专题02 阅读理解(说明文)-2024年山东省高考英语精选模拟题分类汇编.zip

专题02 阅读理解说明文 Passage1.【2024·山东青岛·一模】 An ancient Latin proverb says “Aquila non capit muscas” —cagles don’t hunt flies—meaning that important ones shouldn’t concern themselves with small, insignificant matters.But the lions in East Africa should concern themselves with the seemingly insignificant ants, because these ants are changing their lifestyles. The story starts with the acacia trees(金合欢树)in an African wildlife area in central KenyaSome of these acacia trees provide food and shelter for specific ant species, which in turn defend the tree against herbivores(食草动物).The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leavesThis is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers. But these ants are in trouble.Another species called the “big-headed” ant is destroying entire groups of tree-protecting ants.This, in turn, sets off an entire chain of events that ends up influencing when and how lions can hunt. This ant invasion(入侵)affects one thing after the other.It leaves the acacia trees defenseless against herbivores especially elephants.The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas.The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding.This reduced tree cover makes lions less successful at hunting and pushes them to find different areas to hunt in． “These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem together, determining who is eaten andwhere,” said Todd Palmer, an ecologist from Florida. The lions, which are already endangered, are managing to cope with this by no longer focusing their attention on zebras.The zebras, of course, can see them much better on the approach given the lack of cover.Instead, they are targeting water buffalo.But this also isn’t the end of the story.Who knows what the lions’ changing strategy will mean for the ecosystem down the line? 1．What does the underlined word “deter” in paragraph 2mean? A．Direct. B．Discourage. C．Identify. D．Seek. 2．What role do the elephants play in the chain reaction? A．Cooperating with “big-headed” ants. B．Damaging the hiding place for lions. C．Protecting the acacias from herbivores. D．Starting off the disturbance of the chain. 3．The author mentions lions, zebras and water buffalo to show that ______. A．animals fall victim to bigger ones B．the ecology is on the road to recovery C．animals are corelated in the ecosystem D．species are firmly positioned in the food chain 4．What is the text mainly about? A．What ecologists find about animals. B．Why African lions are endangered. C．How tiny ants affect the way lions hunt. D．How the law of the jungle works in Africa. Passage2.【2024·山东济宁·一模】 My wife and I have always had a non-negotiable when looking for a place to rent: a gas stove. We love cooking together, and countless food shows have impressed upon us that there is nothing more essential to a tasty meal than a flame. Then came the shift of work forcing us to move into a new apartment with an induction cooker. Past encounters with the slow and inconsistent heating elements of early electric stoves had soured us to the idea of cooking with electricity, but it took only a couple of days for us to realize that our new induction cooker was far superior: Water boiled at lightning speed; I could set a timer and walk away knowing the heat would automatically turn off. Our belated switch to induction came amid a rise of horrifying stories about the health and climate risks of gas stoves. Studies have found cooking with gas is like having secondhand smoke in the kitchen. Worse still, the primary ingredient that fuels gas stoves are methane, a greenhouse gas 80 times more harmful to the environment than carbon dioxide. That’s why I finally quit using gas stoves and abandoned my prior conviction that I could never live in a home without one. Don’t get me wrong—there’s still a place for flame, and there’s a reason why barbecued—food is so delicious. Barbecuing food imparts special flavour that you can’t experience with an electric cooker. But dishes that truly require cooking over an open flame are the exception, not the rule. Changing the fundamentals of our lives is hard. But just as we have stopped commuting by horse, or have replaced a coal fireplace with central heating, it’s time to move gas out of our kitchens. Some might be horrified. The rest of us, though, can step calmly into the future. Hopefully the governments, too, will soon smell the gas. 5．How did the author feel about cooking with early electric stoves? A．Unpleasant. B．Concerned. C．Panicky. D．Stressed. 6．What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A．The author regrets giving up gas stoves. B．Barbecued food is tastier and healthier. C．It is a common practice to cook outdoors. D．Gas stoves still have a role to play. 7．What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph? A．Be open to changes. B．Be brave in the face of uncertainty. C．The old should give way to the new. D．Governments should be gas advocates. 8．What’s the best title of the text? A．Barbecue: Tasty or Risky B．A New “Flame” Has Come C．Gas Stoves: To Leave or to Stay D．Electricity Has Taken the Lead Passage3.【2024·山东青岛·一模】 If you’ve ever waded into the ocean for a swim and suddenly realized that the shore is getting farther away, not closer, you may have encountered a rip current (离岸流). Common at beaches worldwide, these powerful currents flow from the shore toward the sea at speeds up to several feet per second. It’s important to know what rip currents are and how to look for them, because they are a leading cause of drownings in the surf zone near shore. Rip currents can form in several ways. One type of rip current, known as a channel rip current, forms when there are gaps between breaking waves. As waves break, they push water toward the beach and raise the level of the water slightly. If waves break on a sandbar (沙洲), but not in a deeper channel that cuts through the sandbar, the extra water that the waves have pushed toward the beacon escapes back to the ocean through the channel. The darker corridor of the escaping water acts like a conveyor belt, moving water, unsuspecting swimmers and small marine organisms offshore. Another type, known as a transient or flash rip current, forms when surf is choppy (波涛汹涌的). The edges of breaking waves push on the water and make it spin, like a fast ice skater crashing into someone. Think of a rip current as a swift river cutting through the surf away from the shore. Swimming against the current is going to tire you out and put you at risk of drowning. Instead, swim parallel to the beach—think of heading for the “river banks”—until you are out of the rip current’s pull. Once you’re no longer fighting it, you can swim back to shore. Rip currents aren’t just a safety issue. Scientists are beginning to better understand the crucial ecological role they play in the ocean. Many marine organisms, including oysters, barnacles, fish and coral, rely on ocean currents to find suitable habitats. These organisms swim up or down or attach to floating or sinking material and are transported by multiple ocean processes. Rip currents are a key mechanism for carrying larvae (幼体) to deeper waters or recalculating them in shallow waters. The type and behavior of the rip current may affect the movement of marine organisms. 9．What can we learn about channel rip currents according to the text? A．They cause a bit huger waves than common currents. B．They form around deeper channels in the ocean’s bottom. C．They present visually as darker areas between breaking waves. D．They are generated when two waves meet close to the shore. 10．What does the underlined word “transient” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Dangerous. B．Powerful. C．Slow-flowing. D．Short-lived. 11．What suggestion does the author give on escaping from a rip current? A．Swimming with the current. B．Avoiding swimming against the current. C．Swimming under the current. D．Avoiding floating with the current. 12．Why are rip currents important to the ocean ecology? A．They redistribute small marine organisms. B．They provide habitats for marine organisms. C．They change the structure of marine ecosystems. D．They bring nutrients from the ocean’s bottom to the surface. Passage4.【2024·山东日照·一模】 Sri Nihal Tammana, age 13, of Edison, New Jersey, was named a winner of the 2022 Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes. The Barron Prize annually honors 25 outstanding young leaders who have made a significant positive impact on people, their communities, and the environment. Nihal founded Recycle My Battery to promote and facilitate the recycling of used batteries. His nonprofit places free battery recycling bins(箱子)and educates young people and adults about battery recycling. In just three years he has built a team of more than 250 student volunteers across the globe who have recycled nearly 200,000 batteries and educated millions of people. Nihal learned at age 10 that 15 billion batteries are thrown away each year and that most end up in landfills(垃圾填埋地)where they pollute groundwater, harm the ecosystem, and can cause catastrophic fires. Inspired to tackle the problem, he began collecting used batteries from his community. He put them in free recycling bins at stores like Staples until he was told he was bringing too many and had to stop. Undeterred, he reached out for help from Call2Recycle, the largest battery recycling nonprofit in North America. Call2Recycle agreed to assist and provided recycling bins for free, which were placed in schools, libraries, and other public places. Nihal’s organization now operates across the U.S. and is expanding to other countries including Canada, Switzerland, and India. “Earth gives us so much — oxygen, food, water — everything! So it’s important that we give something back when we can,” says Nihal. The Barron Prize was founded in 2001 by author T. A．Barron. “Nothing is more inspiring than stories about heroic people who have truly made a difference to the world,” says T. A．Barron. “And we need our heroes today more than ever. Not celebrities, but heroes — people whose character can inspire us all. That is the purpose of the Barron Prize: to shine the spotlight on these amazing young people so that their stories will inspire others.” 13．What does Recycle My Battery intend to do? A．Protect the earth from used batteries. B．Promote used batteries across the globe. C．Make money by collecting used batteries. D．Stop people throwing used batteries away. 14．What does the underlined word “Undeterred” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Undiscouraged. B．Unprepared. C．Unsurprised. D．Uninterested. 15．How did Call2Recycle help Nihal’s organization? A．By making it go global. B．By offering free recycling bins. C．By providing financial support. D．By buying more used batteries. 16．What is the text mainly about? A．The importance of recycling batteries. B．The impact of batteries on the environment. C．The achievements of the Barron Prize winners. D．The inspiring story of a young environmentalist. Passage5.【2024·山东潍坊··模拟预测】 Carl Wieman, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist at Stanford University, excelled in the lab, where he created the Bose-Einstein condensate (玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态). However, his mastery in the lab did not extend to the classroom. For years, he wrestled with what seemed to be a straightforward task: making undergraduates comprehend physics as he did. Laying it out for them—explaining, even demonstrating the core concepts of the discipline—was not working. Despite his clear explanations, his students’ capacity to solve the problems he posed to them remained inadequate. It was in an unexpected place that he found the key to the problem: not in his classrooms but among the graduate students (研究生) who came to work in his lab. When his PH. D．candidates entered the lab, Wieman noticed, their habits of thought were no less narrow and rigid than the undergraduates. Within a year or two, however, these same graduate students transformed into the flexible thinkers he was trying so earnestly, and unsuccessfully, to cultivate. “Some kind of intellectual process must have been missing from the traditional education,” Wieman recounts. A major factor in the graduate students’ transformation. Wieman concluded, was their experience of intense social engagement around a body of knowledge — the hours they spent advising, debating with, and recounting anecdotes to one another. In 2019, a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences backed this idea. Tracking the intellectual advancement of several hundred graduate students in the sciences over the course of four years, its authors found that the development of crucial skills such as generating hypotheses (假设), designing experiments, and analyzing data was closely related to the students’ engagement with their peers in the lab, rather than the guidance they received from their faculty mentors (导师). Wieman is one of a growing number of Stanford professors who are bringing this “active learning” approach to their courses. His aspiration is to move science education away from the lecture format, toward a model that is more active and more engaged. 17．What problem did Carl Wieman have with his undergraduates? A．Making them excel in the lab. B．Demonstrating lab experiments. C．Facilitating their all-round development. D．Enhancing their physics problem-solving. 18．Which of the following best describes the graduate students who first joined Wieman’s lab? A．Limited in thinking. B．Resistant to new ideas. C．Flexible and earnest. D．Experienced and cooperative. 19．What is crucial for developing students’ intelligent thought according to the 2019 study? A．Intense lab work. B．Peer pressure and evaluation. C．Academic interaction with fellows. D．Engagement with external society. 20．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Transforming Graduates’ Habits B．Carl Wieman’s Nobel Prize Journey C．The Nobel-Prize Winner’s Struggles D．Carl Wieman’s Education Innovation Passage6.【2024·山东德州·一模】 Think you have a good grasp of English? Good. Read the six sentences below, then. Sentence 1: The old man the boat. Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi. Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana. Sentence 4: Fat people eat collects. Sentence 5: The man who hunts ducks out on weekends. Sentence 6: The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families. Linguists (语言学家) call these “garden path sentences”, which take you by the hand and lead you down a winding path to a dead end. Despite this, they’re all grammatically correct. Let’s see why. Sentence 1: The old man the boat. Besides sounding like a rejected Hemingway title, this sentence is indeed grammatically correct thanks to some well-placed homonyms—words that share the same spellings but have different meanings. Homonym 1 here is “old”, used as a noun, meaning “old people”; homonym 2 is “man”, used as a verb, meaning “to serve in/on”. With that in mind, the sentence means “The old people serve on the boat”. Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi. At first read, you’d think “is made of” is the main verb of this sentence. But it’s not. The simplest form of this sentence is “The cotton grows in Mississippi”; confusingly, “clothing is made of” is used to tell us what cotton we’re talking about. This sentence would make way more sense if written “The cotton that clothing is made of grows in Mississippi”, but English allows us to remove certain conjunctions like “that”, with its meaning maintained. Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana. The first half of this sentence is easy to catch. So when dealing with the other half, people usually follow the structure of the first half, and it’d be understood as “fruits fly like bananas”. This is obviously unreasonable. Only when people rethink can they recognize the true meaning of the sentence. Therefore, such sentences manage to make people ignore the structure of the sentence itself, thus departing from its original meaning. Come on! Take a walk down the garden path with the rest of the sentences. 21．What’s the characteristic of “garden path sentences” according to linguists? A．Misleading but error-free. B．Accurate and plain. C．Improperly-worded and meaningless. D．Ungrammatical but comprehensible. 22．Which word is an example similar to the homonym of “man” in sentence 1? A．“grows” in sentence 2. B．“eat” in sentence 4. C．“hunts” in sentence 5. D．“houses” in sentence 6. 23．Which of the following correctly interprets “fruit flies like a banana” in sentence 3? A．“fruit flies” refers to a sort of insect. B．“flies” serves as the verb of the sentence. C．