专题02 阅读理解(说明文)-2024年浙江省高考英语精选模拟题分类汇编.zip

专题02阅读理解 说明文 Passage1.【2024•浙江杭州•模拟预测】 Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television reduced the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues. Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a short video of the speech on the news. In these simplified forms, much of what comprised the traditional political speech of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In short videos, politicians assert (断言) but do not argue. Because television is an intimate (亲密的) medium, speaking through it requires a changed political style that is more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills. Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements. 1．What do we know about “stump speech” in paragraph 2? A．It’s an event created by politicians to attract media attention. B．It’s an interactive discussion between two politicians. C．It’s a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century. D．It’s a style of speech common to televised political events. 2．It is suggested in paragraph 4 that ________. A．politicians need to learn to become more personal B．attractive politicians are favored by citizens C．citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed issues D．citizens need to learn how to evaluate visual political images 3．What can we infer from the passage? A．Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past. B．Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past. C．Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past. D．Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past. 4．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Television: an Agent of Change in Politics B．Television: a Platform for Political Debate C．Television: an Alternative to Stump Speech D．Television: a New Medium for Communication Passage2.【2024•浙江嘉兴•模拟预测】 If you’re studying English or another foreign language, you might be wondering. “How is this going to help me in my life?” As it turns out, studying and thinking in a foreign language has its own benefits! In a 2012 study, Boaz Keysar, a professor at the University of Chicago in the US, led an experiment concerning the relationship between foreign languages and people’s way of thinking. In the experiment, people were asked to make a choice: Take a guarantee of one pound or take a 50 percent chance of winning 2.50 pounds. When presented with this choice in their native language, most people took the safe option of only getting one pound. But they were more willing to make the riskier choice when asked in a foreign language, leading to more profits overall. In another study published this year, Keysar and his team did an experiment in which participants were given a series of related words like “dream”, “snooze (打盹)”, “bed” and “rest”. Later, when asked which words they remembered hearing, people were more likely to mistakenly remember “sleep”, which was not on the list, in their native language. But it was much less likely to happen if they did the test in a foreign language. As Keysar explained, people have more careful thinking when using a foreign language, leading to memories with greater accuracy. The foreign language effect may even stretch to our personality. Silvia Purpuri at the University of Trento, Italy, looked at people’s willingness to face uncertainty and enter unfamiliar situations. Being tolerant of uncertainty allows people to have more creative ideas and be more open to new things. It turns out that people naturally score more highly on this trait (特点) when they can speak or use a foreign language because speaking a foreign language requires taking risks. The evidence is clear: By learning a foreign language, you’re not just learning a language-you’re gaining a new state of mind. 5．In Keysar’s experiment, when making decisions in a foreign language, people tend to be ______. A．decisive B．hopeful C．daring D．careful 6．How does using a foreign language affect memory according to Keysar? A．It improves memory accuracy. B．It increases memory recall speed. C．It strengthens long-term memory. D．It requires repeated memorization. 7．What is a potential benefit of being open to uncertainty? A．Increased creativity. B．Greater tolerance. C．Better learning ability. D．Boosted adventurous spirit. 8．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Challenges of learning a foreign language. B．Advantages of learning a foreign language. C．How foreign language learning influences memory. D．How foreign language learning determines one’s future. Passage3.【2024•浙江嘉兴•模拟预测】 July 2023 was the world’s warmest month on record, according to the World Meteorological Organization. UN Secretary—General Antonio Guterres said in a speech that the planet is entering an “era of global boiling”. How to cool the planet has long been a troubling question for scientists. They are now turning to sun-blocking technology, which refers to reflecting sunlight back into space in order to keep down the temperature of the planet’s climate. According to Euronews, a European television news network, one idea involves pumping sun-blocking particles (粒子) into the upper atmosphere. The particles will then stay in the air and redirect sunshine back upwards. It is like applying sunscreen on the outside of Earth. Researchers at Yale University, US, outlined a plan to use 125 high-flying planes to spread the particles at latitudes (纬度) of 60 degrees north and south. The particles will then travel toward the poles, which could possibly cool the temperature there by 2℃. Another very promising technique is called “cloud brightening”, according to Chris Sacca, a US climate expert. This method involves sending sea salt particles into clouds above the sea, making them whiter and thus they reflect more sunlight back into space. In June, the US government announced in a report that it was offering support for solar engineering research as a way to slow the rise of global temperatures. According to the report, the US government believes that the technology “offers the possibility of cooling the planet significantly in a few years”. However, following the report, an open letter by more than 60 scientists called for caution and more research first. Kristen Rasmussen, a climate scientist at Colorado State University, US, has been studying how these sun-blocking methods will affect rainfall patterns. She said that apart from rainfall, ecosystems and even human communities would also be affected. “We need to be very cautious on this,” Rasmussen told Scientific American. 