeing have said they plan to launch the first crewed test flight of the company’s Starliner spacecraft. NASA says it is targeting May 2024 to have Starliner ready for flight. The launch date is to be set later. The spacecraft completed its first unscrewed flight test to the International Space Station (ISS) last May. But Boeing has experienced several technical difficulties with Starliner during the mission and has worked with NASA to fix the problems as it prepares for the planned crewed flight. SpaceX Starship test SpaceX, another NASA’s partner, has been successfully using its rockets and spacecraft to transport astronauts and materials to the ISS since 2020. But the company will be seeking a successful test flight in 2024 for its super-heavy Starship spacecraft. SpaceX experienced two failed Starship tests in 2023 — one in April and the other in November — which resulted in explosions. The April explosion caused major damage to the launch structure in the state of Texas. SpaceX has said it has been examining the issues related to the explosions and plans to carry out another test of Starship as soon as possible. But it will have to wait until the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) completes its investigation of the launch site damage and approves a new test. 1．Which of the following plans to collect data about Didymos? A．NASA． B．FAA． C．SpaceX. D．ESA． 2．When is Europa Clipper scheduled to launch? A．In April. B．In May. C．In October. D．In November. 3．What do we know about SpaceX Starship? A．The date for its third test flight is unclear. B．It has succeeded in sending astronauts to the ISS. C．The reason for its first failure has been identified. D．Its second test flight damaged the launch structure. ( 原句 SpaceX, another NASA’s partner, has been successfully using its rockets and spacecraft to transport astronauts and materials to the ISS since 2020. 译文 SpaceX，另一家NASA的合作伙伴，自2020年以来一直成功地使用其火箭和航天器将宇航员和物资运送到国际空间站。 分析 +--[主句: SpaceX has been successfully using its rockets and spacecraft to transport astronauts and materials to the ISS since 2020] | +--[同位语: another NASA’s partner] | +--[动词短语: has been using] | | | +--[副词: successfully] | | | +--[宾语: its rockets and spacecraft] | | | +--[不定式短语: to transport astronauts and materials to the ISS] +--[时间状语: since 2020] ) ( 1.mission n. 任务 2.spacecraft n. 宇宙飞船 3.asteroid n. 小行星 4.targeted adj. 目标的 5.examine v. 检查 6.measure v. 测量 7.orbiter n. 轨道飞行器 8.crewed adj. 有人操作的 9.explosion n. 爆炸 10.launch site n. 发射地点 ) （二） Disabled astronauts-in-training have completed a zero-gravity flight 25,000ft above Earth to help understand how spacesuits and spaceships can be made more accessible. The group of 14, who were from five different countries, including Australia, Brazil, Germany, Spain and the US, was made up of scientists, engineers and doctors. They have mobility, vision and hearing difficulties. The groundbreaking trip, organized by AstroAccess, happened on a Zero-G aircraft in Houston, Texas. It came just weeks after the European Space Agency (ESA) announced that former Paralympian runner, John McFall, would be part of the 2022 ESA Astronaut Class. The mission took off and landed at Ellington Airport, next to the Houston Spaceport and the NASA Johnson Space center — home to the US human spaceflight training. On climbing to a height of 25,000ft, the vehicle began 18 parabolic manoeuvres (抛物线演习), allowing the crews to test out what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities. One group tested a set of tactile graphics (触觉图形) to be added to cabin walls that would allow both blind crew members and short-sighted crew members to maintain a sense of direction during emergencies and help them find emergency device in zero gravity if the lights went off. Those working with the Blind and Mobility Crew were able to demonstrate that a disabled person can independently get into a launch seat and safely fasten the five-point seat belt, proving that disabled people can safely join space missions. The hard-of-hearing and blind crews worked with Sony and Sonic Cloud to help improve speech understanding systems onboard, using Sonic Cloud’s innovative sound personalization software. Matt Gohd, CEO of Zero-G Corporation said: “From our time with Steven Hawking to our relationship with AstroAccess, Zero-G believes that the only limits you have are the ones you place on yourself. We are honored to share this amazing experience and the first steps to space with this extraordinary group of individuals. Space should be open to everyone.” 4．What is the idea behind the flight? A．Space travel can be accessible to everyone. B．Space travel will become a popular industry. C．Space travel can develop a spirit of adventure. D．Space travel will be good for universe exploration. 5．What was special about the flight? A．It had a former athlete on board. B．It was designed for disabled people. C．It was the first zero-gravity flight ever. D．It got financial aid from different countries. 6．Why were the tests conducted? A．To make preparations for the flight. B．To enhance speech understanding systems. C．To better the skills of the disabled in using launch seats. D．To evaluate the possibility of space travel for the disabled. 7．What message is conveyed in Matt Gohd’s words? A．Great minds think alike. B．Unity is strength. C．Actions speak louder than words. D．Anything is possible. ( 原句 On climbing to a height of 25,000ft, the vehicle began 18 parabolic manoeuvres (抛物线演习), allowing the crews to test out what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities. 译文 在爬升到2.5万英尺的高度时，飞行器开始了18次抛物线飞行，让工作人员测试需要什么才能让残疾人更方便地前往太空 。 分析 +--[主句: the vehicle began 18 parabolic manoeuvres] | +--[状语: On climbing to a height of 25,000ft] | +--[伴随状语: allowing the crews to test out what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities] | +--[宾语: the crews] | +--[不定式短语: to test out] | +--[宾语从句: what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities] ) ( 1.astronaut n. 宇航员 2.zero-gravity n. 失重状态 3.mobility n. 行动能力 4.vision n. 视力 5.groundbreaking adj. 开创性的 6.manoeuvre n. 演习 7.tactile adj. 触觉的 8.graphics n. 图形 9.fasten v. 系紧 10.personalization n. 个性化 ) （三） As much as we like to think about nature embodying balance, the universe is actually filled with imbalance, too. Let’s take the supernova (超新星) for example. Two stars orbit each other. One of the stars is older, called a “white dwarf,” while the other star is a bit younger. Their mutual gravitational interaction (相互引力相互作用) pulls material off the younger star and dumps it onto the surface of the white dwarf. If enough material falls onto the dwarf, the stuff dumped on to the white dwarf begins to “burn”. If the conditions are right, you always burn up the same amount of material that gets added. If the donor star is dumping too much material onto the dwarf, the burning runs out of control. It consumes not just the new material on the white dwarf’s surface but the whole of the dwarf star itself. So much energy is released so quickly that the star finds itself wildly out of balance. In an instant, it becomes a super-hot ball of unbalanced pressure, BOOM! A supernova is born. Closer to home, a similar but different kind of process happens in volcanoes. Volcanoes are born when magma (熔岩) from deep in the Earth makes its way slowly to the surface through cracks in the planet’s crust (地壳). The heat from the magma builds up a massive pressure imbalance inside the mountain. It’s that imbalance that drives the BOOM, the volcanic eruption that rips a zillion tons of rocks away and sends ash 15 miles into the sky. But here’s the thing: Supernova, volcanoes and all those other explosions in the universe are not just awesome sights. They are all essential players in cosmic (宇宙的) evolution. Supernova create a lot of the elements in your body that are essential to life. No supernova, no you. And volcanoes are essential to evolution of the planet, including the cycling of greenhouse gases like CO2 that make Earth habitable. No volcanoes, no you. 8．