“flies like” explains what fruit is talked about. D．“like” has the same meaning as the “like” before it. 24．What can be the troublemaker in sentence 4? A．The ill-placed verbs. B．The removal of “that”. C．The grammar mistakes. D．The lack of noun behind “collects”. Passage7.【2024·山东淄博·一模】 ）Chances are you’ve heard the phrase “like a moth to a flame”——and probably seen it in action at a nighttime fire or barbecue, too. It turns out, however, this age-old saying may not be quite right. Rather than being attracted to light, moths’ tendency to fly toward brightness is a behavioral response to help them determine which way is up, suggests a new study published in the journal Nature Communications. To avoid falling down to the ground, insects need to know which way is up, says study coauthor Yash Sondhi, a National Geographic Explorer. Without systems to maintain spatial (空间的) orientation, the brightness of the sky, even at night, has always been a strong indicator of “up”——until artificial lights came along. If they mess that up, they start plummeting. Sondhi and a team of researchers set up experiments to investigate how different lights influence flight behavior. First, the researchers suspended a light bulb from a rope between two trees——resembling a typical downward-pointing light——and in a separate test, they turned the light upward by mounting it on a tripod (三脚架). In both cases, insects leaned their winged backs to the bulb. But when the light was pointed up, the insects often bumped to the ground. What if the light is spread over a wide area? The researchers stretched a large white sheet across the tree and projected a UV light on it. If the insects were truly “attracted” to the light, they should fly up toward it. Instead, the insects cruised (巡航) straight through this illuminated corridor, flying how they would during the day. The team then placed the sheet on the ground and shined the light on it, which is when something truly odd happened: All these moths flying over it turned upside down and crashed out of the sky. Directionality of light is a huge factor in the pattern we have seen, not just brightness or color. “Artificial lights may cause a mismatch between the insect’s sense of which way is up and true direction of gravity, which spells trouble for insects population.” says Sondhi. 25．What can be inferred about “like a moth to a flame” in the new study? A．A moth is generally attracted by a flame. B．Artificial lights are valuable for a moth. C．Brightness indicates up for a moth. D．A moth has a sense of direction. 26．What does the underlined word “plummeting” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Crashing. B．Speeding. C．Freezing. D．Suspending. 27．What lights influence insects most in the experiments? A．UV lights on the tree. B．Upward-pointing lights. C．Downward-pointing lights. D．Lights of different colors. 28．What is Sondhi’s attitude toward artificial lights? A．Concerned. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Neutral. Passage8.【2024·山东德州·一模】 Social media provides materialists with ideal opportunities to compare themselves with others, which makes them subject to passive and addictive user behavior. This stresses them out and, ultimately, leads to low life satisfaction, according to a new study. The researchers headed by Dr. Phillip Ozimek from Germany employed 1, 230 people for their online survey. In order to participate, respondents had to visit at least one social media channel at least once a week. On average, the participants stated they spent just over two hours a day on social media. The team used six different questionnaires to determine the extent to which the participants had a materialistic attitude and tended to compare themselves with others, whether they used social media more actively or passively, whether they were addicted to social media, how stressed and how satisfied they were with their lives. “The data showed a stronger materialistic approach goes hand in hand with a tendency to compare oneself with others,” points out Ozimek. This comparison is easy to make on social media, primarily through passive use—by looking at the content posted by other users. Materialism and passive use were also linked to addictive use of social media. “Users are constantly thinking about the respective channels and fear they’re missing out on something if they aren’t online,” explains Ozimek. “This in turn leads to poorer mental health like stress. The final link in the chain is reduced life satisfaction.” “Overall, the study provides further evidence that the use of social media is associated with risks, especially for people with a highly materialistic mindset,” says the psychologist. “This is particularly worrying, because social media can stimulate and increase materialistic values through influence r marketing. Meanwhile, the platforms attract materialists anyway, as they’re a perfect way to satisfy materialistic needs.” “It’s definitely a good idea to be aware of the amount of time you spend on social media and to reduce it,” recommends Ozimek, who advises against giving up social media completely. “If you did, you’re likely to over-correct.” He also suggests recording materialism and social media use in patients undergoing treatment for mental health disorders. “While these factors are often irrelevant, they can be a starting point for additional interventions patients can try out at home.” 29．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．The Virtual World, the Real Danger B．Showing Superiority Causes Heavy Media Use C．More Social Media Materialism, Less Happiness D．Materialistic Values: A Stepping Stone to Discontent 30．To qualify for the survey, a participant must ______ A．be a big spender B．specialize in data analysis C．be a regular social media user D．upload web surfing history 31．What kind of feeling is expressed by Ozimek in paragraph 6? A．Pessimism. B．Sympathy. C．Shock. D．Concern. 32．What does Ozimek propose concerning using social media? A．Restricting the duration. B．Logging onto well-rated websites. C．Abandoning it for good. D．Prohibiting patients from using it. Passage9.【2024·山东泰安·三模】 The ocean is home to more than 200,000 known species and as many as 2 million that we have yet to discover. And, it is also home to 24.4 trillion pieces of microplastics. In 2022, researchers spotlighted how bad marine microplastic pollution, is getting: The total amount of microplastics on the bottom of oceans has greatly increased. in the past two decades. Microplastic particles don’t just end up at the bottom of the ocean. Animals are eating them — at least 1,500 species have been reported to ingest plastic. And a lot of it. For example, whales in New Zealand’s Hauraki Gulf consume roughly three million microplastics daily, according to research published in Science of the Total Environment, which analyzed whale waste to see how much microplastics were present. “Other research has shown that if plastics are small enough, they can cross the gut(肠道) wall and get into internal organs though the long-term effects are still unclear. Plastics can also release chemicals that are harmful to digestive system,” says Kahane-Rapport. “This is concerning, and while we do not yet understand the long-term health-effects, it is likely not a good sign for whales and their prey(猎物) to eat a man-made material like plastic.” This is obviously bad for whales, but it also has effects on humans and the ocean at large. We are also part of these food chains and are consuming microplastics regularly. They are in our bottled water, in our table salt — they are even in our house dust and in the air we breathe. And we still don’t know what the health effects are. Meanwhile, the impact on whales — and what it indicates — is troubling on many fronts. “Whales are ecosystem engineers,” says Kahane-Rapport. “They can spread the nutrients that they consumed and serve as ecosystem guards — when whales are not healthy, other parts of the system will suffer.” Kahane-Rapport says more research is needed. “The next research step will be to determine how much plastic the whales excrete(排出) and how much is left in their bodies. Following that, we would be able to determine the direct health effects on their tissues.” 33．What does the underlined word “ingest” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Deal with. B．Bring up. C．Take in. D．Spread out. 34．What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A．Researches show contradictory results. B．Digestive system is the most affected part. C．Small plastics are more harmful than big ones. D．Much about microplastics’ harm remains unclear. 35．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The various sources of pollution. B．Tab chain reaction of microplastics. C．Possible solutions to plastic pollution. D．Growing awareness of ocean protection 36．What will the following research focus on? A．Microplastic pollution to the ocean bottom B．The sufferings of other ocean creatures. C．Whales’ contributions to the ecosystem. D．The amount of plastic in whales bodies. Passage10.【2024·山东菏泽·一模】 Plastic, once seen as a revolutionary material for its wide application and convenience, has become a global environmental crisis because it is non-biodegradable. The ubiquity (无处不在) of plastic in our daily lives has led to an increasing amount of plastic waste, causing great harm. One of the most alarming examples of this crisis is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a floating mass of plastic waste in the North Pacific Ocean. It is estimated to be twice the size of Texas and consists of everything from microplastics to abandoned fishing nets. Marine life often mistakes plastic particles for food, leading to ingestion and death. Additionally, the chemicals used in plastic production can pollute water and soil, and finally threaten marine ecosystems. Plastic waste is not limited to the oceans; it also impacts the land. Landfills overflow with plastic waste, emitting (排放) harmful greenhouse gases as plastics break down slowly over time. The production of plastics is highly energy-intensive and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating climate change. Furthermore, plastic litter is evident in urban and rural landscapes, destroying the natural beauty of our planet. Beyond its environmental impact, plastic poses serious health risks to humans. Many plastics contain harmful chemicals, which can be found in food and drinks when plastic containers are used for storage and heating. These chemicals have been linked to a range of health problems, including developmental issues and cancer. In conclusion, the problem of plastic pollution demands urgent action. A comprehensive strategy for cutting down on plastic is essential to tackle these challenges and safeguard the well-being of our planet and its inhabitants. While reducing the consumption of plastic may seem challenging, it is achievable through a combination of policy measures, technological innovations and changes in consumer behavior. Governments must issue laws to ban or heavily regulate single-use plastics and promote alternatives. Businesses should adopt sustainable packaging practices, and individuals can reduce plastic consumption by making conscious choices. 37．What does the example of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch show? A．Animals rely on plastic waste to survive. B．Plastic is too widespread to remove. C．Plastic waste is harming the oceans. D．Plastic poses health risks to humans. 38．What does the underlined word “exacerbating” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Worsening. B．Controlling. C．Recording. D．Evaluating. 39．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Ways to cut plastic consumption. B．Problems of handling plastic. C．Alternatives for plastic products. D．Some benefits of banning plastic. 40．What is the best title for the text? A．Plastic Packaging Is Everywhere B．Plastic Consumption Should Be Reduced C．How Should Plastic Be Used D．How Plastic Products Affect People Passage11.【2024·山东菏泽·一模】 A man rides at full speed on a single-wheeled bike, leaning back on a seat fixed above a recycled tyre as he performs wheelies (杂技). This machine is just one of many crazy inventions from Make It Extreme, a You Tube channel run by Michael Mavros and George Shiailis, two best friends who use old materials to create unique and innovative mechanical projects. The partners of this DIY design make the inventions to promote the joys of mechanical engineering and inspire creativity in others. On Make It Extreme, they transform everyday objects and vehicles into extreme versions of themselves, pushing creative boundaries in the process. They build and design their projects, film and edit the entire process, then finally showcase the results. “By passionately crafting furniture, engines, tools, toys and vehicles while using our imagination, we try to offer innovative solutions to various mechanical challenges,” explains Mavros, “We’ve shared this passion since our early years, and now, through our channel, we share it with millions of other people in an easily understandable way.” For its 100th video, Make It Extreme introduced the Monotrack bike, constructed entirely from recycled and old materials. They utilised a 100cc two-stroke engine from an old scooter (摩托车), cutting the sidewalls of a used car tyre and fitting it around a recycled motor. The bike reflects their commitment to sustainability and creativity, purely for the joy and curiosity it brings. “The idea for the Monotrack bike came from an old wartime photo where we saw a similar vehicle,” says Mavros, “Our creations are often inspired by things we’ve encountered before. For example, the Monowheel, where a person sits inside a huge wheel, was inspired by similar vehicles from decades ago, and our tank chair stemmed from the idea of creating an accessible adventure vehicle for people with limited mobility.” Make It Extreme now has almost two million subscribers who are eager to tune in every month to see the partners’ latest invention. And Mavros promises that 2024 will see them create their most daring project yet. 41．Why do Mavros and Shiailis run Make It Extreme? A．To make profits. B．To earn popularity. C．To develop hobby. D．To awaken innovation. 42．What do we think of their inventions according to paragraph 5? A．Practical. B．Eco-friendly. C．Costly. D．Convenient. 43．What is paragraph 6 mainly about? A．Why the old things were used. B．Where the Monowheel was found. C．What their inspirations originated from. D．How the Monotrack bike was invented. 44．What can we learn from Mavros and Shiailis in the text? A．Nothing is impossible. B．Hard work will pay off. C．Success needs perseverance. D．Many hands make light work. Passage12.【2024·山东聊城·三模】 I have a tea problem, drinking far too much since my teens. The addiction is bad, though cheap as addictions go. My excuse is that there are so many problems to which a cup of tea is the answer. Who doesn’t think it’s a lifesaver right now, as the dark falls and the cold follows? Luckily, I needn’t be ashamed of my dependence on tea any longer — in fact, I should be proud. Because a new study by Professor Francisca Antman, an economist at the University of Colorado Boulder, shows widespread adoption of tea-drinking in late 18th-century England wasn’t just central to the development of our national culture, it actually saved lives. In 1784, the Commutation Act dramatically cut the tea tax from 119% to 12.5%. Soon even peasants were drinking two cups of tea a day, with tea imports increasing six times between 1761 and 1834. What does a cup of tea need apart from tea leaves? Boiled water —which meant much healthier water in an era when people didn’t know dirty water spread disease. Plus, at the time tea was cheaper than beer, the other source of disease-free drink. Death rates fell from 28 to 23 per 1,000 people over that same period. The role of tea imports was confirmed by drops in deaths from diseases carried by water. Improvements were greatest in areas of lower water quality. And there was economic development, allowing the gathering together of people in the factory towns of the Industrial Revolution. This all happened by accident, in a period in which public health protection didn’t much exist. It is surprising how a social custom could have such a big impact on the course of history. Anyway, I’m off to put the k ettle on. 45．Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward drınking tea? A．Critical. B．Skeptical. C．Positive. D．Conservative. 46．Why did the death rates drop? A．The government canceled the tea tax. B．The tea was the cheapest drink. C．The boiled tea water was cleaner. D．The British preferred to drink tea. 47．