9．What do we know about sun-blocking particles? A．They can catch and take in sunlight. B．They function as a protective cover for Earth. C．They can release cool air into the atmosphere. D．They are most effective when used at the poles. 10．What is the US government’s attitude toward sun-blocking technology? A．Favorable. B．Pessimistic. C．Objective. D．Dismissive. 11．What is Kristen Rasmussen’s main concern regarding sun-blocking methods? A．Their potential impact on human health. B．Their practicability in actual application. C．Their high cost and limited effectiveness. D．Their far-reaching negative consequences. 12．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Cooling Our Planet B．Era of Global Boiling C．Pumping Blocking Particles D．The Technique of Cloud Brightening Passage4.【2024•浙江绍兴•一模】 Have you ever lost something in a hard-to-reach space, like behind a couch or a cupboard? Wouldn’t it be nice to just be able to squeeze in and out? New innovations in the field of robotics will soon be able to make this nice idea into a reality. In a study published on Jan. 25 in the science journal Matter, engineers from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Carnegie Mellon University in the US have developed small robots that can quickly change back and forth from liquid to solid states. According to the website Mashable, the scientists were inspired by sea cucumbers (海参). They are able to change the stiffness of their body or reduce the potential for physical damage. The robots in the study were made from gallium, a soft metal with a low melting point of 30℃. The scientists then used changes in the magnetic field to handle the magnetic particles (粒子) inside the gallium material to provide heat. This heat then allowed the robots to change between solid and liquid states as well as to move around. As the website Tech Xplore pointed out, other similar materials require external heat sources such as heat guns and electrical currents to bring a change of states; but now, the robots can use a heat source inside itself to change states independently. During the robots’ experimental trials, the scientists conducted a number of tests. These tests included having the robots melt into liquid and re-form to escape a prison-like cage. It can remove a foreign object from and deliver medicinal drugs to a model stomach. The robot is also able to build and repair hard-to-reach circuits. The robots’ ability to switch between states of matter allows for a number of possible uses and advancements in different fields, such as the biomedical and circuit assembly industries. Still, in the words of senior author Carmel Majidi at Carnegie Mellon University, for now these are all just “proofs of concept” which show the abilities of these new kinds of robots. 13．What can we learn about the small robots? A．They were produced by British scientists. B．They came from inspiration of sea cucumbers. C．They can help people squeeze in and out freely. D．They were made from a newly invented material. 14．How did scientists change the state of the robots? A．By employing a heat source. B．By using electrical currents. C．By controlling the magnetic particles. D．By building hard-to-reach circuits. 15．What can be inferred about the robots from Majidi’s words? A．Their abilities are overstated. B．They have great market potential. C．Proof is needed to understand the concept. D．It will take time for them to be widely used. 16．What might be the best title of the passage? A．Ongoing Challenges the New Robots Face B．Amazing Features the New Robots Possess C．Potential Limitations the New Robots Have D．New Melting Robots Switching between Different States Passage5.【2024•浙江宁波•二模】 One of the earliest forms of writing which is still being used today is Chinese characters, or hanzi. The image that many people have of Chinese characters is that they are all pictograms, but this is far from the case because pictograms have very limited use. Simple pictograms might be practical, for example, if one is making a shopping list of items to buy at the store, but they are fairly useless if one is writing something more complex or abstract. So it is a mistake to assume that written Chinese is a “picture language”． Besides pictograms, there are simple ideograms. These are characters which provide an abstract picture of an idea, but in an often easily recognizable form. For example, “up” is “上” while “down” is “下”. While the meanings of many ideograms are not this easy to work out, they tend to be simple, easy-to-remember characters which are commonly used. Next we have a common category of hanzi: compound characters. These are where elements of two or more characters are combined in one character for a new meaning. Some of these are easy to understand. In many cases, however, the meanings of compound characters are more difficult to work out. Phonetic loan characters are the characters which started out as pictograms. However, they were