What does the underlined phrase “the donor star” refer to in paragraph 2? A．The younger star. B．The older star. C．The supernova. D．The white dwarf. 9．What factor leads to both the birth of supernovas and volcanic eruption? A．Hot magma. B．Burning material. C．Unbalanced pressure. D．Gravitational interaction. 10．What can we learn about the explosions in the universe in the last paragraph? A．They evolve as players. B．They create human bodies. C．They are awesome sights. D．They are necessary to life. 11．In which section of a website can you find this passage? A．Profile. B．Science. C．Health. D．Economy. ( 原句 It’s that imbalance that drives the BOOM, the volcanic eruption that rips a zillion tons of rocks away and sends ash 15 miles into the sky. 译文 正是这种不平衡导致了火山爆发，火山爆发撕裂了无数吨的岩石，将火山灰喷向15英里外的天空 分析 这个句子为强调句，强调“ that imbalance ”。 +--[主句: It’s that imbalance that drives the BOOM, the volcanic eruption] | +--[同位语: the volcanic eruption] | +--[定语从句: that rips a zillion tons of rocks away and sends ash 15 miles into the sky] ) ( 1.embody v. 体现 2.imbalance n. 不平衡，失衡 3.orbit v. 环绕 4.gravitational adj. 引力的 5.interaction n. 相互作用 6.dump v. 倾倒 7.consume v. 消耗 8.magma n. 熔岩 9.crack n. 裂缝 10.cosmic adj. 宇宙的 ) （四） Although Sir Isaac Newton did not employ his reflecting telescope to uncover novel astronomical phenomena, he did use it to completely transform how we view the world we live in and the universe as a whole. Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to bend light and enlarge images, distinguishing them from refractors (折射望远镜) that rely on lenses. Their simplicity in construction and ability to achieve much greater sizes than refractors have led to a transformation in our astronomical knowledge and our comprehension of the universe. As light passes through glass, various colors or bands are refracted at varying angles, leading to chromatic aberration (色差) and consequently, distorted images when viewed through a lens. In the time of Newton, the technology for producing glass and lenses was still very primitive, and the challenges associated with chromatic aberration had not been adequately addressed. Today we can make lenses that have almost no chromatic aberration but we can’t make them very large. As the size of a lens increases significantly, it becomes extremely heavy, causing its own weight to distort the lens and consequently ruin the image quality. Newton’s telescope solved these problems. A mirror doesn’t allow light to pass. It simply bounces all the light off the surface. This means there’s no chromatic aberration. Plus, because we only need to bounce light off the surface, we can support the entire mirror on a base, reducing its weight. This allows us to build much larger mirrors without any distortion. While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit, what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory. The original telescope constructed by Newton is preserved and maintained by the Royal Society of London. It is showcased in London and occasionally embarks on international tours as an element of exhibitions. 12．What do we know about Newton’s reflecting telescope? A．It has a complex structure. B．It relies on mirrors instead of lenses. C．It can make the image smaller than a refractor. D．It helped Newton uncover novel astronomical phenomena. 13．What does the underlined word “distorted” mean in Paragraph 3? A．Confused. B．Twisted. C．Evident. D．Vivid. 14．What problems did Newton’s telescope manage to solve? A．Issues with image quality. B．Restrictions on the size. C．Challenges of lens making. D．Limits of light passing angles. 15．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning Galileo and Halley? A．To state a fact. B．To raise a point. C．To explain a concept. D．To make a comparison. ( 原句 While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit, what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory. 译文 伽利略发现了木星周围的卫星，哈雷预测了彗星的轨道，而牛顿所做的是通过使用他的望远镜和万有引力理论，将数学、天文学和我们对宇宙的理解联系在一起 。 分析 +--[主句: what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe] | +--[主语 从句 : what Newton did do] | +--[系动词: was] | +--[表语: tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe] | +--[方式状语: through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory] | +--[状语从句: While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit] ) ( 1.reflecting telescope n. 反射望远镜 2.novel adj. 新奇的 3.astronomical adj. 天文的 4.phenomena n. 现象 5.transform v. 改变 6.refractor n. 折射望远镜 7.lens n. 镜片 8.chromatic aberration n. 色差 9.distorted adj. 扭曲的 10.bounce v. 反弹 ) （五） Eating in Space Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. You would make sure you have plenty of food and the equipment to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and not spoiled. 16 Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. Of course, an oven is provided in the space station to heat foods to the proper temperature. 17 , so space food must be stored and prepared properly to avoid spoilage, especially on longer missions. Condiments (调味品), such as ketchup, mustard and mayonnaise, are provided. Salt and pepper are available but only in a liquid form. This is because astronauts can’t sprinkle salt and pepper on their food in space. The salt and pepper would simply float away. 18 Astronauts eat three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Nutritionists ensure the food astronauts eat provides them with a balanced supply of vitamins and minerals. 19 For instance, a small woman would require only about 1,900 calories a day, while a large man would require about 3,200 calories. An astronaut can choose from many types of foods such as fruits, nuts, peanut butter, chicken, beef, seafood, candy, brownies, etc. Available drinks include coffee, tea, orange juice, fruit punches and lemonade. 20 . Astronauts must throw their packages away when they have finished eating. Some packaging actually prevents food from flying away. The food packaging is designed to be flexible and easier to use, as well as to maximize space when stowing or disposing of food containers. A．Calorie requirements differ for astronauts. B．There are no refrigerators in space C．As on Earth, space food comes in disposable packages D．It’s a difficult process to make and prepare food for space. E．Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space. F．The space food systems team is required to meet the nutritional needs of each crew member. G．There is a danger they could block air holes, dirty equipment or get stuck in an astronaut’s eyes, mouth or nose. ( 1. spoil v. 变质 2. temperature n. 温度 3. stored adj. 储存的 4. properly adv. 适当地 5. condiment n. 