Which of the places might benefit most from drinking tea in history? A．Tea growing areas. B．Dirty communities. C．Mountain areas. D．Towns rich in water. 48．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．An Unexpected Lifesaver B．A Modern Trend in Tea Drinking C．The Origins of Tea Addiction D．The Impacts of Tea Export Passage13.【2024·山东菏泽·一模】 Childhood can bring much awe — the emotion caused by mysterious experiences of things or ideas that we’ve never encountered before. For example, our children can feel awe looking up at a dark night sky that’s filled with more stars than they’ve ever imagined. As parents, it’s deeply moving to witness our children’s experience of awe — their breaths taken away, speechless apart from saying “Wow!” —  because we see how it enriches their individual lives. And research suggests that awe can also boost our children’s desire to give as they feel small in the vastness of expanded awareness. A recent study by researchers Eftychia Stamkou and her colleagues invited children between eight and 13 years old to watch different videos. In the awe group, children watched a video from the movie Song of the Sea that features a child transforming into a seal and flying over a city. In the joy group, children watched a video from the movie Fantasia that shows friends celebrating. In the third group, children watched an instructional video of a boring activity. Researchers measured children’s kindness toward poor families by inviting children to support a donation campaign by spending as much time as they wanted on figuring out the number of donated items, to make sure those in need got access to the donated food as quickly as possible. They also invited children to donate the reward they earned from participating in the research to a poor family. The results? Children who watched the awe-inspiring video spent more time counting food donations and donated their rewards to poor families more often compared to the children in the other groups. “Although children from an early age are more likely to help in-group than out-group members, the findings show that awe can open them up to helping members of a national minority,” says Dacher Keltner, a renowned scholar of awe. “These findings highlight that awe-inspiring art can encourage children to give what they can offer to people who have been forcibly displaced from their countries of origin. That can serve as inspiration for educators.” 49．Why would parents like their children to have the experience of awe? A．It teaches their kids to keep quiet. B．It makes their kids’ lives colorful. C．It frees them from caring for kids. D．It allows them to be praised by their kids. 50．What were children asked to do in the study? A．Retell stories in videos. B．Share their emotions. C．Do counting work. D．Cook some food. 51．How does Dacher Keltner comment on the study? A．Its methods are rather complex. B．Its conclusion is nothing special. C．Its study subjects are unsuitable. D．Its findings are of significance. 52．What is the main idea of the text? A．The experience of awe is common for us. B．Awe brings you back to your childhood life. C．Nature is the most awesome thing for kids. D．Feeling awe may help kids be more generous. Passage14【2024·山东威海·二模】 How much water does the average adult need to drink every day? “Eight 8-ounce glasses” is common advice, but any truly serious answer to the how-much question will begin with some version of it depends.” Researchers have long known that a region called SFO in the brain monitors the concentration (浓度) of water and salts in blood and triggers the urge to drink. But they failed to fully explain how we experience thirst. For example, when we gulp a drink, we feel almost instantly satisfied, and yet it takes 10 to 15 minutes for a liquid to enter our bloodstream. Recently neuroscientists have gained other remarkable insights into how thirst is monitored in the body and controlled in the brain. In a series of elegant experiments with mice, Zimmerman, a neuroscientist, and his associates measured the activity of neurons (神经元) in the SFO. “We saw that their activity changed very fast when the mouse drank water or drank saltwater and when it ate food,” he says. The researchers showed that signals gathered at the SFO from several places. “You get a signal from the blood that tells your current state of hydration (水平衡), a signal from the mouth that tells you how much fluid you drank, and a signal from the gut that tells you what was consumed — was it water, was it something else?” The SFO neurons, he explains, “add these signals together” and then transmit the urge to drink or stop drinking. The big takeaway of Zimmerman’s work is that for the most part you can trust your thirst system to tell you when you need to drink. But there are exceptions. Because the system’s sensitivity may decline with age. People with certain health conditions, including kidney stones and diarrhea, also need extra water. Other parts of the brain — the ones used in planning — should help with hydration on hot days and when exercising. Thirsty or not, Zimmerman says, he drinks water before going for a run: “My thirst neurons don’t know I’m about to run 10 miles.” 53．What has long been known about thirst? A．Thirst experience varies among individuals. B．Thirst is controlled by the water-salt balance in blood. C．Thirst satisfaction occurs with water entering bloodstream. D．Thirst response is influenced by the type of liquid consumed. 54．What’s the main idea of paragraph 3? A．Why we feel thirst. B．Where SFO gets signals. C．How we experience thirst. D．When SFO neurons get active. 55．What’s the major conclusion from Zimmerman’s study? A．Thirst system is generally reliable. B．Illness might affect thirst sensation. C．Brain areas for planning aid in hydration. D．Brain adjusts to age-related thirst sensitivity. 56．What may be a suitable title for the text? A．Drink Your Way to Health B．Application of the Thirst Mechanisms C．Misunderstanding of Daily Water Intake D．Body Detects Daily Water Needs Cleverly Passage15【2024·山东菏泽·模拟预测】 Most people can think of a time when they were in a bad mood after a long day at work and a shop assistant gave them a warm smile. Or maybe they overheard their bus-mate speaking German and ended up filling the morning commute（通勤）with a stimulating conversation about an upcoming trip. Nicholas Epley, a psychologist at the University of Chicago conducted a study. Participants speaking to strangers on public transportation during their morning commutes reported having a more enjoyable commute. Epley shared why speaking to strangers may have such a mood boosting impact. Loneliness, Epley explained, is one of the most dangerous social stressors and is even more physically harmful than obesity（肥胖）. “It’s larger than air pollution, which we spend an awful lot of time worrying about.” Making connections with those around us can reduce loneliness and its harmful impacts. Despite all the benefits of conversing with strangers, there are some factors that hold people back from new social connections. Psychologist Gillian Sandstrom thinks that people don’t talk with strangers, simply because most people don’t have the skills or confidence to do so. To address this, she ran London-based events to help people gain confidence in initiating conversations with strangers. Sandstrom said, “By the end, those participants don’t want to stop talking.” Sandstrom wanted to take this success a step further and she started hosting events where people were forced to talk with strangers. For example, using the app GooseChase, Sandstrom made a campaign that required participants to talk to people with a variety of characteristics. This event was also successful with four fifths of participants sharing that they learned something new, and nearly half hoping to keep in touch with a new-found friend. People spend so much of our day around strangers, such as in line at the store, on public transportation, and in the office. Why not take advantage of being around people you don’t know? Flash a smile or start up a conversation, and you will make two people’s day nicer. 57．Why does Nicholas Epley mention air pollution? A．To show the strong impact of loneliness on mood. B．To highlight the significance of making connections. C．To introduce the benefits of conversing with strangers. D．To prove the necessity of creating a good environment. 58．What can we learn about Gillian Sandstrom’s London-based events? A．They provide new job opportunities. B．They are highly enjoyed by the participants. C．They boost people’s confidence in society. D．They explore why people don’t talk to strangers. 59．How does the author show the success of the app-based campaign? A．By referring to quotes. B．By listing examples. C．By making comparisons. D．By showing statistics. 60．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To urge people to interact with strangers. B．To relieve commuters from awkwardness. C．To help people improve communication skills. D．To remind people to pay attention to their surroundings. Passage16【2024·山东青岛·三模】 One of the most common questions I get from concerned gardeners is how to deal with climbing plants, like ivy. The thinking behind this is that climbers are a dragon brickwork and can cause structural damage to buildings. But when you actually look at the science, very few of these f cars are based on any evidence. A 2020 study of a range of climbing plants on model brick buildings found that the shade cast by the plants’ leaves cooled the surface of the buildings in the summer by as much as 5.7℃, reducing the wide swings between day and night temperatures-a key driver of surface structural damage. It also lowered summer temperatures inside the buildings by up to 7.2℃, and was even projected to reduce heating bills by as much as 20 percent in the winter. Despite concerns that plant strap moisture (水分) against brickwork, leading to damp issues, the same trial showed ivy didn’t significantly raise moisture levels-rather, it helped stabilise them, minimising changes that could damage the buildings surfaces It is worth bearing in mind that these results were from model buildings with new brickwork. What about well-used buildings? Well another study, this one from 2011, found that in five historical buildings, bare walls experienced average maximum temperatures 36 percent higher and minimum temperatures 15 percent lower compared with those coated in leaves. The researchers concluded that the living protection provided by those climbing plants would “reduce the likelihood of frost and salt damage to the building materials, thus contributing to their conservation”. They also found that the leaves’ ability to trap pollution could reduce the damage to historical walls. Imagine if there was a new material that could cool cities and cut energy bills, all while looking beautiful. Did I mention it was also self-cleaning and carbon negative? The truth is that we have had this amazing material all along, but rather than appreciating it we have spent huge amounts of time worrying about bow to tear it down. 61．What are gardeners commonly concerned about? A．Poor quality of brickwork. B．Weeds competing for space. C．Damage caused by construction. D．Potential dangers of climbing plants. 62．What do climbing plans mainly serve as according to the 2020 study? A．A temperature adjuster. B．A moisture tester. C．A pollution monitor. D．An air purifier. 63．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Possible doubts about the findings. B．Analysis of the experimental data. C．Supporting evidence for the findings. D．Explanation for the research process. 64．What is the author’s attitude toward climbing plants? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Appreciative. D．Tolerant. Passage17【2024·山东青岛·三模】 As social creatures, research has histoncally pointed us away from time alone. But recently, more people are spending time away from the crowd, and even seem to desire it. In Solitude (独处) — The science and power of being alone, a book co-written by Heather Hansen, an award-winning journalist and author, with the researcher Thuy-vy Nguyen, they set out to understand how everyday solitude affects people’s lives. In the largest study of its kind, thousands aged between 13 and 85 participated in online surveys. For some, think of the word “solitude”, and they will think of a determined hiker alone in the wilderness. Most people described experiences of solitude achieved while, for example, walking in a park or writing in a journal. Surprisingly, some described solitude as having a psychological distance from others, but not necessarily a physical one. In several separate experiments, Nguyen found that when people spend 15 minutes alone, there is a “deactivation effect”, meaning “high excitement” emotions like anxiety are decreased, while positive “low excitement” feelings like calmness are increased, which wasn’t seen when people spent 15 minutes with another person. One caveat is that sometimes solitude also increases the negative low excitement feeling of loneliness. However, a further experiment showed that this increase could be weakened when individuals chose to think about positive thoughts or when they were given a choice whether to spend time alone. The list doesn’t end there, though. Several studies link time alone and creativity, but only when people avoid social interactions because of what is known as a “non-fearful” preference for solitude. On the other hand, there is no such link in those whose fear or anxiety prevents them from interacting with others, or because of avoidance, where people disliked social interactions. Now think about the next time you will be on your own. Will you enjoy or suffer it? As evidence increases for how time alone can be a positive force in shaping our lives, Hansen and her colleagues recommend planning for it-and protecting it. 65．What is the survey in paragraph 2 mainly about? A．When solitude is needed. B．What solitude looks like. C．How solitude affects people’s lives. D．How people make the best of solitude. 66．What does the underlined word “caveat” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Trap. B．Bonus. C．Warning. D．Prediction. 67．According to the studies, time alone will boost creativity for those who__________. A．prefer to take risks B．choose to be alone without fear C．dislike social interactions D．enjoy negative emotions 68．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．The Power of One B．Profit of Socializing C．The Urge to Live Alone D．Battle Against Solitude Passage18【2024·山东烟台·三模】 Europe draws unnecessarily too much on the earth’s food resources, which is why researchers are calling for political actions to reduce food loss and waste on the continent. According to researchers, “food loss” occurs from the primary agricultural sector to the food processing industry and the wholesale sector, while from the retail (零售) sector towards the service industry and households, we refer to it as “food waste”. “Halving Europe’s food loss and waste could largely help solve the challenges of food shortages in the world,” says Marianne Thomson, research leader and professor of sustainable food systems at UCPH. The researchers’ calculations show halving food loss and waste in Europe equals saving 8% of the greenhouse gas, along with a saving of about 12% of agricultural areas. In addition, there is a saving of 7% of water consumption, and 14% of energy in the food production for the citizens of Europe. The calculations apply a consumption-based approach. This includes the greenhouse gas from locally produced and imported food in European countries, while leaving out foods produced inside but exported to other countries. This is why countries should take actions to reduce food loss and waste at all stages of the food supply chain. Marianne Thomson introduces monitoring and reporting of food loss and waste by all actors along the food supply chain as an important action. Such an action, combined with other types of similar actions, may be a strong encouragement for companies and the rest of society to put in time and money for new technology and combined efforts to prevent food loss and waste along the food supply chain. Producing companies can cooperate on upcycling (升级改造) products. The service industry can apply upcycled materials produced from food not needed in the wholesale sector, and at the same time encourage costumers to take smaller portions by reducing the plate size. “Cutting food loss and waste by 50% in Europe requires political actions, and also the actions need to adapt to national circumstances and specific regional and local challenges,” says Marianne Thomson. 69．What is the researchers’ ultimate aim? A．To decrease food loss and waste. B．