often used to mean other words that had the same pronunciation. A good example of this is “目”. While it can be used in modern Chinese with the meaning “eye”, it is most often used to mean “an item on a list”. The reason was that Chinese had a word for “an item on a list” but lacked a character for it, so the word took the character “目”, a character with the same pronunciation. A final category of Chinese characters is by far the most common. These are phonetic-semantic characters. With phonetic-semantic characters, one element of each character gives a clue to the pronunciation, while the other gives a clue to the meaning. Over the centuries, Chinese characters have continually been developed, with a trend towards the simple and more abstract. It was thought that the complexity of some Chinese characters was keeping people from being able to learn them. Thus, during the 1950s and 1960s, the Chinese government rolled out simplified Chinese characters. 17．Why are pictograms sometimes not practical for use in a writing system? A．They are only available for shopping. B．They are too complex for people to learn. C．They cannot convey abstract ideas very well. D．They are quite complicated and difficult to write. 18．What do we know about compound characters according to the passage? A．They are drawings of objects used in a writing system. B．They are characters which use elements of two or more characters. C．They are characters used in a writing system to convey abstract concepts. D．They are characters which give clues to both the meaning and pronunciation. 19．Which of the following categories does the character “模” belong to? A．Pictograms. B．Phonetic loan characters. C．Ideograms. D．Phonetic-semantic characters. 20．What would be the benefit of simplifying Chinese characters according to the passage? A．Creating a standard character set for China. B．Visualizing the image of Chinese characters. C．Popularizing the use of Chinese characters. D．Reproducing a high-grade character for calligraphy. Passage6.【2024•浙江宁波•二模】 The rate of childhood obesity in the U. S. has tripled over the past 50 years. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) made waves this year by recommending that doctors put obese kids as young as two years old on intensive, family-oriented lifestyle and behavior plans. It also suggested prescribing weight-loss drugs to children l2 and older and surgery to teens 13 and older. This advice reflects the organization’s adoption of a more active position on childhood obesity. Yet the lifestyle programs the AAP recommends are expensive, inaccessible to most children and hard to maintain. Few weight-loss drugs have been approved for children. And surgery has potential risks and few long-term safety data. Furthermore, it’s not clear whether interventions in youngsters help to improve health or merely add to the psychological burden overweight kids face from the society. Rather than paying close attention to numbers on a scale, the U. S. and countries with similar trends should focus on an underlying truth: we need to invest in more and safer places for children to play where they can move and run around, climb and jump, ride and skate. Why is it so hard to get kids moving? Experts blame the problem on the privatization of sports — as public investment in school-based athletics dwindles, expensive private leagues have grown, leaving many kids out. In addition to fewer opportunities at school, researchers cite increased screen time and a lack of safe places for them to play outside the home. New York City, for example, had 2,067 public playgrounds as of 2019 — a very small amount for its large population. In Los Angeles in 2015, only 33 percent of youths lived within walking distance of a park. Kids everywhere need more places to play. Public funding to build and keep up these areas is crucial, but other options such as shared-use agreements can make unused spaces available to the public. These opportunities aren’t primarily about changing children’s waistlines — they’re how we keep childhood healthy and fun. 21．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．Childhood obesity is well under control in recent years. B．Weight-loss surgery are recommended to children 12 and older. C．AAP plays a more active role in fighting against childhood obesity. D．Expensive as it is, lifestyle programs are practical for most children. 22．The underlined word “dwindle” is closest in meaning to ______. A．decline B．quit C．increase D．develop 23．In the author’s opinion, what measures should be taken to create more safe areas? A．Prepare fitness equipment at home. B．Live within walking distance of a park. C．Promote investment in private athletics. D．Open up playgrounds when school’s out. 24．What’s the main idea of the text? A．Sports play an important role in children’s growth. B．More safe areas for outdoor fun are in urgent need. C．Family-oriented lifestyles are crucial to children’s health. D．Medical intervention is important to ease psychological burden. Passage7.