调味品 6. liquid n. 液体 7. sprinkle v. 撒 8. nutritionist n. 营养学家 9. stow v. 装载 10. dispose n. 处理 ) （六） For a little girl growing up in Colombia in the 1980s, a science career with NASA may have seemed like setting foot on a faraway planet. 21 , Diana Trujill has made it — she is a(n) 22 now, leading a 45-person team that’s responsible for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover. Born in 1983, even as a young girl, Diana was certain of her passion for science. When she was 17, her dad offered to send her to Miami, Florida to study Aerospace Engineering. Without any 23 , she followed her dad’s 24 . Arriving in the U.S. with just $300, Trujillo had to 25 through school by doing a series of housekeeping jobs. The 26 was definitely not easy, but Trujillo never complained. Then came another 27 moment for Trujillo. One of her professors casually mentioned an astronaut they were acquainted with. 28 she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut” was all it took to 29 Trujillo’s career goals. So she 30 her studies in space science and 31 became the first Hispanic (拉丁裔的) woman to be admitted to the NASA Academy in 2007. Since then, Trujillo has worn many hats at America’s space agency. But Diana hasn’t 32 there. She also leads by example, 33 women to pursue careers in STEM fields. Her own story is a 34 that just beyond that barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to 35 the stars. 21．A．Therefore B．Instead C．However D．Moreover 22．A．astronaut B．engineer C．pilot D．doctor 23．A．hesitation B．complaint C．expectation D．promise 24．A．command B．footstep C．request D．suggestion 25．A．go B．pass C．struggle D．push 26．A．mission B．career C．adventure D．process 27．A．risk-taking B．life-changing C．time-consuming D．energy-saving 28．A．Realizing B．Remembering C．Imagining D．Assuming 29．A．record B．share C．inspire D．finish 30．A．started B．abandoned C．suspended D．continued 31．A．immediately B．eventually C．gradually D．suddenly 32．A．left B．succeeded C．stopped D．reached 33．A．encouraging B．promising C．allowing D．persuading 34．A．symbol B．notice C．warning D．reminder 35．A．stare at B．reach for C．long for D．come after ( 1.faraway adj. 遥远的 2.career n. 职业 3.robotic adj. 机器人的 4.rover n. 漫游者 5.passion n. 热情 6.aerospace n. 航空航天 7.hesitation n. 犹豫 8.footstep n. 脚步 9.struggle v. 奋斗 10.life-changing adj. 改变人生的 ) （2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison. 2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by. 3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 假定你是学生会主席李华，你校为庆祝第九个“中国航天日”(Space Day of China) 将举办一系列活动，请你给外教Mr. Smith写一封邮件邀请他来参加。内容包括： 1.活动目的； 2.活动方案。 注意： 1.写作词数应为80词左右； 2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Mr. Smith, I am Li Hua, chairman of the Student Union. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua ( 4 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题10 自然和宇宙探索（解析版） 【材料来源：The New York Times May 27, 2024】 Rivers of Lava on Venus Reveal a More Volcanically Active Planet Witnessing the blood-red fires of a volcanic eruption on Earth is memorable. But to see molten rock bleed out of a volcano on a different planet would be extraordinary. That is close to what scientists have spotted on Venus: two vast, sinuous lava flows oozing from two different corners of Earth's planetary neighbor. "After you see something like this, the first reaction is 'wow',"said Davide Sulcanese, author of a study reporting the discovery in the journal Nature Astronomy. Earth and Venus were forged at the same time. Both are made of the same primeval matter, and both are the same age and size. So why is Earth a paradise overflowing with water and life,while Venus is a scorched hellscape with acidic skies? Volcanic eruptions tinker with planetary atmospheres. One theory holds that, eons ago, several apocalyptic eruptions set off a runaway greenhouse effect on Venus, turning it from a temperate, waterlogged world into an arid desert. To better understand its volcanism, scientists hoped to catch a Venusian eruption in the act. But although the planet is known to be smothered in volcanoes, an opaque atmosphere has prevented anyone from seeing an eruption. In the 1990s, NASA used cloud-penetrating radar to survey most of the planet. But back then, the relatively low-resolution images made spotting fresh molten rock a troublesome task. By using modern software,scientists have now found two unambiguous lava flows. 【译文欣赏】 金星上的熔岩河揭示了一颗火山活动更加活跃的行星 在地球上目睹火山爆发时的血红色火焰令人难忘。但在另一颗行星上看到熔岩从火山中喷涌而出，更是非同寻常。这几乎就是科学家们在金星上发现的情况：在这个地球邻居的行星表面上，两股巨大的熔岩流从两个不同的角落里蜿蜒流出。 这一发现已发表在《自然-天文学》（Nature Astronomy）期刊上。这项研究的作者达维德·苏尔卡内塞（Davide Sulcanese）说：“当你看到这样的场景时，第一反应就是'哇'。” 地球和金星诞生于同一时期。两者由相同的原始物质构成，年龄和大小也相同。那么，为什么地球是一个充满水和生命的天堂，而金星却是一个天上下酸雨的焦土地狱呢？ 火山喷发改变了行星的大气层。有一种理论认为，很久以前，几次世界末日般的火山喷发引发了失控的温室效应，使得金星从一个气候温和、水源丰富的世界变成了干旱的沙漠。 为了更好地了解金星上的火山活动，科学家们希望能够捕捉到火山喷发的画面。然而，尽管人们知道金星上遍布火山，但不透明的大气层让人们无法看到火山爆发。 20世纪90年代，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）使用穿透云层的雷达勘测了金星的大部分区域。但在当时，图像分辨率较低，要发现新鲜的熔岩十分困难。 如今，借助现代软件，科学家们发现了两处清晰可见的熔岩流。 【词汇积累】 ( 1 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 1. witness /ˈwɪtnəs/ v. 目击 2. molten /ˈmoʊltən/ adj. 熔化的；铸造的；炽热的 3. extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔːrdəˌneri/ adj. 非凡的；特别的；离奇的；特派的 4. sinuous /ˈsɪnjuəs/ adj. 蜿蜒曲折的 5. ooze /uːz/ v. 渗出；渗透 6. forge /fɔːrdʒ/ v. 锻造（金属） 7. primeval /praɪˈmiːvəl/ adj. 原始的；初期的（等于primaeval) 8. overflow /ˌoʊvərˈfloʊ/ v. 溢出；挤满了人；过度延伸；淹没 9. scorched /skɔːrtʃt/ adj. 烧焦的 10. a runaway effect /ˈrʌnəˌweɪ ɪˈfɛkt/ 失控 11. eons /ˈiːɑːnz/ n. 万古；永世 12. waterlogged /ˈwɔːtərˌlɔːɡd/ adj. 涝的，浸满水的，吸绝水的 13. arid /ˈærɪd/ adj. 干旱的；不毛的，［农］荒芜的 14. smothered /ˈsmʌðərd/ in sth 被某物裹着 15. opaque /oʊˈpeɪk/ adj. 不透明的 16. cloud-penetrating /klaʊd ˈpɛnɪtreɪtɪŋ/ adj. 穿越云层的 17. troublesome /ˈtrʌbəlsəm/ adj. 令人烦恼的；讨厌的；令人痛苦的 18. unambiguous /ˌʌnæmˈbɪɡjuəs/ adj. 意思清楚的；明确的 【长难句分析】 原句 But although the planet is known to be smothered in volcanoes, an opaque atmosphere has prevented anyone from seeing an eruption. 译文 然而，尽管人们知道金星上遍布火山，但不透明的大气层让人们无法看到火山爆发。 分析 +--[主句: an opaque atmosphere has prevented anyone from seeing an eruption] | +--[让步状语从句: But although the planet is known to be smothered in volcanoes] | +--[主语: the planet] | +--[谓语: is known] | +--[不定式短语: to be smothered in volcanoes] | +--[介词短语: in volcanoes] （一） （2024·河南·模拟预测）New Space Missions in 2024 ESA’s Hera mission The European Space Agency (ESA) plans to launch its Hera spacecraft in October on a mission to return to an asteroid (小行星) system visited by NASA’s DART spacecraft in 2022. Hera is designed to collect data on the targeted system, called Didymos. The spacecraft is expected to closely examine the physical properties of Didymos and measure detailed effects of DART’s crash. Europa Clipper NASA hopes to launch its Europa Clipper mission in October. This orbiter is designed to carry out close examinations of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Specifically, the mission will look for signs that the icy moon might hold the right conditions to support life. NASA says the orbiter will fly in orbit around Jupiter and perform repeated close flybys of the icy moon. Boeing’s Starliner test flight NASA and Boeing have said they plan to launch the first crewed test flight of the company’s Starliner spacecraft. NASA says it is targeting May 2024 to have Starliner ready for