To criticize Europe for overusing food. C．To look for new products for Europeans. D．To arouse people’s awareness of food shortage. 70．What is presented in paragraph 3? A．Possible causes. B．Solving strategies. C．Research findings. D．Calculating methods. 71．What do we know about the action put forward by Marianne Thomson? A．It requires producing less food for citizens of Europe. B．It gives no consideration to the food produced out of Europe. C．It needs joint efforts of everyone along the food supply chain. D．It costs too much time and money of food producing companies. 72．What can we learn from the passage? A．Food loss and waste appear at every stage of the supply chain. B．Smaller sizes of plates lead to people’s eating more than they need. C．Political actions to reduce food loss and waste meet with no difficulty. D．Cutting food loss and waste in Europe by 50% means saving 14% agricultural lands. ( 24 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题02 阅读理解说明文 Passage1.【2024·山东青岛·一模】 An ancient Latin proverb says “Aquila non capit muscas” —cagles don’t hunt flies—meaning that important ones shouldn’t concern themselves with small, insignificant matters.But the lions in East Africa should concern themselves with the seemingly insignificant ants, because these ants are changing their lifestyles. The story starts with the acacia trees(金合欢树)in an African wildlife area in central KenyaSome of these acacia trees provide food and shelter for specific ant species, which in turn defend the tree against herbivores(食草动物).The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leavesThis is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers. But these ants are in trouble.Another species called the “big-headed” ant is destroying entire groups of tree-protecting ants.This, in turn, sets off an entire chain of events that ends up influencing when and how lions can hunt. This ant invasion(入侵)affects one thing after the other.It leaves the acacia trees defenseless against herbivores especially elephants.The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas.The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding.This reduced tree cover makes lions less successful at hunting and pushes them to find different areas to hunt in． “These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem together, determining who is eaten andwhere,” said Todd Palmer, an ecologist from Florida. The lions, which are already endangered, are managing to cope with this by no longer focusing their attention on zebras.The zebras, of course, can see them much better on the approach given the lack of cover.Instead, they are targeting water buffalo.But this also isn’t the end of the story.Who knows what the lions’ changing strategy will mean for the ecosystem down the line? 1．What does the underlined word “deter” in paragraph 2mean? A．Direct. B．Discourage. C．Identify. D．Seek. 2．What role do the elephants play in the chain reaction? A．Cooperating with “big-headed” ants. B．Damaging the hiding place for lions. C．Protecting the acacias from herbivores. D．Starting off the disturbance of the chain. 3．The author mentions lions, zebras and water buffalo to show that ______. A．animals fall victim to bigger ones B．the ecology is on the road to recovery C．animals are corelated in the ecosystem D．species are firmly positioned in the food chain 4．What is the text mainly about? A．What ecologists find about animals. B．Why African lions are endangered. C．How tiny ants affect the way lions hunt. D．How the law of the jungle works in Africa. 【答案】1．B 2．B 3．C 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了小蚂蚁如何影响狮子的捕猎方式。 1．词句猜测题。根据上文“The ants are actively attacking and driving away herbivores that attempt to feed on the tree’s leaves. This is highly effective; the ants not only physically harm the herbivores(蚂蚁正在积极攻击并赶走试图以树叶为食的食草动物。这是非常有效的；蚂蚁不仅在身体上伤害食草动物)”可知，蚂蚁对合欢树具有保护作用。由此猜测“ but also release chemicals that can deter other potential attackers.”意为“蚂蚁还释放出可以阻止其他潜在攻击者的化学物质”，即deter意为“阻止”，与discourage同义。故选B。 2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“This ant invasion(入侵)affects one thing after the other.It leaves the acacia trees defenseless against herbivores especially elephants.The elephants come in and eat the acacias at five to seven times the rate observed in uninvaded areas.The lions, while hunting for food, have no more trees to use for hiding.(蚂蚁的入侵影响了一件又一件事。这使得金合欢树无法抵御食草动物，尤其是大象。大象吃金合欢的速度是未被入侵地区的5到7倍。狮子在寻找食物的时候，没有更多的树可以用来躲藏。)”可知，在食物链中大象破坏狮子的藏身之处。故选B。 3．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段““These tiny invaders are pulling on the ties that put an African ecosystem together, determining who is eaten andwhere,” said Todd Palmer, an ecologist from Florida.(来自佛罗里达州的生态学家托德·帕尔默(Todd Palmer)说:“这些微小的入侵者正在拉动非洲生态系统的纽带，决定谁被吃掉，在哪里被吃掉。”)”和最后一段“The lions, which are already endangered, are managing to cope with this by no longer focusing their attention on zebras. The zebras, of course, can see them much better on the approach given the lack of cover. Instead, they are targeting water buffalo. (已经濒临灭绝的狮子正在设法解决这个问题，不再把注意力集中在斑马身上。斑马，当然，可以更好地看到它们靠近，因为缺乏掩护。相反，它们的目标是水牛。)”可知，蚂蚁的入侵导致金合欢树大量被吃，使得狮子在狩猎时失去掩护，这导致以斑马为主食的狮子转而猎杀水牛。由此推知，作者提到狮子、斑马和水牛是为了说明动物在生态系统中是相互关联的。故选C。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据文章第一段“But the lions in East Africa should concern themselves with the seemingly insignificant ants, because these ants are changing their lifestyles.(但是东非的狮子应该关注这些看起来微不足道的蚂蚁，因为这些蚂蚁正在改变它们的生活方式。)”可知，文章主要介绍了小蚂蚁如何影响狮子的捕猎方式。故选C。 Passage2.【2024·山东济宁·一模】 My wife and I have always had a non-negotiable when looking for a place to rent: a gas stove. We love cooking together, and countless food shows have impressed upon us that there is nothing more essential to a tasty meal than a flame. Then came the shift of work forcing us to move into a new apartment with an induction cooker. Past encounters with the slow and inconsistent heating elements of early electric stoves had soured us to the idea of cooking with electricity, but it took only a couple of days for us to realize that our new induction cooker was far superior: Water boiled at lightning speed; I could set a timer and walk away knowing the heat would automatically turn off. Our belated switch to induction came amid a rise of horrifying stories about the health and climate risks of gas stoves. Studies have found cooking with gas is like having secondhand smoke in the kitchen. Worse still, the primary ingredient that fuels gas stoves are methane, a greenhouse gas 80 times more harmful to the environment than carbon dioxide. That’s why I finally quit using gas stoves and abandoned my prior conviction that I could never live in a home without one. Don’t get me wrong—there’s still a place for flame, and there’s a reason why barbecued—food is so delicious. Barbecuing food imparts special flavour that you can’t experience with an electric cooker. But dishes that truly require cooking over an open flame are the exception, not the rule. Changing the fundamentals of our lives is hard. But just as we have stopped commuting by horse, or have replaced a coal fireplace with central heating, it’s time to move gas out of our kitchens. Some might be horrified. The rest of us, though, can step calmly into the future. Hopefully the governments, too, will soon smell the gas. 5．How did the author feel about cooking with early electric stoves? A．Unpleasant. B．Concerned. C．Panicky. D．Stressed. 6．What can be inferred from paragraph 4? A．The author regrets giving up gas stoves. B．Barbecued food is tastier and healthier. C．It is a common practice to cook outdoors. D．Gas stoves still have a role to play. 7．What does the author want to convey in the last paragraph? A．Be open to changes. B．Be brave in the face of uncertainty. C．The old should give way to the new. D．Governments should be gas advocates. 8．What’s the best title of the text? A．Barbecue: Tasty or Risky B．A New “Flame” Has Come C．Gas Stoves: To Leave or to Stay D．Electricity Has Taken the Lead 【答案】5．A 6．D 7．A 8．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了作者对于用燃气做饭的看法，作者认为随着时代变化，可以把燃气从我们的厨房里移走了。 5．推理判断题。根据第二段“Past encounters with the slow and inconsistent heating elements of early electric stoves had soured us to the idea of cooking with electricity, but it took only a couple of days for us to realize that our new induction cooker was far superior: Water boiled at lightning speed; I could set a timer and walk away knowing the heat would automatically turn off. (早期电炉的加热缓慢且不稳定，这使我们对用电做饭的想法产生了反感，但仅仅过了几天，我们就意识到我们的新电磁炉要优越得多：水以闪电般的速度烧开；我可以设置一个计时器，然后走开，知道暖气会自动关闭)”可知，作者对用早期电炉做饭感到不愉快。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据第四段“Don’t get me wrong—there’s still a place for flame, and there’s a reason why barbecued—food is so delicious. Barbecuing food imparts special flavour that you can’t experience with an electric cooker.(不要误解我的意思——火焰还是有一席之地的，烧烤食物如此美味是有原因的。烧烤的食物有一种用电炉无法体会到的特殊风味)”可知，燃气灶仍然可以发挥作用。故选D。 7．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Changing the fundamentals of our lives is hard. But just as we have stopped commuting by horse, or have replaced a coal fireplace with central heating, it’s time to move gas out of our kitchens. Some might be horrified. The rest of us, though, can step calmly into the future. Hopefully the governments, too, will soon smell the gas.(改变我们生活的基本原则是很难的。但是，就像我们不再骑马上下班，或者用中央供暖取代了煤壁炉一样，是时候把燃气从我们的厨房里移走了。有些人可能会感到震惊。然而，我们其余的人可以平静地步入未来。希望各国政府也能很快意识到这一点)”可知，作者在最后一段想表达对变化持开放态度。故选A。 8．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“But just as we have stopped commuting by horse, or have replaced a coal fireplace with central heating, it’s time to move gas out of our kitchens. Some might be horrified. The rest of us, though, can step calmly into the future.(但是，就像我们不再骑马上下班，或者用中央供暖取代了煤壁炉一样，是时候把燃气从我们的厨房里移走了。有些人可能会感到震惊。然而，我们其余的人可以平静地步入未来)”结合文章主要说明了作者对于用燃气做饭的看法，作者认为随着时代变化，可以把燃气从我们的厨房里移走了。可知，B选项“新的‘火焰’来了”最符合文章标题。故选B。 Passage3.【2024·山东青岛·一模】 If you’ve ever waded into the ocean for a swim and suddenly realized that the shore is getting farther away, not closer, you may have encountered a rip current (离岸流). Common at beaches worldwide, these powerful currents flow from the shore toward the sea at speeds up to several feet per second. It’s important to know what rip currents are and how to look for them, because they are a leading cause of drownings in the surf zone near shore. Rip currents can form in several ways. One type of rip current, known as a channel rip current, forms when there are gaps between breaking waves. As waves break, they push water toward the beach and raise the level of the water slightly. If waves break on a sandbar (沙洲), but not in a deeper channel that cuts through the sandbar, the extra water that the waves have pushed toward the beacon escapes back to the ocean through the channel. The darker corridor of the escaping water acts like a conveyor belt, moving water, unsuspecting swimmers and small marine organisms offshore. Another type, known as a transient or flash rip current, forms when surf is choppy (波涛汹涌的). The edges of breaking waves push on the water and make it spin, like a fast ice skater crashing into someone. Think of a rip current as a swift river cutting through the surf away from the shore. Swimming against the current is going to tire you out and put you at risk of drowning. Instead, swim parallel to the beach—think of heading for the “river banks”—until you are out of the rip current’s pull. Once you’re no longer fighting it, you can swim back to shore. Rip currents aren’t just a safety issue. Scientists are beginning to better understand the crucial ecological role they play in the ocean. Many marine organisms, including oysters, barnacles, fish and coral, rely on ocean currents to find suitable habitats. These organisms swim up or down or attach to floating or sinking material and are transported by multiple ocean processes. Rip currents are a key mechanism for carrying larvae (幼体) to deeper waters or recalculating them in shallow waters. The type and behavior of the rip current may affect the movement of marine organisms. 9．What can we learn about channel rip currents according to the text? A．They cause a bit huger waves than common currents. B．They form around deeper channels in the ocean’s bottom. C．They present visually as darker areas between breaking waves. D．They are generated when two waves meet close to the shore. 10．What does the underlined word “transient” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Dangerous. B．Powerful. C．Slow-flowing. D．Short-lived. 11．What suggestion does the author give on escaping from a rip current? A．Swimming with the current. B．Avoiding swimming against the current. C．Swimming under the current. D．Avoiding floating with the current. 12．Why are rip currents important to the ocean ecology? A．They redistribute small marine organisms. B．They provide habitats for marine organisms. C．They change the structure of marine ecosystems. D．They bring nutrients from the ocean’s bottom to the surface. 【答案】9．C 10．D 11．B 12．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。离岸流是指从海岸经波浪区向海中流动的一股狭窄而强劲的水流。离岸流具有很大的危险性，但同时对于海洋生态具有重要作用。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段的“One type of rip current, known as a channel rip current, forms when there are gaps between breaking waves.(一种类型的离岸流，被称为通道离岸流，当破碎波之间存在间隙时形成)”及“The darker corridor of the escaping water acts like a conveyor belt, moving water, unsuspecting swimmers and small marine organisms offshore.(流出水的较暗色地带就像一条传送带，移动着水，不知情的游泳者和离岸的小型海洋生物)”可推知，channel rip currents在视觉上呈现为海浪裂口间较暗的区域。故选C。 10．词句猜测题。根据话线词后面的“or”可知，transient与“flash”是近义词，结合后文“forms when surf is choppy(波浪起伏时形成)”可知，划线词意为“短暂的，瞬间的”。故选D。 11．推理判断题。根据第四段的第二句“Swimming against the current is going to tire you out and put you at risk of drowning.(逆流游泳会使你疲惫不堪，并使你有溺水的危险)”可推知，作者建议避免逆流而游，因为逆流而游会导致疲惫甚至溺水。故选B。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Rip currents are a key mechanism for carrying larvae (幼体) to deeper waters or recirculation them in shallow waters. The type and behavior of the rip current may affect the movement of marine organisms.(离岸流是将幼虫带到较深水域或在浅水中再循环的关键机制。离岸流的类型和行为可能影响海洋生物的运动)”可推知，离岸流可重新分配海洋微生物，故而对海洋生态具有重要作用。故选A。 Passage4.【2024·山东日照·一模】 Sri Nihal Tammana, age 13, of Edison, New Jersey, was named a winner of the 2022 Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes. The Barron Prize annually honors 25 outstanding young leaders who have made a significant positive impact on people, their communities, and the environment. Nihal founded Recycle My Battery to promote and facilitate the recycling of used batteries. His nonprofit places free battery recycling bins(箱子)and educates young people and adults about battery recycling. In just three years he has built a team of more than 250 student volunteers across the globe who have recycled nearly 200,000 batteries and educated millions of people. Nihal learned at age 10 that 15 billion batteries are thrown away each year and that most end up in landfills(垃圾填埋地)where they pollute groundwater, harm the ecosystem, and can cause catastrophic fires. Inspired to tackle the problem, he began collecting used batteries from his community. He put them in free recycling bins at stores like Staples until he was told he was bringing too many and had to stop. Undeterred, he reached out for help from Call2Recycle, the largest battery recycling nonprofit in North America. Call2Recycle agreed to assist and provided recycling bins for free, which were placed in schools, libraries, and other public places. Nihal’s organization now operates across the U.S. and is expanding to other countries including Canada, Switzerland, and India. “Earth gives us so much — oxygen, food, water — everything! So it’s important that we give something back when we can,” says Nihal. The Barron Prize was founded in 2001 by author T. A．Barron. “Nothing is more inspiring than stories about heroic people who have truly made a difference to the world,” says T. A．Barron. “And we need our heroes today more than ever. Not celebrities, but heroes — people whose character can inspire us all. That is the purpose of the Barron Prize: to shine the spotlight on these amazing young people so that their stories will inspire others.” 13．What does Recycle My Battery intend to do? A．Protect the earth from used batteries. B．Promote used batteries across the globe. C．Make money by collecting used batteries. D．Stop people throwing used batteries away. 14．What does the underlined word “Undeterred” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Undiscouraged. B．Unprepared. C．Unsurprised. D．Uninterested. 15．How did Call2Recycle help Nihal’s organization? A．By making it go global. B．By offering free recycling bins. C．By providing financial support. D．By buying more used batteries. 