【2024•浙江嘉兴•二模】 It’s commonly acknowledged that our lives are ruled by algorithms (算法), but have we really collectively understood how they have transformed our culture and personality? In Filterworld: How algorithms flattened culture, Kyle Chayka argues convincingly that the rise of algorithm-driven feeds, used everywhere online from Instagram to Spotify, has led to a more uniform culture. Our tastes and desires increasingly don’t belong to us, but to algorithms that are designed to keep people engaged at all costs. If the collection of our tastes truly shapes our entire personality, then this loss is more psychologically damaging than it first appears. Aimlessly scrolling (滚屏) through Netflix or TikTok may seem harmless, but over days, months or years, we lose touch with what we like and enjoy. Taste-making algorithms are inescapable. Chayka shows this by working through all corners of life: what we wear(TikTok), where we eat(Google Maps), music we listen to(Spotify), even who we date or marry(Tinder). This universe of algorithm-driven decisions has society-wide implications: “It extends to influence our physical spaces, our cities, and the routes we move through…flattening them in turn.” No one gets out of the Filterworld untouched. If you’re lucky enough not to need any sort of algorithm-based system for your work, then you have the option to step back from algorithms for a while. But if your friend suggests a film recommended on X/Twitter or you feel the need to buy those shoes suddenly everyone has started wearing after social media advertisements, what are you to do? It all feels fruitless. This Filterworld may be inescapable, but there is hope. You can start by engaging more with the media you do choose to consume. This could mean reading up about a film you watched or paying artists you like directly. Even the thoughtful act of recommending an album (专辑) to a friend is more rewarding than a random TikTok feed. As Chayka says, resistance to algorithms “requires an act of willpower, a choice to move through the world in a different way.” 25．What is Kyle Chayka’s opinion on algorithms? A．They improve our tastes. B．They make our culture more alike. C．They help to identify our personality. D．They contribute to psychological problems. 26．What does the underlined part in paragraph 3 refer to? A．The society with advanced technology. B．The world without social media platforms. C．The network of algorithm-driven decisions. D．The community free from algorithmic influence. 27．Which of the following is a way to resist the impact of algorithms? A．Limiting the use of social media platforms. B．Making choices based on friends’ suggestions. C．Getting more involved with the selected media. D．Disconnecting from social media advertisements. 28．What is the best title for the text? A．Algorithms: Cultural Takeover B．The Secret of Algorithms C．Social Media: Cultural Messenger D．The Rise of Digital Platforms Passage8.【2024•浙江台州•二模】 When instant cake mixes first appeared in the 1950s, American housewives were doubtful. These mixes, promising easy cake-baking, felt too easy. The manufacturers discovered that requiring the addition of an egg in the baking process was just enough to make the housewives happy with their work. The greater sense of effort gained from a little extra labor is believed to have been essential to the later success of the cake mix. This reflects the IKEA effect (宜家效应), which is identified by psychologist Michael I. Norton and his colleagues, suggesting we place greater value on things we have worked to create. They conducted four studies in which they asked participants to fold paper cranes and frogs, assemble IKEA boxes, and build sets of Legos. They then asked the builders to bid (出价) for their creations, and compared the prices with bids from people who hadn’t built them. The builders consistently outbid the non-builders. Interestingly, the IKEA effect works even when people have no opportunity to fully personalize their creations. While most participants’ folding skills left much to be desired, they loved their imperfectly personalized products all the more. Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creations nearly five times as much as non-builders. Beauty, it seems, is in the eye of the builder. Today, as cities are suffering from severe housing crises, the IKEA effect can give us insight into the well-being benefits of a self-building approach to housing development. Projects like WikiHouse and the “half-a-house” approach pioneered by Alejandro Aravena’s architecture company Elemental are working to make housing more affordable and sustainable by making it easier for people to build and personalize their own homes. “The moment people are involved with their built environment, they have a totally different relationship to it,” WikiHouse co-founder Alastair Parvin explained. “When the roof starts leaking or a door starts creaking, they have the power to fix it themselves.” 29．What brought customers the joy of cake-baking according to paragraph 1? A．A better taste. B．An easy approach. C．A detailed recipe. D．An additional effort. 30．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 imply? A．Creations are based on skills. B．Extra labor increases perceived value. C．Beauty is found through contrast. D．Strict management brings good quality. 31．What is Alastair Parvin’s attitude towards public involvement in housing? A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. 32．What’s the purpose of this text? A．To promote a brand. B．To make a proposal. C．To explain a concept. D．To introduce a study. Passage9.【2024•浙江宁波•二模】 Education in 2080 is distinctive from education in the 2020s. Until about 2035, the main function of education systems was to supply the economy with the next generation of workers. In 2080, the purpose of education is the well-being of society and all its members. To make this a bit more tangible for you, I would like to give an example of what a child’s education looks like in 2080. Her name is Shemsy. Shemsy is 13, and she is confident and loves learning. Shemsy does not go to school in the morning because schools as you know them no longer exist. The institution was abolished as it was widely thought of as more like a prison or a factory than a creative learning environment. Schools have been replaced with “Learning Hubs” that are not restricted to certain ages. They are where intergenerational learning happens, in line with the belief that learning is