flight. The launch date is to be set later. The spacecraft completed its first unscrewed flight test to the International Space Station (ISS) last May. But Boeing has experienced several technical difficulties with Starliner during the mission and has worked with NASA to fix the problems as it prepares for the planned crewed flight. SpaceX Starship test SpaceX, another NASA’s partner, has been successfully using its rockets and spacecraft to transport astronauts and materials to the ISS since 2020. But the company will be seeking a successful test flight in 2024 for its super-heavy Starship spacecraft. SpaceX experienced two failed Starship tests in 2023 — one in April and the other in November — which resulted in explosions. The April explosion caused major damage to the launch structure in the state of Texas. SpaceX has said it has been examining the issues related to the explosions and plans to carry out another test of Starship as soon as possible. But it will have to wait until the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) completes its investigation of the launch site damage and approves a new test. 1．Which of the following plans to collect data about Didymos? A．NASA． B．FAA． C．SpaceX. D．ESA． 2．When is Europa Clipper scheduled to launch? A．In April. B．In May. C．In October. D．In November. 3．What do we know about SpaceX Starship? A．The date for its third test flight is unclear. B．It has succeeded in sending astronauts to the ISS. C．The reason for its first failure has been identified. D．Its second test flight damaged the launch structure. 【答案速查】1．D 2．C 3．A 【语篇解读】本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了2024年的四个太空任务。 1．细节理解题。根据“ESA’s Hera mission”部分中“Hera is designed to collect data on the targeted system, called Didymos. (Hera被设计用来收集目标系统Didymos上的数据。)”可知，欧洲航天局（ESA）计划收集有关Didymos的数据。故选D。 2．细节理解题。根据“Europa Clipper”部分中“NASA hopes to launch its Europa Clipper mission in October. (美国宇航局希望在10月份发射‘Europa Clipper’任务。)”可知，Europa Clippe预计将于10月份发射。故选C。 3．细节理解题。根据“SpaceX Starship test”部分中“SpaceX experienced two failed Starship tests in 2023 — one in April and the other in November — which resulted in explosions. The April explosion caused major damage to the launch structure in the state of Texas. SpaceX has said it has been examining the issues related to the explosions and plans to carry out another test of Starship as soon as possible. But it will have to wait until the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) completes its investigation of the launch site damage and approves a new test.(SpaceX在2023年经历了两次失败的星际飞船测试——一次在4月，另一次在11月——导致爆炸。4月份的爆炸对德克萨斯州的发射结构造成了重大破坏。SpaceX公司表示，它一直在调查与爆炸有关的问题，并计划尽快对星际飞船进行另一次测试。但它必须等到美国联邦航空管理局(FAA)完成对发射场损坏的调查，并批准进行新的测试。)”可知，SpaceX前两次星际飞船测试都失败了，第三次试飞的日期尚不清楚。故选A。 ( 原句 SpaceX, another NASA’s partner, has been successfully using its rockets and spacecraft to transport astronauts and materials to the ISS since 2020. 译文 SpaceX，另一家NASA的合作伙伴，自2020年以来一直成功地使用其火箭和航天器将宇航员和物资运送到国际空间站。 分析 +--[主句: SpaceX has been successfully using its rockets and spacecraft to transport astronauts and materials to the ISS since 2020] | +--[同位语: another NASA’s partner] | +--[动词短语: has been using] | | | +--[副词: successfully] | | | +--[宾语: its rockets and spacecraft] | | | +--[不定式短语: to transport astronauts and materials to the ISS] +--[时间状语: since 2020] ) ( 1.mission n. 任务 2.spacecraft n. 宇宙飞船 3.asteroid n. 小行星 4.targeted adj. 目标的 5.examine v. 检查 6.measure v. 测量 7.orbiter n. 轨道飞行器 8.crewed adj. 有人操作的 9.explosion n. 爆炸 10.launch site n. 发射地点 ) （二） （2024·山东日照·二模）Disabled astronauts-in-training have completed a zero-gravity flight 25,000ft above Earth to help understand how spacesuits and spaceships can be made more accessible. The group of 14, who were from five different countries, including Australia, Brazil, Germany, Spain and the US, was made up of scientists, engineers and doctors. They have mobility, vision and hearing difficulties. The groundbreaking trip, organized by AstroAccess, happened on a Zero-G aircraft in Houston, Texas. It came just weeks after the European Space Agency (ESA) announced that former Paralympian runner, John McFall, would be part of the 2022 ESA Astronaut Class. The mission took off and landed at Ellington Airport, next to the Houston Spaceport and the NASA Johnson Space center — home to the US human spaceflight training. On climbing to a height of 25,000ft, the vehicle began 18 parabolic manoeuvres (抛物线演习), allowing the crews to test out what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities. One group tested a set of tactile graphics (触觉图形) to be added to cabin walls that would allow both blind crew members and short-sighted crew members to maintain a sense of direction during emergencies and help them find emergency device in zero gravity if the lights went off. Those working with the Blind and Mobility Crew were able to demonstrate that a disabled person can independently get into a launch seat and safely fasten the five-point seat belt, proving that disabled people can safely join space missions. The hard-of-hearing and blind crews worked with Sony and Sonic Cloud to help improve speech understanding systems onboard, using Sonic Cloud’s innovative sound personalization software. Matt Gohd, CEO of Zero-G Corporation said: “From our time with Steven Hawking to our relationship with AstroAccess, Zero-G believes that the only limits you have are the ones you place on yourself. We are honored to share this amazing experience and the first steps to space with this extraordinary group of individuals. Space should be open to everyone.” 4．What is the idea behind the flight? A．Space travel can be accessible to everyone. B．Space travel will become a popular industry. C．Space travel can develop a spirit of adventure. D．Space travel will be good for universe exploration. 5．What was special about the flight? A．It had a former athlete on board. B．It was designed for disabled people. C．It was the first zero-gravity flight ever. D．It got financial aid from different countries. 6．Why were the tests conducted? A．To make preparations for the flight. B．To enhance speech understanding systems. C．To better the skills of the disabled in using launch seats. D．To evaluate the possibility of space travel for the disabled. 7．What message is conveyed in Matt Gohd’s words? A．Great minds think alike. B．Unity is strength. C．Actions speak louder than words. D．Anything is possible. 【答案速查】4．A 5．B 6．D 7．D 【语篇解读】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章报道了14名残疾宇航员在AstroAccess组织的帮助下，完成了一次离地球25000英尺的零重力飞行训练，这次飞行旨在测试和改进宇航服和宇宙飞船的设计，以便让残疾人更容易进入太空。 4．推理判断题。根据第一段“Disabled astronauts-in-training have completed a zero-gravity flight 25,000ft above Earth to help understand how spacesuits and spaceships can be made more accessible. (残疾宇航员在训练中完成了离地球25000英尺的零重力飞行，以帮助了解如何使宇航服和宇宙飞船更容易使用)”和最后一段中“Space should be open to everyone. (太空应该向所有人开放)”可推知，这次飞行是为了让残疾宇航员也可以进行太空旅行，其背后的理念是每个人都可以进行太空旅行。故选A项。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段“The group of 14, who were from five different countries, including Australia, Brazil, Germany, Spain and the US, was made up of scientists, engineers and doctors. They have mobility, vision and hearing difficulties. (这14人来自澳大利亚、巴西、德国、西班牙和美国等5个不同的国家，由科学家、工程师和医生组成。他们行动不便，视力和听力都有障碍)”可知，这次飞行的特殊之处在于它是为残疾人设计的。故选B项。 6．细节理解题。