16．What is the text mainly about? A．The importance of recycling batteries. B．The impact of batteries on the environment. C．The achievements of the Barron Prize winners. D．The inspiring story of a young environmentalist. 【答案】13．A 14．A 15．B 16．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了12岁的Gloria Barron Prize得主Sri Nihal Tammana保护地球免受废旧电池污染的励志故事。 13．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Nihal founded Recycle My Battery to promote and facilitate the recycling of used batteries. His nonprofit places free battery recycling bins (箱子) and educates young people and adults about battery recycling.(Nihal成立了Recycle My Battery，以促进和促进废旧电池的回收。他的非营利组织提供免费的电池回收箱，并教育年轻人和成年人有关电池回收的知识)”可知，Recycle My Battery旨在保护地球免受废旧电池的污染，故选A。 14．词句猜测题。第二段末句“He put them in free recycling bins at stores like Staples until he was told he was bringing too many and had to stop.(他把它们放在Staples等商店的免费回收箱里，直到有人告诉他带的太多了，他不得不停止)”提到他不得不停止将废旧电池放到回收箱，结合划线词后文“he reached out for help from Call2Recycle(他向Call2Recycle寻求帮助)”可知，他向Call2Recycle寻求帮助，说明他没有气馁，Undeterred意为“不屈不挠的，没有气馁的”，故选A。 15．细节理解题。根据第三段中“Call2Recycle agreed to assist and provided recycling bins for free, which were placed in schools, libraries, and other public places.(Call2Recycle同意提供帮助，并免费提供回收箱，这些回收箱放置在学校，图书馆和其他公共场所)”可知，Call2Recycle组织通过提供免费的回收箱来帮助Nihal的组织，故选B。 16．主旨大意题。根据全文内容，结合第一段“Sri Nihal Tammana, age 13, of Edison, New Jersey, was named a winner of the 2022 Gloria Barron Prize for Young Heroes. The Barron Prize annually honors 25 outstanding young leaders who have made a significant positive impact on people, their communities, and the environment.(来自新泽西州爱迪生的13岁的Sri Nihal Tammana被提名为2022年Gloria Barron青年英雄奖的获得者。Barron Prize每年表彰25位对人类、社区和环境产生重大积极影响的杰出青年领袖)”和最后一段中“That is the purpose of the Barron Prize: to shine the spotlight on these amazing young people so that their stories will inspire others.(这就是Barron Prize的目的：让这些了不起的年轻人受到关注，这样他们的故事就会激励其他人)”可知，文章主要介绍了12岁的Gloria Barron Prize得主Sri Nihal Tammana保护地球免受废旧电池污染的励志故事，D项“一位年轻环保主义者的励志故事”能够总结文章大意，故选D。 Passage5.【2024·山东潍坊··模拟预测】 Carl Wieman, a Nobel Prize-winning physicist at Stanford University, excelled in the lab, where he created the Bose-Einstein condensate (玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚态). However, his mastery in the lab did not extend to the classroom. For years, he wrestled with what seemed to be a straightforward task: making undergraduates comprehend physics as he did. Laying it out for them—explaining, even demonstrating the core concepts of the discipline—was not working. Despite his clear explanations, his students’ capacity to solve the problems he posed to them remained inadequate. It was in an unexpected place that he found the key to the problem: not in his classrooms but among the graduate students (研究生) who came to work in his lab. When his PH. D．candidates entered the lab, Wieman noticed, their habits of thought were no less narrow and rigid than the undergraduates. Within a year or two, however, these same graduate students transformed into the flexible thinkers he was trying so earnestly, and unsuccessfully, to cultivate. “Some kind of intellectual process must have been missing from the traditional education,” Wieman recounts. A major factor in the graduate students’ transformation. Wieman concluded, was their experience of intense social engagement around a body of knowledge — the hours they spent advising, debating with, and recounting anecdotes to one another. In 2019, a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences backed this idea. Tracking the intellectual advancement of several hundred graduate students in the sciences over the course of four years, its authors found that the development of crucial skills such as generating hypotheses (假设), designing experiments, and analyzing data was closely related to the students’ engagement with their peers in the lab, rather than the guidance they received from their faculty mentors (导师). Wieman is one of a growing number of Stanford professors who are bringing this “active learning” approach to their courses. His aspiration is to move science education away from the lecture format, toward a model that is more active and more engaged. 17．What problem did Carl Wieman have with his undergraduates? A．Making them excel in the lab. B．Demonstrating lab experiments. C．Facilitating their all-round development. D．Enhancing their physics problem-solving. 18．Which of the following best describes the graduate students who first joined Wieman’s lab? A．Limited in thinking. B．Resistant to new ideas. C．Flexible and earnest. D．Experienced and cooperative. 19．What is crucial for developing students’ intelligent thought according to the 2019 study? A．Intense lab work. B．Peer pressure and evaluation. C．Academic interaction with fellows. D．Engagement with external society. 20．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text? A．Transforming Graduates’ Habits B．Carl Wieman’s Nobel Prize Journey C．The Nobel-Prize Winner’s Struggles D．Carl Wieman’s Education Innovation 【答案】17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了诺贝尔奖获得者美国斯坦福大学教授将“主动学习”的方法引入课程，希望将科学教育从讲座形式转变为一种更加积极和更加投入的模式。 17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Laying it out for them—explaining, even demonstrating the core concepts of the discipline—was not working. Despite his clear explanations, his students’ capacity to solve the problems he posed to them remained inadequate. (向他们解释，甚至展示这门学科的核心概念，都没有起到作用。尽管他解释得很清楚，但他的学生解决问题的能力仍然不足。)”可知，加强物理问题的解决能力是本科生的问题。故选D。 18．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Within a year or two, however, these same graduate students transformed into the flexible thinkers he was trying so earnestly, and unsuccessfully, to cultivate. (然而，在一两年内，这些同样的研究生转变成了灵活的思想家，他一直在努力培养这些思想家，但没有成功)”可知，思维有限是首次加入Wieman实验室的毕业生的问题。故选A。 19．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Wieman  concluded, was their experience of intense social engagement around a  body of knowledge — the hours they spent advising, debating with, and  recounting anecdotes to one another. In 2019, a study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences backed  this idea. Tracking the intellectual advancement of several hundred  graduate students in the sciences over the course of four years, its  authors found that the development of crucial skills such as generating  hypotheses (假设),  designing experiments, and analyzing data was closely related to the  students’ engagement with their peers in the lab, rather than the  guidance they received from their faculty mentors (导师).(维曼总结道，最重要的是他们在知识体系周围的强烈社交体验——他们花几个小时互相建议、辩论和讲述轶事。2019年，发表在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的一项研究支持了这一观点。该报告的作者在四年的时间里追踪了数百名科学研究生的智力发展，发现关键技能的发展，如提出假设、设计实验和分析数据，与学生在实验室与同龄人的互动密切相关，而不是他们从导师那里得到的指导)”可知，2019年的研究发现学生关键思维能力的发展和在实验室里与同龄人的学术交流密切相关。故选C。 20．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“Wieman is one of a growing number of Stanford professors who are bringing this “active learning” approach to their courses. His aspiration is to move science education away from the lecture format, toward a model that is more active and more engaged. (越来越多的斯坦福大学教授将这种“主动学习”的方法引入他们的课程，维曼就是其中之一。他的愿望是将科学教育从讲座形式转变为一种更加积极和更加投入的模式。)”结合文章段落大意，文章第一段是讲Carl Wieman在教学中发现学生的思维能力和解决问题的能力较差；第二、三段关于他如何找到的解决方案——在实验室的研究生身上发现思维能力的提升关键是和同伴进行的学术交流。第四段是结果——越来越多的教授们在课程教学中采用积极学习的模式。可知本文主要介绍了诺贝尔奖获得者美国斯坦福大学教授将“主动学习”的方法引入课程，希望将科学教育从讲座形式转变为一种更加积极和更加投入的模式，选项D“Carl Wieman’s Education Innovation(卡尔·维曼的教育创新) ”符合本文题目。故选D。 Passage6.【2024·山东德州·一模】 Think you have a good grasp of English? Good. Read the six sentences below, then. Sentence 1: The old man the boat. Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi. Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana. Sentence 4: Fat people eat collects. Sentence 5: The man who hunts ducks out on weekends. Sentence 6: The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families. Linguists (语言学家) call these “garden path sentences”, which take you by the hand and lead you down a winding path to a dead end. Despite this, they’re all grammatically correct. Let’s see why. Sentence 1: The old man the boat. Besides sounding like a rejected Hemingway title, this sentence is indeed grammatically correct thanks to some well-placed homonyms—words that share the same spellings but have different meanings. Homonym 1 here is “old”, used as a noun, meaning “old people”; homonym 2 is “man”, used as a verb, meaning “to serve in/on”. With that in mind, the sentence means “The old people serve on the boat”. Sentence 2: The cotton clothing is made of grows in Mississippi. At first read, you’d think “is made of” is the main verb of this sentence. But it’s not. The simplest form of this sentence is “The cotton grows in Mississippi”; confusingly, “clothing is made of” is used to tell us what cotton we’re talking about. This sentence would make way more sense if written “The cotton that clothing is made of grows in Mississippi”, but English allows us to remove certain conjunctions like “that”, with its meaning maintained. Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana. The first half of this sentence is easy to catch. So when dealing with the other half, people usually follow the structure of the first half, and it’d be understood as “fruits fly like bananas”. This is obviously unreasonable. Only when people rethink can they recognize the true meaning of the sentence. Therefore, such sentences manage to make people ignore the structure of the sentence itself, thus departing from its original meaning. Come on! Take a walk down the garden path with the rest of the sentences. 21．What’s the characteristic of “garden path sentences” according to linguists? A．Misleading but error-free. B．Accurate and plain. C．Improperly-worded and meaningless. D．Ungrammatical but comprehensible. 22．Which word is an example similar to the homonym of “man” in sentence 1? A．“grows” in sentence 2. B．“eat” in sentence 4. C．“hunts” in sentence 5. D．“houses” in sentence 6. 23．Which of the following correctly interprets “fruit flies like a banana” in sentence 3? A．“fruit flies” refers to a sort of insect. B．“flies” serves as the verb of the sentence. C．“flies like” explains what fruit is talked about. D．“like” has the same meaning as the “like” before it. 24．What can be the troublemaker in sentence 4? A．The ill-placed verbs. B．The removal of “that”. C．The grammar mistakes. D．The lack of noun behind “collects”. 【答案】21．A 22．D 23．A 24．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了对特殊的英文句子的理解。 21．推理判断题。由文章第八段中“Linguists (语言学家) call these “garden path sentences”, which take you by the hand and lead you down a winding path to a dead end. Despite this, they’re all grammatically correct. Let’s see why. (语言学家称这些句子为“花园小径句”，它们牵着你的手，把你带到一条蜿蜒的小路上，直到一个死胡同。尽管如此，它们的语法都是正确的。让我们看看为什么。)”可知，这些句子的特点是误导但没有错误。故选A。 22．推理判断题。由文章第一个黑标题Sentence 1: The old man the boat.下的“Homonym 1 here is “old”, used as a noun, meaning “old people”; homonym 2is “man”, used as a verb, meaning “to serve in/on”. (这里的第一个同形异义词是“old”，用作名词，意思是“老人”；第二个同音异义词是“man”，用作动词，意思是“服务于”。)”和第七段“Sentence 6: The complex houses married and single soldiers and their families. (建筑群给已婚和单身士兵及其家属提供住处。)”可知，第6句中的“houses”可以是名词“房子”，本句中用作动词“给（某人）提供住处”与第1句中“man”都是具有名词词性，在句子中用作动词。故选D。 23．词句猜测题。由文章第三个黑标题Sentence 3: Time flies like an arrow; fruit flies like a banana.下的“The first half of this sentence is easy to catch. So when dealing with the other half, people usually follow the structure of the first half, and it’d be understood as “fruits fly like bananas”. This is obviously unreasonable. Only when people rethink can they recognize the true meaning of the sentence. Therefore, such sentences manage to make people ignore the structure of the sentence itself, thus departing from its original meaning. (这句话的前半部分很容易听懂。所以在处理另一半的时候，人们通常会遵循前一半的结构，可以理解为“水果像香蕉一样飞”。这显然是不合理的。人们只有重新思考，才能认识到句子的真正含义。因此，这类句子设法使人们忽略了句子本身的结构，从而偏离了句子的本意。)”可知，句子应该理解为“fruit flies”为句子主语，意为“果蝇”，指的是一种昆虫；谓语是“like”意为“喜欢”；宾语是“a banana”，意为“香蕉”。故选A。 24．推理判断题。由文章第五段中“Sentence 4: Fat people eat collects. (人们吃的脂肪会聚集。)”可知，people前省略了that，that people eat为定语从句，修饰先行词Fat，所以“that”的省略导致句子不好理解。故选B。 Passage7.【2024·山东淄博·一模】 ）Chances are you’ve heard the phrase “like a moth to a flame”——and probably seen it in action at a nighttime fire or barbecue, too. It turns out, however, this age-old saying may not be quite right. Rather than being attracted to light, moths’ tendency to fly toward brightness is a behavioral response to help them determine which way is up, suggests a new study published in the journal Nature Communications. To avoid falling down to the ground, insects need to know which way is up, says study coauthor Yash Sondhi, a National Geographic Explorer. Without systems to maintain spatial (空间的) orientation, the brightness of the sky, even at night, has always been a strong indicator of “up”——until artificial lights came along. If they mess that up, they start plummeting. Sondhi and a team of researchers set up experiments to investigate how different lights influence flight behavior. First, the researchers suspended a light bulb from a rope between two trees——resembling a typical downward-pointing light——and in a separate test, they turned the light upward by mounting it on a tripod (三脚架). In both cases, insects leaned their winged backs to the bulb. But when the light was pointed up, the insects often bumped to the ground. What if the light is spread over a wide area? The researchers stretched a large white sheet across the tree and projected a UV light on it. If the insects were truly “attracted” to the light, they should fly up toward it. Instead, the insects cruised (巡航) straight through this illuminated corridor, flying how they would during the day. The team then placed the sheet on the ground and shined the light on it, which is when something truly odd happened: All these moths flying over it turned upside down and crashed out of the sky. Directionality of light is a huge factor in the pattern we have seen, not just brightness or color. “Artificial lights may cause a mismatch between the insect’s sense of which way is up and true direction of gravity, which spells trouble for insects population.” says Sondhi. 25．What can be inferred about “like a moth to a flame” in the new study? A．A moth is generally attracted by a flame. B．Artificial lights are valuable for a moth. C．Brightness indicates up for a moth. D．A moth has a sense of direction. 26．What does the underlined word “plummeting” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Crashing. B．Speeding. C．Freezing. D．Suspending. 27．What lights influence insects most in the experiments? A．UV lights on the tree. B．Upward-pointing lights. C．Downward-pointing lights. D．Lights of different colors. 28．What is Sondhi’s attitude toward artificial lights? A．Concerned. B．Dismissive. C．Doubtful. D．Neutral. 【答案】25．C 26．A 27．B 28．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了一项科学研究表明蛾类向明亮方向飞行的倾向不是被光吸引，而是一种行为反应，帮助它们确定向上的方向。 25．推理判断题。根据第一段的“Rather than being attracted to light, moths’ tendency to fly toward brightness is a behavioral response to help them determine which way is up,suggests a new study published in the journal Nature Communications.(发表在《自然通讯》杂志上的一项新研究表明，蛾类向明亮方向飞行的倾向不是被光吸引，而是一种行为反应，帮助它们确定向上的方向)”以及第二段的“To avoid falling down to the ground, insects need to know which way is up, says study coauthor Yash Sondhi, a National Geographic Explorer.(该研究的合著者、国家地理探险家Yash Sondhi说，为了避免摔倒在地，昆虫需要知道哪条路是向上的)”可知，昆虫需要知道哪条路是向上的，而光能够帮助它们确定向上的方向。由此可推知，在新的研究中，“飞蛾扑火”意味着光能够暗示飞蛾向上飞。故选C。 26．词句猜测题。根据第二段的“Without systems to maintain spatial (空间的) orientation, the brightness of the sky, even at night, has always been a strong indicator of “up”——until artificial lights came along. (没有系统来维持空间方向，即使在晚上，天空的亮度也一直是“向上”的强烈指示——直到人造灯出现)”可知，飞蛾不能辨别方向，天空的亮度一直指示着它向上飞行。人造灯的出现让他们出现了混乱，所以看到灯光，他们就会撞上去。所以划线单词的意思为“碰撞”。故选A。 27．细节理解题。根据第三段的“First, the researchers suspended a light bulb from a rope between two trees——resembling a typical downward-pointing light——and in a separate test, they turned the light upward by mounting it on a tripod (三脚架). In both cases, insects leaned their winged backs to the bulb. But when the light was pointed up, the insects often bumped to the ground.(首先，研究人员将一个灯泡悬挂在两棵树之间的绳子上——类似于典型的向下指向的灯——在另一项测试中，他们将灯泡安装在三脚架上，将其向上转动。在这两种情况下，昆虫都把它们的翅膀背靠在球茎上。但当光线指向上方时，昆虫经常会撞到地上)”可知，向上指示的光线最能影响昆虫。故选B。 28．推理判断题。根据最后第一段““Artificial lights may cause a mismatch between the insect’s sense of which way is up and true direction of gravity, which spells trouble for insects population.”says Sondhi.(“人造光可能会导致昆虫对向上方向和真实重力方向的感觉不匹配，这给昆虫种群带来了麻烦。”Sondhi说)”可推知，Sondhi对人造光对昆虫的影响是担心的。故选A。 Passage8.