a lifelong pursuit. Every year, Shemsy designs her learning journey for the year with a highly attentive “teacher-citizen”. Shemsy is actively engaged in designing her education and has to propose projects she would like to be involved in to contribute to and serve her community. She also spends lots of time playing as the role of play in learning has finally been recognized as essential and core to our humanity. Shemsy works a lot collaboratively. Access to education is universal, and higher education institutions no longer differentiate themselves by how many people they reject yearly. Variability between students is expected and leveraged (利用) as young people teach one another and use their differences as a source of strength. Shemsy naturally explores what she is curious about at a pace she sets. She still has some classes to take that are mandatory for children globally: Being Human and the History of Humanity. We invite you to think about your vision for education in the year 2080, what does it look like, who does it serve,and how does it transform our societies? 33．What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．There are different types of education. B．The present education needs improvements. C．Education and economy are closely associated. D．The goal of future education is fundamentally different. 34．What do we know about the Learning Hub that Shemsy goes to? A．It accepts students of all ages. B．It promotes competition. C．It discourages individualized learning. D．It is all about play-based learning. 35．What does the underlined word “mandatory” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Tough. B．Satisfactory. C．Optional. D．Required. 36．What is the suitable title for the text? A．An Example to All B．A Vision for Education C．A Challenge for Education D．A Journey into the Future Passage10.【2024•浙江杭州•模拟预测】 Evolution (进化) can perform extraordinary makeovers; today’s airborne songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged — in other words, escape natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly identical to its410-million-year-old fossils. Scientists have long wondered how these species do so. It has been assumed that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting for moderate or average qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting for more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection). But a study published in the National Academy of Sciences USA contradicts this idea, showing that evolution constantly favors different qualities in seemingly unchanging animals to improve short-term survival. In the long term, though, “all that evolution cancels out and leads to no change,” says the study’s lead author, James Stroud. Stroud and his colleagues studied for lizard (蜥蜴) specios; all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes (脚趾头), noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabılızıng selection at work preserving moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection: some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better. “The study offers a good explanation for why we see what we think is stabiliring selection,” says Tadashi Fukami, an ecologist studying evolution at Stanford University. Many new qualities are evolving in the short term, but they don’t provide a crucial advantage over the long term. In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible combination of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes more dramatically? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards. 37．Why does the author mention the “coelacanth fish” in paragraph 1? A．To demonstrate the power of evolution. B．To add evidence to natural selection. C．To give an example of unchanged species. D．To prove species' extraordinary makeovers. 38．What's the focus of paragraph 2? A．Unsolved mysteries. B．A common belief. C．A sharp contrast. D．Unique Characteristics. 39．How did Stroud conduct his research? A．By analyzing lizard fossils. B．By tracking research objects. C．By illustrating stabilizing selection. D．By categorizing qualities of lizards. 40．What will Stroud probably do in the future? A．Make trips to visit lizard experts. B．Summarize average features of lizards. C．Reveal the best combinations of qualities. D．Examine lizards under extreme conditions. Passage11.【2024•浙江温州•三模】 Many economists predict 2024 will be the time shoppers tighten their belts. That doesn’t mean people will stop spending, say retail (零售) analysts. But it will change what they choose to buy. With a slowing job market, global consumers are likely to move away from more high-priced purchases and focus instead on smaller, less expensive treats.    The economic uncertainty means that consumers are becoming more discriminating about their purchases, says Ethan Chermofsky, senior vice president of marketing at intelligence platform Placer. ai. “There are the things we decide are necessary, and then there’s another category of things that aren’t necessary but that we consider affordable luxuries, he says. This desire for these “affordable luxuries” is common in difficult economic times. Some economists refer to the phenomenon as the “lipstick index”: a small economic increase led by budget-minded consumers seeking out relatively affordable splurges (挥霍), like small cosmetics (化妆品). Analysts at Deloitte say consumers will spend on little luxuries like specialty coffees and snacks as well. Additionally, stressed-out shoppers are prioritizing small splurge purchases for wellness and personal care. As retailers see shoppers turning to little luxuries, they’re offering more and more of them. Target, for example, has staked a flag in what they refer to as “affordable joy”, which includes a selection of self-care and cosmetic products, along with wellness-centric beauty products. Beyond diversifying their offerings, stores are also bringing in luxury-feeling products at lower price points to appeal to more consumers. Ethan says not every shopper will shift their spending to little luxuries-but even those who are still longing for the “must-haves” of social media will also look to get a deal. They want the feeling of purchasing lower-priced affordable treats. To get these goods, shoppers are likely to tap into the re-sale market for designer items at a more reasonable price. They want things that make them feel good about themselves-they just want to do it without breaking the bank. 41．