根据第四段“On climbing to a height of 25,000ft, the vehicle began 18 parabolic manoeuvres (抛物线演习), allowing the crews to test out what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities. (在爬升到2.5万英尺的高度时，飞行器开始了18次抛物线飞行，让工作人员测试需要什么才能让残疾人更方便地前往太空)”可知，测试的目的是评估残疾人太空旅行的可能性。故选D项。 7．推理判断题。根据最后一段Matt Gohd所说的话“From our time with Steven Hawking to our relationship with AstroAccess, Zero-G believes that the only limits you have are the ones you place on yourself. We are honored to share this amazing experience and the first steps to space with this extraordinary group of individuals. Space should be open to everyone. (从我们与史蒂芬·霍金的时光到我们与AstroAccess的关系，Zero-G相信你唯一的限制就是你对自己的限制。我们很荣幸能与这群非凡的人分享这一惊人的经历，并迈出了进入太空的第一步。太空应该向所有人开放)”可知，Matt Gohd认为人仅受限于自己施加的限制，只要不对自己设限，任何人都可以进行太空旅行。由此可知，他认为一切皆有可能。A. 英雄所见略同；B. 团结就是力量；C. 事实胜于雄辩。故选D项。 ( 原句 On climbing to a height of 25,000ft, the vehicle began 18 parabolic manoeuvres (抛物线演习), allowing the crews to test out what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities. 译文 在爬升到2.5万英尺的高度时，飞行器开始了18次抛物线飞行，让工作人员测试需要什么才能让残疾人更方便地前往太空 。 分析 +--[主句: the vehicle began 18 parabolic manoeuvres] | +--[状语: On climbing to a height of 25,000ft] | +--[伴随状语: allowing the crews to test out what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities] | +--[宾语: the crews] | +--[不定式短语: to test out] | +--[宾语从句: what was needed to make trips to space more accessible for those with disabilities] ) ( 1.astronaut n. 宇航员 2.zero-gravity n. 失重状态 3.mobility n. 行动能力 4.vision n. 视力 5.groundbreaking adj. 开创性的 6.manoeuvre n. 演习 7.tactile adj. 触觉的 8.graphics n. 图形 9.fasten v. 系紧 10.personalization n. 个性化 ) （三） （2024·内蒙古包头·三模）As much as we like to think about nature embodying balance, the universe is actually filled with imbalance, too. Let’s take the supernova (超新星) for example. Two stars orbit each other. One of the stars is older, called a “white dwarf,” while the other star is a bit younger. Their mutual gravitational interaction (相互引力相互作用) pulls material off the younger star and dumps it onto the surface of the white dwarf. If enough material falls onto the dwarf, the stuff dumped on to the white dwarf begins to “burn”. If the conditions are right, you always burn up the same amount of material that gets added. If the donor star is dumping too much material onto the dwarf, the burning runs out of control. It consumes not just the new material on the white dwarf’s surface but the whole of the dwarf star itself. So much energy is released so quickly that the star finds itself wildly out of balance. In an instant, it becomes a super-hot ball of unbalanced pressure, BOOM! A supernova is born. Closer to home, a similar but different kind of process happens in volcanoes. Volcanoes are born when magma (熔岩) from deep in the Earth makes its way slowly to the surface through cracks in the planet’s crust (地壳). The heat from the magma builds up a massive pressure imbalance inside the mountain. It’s that imbalance that drives the BOOM, the volcanic eruption that rips a zillion tons of rocks away and sends ash 15 miles into the sky. But here’s the thing: Supernova, volcanoes and all those other explosions in the universe are not just awesome sights. They are all essential players in cosmic (宇宙的) evolution. Supernova create a lot of the elements in your body that are essential to life. No supernova, no you. And volcanoes are essential to evolution of the planet, including the cycling of greenhouse gases like CO2 that make Earth habitable. No volcanoes, no you. 8．What does the underlined phrase “the donor star” refer to in paragraph 2? A．The younger star. B．The older star. C．The supernova. D．The white dwarf. 9．What factor leads to both the birth of supernovas and volcanic eruption? A．Hot magma. B．Burning material. C．Unbalanced pressure. D．Gravitational interaction. 10．What can we learn about the explosions in the universe in the last paragraph? A．They evolve as players. B．They create human bodies. C．They are awesome sights. D．They are necessary to life. 11．In which section of a website can you find this passage? A．Profile. B．Science. C．Health. D．Economy. 【答案速查】8．A 9．C 10．D 11．B 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要以超新星的诞生和火山爆发为例介绍了宇宙中不平衡的现象，这些爆炸不仅是令人敬畏的景象，也是宇宙进化的重要参与者，是生命所必需的。 8．词句猜测题。根据第一段中“One of the stars is older, called a “white dwarf,” while the other star is a bit younger. Their mutual gravitational interaction (相互引力相互作用) pulls material off the younger star and dumps it onto the surface of the white dwarf. (其中一颗恒星较老，被称为“白矮星”，而另一颗恒星稍年轻一些。它们的相互引力作用将物质从年轻的恒星上拉下来，并将其倾倒到白矮星的表面)”可知，稍年轻一些的恒星上的物质会因为相互引力作用而被倾倒在白矮星的表面上，再结合画线词所在句“If the donor star is dumping too much material onto the dwarf (如果供体恒星向矮星上倾倒了太多的物质)”可知，此处的the donor star“供体恒星”指的是上文提到的稍年轻一些的恒星。故选A项。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中“So much energy is released so quickly that the star finds itself wildly out of balance. In an instant, it becomes a super-hot ball of unbalanced pressure, BOOM! A supernova is born. (如此多的能量释放得如此之快，以至于这颗恒星发现自己严重失去了平衡。瞬间，它变成了一个压力不平衡的超级热球，轰！一颗超新星诞生)”和第三段中“The heat from the magma builds up a massive pressure imbalance inside the mountain. It’s that imbalance that drives the BOOM, the volcanic eruption that rips a zillion tons of rocks away and sends ash 15 miles into the sky. (岩浆的热量造成了山体内部巨大的压力不平衡。正是这种不平衡导致了火山爆发，火山爆发撕裂了无数吨的岩石，将火山灰喷向15英里外的天空)”可知，压力不平衡导致了超新星的诞生和火山的爆发。故选C项。 10．推理判断题。根据最后一段“But here’s the thing: Supernova, volcanoes and all those other explosions in the universe are not just awesome sights. They are all essential players in cosmic (宇宙的) evolution. Supernova create a lot of the elements in your body that are essential to life. No supernova, no you. And volcanoes are essential to evolution of the planet, including the cycling of greenhouse gases like CO2 that make Earth habitable. No volcanoes, no you. (但事情是这样的：超新星、火山和宇宙中所有其他的爆炸不仅仅是令人敬畏的景象。它们都是宇宙进化的重要参与者。超新星为你的身体创造了许多生命所必需的元素。没有超新星，就没有你。火山对地球的进化至关重要，包括使地球适合居住的二氧化碳等温室气体的循环。没有火山，就没有你)”可知，宇宙中的爆炸是宇宙进化的重要参与者，超新星为人体创造了许多生命所必需的元素，火山爆发促进了地球上温室气体的循环。由此可知，这些爆炸是生命所必需的。故选D项。 11．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“As much as we like to think about nature embodying balance, the universe is actually filled with imbalance, too. (尽管我们喜欢认为自然体现了平衡，但宇宙实际上也充满了不平衡)”可知，文章主要以超新星的诞生和火山爆发为例介绍了宇宙中不平衡的现象，这些爆炸不仅是令人敬畏的景象，也是宇宙进化的重要参与者，是生命所必需的。因此，文章属于科学范畴，可能出自网站的科学部分。故选B项。 ( 原句 It’s that imbalance that drives the BOOM, the volcanic eruption that rips a zillion tons of rocks away and sends ash 15 miles into the sky. 译文 正是这种不平衡导致了火山爆发，火山爆发撕裂了无数吨的岩石，将火山灰喷向15英里外的天空 分析 这个句子为强调句，强调“ that imbalance ”。 +--[主句: It’s that imbalance that drives the BOOM, the volcanic eruption] | +--[同位语: the volcanic eruption] | +--[定语从句: that rips a zillion tons of rocks away and sends ash 15 miles into the sky] ) ( 1.embody v. 体现 2.imbalance n. 不平衡，失衡 3.orbit v. 环绕 4.gravitational adj. 引力的 5.interaction n. 相互作用 6.dump v. 倾倒 7.consume v. 消耗 8.magma n. 熔岩 9.crack n. 裂缝 10.cosmic adj. 宇宙的 ) （四） （2024·河南开封·三模）Although Sir Isaac Newton did not employ his reflecting telescope to uncover novel astronomical phenomena, he did use it to completely transform how we view the world we live in and the universe as a whole. Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to bend light and enlarge images, distinguishing them from refractors (折射望远镜) that rely on lenses. Their simplicity in construction and ability to achieve much greater sizes than refractors have led to a transformation in our astronomical knowledge and our comprehension of the universe. As light passes through glass, various colors or bands are refracted at varying angles, leading to chromatic aberration (色差) and consequently, distorted images when viewed through a lens. In the time of Newton, the technology for producing glass and lenses was still very primitive, and the challenges associated with chromatic aberration had not been adequately addressed. Today we can make lenses that have almost no chromatic aberration but we can’t make them very large. As the size of a lens increases significantly, it becomes extremely heavy, causing its own weight to distort the lens and consequently ruin the image quality. Newton’s telescope solved these problems. A mirror doesn’t allow light to pass. It simply bounces all the light off the surface. This means there’s no chromatic aberration. Plus, because we only need to bounce light off the surface, we can support the entire mirror on a base, reducing its weight. This allows us to build much larger mirrors without any distortion. While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit, what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory. The original telescope constructed by Newton is preserved and maintained by the Royal Society of London. It is showcased in London and occasionally embarks on international tours as an element of exhibitions. 12．What do we know about Newton’s reflecting telescope? A．It has a complex structure. B．It relies on mirrors instead of lenses. C．It can make the image smaller than a refractor. D．It helped Newton uncover novel astronomical phenomena. 13．What does the underlined word “distorted” mean in Paragraph 3? A．Confused. B．Twisted. C．Evident. D．Vivid. 14．What problems did Newton’s telescope manage to solve? A．Issues with image quality. B．Restrictions on the size. C．Challenges of lens making. D．Limits of light passing angles. 15．What is the author’s purpose of mentioning Galileo and Halley? A．To state a fact. B．To raise a point. C．To explain a concept. D．To make a comparison. 【答案速查】12．B 13．B 14．A 15．D 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了牛顿发明的反射望远镜使用镜面而非透镜来聚焦光线，避免了由于色差导致的图像失真问题，提高了望远镜的性能，使我们的天文学知识和对宇宙的理解发生了转变。 12．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Reflecting telescopes use mirrors to bend light and enlarge images, distinguishing them from refractors (折射望远镜) that rely on lenses. (反射望远镜使用镜面来让光线转弯并放大图像，将其与依靠透镜的折射望远镜区别开来)”可知，牛顿的反射望远镜依靠镜子而不是透镜来工作。故选B项。 13．词句猜测题。根据画线词的上文“As light passes through glass, various colors or bands are refracted at varying angles, leading to chromatic aberration (色差) (当光线穿过玻璃时，各种颜色或波段以不同的角度折射，导致色差)”和下文“images when viewed through a lens (通过镜头观看的图像)”可推知，色差会让图像扭曲失真，画线词意思应该是“扭曲的”，与Twisted意思相近。故选B项。 14．细节理解题。根据第四段“Newton’s telescope solved these problems. A mirror doesn’t allow light to pass. It simply bounces all the light off the surface. This means there’s no chromatic aberration. Plus, because we only need to bounce light off the surface, we can support the entire mirror on a base, reducing its weight. This allows us to build much larger mirrors without any distortion. (牛顿的望远镜解决了这些问题。镜子不允许光线通过。它只是把所有的光从表面反射回来。这意味着没有色差。另外，因为我们只需要将光线从表面反射出去，我们可以将整个镜子支撑在一个底座上，从而减轻了它的重量。这使我们能够建立更大的镜子没有任何失真)”可知，牛顿的望远镜成功解决了图像因色差以及重量问题而质量不佳的问题。故选A项。 15．推理判断题。根据第五段“While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit, what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory. (伽利略发现了木星周围的卫星，哈雷预测了彗星的轨道，而牛顿所做的是通过使用他的望远镜和万有引力理论，将数学、天文学和我们对宇宙的理解联系在一起)”可知，与伽利略、哈雷相比，牛顿虽然没有发现新的天文学现象，但是却做到了将数学、天文学和人们对宇宙的理解联系在一起。由此推知，作者提到伽利略、哈雷的目的是做比较。故选D项。 ( 原句 While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit, what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory. 译文 伽利略发现了木星周围的卫星，哈雷预测了彗星的轨道，而牛顿所做的是通过使用他的望远镜和万有引力理论，将数学、天文学和我们对宇宙的理解联系在一起 。 分析 +--[主句: what Newton did do was tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe] | +--[主语 从句 : what Newton did do] | +--[系动词: was] | +--[表语: tie in mathematics, astronomy and our comprehension of the universe] | +--[方式状语: through the use of his telescope and his universal gravitation theory] | +--[状语从句: While Galileo is credited with the discovery of moons around Jupiter and Halley with predicting the comet’s orbit] ) ( 1.reflecting telescope n. 反射望远镜 2.novel adj. 新奇的 3.astronomical adj. 天文的 4.phenomena n. 现象 5.transform v. 改变 6.refractor n. 折射望远镜 7.lens n. 镜片 8.chromatic aberration n. 色差 9.distorted adj. 扭曲的 10.bounce v. 反弹 ) （五） （2023模拟）Eating in Space Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. You would make sure you have plenty of food and the equipment to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and not spoiled. 16 Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. Of course, an oven is provided in the space station to heat foods to the proper temperature. 17 , so space food must be stored and prepared properly to avoid spoilage, especially on longer missions. Condiments (调味品), such as ketchup, mustard and mayonnaise, are provided. Salt and pepper are available but only in a liquid form. This is because astronauts can’t sprinkle salt and pepper on their food in space. The salt and pepper would simply float away. 18 Astronauts eat three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Nutritionists ensure the food astronauts eat provides them with a balanced supply of vitamins and minerals. 19 For instance, a small woman would require only about 1,900 calories a day, while a large man would require about 3,200 calories. An astronaut can choose from many types of foods such as fruits, nuts, peanut butter, chicken, beef, seafood, candy, brownies, etc. Available drinks include coffee, tea, orange juice, fruit punches and lemonade. 20 . Astronauts must throw their packages away when they have finished eating. Some packaging actually prevents food from flying away. The food packaging is designed to be flexible and easier to use, as well as to maximize space when stowing or disposing of food containers. A．Calorie requirements differ for astronauts. B．There are no refrigerators in space C．As on Earth, space food comes in disposable packages D．It’s a difficult process to make and prepare food for space. E．Astronauts basically do the same thing when they go to space. F．The space food systems team is required to meet the nutritional needs of each crew member. G．There is a danger they could block air holes, dirty equipment or get stuck in an astronaut’s eyes, mouth or nose. 【答案速查】16．E 17．B 18．G 19．A 20．C 【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了宇航员在太空的食物储存方式以及饮食习惯。 16．根据上一段“Imagine going camping for more than a week with several of your close friends. You would make sure you have plenty of food and the equipment to cook and eat it with. The food would have to be stored properly and not spoiled.(想象一下，和你的几个好朋友一起去露营一个多星期。你要确保你有足够的食物和做饭和吃饭的设备。食物必须妥善保存，不能变质)”以及后文“Preparation varies with the food type. Some foods can be eaten in their natural forms, such as brownies and fruit. Other foods require adding water, such as macaroni and cheese or spaghetti. Of course, an oven is provided in the space station to heat foods to the proper temperature.(食物种类不同，准备方法也不同。有些食物可以以天然形式食用，如布朗尼和水果。其他食物需要加水，如通心粉、奶酪或意大利面。当然，空间站提供了一个烤箱来将食物加热到合适的温度)”可知，像人们需要长时间出行准备食物一样，宇航员在空间站也需要妥善保存食物。