【2024·山东德州·一模】 Social media provides materialists with ideal opportunities to compare themselves with others, which makes them subject to passive and addictive user behavior. This stresses them out and, ultimately, leads to low life satisfaction, according to a new study. The researchers headed by Dr. Phillip Ozimek from Germany employed 1, 230 people for their online survey. In order to participate, respondents had to visit at least one social media channel at least once a week. On average, the participants stated they spent just over two hours a day on social media. The team used six different questionnaires to determine the extent to which the participants had a materialistic attitude and tended to compare themselves with others, whether they used social media more actively or passively, whether they were addicted to social media, how stressed and how satisfied they were with their lives. “The data showed a stronger materialistic approach goes hand in hand with a tendency to compare oneself with others,” points out Ozimek. This comparison is easy to make on social media, primarily through passive use—by looking at the content posted by other users. Materialism and passive use were also linked to addictive use of social media. “Users are constantly thinking about the respective channels and fear they’re missing out on something if they aren’t online,” explains Ozimek. “This in turn leads to poorer mental health like stress. The final link in the chain is reduced life satisfaction.” “Overall, the study provides further evidence that the use of social media is associated with risks, especially for people with a highly materialistic mindset,” says the psychologist. “This is particularly worrying, because social media can stimulate and increase materialistic values through influence r marketing. Meanwhile, the platforms attract materialists anyway, as they’re a perfect way to satisfy materialistic needs.” “It’s definitely a good idea to be aware of the amount of time you spend on social media and to reduce it,” recommends Ozimek, who advises against giving up social media completely. “If you did, you’re likely to over-correct.” He also suggests recording materialism and social media use in patients undergoing treatment for mental health disorders. “While these factors are often irrelevant, they can be a starting point for additional interventions patients can try out at home.” 29．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．The Virtual World, the Real Danger B．Showing Superiority Causes Heavy Media Use C．More Social Media Materialism, Less Happiness D．Materialistic Values: A Stepping Stone to Discontent 30．To qualify for the survey, a participant must ______ A．be a big spender B．specialize in data analysis C．be a regular social media user D．upload web surfing history 31．What kind of feeling is expressed by Ozimek in paragraph 6? A．Pessimism. B．Sympathy. C．Shock. D．Concern. 32．What does Ozimek propose concerning using social media? A．Restricting the duration. B．Logging onto well-rated websites. C．Abandoning it for good. D．Prohibiting patients from using it. 【答案】29．C 30．C 31．D 32．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究发现社交媒体会导致人们的幸福感降低的问题，解释了研究开展的经过以及建议。 29．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Social media provides materialists with ideal opportunities to compare themselves with others, which makes them subject to passive and addictive user behavior. This stresses them out and, ultimately, leads to low life satisfaction, according to a new study.(社交媒体为唯物主义者提供了与他人比较的理想机会，这使他们受到被动和上瘾的用户行为的影响。根据一项新的研究，这会给他们带来压力，最终导致生活满意度降低)”结合文章主要说明了研究发现社交媒体会导致人们的幸福感降低的问题，解释了研究开展的经过以及建议。故C选项“更多的社交媒体唯物主义，更少的幸福”最符合文章标题。故选C。 30．细节理解题。根据第二段“ In order to participate, respondents had to visit at least one social media channel at least once a week. (为了参与调查，受访者必须每周至少访问一个社交媒体渠道一次。)”可知，要符合调查资格，参与者必须是社交媒体的常规用户。故选C。 31．推理判断题。根据第六段““Overall, the study provides further evidence that the use of social media is associated with risks, especially for people with a highly materialistic mindset,” says the psychologist. “This is particularly worrying, because social media can stimulate and increase materialistic values through influence r marketing. Meanwhile, the platforms attract materialists anyway, as they’re a perfect way to satisfy materialistic needs.”(这位心理学家说：“总的来说，这项研究提供了进一步的证据，证明使用社交媒体与风险有关，尤其是对那些具有高度物质主义心态的人来说。”“这尤其令人担忧，因为社交媒体可以通过影响力营销刺激和增加物质价值。同时，这些平台也吸引了物质主义者，因为它们是满足物质需求的完美方式。”)”可推知，作者表达了一种关心，关注。故选D。 32．细节理解题。根据最后一段““It’s definitely a good idea to be aware of the amount of time you spend on social media and to reduce it,” recommends Ozimek, who advises against giving up social media completely. (“意识到你花在社交媒体上的时间并减少它绝对是一个好主意，”奥兹梅克建议，她不建议完全放弃社交媒体。)”可知，Ozimek建议限制时间。故选A。 Passage9.【2024·山东泰安·三模】 ）The ocean is home to more than 200,000 known species and as many as 2 million that we have yet to discover. And, it is also home to 24.4 trillion pieces of microplastics. In 2022, researchers spotlighted how bad marine microplastic pollution, is getting: The total amount of microplastics on the bottom of oceans has greatly increased. in the past two decades. Microplastic particles don’t just end up at the bottom of the ocean. Animals are eating them — at least 1,500 species have been reported to ingest plastic. And a lot of it. For example, whales in New Zealand’s Hauraki Gulf consume roughly three million microplastics daily, according to research published in Science of the Total Environment, which analyzed whale waste to see how much microplastics were present. “Other research has shown that if plastics are small enough, they can cross the gut(肠道) wall and get into internal organs though the long-term effects are still unclear. Plastics can also release chemicals that are harmful to digestive system,” says Kahane-Rapport. “This is concerning, and while we do not yet understand the long-term health-effects, it is likely not a good sign for whales and their prey(猎物) to eat a man-made material like plastic.” This is obviously bad for whales, but it also has effects on humans and the ocean at large. We are also part of these food chains and are consuming microplastics regularly. They are in our bottled water, in our table salt — they are even in our house dust and in the air we breathe. And we still don’t know what the health effects are. Meanwhile, the impact on whales — and what it indicates — is troubling on many fronts. “Whales are ecosystem engineers,” says Kahane-Rapport. “They can spread the nutrients that they consumed and serve as ecosystem guards — when whales are not healthy, other parts of the system will suffer.” Kahane-Rapport says more research is needed. “The next research step will be to determine how much plastic the whales excrete(排出) and how much is left in their bodies. Following that, we would be able to determine the direct health effects on their tissues.” 33．What does the underlined word “ingest” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Deal with. B．Bring up. C．Take in. D．Spread out. 34．What can be inferred from paragraph 3? A．Researches show contradictory results. B．Digestive system is the most affected part. C．Small plastics are more harmful than big ones. D．Much about microplastics’ harm remains unclear. 35．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The various sources of pollution. B．Tab chain reaction of microplastics. C．Possible solutions to plastic pollution. D．Growing awareness of ocean protection 36．What will the following research focus on? A．Microplastic pollution to the ocean bottom B．The sufferings of other ocean creatures. C．Whales’ contributions to the ecosystem. D．The amount of plastic in whales bodies. 【答案】33．C 34．D 35．B 36．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要讲述了海洋中微塑料污染的严重程度以及对鲸鱼和人类健康的影响。 33．词义猜测题。文章划线单词上文讲到“Microplastic particles don’t just end up at the bottom of the ocean. Animals are eating them — at least 1,500 species have been reported (微塑料颗粒不仅仅最终到达海底。动物正在吃它们——据报道至少有1500种……)”以及下文“For example, whales in New Zealand’s Hauraki Gulf consume roughly three million microplastics daily(例如，新西兰豪拉基湾的鲸鱼每天消耗大约300万个微塑料)”可知，鲸鱼正在吃掉这些塑料微粒。因此，第二段中带下划线的单词可能的意思是“摄入”。“Take in”符合这个意思。故选C。 34．推理判断题。文章第三段讲到“Plastics can also release chemicals that are harmful to digestive system,” says Kahane-Rapport. “This is concerning, and while we do not yet understand the long-term health-effects, it is likely not a good sign for whales and their prey(猎物) to eat a man-made material like plastic.”(塑料也会释放出对消化系统有害的化学物质，”Kahane Rapport说。“这令人担忧，虽然我们还不了解其对健康的长期影响，但鲸鱼及其猎物食用塑料等人造材料可能不是一个好兆头。”)”可知，我们对微塑料的危害仍知之甚少。因此，从第三段可以推断出关于微塑料的危害，目前还不清楚。故选D。 35．主旨大意题。文章第四段讲到“We are also part of these food chains and are consuming microplastics regularly. They are in our bottled water, in our table salt — they are even in our house dust and in the air we breathe. And we still don’t know what the health effects are. (我们也是这些食物链的一部分，并且经常食用微塑料。它们存在于我们的瓶装水、食盐中——甚至存在于我们家的灰尘和我们呼吸的空气中。我们仍然不知道对健康的影响是什么。)”可知，本段主要展示微塑料的连锁反应。故选B。 36．细节理解题。文章最后一段讲到“The next research step will be to determine how much plastic the whales excrete(排出) and how much is left in their bodies. Following that, we would be able to determine the direct health effects on their tissues. (下一步的研究将是确定鲸鱼排泄出多少塑料，以及它们体内还剩多少塑料。之后，我们将能够确定对其组织的直接健康影响。)”可知，接下来的研究将关注鲸鱼体内塑料的数量。故选D。 Passage10.【2024·山东菏泽·一模】 Plastic, once seen as a revolutionary material for its wide application and convenience, has become a global environmental crisis because it is non-biodegradable. The ubiquity (无处不在) of plastic in our daily lives has led to an increasing amount of plastic waste, causing great harm. One of the most alarming examples of this crisis is the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a floating mass of plastic waste in the North Pacific Ocean. It is estimated to be twice the size of Texas and consists of everything from microplastics to abandoned fishing nets. Marine life often mistakes plastic particles for food, leading to ingestion and death. Additionally, the chemicals used in plastic production can pollute water and soil, and finally threaten marine ecosystems. Plastic waste is not limited to the oceans; it also impacts the land. Landfills overflow with plastic waste, emitting (排放) harmful greenhouse gases as plastics break down slowly over time. The production of plastics is highly energy-intensive and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating climate change. Furthermore, plastic litter is evident in urban and rural landscapes, destroying the natural beauty of our planet. Beyond its environmental impact, plastic poses serious health risks to humans. Many plastics contain harmful chemicals, which can be found in food and drinks when plastic containers are used for storage and heating. These chemicals have been linked to a range of health problems, including developmental issues and cancer. In conclusion, the problem of plastic pollution demands urgent action. A comprehensive strategy for cutting down on plastic is essential to tackle these challenges and safeguard the well-being of our planet and its inhabitants. While reducing the consumption of plastic may seem challenging, it is achievable through a combination of policy measures, technological innovations and changes in consumer behavior. Governments must issue laws to ban or heavily regulate single-use plastics and promote alternatives. Businesses should adopt sustainable packaging practices, and individuals can reduce plastic consumption by making conscious choices. 37．What does the example of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch show? A．Animals rely on plastic waste to survive. B．Plastic is too widespread to remove. C．Plastic waste is harming the oceans. D．Plastic poses health risks to humans. 38．What does the underlined word “exacerbating” in paragraph 3 probably mean? A．Worsening. B．Controlling. C．Recording. D．Evaluating. 39．What is the last paragraph mainly about? A．Ways to cut plastic consumption. B．Problems of handling plastic. C．Alternatives for plastic products. D．Some benefits of banning plastic. 40．What is the best title for the text? A．Plastic Packaging Is Everywhere B．Plastic Consumption Should Be Reduced C．How Should Plastic Be Used D．How Plastic Products Affect People 【答案】37．C 38．A 39．A 40．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，文章通过从多个方面阐述塑料的危害性说明为什么应该减少使用塑料。 37．推理判断题。根据第二段“It is estimated to be twice the size of Texas and consists of everything from microplastics to abandoned fishing nets. Marine life often mistakes plastic particles for food, leading to ingestion and death. Additionally, the chemicals used in plastic production can pollute water and soil, and finally threaten marine ecosystems.(据估计，它的面积是德克萨斯州的两倍，由从微塑料到废弃渔网的各种物质组成。海洋生物经常把塑料颗粒误认为食物，导致误食和死亡。此外，塑料生产中使用的化学物质会污染水和土壤，最终威胁到海洋生态系统。)”可知，Great Pacific Garbage Patch说明了塑料垃圾正在危害海洋。故选C。 38．词句猜测题。根据第三段“contributes to greenhouse gas emissions(导致温室气体排放)”可知，划线词所在句子表示“塑料的生产是高度能源密集型的，并导致温室气体排放，加剧了气候变化”，划线词exacerbating的意思是“加剧，使恶化”，和worsening意思相近，故选A。 39．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Governments must issue laws to ban or heavily regulate single-use plastics and promote alternatives. Businesses should adopt sustainable packaging practices, and individuals can reduce plastic consumption by making conscious choices.(政府必须颁布法律禁止或严格监管一次性塑料，并推广替代品。企业应该采用可持续的包装实践，个人可以通过有意识的选择来减少塑料消费。)”可知，最后一段主要讲减少塑料消费的方法。故选A。 40．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是倒数第二段“In conclusion, the problem of plastic pollution demands urgent action. A comprehensive strategy for cutting down on plastic is essential to tackle these challenges and safeguard the well-being of our planet and its inhabitants.(总之，塑料污染问题需要紧急行动。一项减少塑料的综合战略对于应对这些挑战、保护地球及其居民的福祉至关重要。)”可知，文章通过从多个方面阐述塑料的危害性说明为什么应该减少使用塑料，因此最好的题目是B选项“Plastic Consumption Should Be Reduced(应减少塑料消费)”。故选B。 Passage11.【2024·山东菏泽·一模】 A man rides at full speed on a single-wheeled bike, leaning back on a seat fixed above a recycled tyre as he performs wheelies (杂技). This machine is just one of many crazy inventions from Make It Extreme, a You Tube channel run by Michael Mavros and George Shiailis, two best friends who use old materials to create unique and innovative mechanical projects. The partners of this DIY design make the inventions to promote the joys of mechanical engineering and inspire creativity in others. On Make It Extreme, they transform everyday objects and vehicles into extreme versions of themselves, pushing creative boundaries in the process. They build and design their projects, film and edit the entire process, then finally showcase the results. “By passionately crafting furniture, engines, tools, toys and vehicles while using our imagination, we try to offer innovative solutions to various mechanical challenges,” explains Mavros, “We’ve shared this passion since our early years, and now, through our channel, we share it with millions of other people in an easily understandable way.” For its 100th video, Make It Extreme introduced the Monotrack bike, constructed entirely from recycled and old materials. They utilised a 100cc two-stroke engine from an old scooter (摩托车), cutting the sidewalls of a used car tyre and fitting it around a recycled motor. The bike reflects their commitment to sustainability and creativity, purely for the joy and curiosity it brings. “The idea for the Monotrack bike came from an old wartime photo where we saw a similar vehicle,” says Mavros, “Our creations are often inspired by things we’ve encountered before. For example, the Monowheel, where a person sits inside a huge wheel, was inspired by similar vehicles from decades ago, and our tank chair stemmed from the idea of creating an accessible adventure vehicle for people with limited mobility.” Make It Extreme now has almost two million subscribers who are eager to tune in every month to see the partners’ latest invention. And Mavros promises that 2024 will see them create their most daring project yet. 41．Why do Mavros and Shiailis run Make It Extreme? A．To make profits. B．To earn popularity. C．To develop hobby. D．To awaken innovation. 42．What do we think of their inventions according to paragraph 5? A．Practical. B．Eco-friendly. C．Costly. D．Convenient. 43．What is paragraph 6 mainly about? A．Why the old things were used. B．Where the Monowheel was found. C．What their inspirations originated from. D．How the Monotrack bike was invented. 44．What can we learn from Mavros and Shiailis in the text? A．Nothing is impossible. B．Hard work will pay off. C．Success needs perseverance. D．Many hands make light work. 【答案】41．D 42．B 43．C 44．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了Michael Mavros和George Shiailis使用旧材料创造出独特而创新的机械项目，他们想发明来促进机械工程的乐趣，并激发其他人的创造力。 41．细节理解题。根据第二段“The partners of this DIY design make the inventions to promote the joys of mechanical engineering and inspire creativity in others.(这个DIY设计的合作伙伴通过发明来促进机械工程的乐趣，并激发其他人的创造力)”可知，Mavros和Shiailis经营Make It Extreme是为了唤醒创新。