What can affordable luxuries be? A．Inexpensive daily necessities. B．High-end products. C．Reasonably-priced designer items. D．High-priced purchases. 42．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The strategies retailers use. B．The joy businesses offer. C．The competition stores face. D．The products consumers buy. 43．What do most shoppers seek according to Ethan? A．Social-media deals. B．World-famous brands. C．Second-hand bargains. D．Budget-friendly pleasures. 44．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Lipstick Index: Where Does It Lead Us? B．Must-have Treats: A Future Spending Trend C．Affordable Joy: Will We Fall Into The Trap? D．Little Luxuries: A Driving Force Behind Consumption Passage12.【2024•浙江宁波•二模】 For want of a chip, the factory was lost. On May 18th Toyota became the latest carmaker forced to cut production in a global shortage of microchips, announcing it would stop work at two of its plants in Japan. Other car makers have also had to send workers home. The pain is not limited to the car industry, for the shortage spans all sorts of chips, from the expensive, high-tech devices that power smartphones and data-centers to the simple sensors and micro-controllers that have become a vital commodity (商品). This chip drought is the result of the covid-19 pandemic interacting with an industry that is subject to cycles of boom and bust. “The most important thing”, says Malcolm Penn, who runs a chip-industry consultancy, “is that shortages are a natural part of the industry.” Chipmaking is a good example of a “pork-cycle” business, named for the regular swings between under- and over-supply in pork markets. As with pigs, the supply of chips cannot quickly react to changes in demand. Capacity was tight even before the pandemic, says Mr Penn, pointing out that investment by chipmakers in factory equipment has been below its long-term average for many years. The pandemic arrived at the worst possible time. After an early crash, demand in several fields boomed. Locked-down consumers bought laptops and other devices. Cloud-computing operators added servers to deal with the wave of home-workers. The car industry was particularly badly hit by a decision to cut orders early in the pandemic-demand for cars has since recovered. But the complexities of the production process mean it takes time to recover. “I can cancel my orders in an afternoon,” says Mr. Penn. “If I want to start them up again, that takes months--and that capacity is now busy serving other customers.” But the pork cycle is turning once again. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, the world’s biggest chipmaker, plans to spend $30bn on new capacity this year. Two other giants, have also decided on further investment. That will bring relief to the wider economy, but not immediately. The boss of IBM said he thought the shortages might last for two years. And, says Mr Penn, when the drought eventually ends, chipmakers may find they face a familiar problem on a bigger scale: a capacity investment in response to serious shortages today could well mean a sizeable surplus (过剩) tomorrow. 45．How does the author illustrate the cyclical nature of chipmaking in paragraph 3? A．By referring to a quotation. B．By making a comparison. C．By drawing a conclusion. D．By presenting an argument. 46．What may the investment mentioned in paragraph 5 eventually lead to? A．Improved supply chain stability. B．Timely assistance to the business. C．Economic growth in related sectors. D．Possible future oversupply of chips. 47．What can we learn from the passage? A．Production capacity would recover soon. B．A combination of reasons led to chip shortage. C．An investment of S30bn was enough for the problem. D．Toyota was the first carmaker to suspend production. 48．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Loading, please wait B．Dying, please act C．Calling, please respond D．Over-supplying, please stop Passage13.【2024•浙江绍兴•模拟预测】 Whales are celebrated for being the largest and most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Now, biologists have discovered that they also capture (捕获) tons of carbon from the atmosphere, a service with an economic value of US $1 trillion for all the great whales, according to a new study published by the International Monetary Fund. The study points out that protecting whales, normally viewed as a human good, also has a monetary motivation. “The carbon capture potential of whales is truly incredible,” said the report. “Our conservative estimates put the value of the average great whale at more than US $2 million, and easily over US $1 trillion for the current stock of great whales.” Whales absorb carbon in their bodies during their long lives, some of which stretch to 200 years. When they die, they sink to the bottom of the ocean, taking the carbon with them. According to the study, each great whale traps around 33 tons of carbon dioxide on average. A tree during the same period only contributes to 3 percent of the carbon absorption of the whale. Whale populations are today a