故E选项“宇航员去太空时基本上也做同样的事情”符合语境，故选E。 17．根据后文“so space food must be stored and prepared properly to avoid spoilage, especially on longer missions. (因此，太空食品必须妥善储存和准备，以避免变质，特别是在长期任务中)”推知，本句主要是在说明太空食物必须妥善储存和准备的原因：太空中没有冰箱。故B选项“太空中没有冰箱”符合语境，故选B。 18．根据上文“Condiments (调味品), such as ketchup, mustard and mayonnaise, are provided. Salt and pepper are available but only in a liquid form. This is because astronauts can’t sprinkle salt and pepper on their food in space. The salt and pepper would simply float away.(提供番茄酱、芥末酱和蛋黄酱等调味品。盐和胡椒粉都有，但都是液态的。这是因为宇航员在太空中不能在食物上撒盐和胡椒。盐和胡椒就会飘走)”可知，本句承接上文说明宇航员在太空中不能在食物上撒盐和胡椒的原因——造成问题或伤害。故G选项“它们可能会堵塞通气孔，弄脏设备，或者卡在宇航员的眼睛、嘴巴或鼻子里”符合语境，故选G。 19．根据后文“For instance, a small woman would require only about 1,900 calories a day, while a large man would require about 3,200 calories.(例如，一个小体型的女人每天只需要大约1900卡路里，而一个大个子男人需要大约3200卡路里)”可知，后文的例子说明了男女、体型不同导致对卡路里的需求也不同。故A选项“宇航员对卡路里的需求不同”符合语境，故选A。 20．根据后文“Astronauts must throw their packages away when they have finished eating. Some packaging actually prevents food from flying away. The food packaging is designed to be flexible and easier to use, as well as to maximize space when stowing or disposing of food containers. (宇航员吃完后必须扔掉他们的包装。有些包装实际上可以防止食物飞走。食品包装的设计是灵活的，更容易使用，以及在储存或处理食品容器时最大限度地利用空间)”可知，本段主要说明了太空食物的包装。故C选项“和地球上一样，太空食品是一次性包装的”符合语境，故选C。 ( 1. spoil v. 变质 2. temperature n. 温度 3. stored adj. 储存的 4. properly adv. 适当地 5. condiment n. 调味品 6. liquid n. 液体 7. sprinkle v. 撒 8. nutritionist n. 营养学家 9. stow v. 装载 10. dispose n. 处理 ) （六） （2024·江苏南通·模拟预测）For a little girl growing up in Colombia in the 1980s, a science career with NASA may have seemed like setting foot on a faraway planet. 21 , Diana Trujill has made it — she is a(n) 22 now, leading a 45-person team that’s responsible for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover. Born in 1983, even as a young girl, Diana was certain of her passion for science. When she was 17, her dad offered to send her to Miami, Florida to study Aerospace Engineering. Without any 23 , she followed her dad’s 24 . Arriving in the U.S. with just $300, Trujillo had to 25 through school by doing a series of housekeeping jobs. The 26 was definitely not easy, but Trujillo never complained. Then came another 27 moment for Trujillo. One of her professors casually mentioned an astronaut they were acquainted with. 28 she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut” was all it took to 29 Trujillo’s career goals. So she 30 her studies in space science and 31 became the first Hispanic (拉丁裔的) woman to be admitted to the NASA Academy in 2007. Since then, Trujillo has worn many hats at America’s space agency. But Diana hasn’t 32 there. She also leads by example, 33 women to pursue careers in STEM fields. Her own story is a 34 that just beyond that barrier lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to 35 the stars. 21．A．Therefore B．Instead C．However D．Moreover 22．A．astronaut B．engineer C．pilot D．doctor 23．A．hesitation B．complaint C．expectation D．promise 24．A．command B．footstep C．request D．suggestion 25．A．go B．pass C．struggle D．push 26．A．mission B．career C．adventure D．process 27．A．risk-taking B．life-changing C．time-consuming D．energy-saving 28．A．Realizing B．Remembering C．Imagining D．Assuming 29．A．record B．share C．inspire D．finish 30．A．started B．abandoned C．suspended D．continued 31．A．immediately B．eventually C．gradually D．suddenly 32．A．left B．succeeded C．stopped D．reached 33．A．encouraging B．promising C．allowing D．persuading 34．A．symbol B．notice C．warning D．reminder 35．A．stare at B．reach for C．long for D．come after 【答案速查】 21．C 22．B 23．A 24．D 25．C 26．D 27．B 28．A 29．C 30．D 31．B 32．C 33．A 34．D 35．B 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了哥伦比亚长大的Diana Trujill克服重重困难，成为了美国宇航局的一名工程师，领导着团队负责火星探测器的机械臂的故事。 21．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，Diana Trujill做到了——她现在是一名工程师，领导着一个45人的团队，负责最新火星探测器的机械臂。A. Therefore因此；B. Instead相反；C. However然而；D. Moreover此外。根据上文“For a little girl growing up in Colombia in the 1980s, a science career with NASA may have seemed like setting foot on a faraway planet.”和下文“Diana Trujill has made it”可知，对于Diana Trujill这样身份的女性来说，在美国宇航局从事科学事业是不可及的事情，但她却做到了，上下文构成转折关系，应用However“然而”衔接。故选C。 22．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，Diana Trujill做到了——她现在是一名工程师，领导着一个45人的团队，负责最新火星探测器的机械臂。A. astronaut宇航员；B. engineer工程师；C. pilot飞行员；D. doctor医生。根据下文“leading a 45-person team that’s responsible for the robotic arm of the latest Mars rover”“to study Aerospace Engineering”可知，Diana Trujill领导着团队负责最新火星探测器的机械臂，而且学的是航空航天工程，因此她应该是一名工程师。故选B。 23．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她毫不犹豫地听从了父亲的建议。A. hesitation犹豫；B. complaint抱怨；C. expectation期望；D. promise承诺。根据上文“Born in 1983, even as a young girl, Diana was certain of her passion for science.”可知，还是个小女孩的时候，Diana就对科学充满了热情，因此她会毫不犹豫地接受父亲提出的想法，固定短语without hesitation意为“毫不犹豫地”。故选A。 24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她毫不犹豫地听从了父亲的建议。A. command命令；B. footstep脚步；C. request请求；D. suggestion建议。根据上文“her dad offered to send her to Miami, Florida to study Aerospace Engineering”可知，此处指父亲提出的送她去学习航空航天工程的建议。故选D。 25．考查动词词义辨析。句意：刚到美国时身上只有300美元，Trujill不得不通过做一系列家政工作来艰难地完成学业。A. go去；B. pass通过；C. struggle挣扎；D. push推动。根据上文“with just $300”和“by doing a series of housekeeping jobs”可知，Trujill当时经济比较困难，得做很多家政工作来赚钱，由此可知，她是艰难地完成了学业，固定短语struggle through意为“艰难地度过”。故选C。 26．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这个过程绝对不容易，但Trujill从不抱怨。A. mission任务；B. career职业；C. adventure冒险；D. process过程。根据上文“Arriving in the U.S. with just $300, Trujillo had to ___5___ through school by doing a series of housekeeping jobs.”可知，此处指Trujill通过打工赚钱来完成学业的过程。故选D。 27．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：接着，Trujill又经历了另一个改变人生的时刻。A. risk-taking冒险的；B. life-changing改变人生的；C. time-consuming耗时的；D. energy-saving节能的。根据下文“___8___ she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut” was all it took to ___9___ Trujillo’s career goals.”可知，Trujill由此更坚定地追求自己的职业目标，因此是经历了另一个改变人生的时刻。故选B。 28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：意识到自己“离认识宇航员只有一个人的距离”，这激励了Trujill的职业目标。A. Realizing意识到；B. Remembering记住；C. Imagining想象；D. Assuming假定。根据上文“One of her professors casually mentioned an astronaut they were acquainted with.”和下文“she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut””可推知，教授不经意提到的事情让她意识到了自己离认识宇航员其实很近。故选A。 29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：意识到自己“离认识宇航员只有一个人的距离”，这激励了Trujill的职业目标。A. record记录；B. share分享；C. inspire激励；D. finish完成。根据上文“she was “just one person away from knowing an astronaut””可知，自己离认识宇航员其实很近这样的想法会激励Trujill的职业目标，让她继续努力学习。故选C。 30．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，她继续学习空间科学，并最终在2007年成为第一位被美国宇航局学院录取的西班牙裔女性。A. started开始；B. abandoned放弃；C. suspended暂停；D. continued继续。根据上文“to study Aerospace Engineering”和下文“became the first Hispanic (拉丁裔的) woman to be admitted to the NASA Academy in 2007”可知，Trujill一开始学的就是空间科学相关的专业，后来她真的被美国宇航局学院录取了，因此她是继续学习这个专业。故选D。 31．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，她继续学习空间科学，并最终在2007年成为第一位被美国宇航局学院录取的西班牙裔女性。A. immediately立即地；B. eventually最终地；C. gradually逐渐地；D. suddenly突然地。根据上文叙述的Trujill克服经济困难，努力完成学业，以及在教授不经意提到的事情的启发下，继续学习可推知，此处指这个过程的结局是她最终成为第一位被美国宇航局学院录取的西班牙裔女性。故选B。 32．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但Diana并没有就此止步。A. left离开；B. succeeded成功；C. stopped停止；D. reached到达。根据下文“She also leads by example”可知，Diana还做了其他的事情，因此是并没有就此停止。