故选D。 42．细节理解题。根据第五段“For its 100th video, Make It Extreme introduced the Monotrack bike, constructed entirely from recycled and old materials.(在其第100个视频中，Make It Extreme介绍了Monotrack自行车，完全由回收和旧材料制成)”可知，他们的发明是环保的。故选B。 43．主旨大意题。根据第六段““The idea for the Monotrack bike came from an old wartime photo where we saw a similar vehicle,” says Mavros, “Our creations are often inspired by things we’ve encountered before. For example, the Monowheel, where a person sits inside a huge wheel, was inspired by similar vehicles from decades ago, and our tank chair stemmed from the idea of creating an accessible adventure vehicle for people with limited mobility.”(马夫罗斯说:“单轨自行车的想法来自于一张战时的旧照片，我们在那里看到了一辆类似的车辆。我们的创作灵感往往来自于我们以前遇到过的东西。”例如，Monowheel，一个人坐在一个巨大的轮子里，灵感来自几十年前的类似车辆，而我们的坦克椅源于为行动不便的人创造一种方便的冒险车的想法。”)”可知，第6段的主要内容是他们的灵感来源。故选C。 44．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Make It Extreme now has almost two million subscribers who are eager to tune in every month to see the partners’ latest invention. And Mavros promises that 2024 will see them create their most daring project yet.(Make It Extreme现在有近200万订户，他们每个月都渴望收看这两位合作伙伴的最新发明。Mavros承诺，2024年他们将创造出迄今为止最大胆的项目)”结合文章主要说明了Michael Mavros和George Shiailis使用旧材料创造出独特而创新的机械项目，他们想发明来促进机械工程的乐趣，并激发其他人的创造力。可推知，Mavros和Shiailis告诉我们没有什么是不可能的。故选A。 Passage12.【2024·山东聊城·三模】 I have a tea problem, drinking far too much since my teens. The addiction is bad, though cheap as addictions go. My excuse is that there are so many problems to which a cup of tea is the answer. Who doesn’t think it’s a lifesaver right now, as the dark falls and the cold follows? Luckily, I needn’t be ashamed of my dependence on tea any longer — in fact, I should be proud. Because a new study by Professor Francisca Antman, an economist at the University of Colorado Boulder, shows widespread adoption of tea-drinking in late 18th-century England wasn’t just central to the development of our national culture, it actually saved lives. In 1784, the Commutation Act dramatically cut the tea tax from 119% to 12.5%. Soon even peasants were drinking two cups of tea a day, with tea imports increasing six times between 1761 and 1834. What does a cup of tea need apart from tea leaves? Boiled water —which meant much healthier water in an era when people didn’t know dirty water spread disease. Plus, at the time tea was cheaper than beer, the other source of disease-free drink. Death rates fell from 28 to 23 per 1,000 people over that same period. The role of tea imports was confirmed by drops in deaths from diseases carried by water. Improvements were greatest in areas of lower water quality. And there was economic development, allowing the gathering together of people in the factory towns of the Industrial Revolution. This all happened by accident, in a period in which public health protection didn’t much exist. It is surprising how a social custom could have such a big impact on the course of history. Anyway, I’m off to put the k ettle on. 45．Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward drınking tea? A．Critical. B．Skeptical. C．Positive. D．Conservative. 46．Why did the death rates drop? A．The government canceled the tea tax. B．The tea was the cheapest drink. C．The boiled tea water was cleaner. D．The British preferred to drink tea. 47．Which of the places might benefit most from drinking tea in history? A．Tea growing areas. B．Dirty communities. C．Mountain areas. D．Towns rich in water. 48．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．An Unexpected Lifesaver B．A Modern Trend in Tea Drinking C．The Origins of Tea Addiction D．The Impacts of Tea Export 【答案】45．C 46．C 47．B 48．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了喝茶的好处，以及英格兰茶文化的历史渊源。 45．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Luckily, I needn’t be ashamed of my dependence on tea any longer — in fact, I should be proud.(幸运的是，我不必再为我对茶的依赖感到羞耻——事实上，我应该感到自豪。)”以及“... widespread adoption of tea-drinking in late 18th-century England wasn’t just central to the development of our national culture, it actually saved lives.(在18世纪晚期，饮茶在英国的广泛普及不仅对我们国家文化的发展至关重要，而且还挽救了生命。)”可知，作者对喝茶持积极的态度。故选C。 46．细节理解题。根据文章第三段“What does a cup of tea need apart from tea leaves? Boiled water —which meant much healthier water in an era when people didn’t know dirty water spread disease.(一杯茶除了茶叶还需要什么？白开水——在那个人们不知道脏水会传播疾病的年代，这意味着更健康的水。)”可知，烧开的茶水更干净，有助于降低水传播疾病的风险，从而降低了死亡率。故选C。 47．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“The role of tea imports was confirmed by drops in deaths from diseases carried by water. Improvements were greatest in areas of lower water quality.(茶叶进口的作用被由水传播的疾病导致的死亡率下降所证实。水质较差的地区改善最大。)”可推知，历史上比较脏的地区从喝茶中获益最多。故选B。 48．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Because a new study by Professor Francisca Antman, an economist at the University of Colorado Boulder, shows widespread adoption of tea-drinking in late 18th-century England wasn’t just central to the development of our national culture, it actually saved lives.( 因为科罗拉多大学博尔德分校的经济学家弗朗西斯卡·安特曼教授的一项新研究表明，在18世纪晚期，英国广泛采用饮茶不仅对我们国家文化的发展至关重要，而且实际上挽救了生命。)”可知，在18世纪晚期的英格兰，喝茶有效降低了死亡率，起到了拯救生命的作用；结合最后一段“This all happened by accident, in a period in which public health protection didn’t much exist.(这一切都是偶然发生的，在一个公共卫生保护不太存在的时期。)”可知，喝茶可以拯救生命是一个没有被人们预料到的效果。由此可知，A项：An Unexpected Lifesaver(一个意想不到的救命之物)是最合适的标题。故选A。 Passage13.【2024·山东菏泽·一模】 Childhood can bring much awe — the emotion caused by mysterious experiences of things or ideas that we’ve never encountered before. For example, our children can feel awe looking up at a dark night sky that’s filled with more stars than they’ve ever imagined. As parents, it’s deeply moving to witness our children’s experience of awe — their breaths taken away, speechless apart from saying “Wow!” —  because we see how it enriches their individual lives. And research suggests that awe can also boost our children’s desire to give as they feel small in the vastness of expanded awareness. A recent study by researchers Eftychia Stamkou and her colleagues invited children between eight and 13 years old to watch different videos. In the awe group, children watched a video from the movie Song of the Sea that features a child transforming into a seal and flying over a city. In the joy group, children watched a video from the movie Fantasia that shows friends celebrating. In the third group, children watched an instructional video of a boring activity. Researchers measured children’s kindness toward poor families by inviting children to support a donation campaign by spending as much time as they wanted on figuring out the number of donated items, to make sure those in need got access to the donated food as quickly as possible. They also invited children to donate the reward they earned from participating in the research to a poor family. The results? Children who watched the awe-inspiring video spent more time counting food donations and donated their rewards to poor families more often compared to the children in the other groups. “Although children from an early age are more likely to help in-group than out-group members, the findings show that awe can open them up to helping members of a national minority,” says Dacher Keltner, a renowned scholar of awe. “These findings highlight that awe-inspiring art can encourage children to give what they can offer to people who have been forcibly displaced from their countries of origin. That can serve as inspiration for educators.” 49．Why would parents like their children to have the experience of awe? A．It teaches their kids to keep quiet. B．It makes their kids’ lives colorful. C．It frees them from caring for kids. D．It allows them to be praised by their kids. 50．What were children asked to do in the study? A．Retell stories in videos. B．Share their emotions. C．Do counting work. D．Cook some food. 51．How does Dacher Keltner comment on the study? A．Its methods are rather complex. B．Its conclusion is nothing special. C．Its study subjects are unsuitable. D．Its findings are of significance. 52．What is the main idea of the text? A．The experience of awe is common for us. B．Awe brings you back to your childhood life. C．Nature is the most awesome thing for kids. D．Feeling awe may help kids be more generous. 【答案】49．B 50．C 51．D 52．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项针对孩子敬畏之情的研究，解释了研究的经过以及研究发现有敬畏之情的孩子更加慷慨，愿意帮助他人。 49．细节理解题。根据第一段“As parents, it’s deeply moving to witness our children’s experience of awe—their breaths taken away, speechless apart from saying “Wow!”— because we see how it enriches their individual lives.(作为父母，目睹孩子们的敬畏之情是非常感人的——除了说“哇!”外他们屏住呼吸——因为我们看到它如何丰富了他们的个人生活)”可知，父母会希望他们的孩子有敬畏的经历是为了使孩子们的生活丰富多彩。故选B。 50．细节理解题。根据第四段“Researchers measured children’s kindness toward poor families by inviting children to support a donation campaign by spending as much time as they wanted on figuring out the number of donated items, to make sure those in need got access to the donated food as quickly as possible.(研究人员通过邀请孩子们支持捐赠活动来衡量孩子们对贫困家庭的善意，他们花尽可能多的时间来计算捐赠物品的数量，以确保那些有需要的人能尽快获得捐赠的食物)”可知，孩子们在研究中被要求做计数工作。故选C。 51．推理判断题。根据最后一段““Although children from an early age are more likely to help in-group than out-group members, the findings show that awe can open them up to helping members of a national minority,” says Dacher Keltner, a renowned scholar of awe. “These findings highlight that awe-inspiring art can encourage children to give what they can offer to people who have been forcibly displaced from their countries of origin. That can serve as inspiration for educators.”(著名的敬畏学者达切尔·凯尔特纳说：“虽然儿童从小就更有可能帮助群体内的成员，而不是群体外的成员，但研究结果表明，敬畏可以让他们敞开心扉，帮助少数民族的成员。这些发现强调，令人敬畏的艺术可以鼓励孩子们为那些被迫离开原籍国的人提供他们所能提供的东西。这可以作为教育工作者的灵感。”)”可知，克尔特纳老师认为这项研究的发现很有意义。故选D。 52．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据倒数第二段“The results? Children who watched the awe-inspiring video spent more time counting food donations and donated their rewards to poor families more often compared to the children in the other groups.(结果呢？与其他组的孩子相比，观看了令人敬畏的视频的孩子花了更多的时间计算食物捐赠，并更频繁地向贫困家庭捐赠他们的奖励)”可知，文章主要介绍了一项针对孩子敬畏之情的研究发现有敬畏之情的孩子更加慷慨，愿意帮助他人。由此可知，这篇文章的主旨是敬畏可能会帮助孩子更慷慨。故选D。 Passage14【2024·山东威海·二模】 How much water does the average adult need to drink every day? “Eight 8-ounce glasses” is common advice, but any truly serious answer to the how-much question will begin with some version of it depends.” Researchers have long known that a region called SFO in the brain monitors the concentration (浓度) of water and salts in blood and triggers the urge to drink. But they failed to fully explain how we experience thirst. For example, when we gulp a drink, we feel almost instantly satisfied, and yet it takes 10 to 15 minutes for a liquid to enter our bloodstream. Recently neuroscientists have gained other remarkable insights into how thirst is monitored in the body and controlled in the brain. In a series of elegant experiments with mice, Zimmerman, a neuroscientist, and his associates measured the activity of neurons (神经元) in the SFO. “We saw that their activity changed very fast when the mouse drank water or drank saltwater and when it ate food,” he says. The researchers showed that signals gathered at the SFO from several places. “You get a signal from the blood that tells your current state of hydration (水平衡), a signal from the mouth that tells you how much fluid you drank, and a signal from the gut that tells you what was consumed — was it water, was it something else?” The SFO neurons, he explains, “add these signals together” and then transmit the urge to drink or stop drinking. The big takeaway of Zimmerman’s work is that for the most part you can trust your thirst system to tell you when you need to drink. But there are exceptions. Because the system’s sensitivity may decline with age. People with certain health conditions, including kidney stones and diarrhea, also need extra water. Other parts of the brain — the ones used in planning — should help with hydration on hot days and when exercising. Thirsty or not, Zimmerman says, he drinks water before going for a run: “My thirst neurons don’t know I’m about to run 10 miles.” 53．What has long been known about thirst? A．Thirst experience varies among individuals. B．Thirst is controlled by the water-salt balance in blood. C．Thirst satisfaction occurs with water entering bloodstream. D．Thirst response is influenced by the type of liquid consumed. 54．What’s the main idea of paragraph 3? A．Why we feel thirst. B．Where SFO gets signals. C．How we experience thirst. D．When SFO neurons get active. 55．What’s the major conclusion from Zimmerman’s study? A．Thirst system is generally reliable. B．Illness might affect thirst sensation. C．Brain areas for planning aid in hydration. D．Brain adjusts to age-related thirst sensitivity. 56．What may be a suitable title for the text? A．Drink Your Way to Health B．Application of the Thirst Mechanisms C．Misunderstanding of Daily Water Intake D．Body Detects Daily Water Needs Cleverly 【答案】53．B 54．C 55．A 56．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了身体能巧妙地检测出每天所需的水分。 53．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Researchers have long known that a region called SFO in the brain monitors the concentration (浓度) of water and salts in blood and triggers the urge to drink.(研究人员早就知道，大脑中有一个叫做SFO的区域可以监测血液中水和盐的浓度，并触发喝水的冲动。)”可知，关于口渴，人们早就知道口渴是由血液中的水盐平衡控制的。故选B。 54．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“In a series of elegant experiments with mice, Zimmerman, a neuroscientist, and his associates measured the activity of neurons (神经元) in the SFO…. The SFO neurons, he explains, “add these signals together” and then transmit the urge to drink or stop drinking.(神经科学家齐默尔曼和他的同事们用老鼠做了一系列精美的实验，测量了SFO神经元的活动。……他解释说，SFO神经元“将这些信号加在一起”，然后传递饮酒或戒酒的冲动。)”可知，第三段主要讲述了我们如何体验口渴。故选C。 55．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“The big takeaway of Zimmerman’s work is that for the most part you can trust your thirst system to tell you when you need to drink.(齐默尔曼研究的主要结论是，在大多数情况下，你可以相信你的口渴系统会告诉你什么时候需要喝水。)”可知，齐默尔曼研究的主要结论是口渴系统通常是可靠的。故选A。 56．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“The big takeaway of Zimmerman’s work is that for the most part you can trust your thirst system to tell you when you need to drink.(齐默尔曼研究的主要结论是，在大多数情况下，你可以相信你的口渴系统会告诉你什么时候需要喝水。)”结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了研究发现，身体能巧妙地检测出每天所需的水分。故选D。 Passage15【2024·山东菏泽·模拟预测】 Most people can think of a time when they were in a bad mood after a long day at work and a shop assistant gave them a warm smile. Or maybe they overheard their bus-mate speaking German and ended up filling the morning commute（通勤）with a stimulating conversation about an upcoming trip. Nicholas Epley, a psychologist at the University of Chicago conducted a study. Participants speaking to strangers on public transportation during their morning commutes reported having a more enjoyable commute. Epley shared why speaking to strangers may have such a mood boosting impact. Loneliness, Epley explained, is one of the most dangerous social stressors and is even more physically harmful than obesity（肥胖）. “It’s larger than air pollution, which we spend an awful lot of time worrying about.” Making connections with those around us can reduce loneliness and its harmful impacts. Despite all the benefits of conversing with strangers, there are some factors that hold people back from new social connections. Psychologist Gillian Sandstrom thinks that people don’t talk with strangers, simply because most people don’t have the skills or confidence to do so. To address this, she ran London-based events to help people gain confidence in initiating conversations with strangers. Sandstrom said, “By the end, those participants don’t want to stop talking.” Sandstrom wanted to take this success a step further and she started hosting events where people were forced to talk with strangers. For example, using the app GooseChase, Sandstrom made a campaign that required participants to talk to people with a variety of characteristics. This event was also successful with four fifths of participants sharing that they learned something new, and nearly half hoping to keep in touch with a new-found friend. People spend so much of our day around strangers, such as in line at the store, on public transportation, and in the office. Why not take advantage of being around people you don’t know? Flash a smile or start up a conversation, and you will make two people’s day nicer. 57．Why does Nicholas Epley mention air pollution? A．To show the strong impact of loneliness on mood. B．To highlight the significance of making connections. C．To introduce the benefits of conversing with strangers. D．To prove the necessity of creating a good environment. 58．What can we learn about Gillian Sandstrom’s London-based events? A．They provide new job opportunities. B．They are highly enjoyed by the participants. C．