smidgen of what they once were. It is estimated that there are slightly more than 1.3 million whales in the ocean, a quarter of their pre-whaling number of 4 to 5 million. Some species in particular, like the blue whale, are only 3 percent of what they used to be. “We can create financial methods to promote the restoration of the world’s whale populations,” said the report’s authors. “Rewards could help those who pay significant costs as a result of whale protection.” With the Paris Agreement coming into force next year and the effects of climate change ever more widespread, we must prevent the harm to whales. Researchers analyzed that unless new methods are put forward, it would take over 30 years to double the number of current whales, and several generations to return them to their pre-whaling numbers. “Society and our own survival can’t afford to wait this long,” they said. 49．What does the new study reveal about whales? A．They are money-makers for good. B．Their intelligence is unquestionable. C．They are a natural climate solution. D．Their survival is threatened by carbon. 50．Why is a whale compared with a tree in paragraph 2? A．To indicate all matter regarding green efforts. B．To illustrate whales are friendly to the oceans. C．To highlight whales’ carbon capture potential. D．To emphasize the importance of tree planting. 51．What can be inferred from what researchers said in paragraph 4? A．Climate change intensifies. B．Whale populations stay low. C．Our survival is endangered. D．Whale protection is a priority. 52．What is the most suitable title for the article? A．Protect whales to protect the planet B．How to restore whale populations C．Live in harmony with ocean giants D．Whales can guarantee our survival Passage14.【2024•浙江绍兴•模拟预测】 Vitamin D was recognized a century ago as the cure for rickets, a childhood disease that causes weak bones. Then, in the early 2000s, a pile of studies suggested that low vitamin D levels could be a factor in cancer, cardiovascular (心血管) disease, Parkinson’s disease and so on. This simple vitamin seemed to be a cure for whatever troubled us. However, all these observational studies have a fundamental weakness: they can identify a co-occurrence between vitamin D and a disease, but they can’t prove there is a cause-and-effect relation. To look at whether taking vitamin D had curative effects, Manson and her team started the world’s largest and most far-reaching randomized vitamin D trial. The study followed nearly 26,000 healthy adults, randomized to receive either 2,000 international units (IU) of vitamin D or a placebo (安慰剂), for an average of 5.3 years. The volunteers were almost evenly split between men and women, and 20 percent of the participants were black. The results came as a shock. Not only did vitamin D not reduce rates of cancer or heart disease, but the trial also found that vitamin D did not prevent or improve cognitive function, or reduce the risk of bone fractures (骨折). The finding about fractures “was a real surprise to many people,” Manson says. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine established an expert committee to conduct a thorough analysis of all existing studies on vitamin D and health. The committee concluded that the bone-strengthening benefits of vitamin D remain steady when blood levels reach 12 to 16 nanograms per millililter. They also found that there were no benefits to having levels above 20ng/ml. According to measurements of vitamin D levels in the general U. S. population, most had levels of 20 ng/ml or more in 2011. Levels have actually risen since then, meaning that most people don’t need to take extra vitamin D． The ups and downs of vitamin D offer a lesson in humility. The relation between the vitamin and disease is far more complicated than it first seemed and a reminder that scientific understanding is always developing over time. 53．What is the problem with the early studies regarding vitamin D? A．No related cases were involved. B．They lack convincing evidence. C．No observation was conducted. D．They fail to account for anything. 54．Why were 20 percent of the participants black in Manson’s trial? A．To identify vitamin D-related disease. B．To help solve the problems they faced. C．To make their findings more reliable. D．To show their respect for the minority. 55．What do you know about the findings in paragraph 3 and 4? A．They proved vitamin D was the cure for disease. B．They revealed that vitamin D made no difference. C．They came as no surprise to Manson and her team. D．They updated people’s knowledge about vitamin D． 56．What should we realize from the ups and downs of vitamin D? A．Scientific understanding is dynamic. B．We should not believe the old theories. C．Research into vitamins is worthwhile. D．Some diseases are practically incurable. Passage15.【2024•浙江绍兴•二模】 About a decade ago, wearing hanfu, a traditional style of clothing worn by China’s Han ethnic group, was considered more of a hobby, with a relatively small number of Chinese individuals participating in the trend. Currently, there is a notable shift as young consumers in China are urging brands to acknowledge their heritage and adapt to it to influence the market. The hanfu movement rather suits this rhetoric, advocating cultural autonomy infused with a touch of patriotism. Many Chinese Gen Zs have come to realize that fashion is not exclusive to Western styles; they have also recognized the allure and appeal of their own traditional garments. Cultural confidence has played a significant role in popularizing these traditional clothing choices. Jun Baoyuan, a 24-year-old graduate from the Beijing Institute of Technology, said that people who develop an interest in hanfu will in turn learn more about the traditional skills rooted