故选C。 33．考查动词词义辨析。句意：她还以身作则，鼓励女性在STEM领域从事工作。A. encouraging鼓励；B. promising承诺；C. allowing允许；D. persuading劝说。根据上文“She also leads by example”可知，Diana在以身作则，因此是通过自己的故事来鼓励女性在STEM领域从事工作。故选A。 34．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她自己的故事提醒我们，在这个障碍之外，整个宇宙的机会都在等待着任何愿意努力工作去摘星星的人。A. symbol象征；B. notice通知；C. warning警告；D. reminder提醒。根据上文叙述的在哥伦比亚长大的Diana Trujill克服重重困难，成为了美国宇航局的一名工程师可推知，她的故事给予我们的是正面的提醒，告诉我们努力可以助力实现梦想。故选D。 35．考查动词短语辨析。句意：她自己的故事提醒我们，在这个障碍之外，整个宇宙的机会都在等待着任何愿意努力工作去摘星星的人。A. stare at盯着；B. reach for伸手够；C. long for渴望；D. come after跟随。根据上文“lies an entire universe of opportunities waiting for anyone willing to work hard enough to”可推知，此处是用Trujill追寻太空梦的故事激励追寻梦想的人，想要伸手去够星星的人，只要努力工作，就有大量的机会实现梦想。故选B。 ( 1.faraway adj. 遥远的 2.career n. 职业 3.robotic adj. 机器人的 4.rover n. 漫游者 5.passion n. 热情 6.aerospace n. 航空航天 7.hesitation n. 犹豫 8.footstep n. 脚步 9.struggle v. 奋斗 10.life-changing adj. 改变人生的 ) （2024·北京·高考真题）The notion that we live in someone else’s video game is irresistible to many. Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation — a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge. The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. Modern sciences have revealed that our perceptual experience of the world is the result of many stages of processing by sensory systems and cognitive (认知的) functions in the brain. No one knows exactly what happens within this black box. If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box. So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation. And then, we can shift our inquiry from “Is the universe a computer simulation? ” to “Can we model the universe as a computer simulation? ” Modelling reality is what we do. To facilitate our comprehension of the world, we build models based on conceptual metaphors (隐喻) that are familiar to us. In Newton’s era, we imagined the universe as a clock. In Einstein’s, we uncovered the standard model of particle (粒子) physics. Now that we are in the information age, we have new concepts such as the computer, information processing, virtual reality, and simulation. Unsurprisingly, these new concepts inspire us to build new models of the universe. Models are not the reality, however. There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise. 1．What does the author intend to do by challenging a hypothesis? A．Make an assumption. B．Illustrate an argument. C．Give a suggestion. D．Justify a comparison. 2．What does the phrase “contingent on” underlined in Paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Accepted by. B．Determined by. C．Awakened by. D．Discovered by. 3．As for Kant’s argument, the author is _________. A．appreciative B．doubtful C．unconcerned D．disapproving 4．It is implied in this passage that we should _________. A．compare the current models with the previous ones B．continue exploring the classical models in history C．stop arguing whether the universe is a simulation D．turn simulations of the universe into realities up. 【答案速查】1．C 2．B 3．A 4．C 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了哲学家对于宇宙的认知和信息时代下的作者对于宇宙争论的看法。 1．推理判断题。根据第一段“Searching the term “simulation hypothesis” (模拟假说) returns numerous results that debate whether the universe is a computer simulation —— a concept that some scientists actually take seriously. Unfortunately, this is not a scientific question. We will probably never know whether it’s true. We can, instead, use this idea to advance scientific knowledge.(搜索“模拟假说”这一术语会得到许多关于宇宙是否是计算机模拟的争论结果——一些科学家实际上认真对待这个概念。不幸的是，这不是一个科学问题。我们可能永远都不知道这是不是真的。相反，我们可以利用这个想法来推进科学知识)”可知，作者对于模拟假说提出质疑，是为了提出自己的建议，建议使用这一想法来推进科学知识。故选C项。 2．词句猜测题。根据第二段“If empirical (实证的) experience fails to reveal reality, reasoning won’t reveal reality either since it relies on concepts and words that are contingent on our social, cultural and psychological histories. Again, a black box.(如果经验不能揭示现实，推理也不会揭示现实，因为它依赖于contingent on我们的社会、文化和心理历史的概念和词语)”可知，句中that引导限制性定语从句，指代先行词concepts and words，且结合常识，概念和词语取决于我们的社会、文化和心理历史，推测划线短语表示“取决于”，与determined by意义相近。故选B项。 3．推理判断题。根据第二段“The 18th-century philosopher Kant argued that the universe ultimately consists of things-in-themselves that are unknowable. While he held the notion that objective reality exists, he said our mind plays a necessary role in structuring and shaping our perceptions. (18世纪的哲学家康德认为，宇宙最终由不可知的事物本身组成。虽然他认为客观现实是存在的，但他说，我们的大脑在构建和塑造我们的感知方面发挥着必要的作用)”以及第三段“So, if we accept that the universe is unknowable, we also accept we will never know if we live in a computer simulation.(因此，如果我们接受宇宙是不可知的，我们也接受我们永远不会知道我们是否生活在计算机模拟中)”可知，作者引用康德的观点，并在客观陈述后利用该观点来构建自己的论述，由此可知，作者对康德的论点持欣赏的态度。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据第四段“There is no point in arguing if the universe is a clock, a set of particles or an output of computation. All these models are tools to deal with the unknown and to make discoveries. And the more tools we have, the more effective and insightful we can become. (争论宇宙是否是一个时钟、一组粒子还是计算输出的产物是没有意义的。所有这些模型都是处理未知事物和发现事物的工具。我们拥有的工具越多，我们就能变得越有效、越有洞察力)”以及第五段“It can be imagined that comparable to the process of building previous scientific models, developing the “computer simulation” metaphor-based model will also be a hugely rewarding exercise.(可以想象，与之前构建科学模型的过程相比，开发基于“计算机模拟”隐喻的模型也将是一项非常有益的工作)”可知，作者认为争论宇宙是否是虚拟的，这是没有意义的，我们应该停止争论宇宙是否为模拟，而应该着手于将其作为一个模型来探索和理解，这样会更有助于科学的进步。故选C项。 （2024·山西临汾·三模）假定你是学生会主席李华，你校为庆祝第九个“中国航天日”(Space Day of China) 将举办一系列活动，请你给外教Mr. Smith写一封邮件邀请他来参加。内容包括： 1.活动目的； 2.活动方案。 注意： 1.写作词数应为80词左右； 2.请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。 Dear Mr. Smith, I am Li Hua, chairman of the Student Union. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours sincerely, Li Hua 【答案】 Dear Mr. Smith, I am Li Hua, chairman of the Student Union. I’m writing to extend our earnest invitation for your participation in the 9th Space Day celebration in our school. To mark the remarkable achievements of China’s aerospace industry and inspire the young to admire science, explore the unknown and embrace innovation, we have planned a series of exciting activities for the occasion, including guest lectures from experts in the field, interactive workshops on space technology, and a model rocket launch in the evening. We would be honored if you could join us for this special day on 24th, April. Looking forward to your favorable response. Best regards, Li Hua 【导语】本篇书面表达属于应用文。要求考生给外教Mr. Smith写一封邮件，邀请他参加学校为“中国航天日”(Space Day of China) 举办的一系列活动。 【详解】1.词汇积累 真诚的：earnest→sincere 参加：participation→involvement 非凡的：remarkable→extraordinary 计划：plan→schedule 2.句式拓展 简单句变复合句 原句：I’m writing to extend our earnest invitation for your participation in the 9th Space Day celebration in our school. 拓展句：I’m writing to extend our earnest invitation for your participation in the 9th Space Day celebration which will be held in our school. 【点睛】【高分句型1】To mark the remarkable achievements of China’s aerospace industry and inspire the young to admire science, explore the unknown and embrace innovation, we have planned a series of exciting activities for the occasion, including guest lectures from experts in the field, interactive workshops on space technology, and a model rocket launch in the evening. (运用了不定式作目的状语和不定式作宾语补足语) 【高分句型2】We would be honored if you could join us for this special day on 24th, April. 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