They boost people’s confidence in society. D．They explore why people don’t talk to strangers. 59．How does the author show the success of the app-based campaign? A．By referring to quotes. B．By listing examples. C．By making comparisons. D．By showing statistics. 60．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To urge people to interact with strangers. B．To relieve commuters from awkwardness. C．To help people improve communication skills. D．To remind people to pay attention to their surroundings. 【答案】57．A 58．B 59．D 60．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了与陌生人交流的好处，旨在鼓励人们多与陌生人交流。 57．推理判断题。根据第三段中“Loneliness, Epley explained, is one of the most dangerous social stressors and is even more physically harmful than obesity（肥胖）. “It’s larger than air pollution, which we spend an awful lot of time worrying about.” (Epley解释说，孤独是最危险的社会压力源之一，对身体的伤害甚至比肥胖更大。“这比我们花了很多时间担心的空气污染还要严重。”)”可推知，Nicholas Epley提及空气污染是为了说明孤独对心情的影响很大。故选A。 58．细节理解题。根据第五段中“To address this, she ran London-based events to help people gain confidence in initiating conversations with strangers. Sandstrom said, “By the end, those participants don’t want to stop talking.” (为了解决这个问题，她在伦敦举办了一些活动，帮助人们在与陌生人交谈时获得信心。Sandstrom说：“到最后，那些参与者不想停止交谈。”)”可推知，这些活动深受参与者的喜爱。故选B。 59．推理判断题。根据第六段中“This event was also successful with four fifths of participants sharing that they learned something new, and nearly half hoping to keep in touch with a new-found friend. (这项活动也很成功，五分之四的参与者分享了他们学到的新东西，近一半的人希望与新朋友保持联系。)”可推知，作者通过列举数据说明了这个活动大获成功。故选D。 60．推理判断题。本文主要介绍了与陌生人交流的好处。根据最后一段内容“People spend so much of our day around strangers, such as in line at the store, on public transportation, and in the office. Why not take advantage of being around people you don’t know? Flash a smile or start up a conversation, and you will make two people’s day nicer. (人们一天中的大部分时间都在陌生人身边度过，比如在商店排队、乘坐公共交通工具和办公室。为什么不利用和你不认识的人在一起的机会呢？一个微笑或开始一段对话，你会让两个人的一天变得更好。)”可推知，本文旨在鼓励人们多与陌生人交流。故选A。 Passage16【2024·山东青岛·三模】 One of the most common questions I get from concerned gardeners is how to deal with climbing plants, like ivy. The thinking behind this is that climbers are a dragon brickwork and can cause structural damage to buildings. But when you actually look at the science, very few of these f cars are based on any evidence. A 2020 study of a range of climbing plants on model brick buildings found that the shade cast by the plants’ leaves cooled the surface of the buildings in the summer by as much as 5.7℃, reducing the wide swings between day and night temperatures-a key driver of surface structural damage. It also lowered summer temperatures inside the buildings by up to 7.2℃, and was even projected to reduce heating bills by as much as 20 percent in the winter. Despite concerns that plant strap moisture (水分) against brickwork, leading to damp issues, the same trial showed ivy didn’t significantly raise moisture levels-rather, it helped stabilise them, minimising changes that could damage the buildings surfaces It is worth bearing in mind that these results were from model buildings with new brickwork. What about well-used buildings? Well another study, this one from 2011, found that in five historical buildings, bare walls experienced average maximum temperatures 36 percent higher and minimum temperatures 15 percent lower compared with those coated in leaves. The researchers concluded that the living protection provided by those climbing plants would “reduce the likelihood of frost and salt damage to the building materials, thus contributing to their conservation”. They also found that the leaves’ ability to trap pollution could reduce the damage to historical walls. Imagine if there was a new material that could cool cities and cut energy bills, all while looking beautiful. Did I mention it was also self-cleaning and carbon negative? The truth is that we have had this amazing material all along, but rather than appreciating it we have spent huge amounts of time worrying about bow to tear it down. 61．What are gardeners commonly concerned about? A．Poor quality of brickwork. B．Weeds competing for space. C．Damage caused by construction. D．Potential dangers of climbing plants. 62．What do climbing plans mainly serve as according to the 2020 study? A．A temperature adjuster. B．A moisture tester. C．A pollution monitor. D．An air purifier. 63．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．Possible doubts about the findings. B．Analysis of the experimental data. C．Supporting evidence for the findings. D．Explanation for the research process. 64．What is the author’s attitude toward climbing plants? A．Unclear. B．Dismissive. C．Appreciative. D．Tolerant. 【答案】61．D 62．A 63．C 64．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究发现攀缘植物（如常春藤）对建筑物有多方面的益处。 61．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“One of the most common questions I get from concerned gardeners is how to deal with climbing plants, like ivy. The thinking behind this is that climbers are a dragon brickwork and can cause structural damage to buildings.(我经常从关心花园的园丁那里听到的一个问题是如何处理攀缘植物，比如常春藤。这种担忧背后的想法是，攀缘植物会损害砖砌结构，从而对建筑造成结构损坏。)”可知，园丁们最担心的是攀缘植物的潜在危险。故选D。 62．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“A 2020 study of a range of climbing plants on model brick buildings found that the shade cast by the plants’ leaves cooled the surface of the buildings in the summer by as much as 5.7℃, reducing the wide swings between day and night temperatures-a key driver of surface structural damage. It also lowered summer temperatures inside the buildings by up to 7.2℃(2020年对一系列攀缘植物在模型砖建筑上的研究发现，这些植物叶片产生的阴凉使建筑物表面在夏天降温高达5.7℃，减少了昼夜温差的大幅度波动——这是导致表面结构损坏的关键因素。同时，它也使建筑内部在夏季的温度降低了多达7.2℃。)”可知，攀缘植物的叶子形成的阴影可以在夏天降低建筑表面的温度，减少昼夜温差，这是造成建筑表面结构破坏的主要因素。因此，攀缘植物主要作为温度调节器。故选A。 63．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段“It is worth bearing in mind that these results were from model buildings with new brickwork. What about well-used buildings? Well another study, this one from 2011, found that in five historical buildings, bare walls experienced average maximum temperatures 36 percent higher and minimum temperatures 15 percent lower compared with those coated in leaves.(值得注意的是，这些结果来自具有新砖墙结构的模型建筑。那么，对于已经使用过的建筑又如何呢？嗯，另一项来自2011年的研究发现，在五座历史建筑中，裸露的墙壁的平均最高温度比覆盖着叶子的墙壁高出36%，而最低温度则低出15%。)”可知，第三段提到了一项2011年的研究，该研究发现与覆盖着叶子的墙壁相比，裸露的墙壁经历了更高的最高温度和更低的最低温度。这是为了支持第二段中的发现，即攀缘植物可以降低建筑表面和内部的温度，从而减少对建筑结构的损害。因此，第三段主要提供了对发现的支持证据。故选C。 64．推理判断题。通读全文可知，作者在文章中提到，虽然有人担心攀缘植物会对建筑造成损害，但研究表明攀缘植物可以降温、降低能耗，并对建筑物有保护作用。结合最后一段“Imagine if there was a new material that could cool cities and cut energy bills, all while looking beautiful. Did I mention it was also self-cleaning and carbon negative? The truth is that we have had this amazing material all along, but rather than appreciating it we have spent huge amounts of time worrying about bow to tear it down.(想象一下，如果有一种新材料能够冷却城市、减少能源账单，同时还很美观。我是不是还提到了它还能自我清洁并且是碳负性的？事实上，我们一直都拥有这种神奇的材料，但我们并没有欣赏它，反而花费了大量时间担心如何摧毁它。)”可知，作者对攀缘植物持赞赏的态度。故选C。 Passage17【2024·山东青岛·三模】 As social creatures, research has histoncally pointed us away from time alone. But recently, more people are spending time away from the crowd, and even seem to desire it. In Solitude (独处) — The science and power of being alone, a book co-written by Heather Hansen, an award-winning journalist and author, with the researcher Thuy-vy Nguyen, they set out to understand how everyday solitude affects people’s lives. In the largest study of its kind, thousands aged between 13 and 85 participated in online surveys. For some, think of the word “solitude”, and they will think of a determined hiker alone in the wilderness. Most people described experiences of solitude achieved while, for example, walking in a park or writing in a journal. Surprisingly, some described solitude as having a psychological distance from others, but not necessarily a physical one. In several separate experiments, Nguyen found that when people spend 15 minutes alone, there is a “deactivation effect”, meaning “high excitement” emotions like anxiety are decreased, while positive “low excitement” feelings like calmness are increased, which wasn’t seen when people spent 15 minutes with another person. One caveat is that sometimes solitude also increases the negative low excitement feeling of loneliness. However, a further experiment showed that this increase could be weakened when individuals chose to think about positive thoughts or when they were given a choice whether to spend time alone. The list doesn’t end there, though. Several studies link time alone and creativity, but only when people avoid social interactions because of what is known as a “non-fearful” preference for solitude. On the other hand, there is no such link in those whose fear or anxiety prevents them from interacting with others, or because of avoidance, where people disliked social interactions. Now think about the next time you will be on your own. Will you enjoy or suffer it? As evidence increases for how time alone can be a positive force in shaping our lives, Hansen and her colleagues recommend planning for it-and protecting it. 65．What is the survey in paragraph 2 mainly about? A．When solitude is needed. B．What solitude looks like. C．How solitude affects people’s lives. D．How people make the best of solitude. 66．What does the underlined word “caveat” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Trap. B．Bonus. C．Warning. D．Prediction. 67．According to the studies, time alone will boost creativity for those who__________. A．prefer to take risks B．choose to be alone without fear C．dislike social interactions D．enjoy negative emotions 68．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．The Power of One B．Profit of Socializing C．The Urge to Live Alone D．Battle Against Solitude 【答案】65．B 66．C 67．B 68．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了独处对人们生活的积极影响，包括提高创造力和帮助人们更好地规划自己的生活。 65．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“For some, think of the word “solitude”, and they will think of a determined hiker alone in the wilderness. Most people described experiences of solitude achieved while, for example, walking in a park or writing in a journal. Surprisingly, some described solitude as having a psychological distance from others, but not necessarily a physical one.(对一些人来说，一想到“独处”这个词，他们就会想到一个坚定的徒步旅行者独自在荒野中。大多数人描述了在公园散步或写日记时获得的独处经历。令人惊讶的是，一些人将孤独描述为与他人保持心理距离，但不一定是身体上的距离。)”可知，该段主要讨论的是独处的表现形式，即“独处是什么样子的”。故选B。 66．词句猜测题。根据上文“In several separate experiments, Nguyen found that when people spend 15 minutes alone, there is a “deactivation effect”, meaning “high excitement” emotions like anxiety are decreased, while positive “low excitement” feelings like calmness are increased, which wasn’t seen when people spent 15 minutes with another person.(在几个独立的实验中，Nguyen发现，当人们独处15分钟时，会产生一种“失活效应”，这意味着焦虑等“高度兴奋”的情绪会减少，而平静等积极的“低兴奋”情绪会增加，而当人们与另一个人相处15分钟时，则不会出现这种情况。)”可知，上文提到独处的好处，结合下文“sometimes solitude also increases the negative low excitement feeling of loneliness.(有时独处也会增加消极的低兴奋感)”可知，此处的意思是独处不仅会增加积极的低兴奋感，也会增加消极的低兴奋感，这是值得警醒的事情，由此可知，caveat意为“警告，警醒”。故选C。 67．细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Several studies link time alone and creativity, but only when people avoid social interactions because of what is known as a “non-fearful” preference for solitude.(几项研究将独处时间与创造力联系起来，但只有当人们因为所谓的“无所畏惧”的独处偏好而避免社交时才会如此。)”可知，只有那些因为“非恐惧”的偏好而选择独处的人，独处时间才会促进他们的创造力。故选B。 68．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，文章主要讨论了独处对人们生活的积极影响，包括提高创造力和帮助人们更好地规划自己的生活。因此，最适合的标题应该是强调独处的好处或力量的标题，即“一个人的力量”。故选A。 Passage18【2024·山东烟台·三模】 Europe draws unnecessarily too much on the earth’s food resources, which is why researchers are calling for political actions to reduce food loss and waste on the continent. According to researchers, “food loss” occurs from the primary agricultural sector to the food processing industry and the wholesale sector, while from the retail (零售) sector towards the service industry and households, we refer to it as “food waste”. “Halving Europe’s food loss and waste could largely help solve the challenges of food shortages in the world,” says Marianne Thomson, research leader and professor of sustainable food systems at UCPH. The researchers’ calculations show halving food loss and waste in Europe equals saving 8% of the greenhouse gas, along with a saving of about 12% of agricultural areas. In addition, there is a saving of 7% of water consumption, and 14% of energy in the food production for the citizens of Europe. The calculations apply a consumption-based approach. This includes the greenhouse gas from locally produced and imported food in European countries, while leaving out foods produced inside but exported to other countries. This is why countries should take actions to reduce food loss and waste at all stages of the food supply chain. Marianne Thomson introduces monitoring and reporting of food loss and waste by all actors along the food supply chain as an important action. Such an action, combined with other types of similar actions, may be a strong encouragement for companies and the rest of society to put in time and money for new technology and combined efforts to prevent food loss and waste along the food supply chain. Producing companies can cooperate on upcycling (升级改造) products. The service industry can apply upcycled materials produced from food not needed in the wholesale sector, and at the same time encourage costumers to take smaller portions by reducing the plate size. “Cutting food loss and waste by 50% in Europe requires political actions, and also the actions need to adapt to national circumstances and specific regional and local challenges,” says Marianne Thomson. 69．What is the researchers’ ultimate aim? A．To decrease food loss and waste. B．To criticize Europe for overusing food. C．To look for new products for Europeans. D．To arouse people’s awareness of food shortage. 70．What is presented in paragraph 3? A．Possible causes. B．Solving strategies. C．Research findings. D．Calculating methods. 71．What do we know about the action put forward by Marianne Thomson? A．It requires producing less food for citizens of Europe. B．It gives no consideration to the food produced out of Europe. C．It needs joint efforts of everyone along the food supply chain. D．It costs too much time and money of food producing companies. 72．What can we learn from the passage? A．Food loss and waste appear at every stage of the supply chain. B．Smaller sizes of plates lead to people’s eating more than they need. C．Political actions to reduce food loss and waste meet with no difficulty. D．Cutting food loss and waste in Europe by 50% means saving 14% agricultural lands. 【答案】69．A 70．C 71．C 72．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讨论了欧洲过度消耗地球食品资源的问题，并强调减少食品损失和浪费的重要性。 69．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Europe draws unnecessarily too much on the earth’s food resources, which is why researchers are calling for political actions to reduce food loss and waste on the continent.(欧洲不必要地过度消耗了地球上的粮食资源，这就是为什么研究人员呼吁采取政治行动来减少欧洲大陆的粮食损失和浪费)”可知，研究人员的最终目标是减少食品损失和浪费。故选A。 70．主旨大意题。根据文章第三段““Halving Europe’s food loss and waste could largely help solve the challenges of food shortages in the world,” says Marianne Thomson, research leader and professor of sustainable food systems at UCPH. The researchers’ calculations show halving food loss and waste in Europe equals saving 8% of the greenhouse gas, along with a saving of about 12% of agricultural areas. In addition, there is a saving of 7% of water consumption, and 14% of energy in the food production for the citizens of Europe.(“将欧洲的粮食损失和浪费减半可以在很大程度上帮助解决世界粮食短缺的挑战，”研究负责人、UCPH可持续粮食系统教授Marianne Thomson说。研究人员的计算表明，在欧洲，将食物损失和浪费减少一半，相当于减少8%的温室气体排放，同时减少约12%的农业面积。此外，还为欧洲公民节约了7%的水消耗，14%的能源用于食品生产)”可知，第三段提到了研究人员的计算结果，包括减少一半的食品损失和浪费可以节省8%的温室气体排放、12%的农业用地、7%的水消耗以及欧洲公民在食品生产中使用的14%的能源。由此可知，第三段主要陈述了研究结果。故选C。 71．细节理解题。根据文章第五段“This is why countries should take actions to reduce food loss and waste at all stages of the food supply chain. Marianne Thomson introduces monitoring and reporting of food loss and waste by all actors along the food supply chain as an important action.(因此，各国应采取行动，在粮食供应链的各个阶段减少粮食损失和浪费。Marianne Thomson介绍了食品供应链上所有参与者监测和报告粮食损失和浪费的重要行动)”可知，Marianne Thomson认为所有参与食品供应链的人都需要进行监测和报告食品损失和浪费，这是一个重要的行动。由此可知，这意味着该行动需要食品供应链上每个人的共同努力。故选C。 72．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“According to researchers, “food loss” occurs from the primary agricultural sector to the food processing industry and the wholesale sector, while from the retail (零售) sector towards the service industry and households, we refer to it as “food waste”.(根据研究人员的说法，“食物损失”发生在初级农业部门到食品加工业和批发部门，而从零售部门到服务业和家庭，我们称之为“食物浪费”)”可知，研究人员认为，从主要农业部门到食品加工行业和批发部门都存在食品损失，而从零售部门到服务行业和家庭则存在食品浪费。由此可知，食品损失和浪费出现在供应链的每个阶段。故选A。 ( 40 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$