in Chinese culture, including cloth weaving and traditional jewelry handicrafts. She also noted that many of her close friends today had entered her life as a result of their shared passion for hanfu. Jun often shares her hanfu-clad adventures on Douyin, where she has gathered a 60,000-strong following. As her reputation as a high-flying hanfu model grew, she started collaborating with museums in China and participating in a range of events. But Jun also warned that with the popularity of hanfu events and the rising number of enthusiasts who want to join the movement, some merchants have fueled unfair competition by selling poor-quality hanfu garments at high prices. These days, making sure you get your money’s worth requires a good deal of knowledge. The hanfu movement is among the most significant currents in the contemporary young Chinese cultural narrative. They have brought a sense of pride and Chinese aesthetics to social media, where overseas Chinese, too, can express their heritage. Psychologically and culturally, the hanfu movement is playing a major role in shaping the new generation of young Chinese, blending modernity with tradition. It is nothing short of remarkable to see China’s Gen Zs coming together to embrace and celebrate their customs. Although the future path of the hanfu movement has yet to unveil itself, it’s surely a phenomenon worth monitoring. The revival of Chinese culture has gained force and shows no signs of slowing down anytime soon. 57．What contributes to the revival of hanfu? A．The brands’ desire for more profit. B．The experts’ advocacy of patriotism. C．The youth’s recognition of traditional culture. D．The economic development of Han ethnic group. 58．What do we know about Jun? A．She is expert in hand-made products. B．She gained popularity for her adventures. C．She cooperated with museums for her reputation. D．She expanded her social circle thanks to her passion. 59．What is Jun’s attitude towards the current hanfu movement? A．Disapproval. B．Objective. C．Suspicious. D．Defensive. 60．What is the main idea of Paragraph 5? A．The future prospect of the hanfu movement. B．The great significance of the hanfu movement. C．The potential risks coming with the hanfu movement. D．The Gen Zs’ quality reflected by the hanfu movement. ( 21 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题02阅读理解 说明文 Passage1.【2024•浙江杭州•模拟预测】 Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics. By giving citizens independent access to the candidates, television reduced the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By centering politics on the person of the candidate, television accelerated the citizen’s focus on character rather than issues. Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were. The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a short video of the speech on the news. In these simplified forms, much of what comprised the traditional political speech of earlier ages has been lost. In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker cannot establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In short videos, politicians assert (断言) but do not argue. Because television is an intimate (亲密的) medium, speaking through it requires a changed political style that is more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills. Recognizing the power of television’s pictures, politicians craft televisual, staged events designed to attract media coverage. Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements. 1．What do we know about “stump speech” in paragraph 2? A．It’s an event created by politicians to attract media attention. B．It’s an interactive discussion between two politicians. C．It’s a kind of political presentation typical of the nineteenth century. D．It’s a style of speech common to televised political events. 2．It is suggested in paragraph 4 that ________. A．politicians need to learn to become more personal B．attractive politicians are favored by citizens C．citizens tend to favor a politician who analyzed issues D．citizens need to learn how to evaluate visual political images 3．What can we infer from the passage? A．Political presentations today are more like advertisements than in the past. B．Politicians today tend to be more familiar with the views of citizens than in the past. C．Citizens today are less informed about a politician’s character than in the past. D．Political speeches today focus more on details about issues than in the past. 4．What’s the best title for the passage? A．Television: an Agent of Change in Politics B．Television: a Platform for Political Debate C．Television: an Alternative to Stump Speech D．Television: a New Medium for Communication 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了电视改变了政治的传播以及交流形式。如今的政治演讲比过去更像广告，知情公民需要一套新的技能来应对。 1．细节理解题。根据第二段“The stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1 to 2 hours, which was popular in the nineteenth-century, has given way to the 30-second advertisement and the 10 second “sound bite” in broadcast news.(19世纪流行的政治演说，即政治家在旅行中发表的持续1到2小时的政治演说，已经被30秒的广告和10秒的广播新闻“声音片段”所取代)”可知，“政治演说”是一种典型的十九世纪的政治表现。故选C。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us to analyze words and print. However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills.(对电视的依赖意味着，我们的政治世界越来越多地充斥着令人难忘的画面，而不是令人难忘的话语。学校教我们分析文字和印刷品。然而，在一个政治日益可视化的世界里，知情的公民需要一套新的技能)”可推知，公民需要学习如何评价视觉政治形象。故选D。 3．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Much of the political activity we see on television news has been crafted by politicians, their speechwriters, and their public relations advisers for televised consumption. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.(我们在电视新闻中看到的许多政治活动都是由政治家、他们的演讲撰稿人和他们的公共关系顾问精心策划的，以供电视消费。新闻中的插话和辩论中对问题的回答越来越像广告)”可知，今天的政治演讲比过去更像广告。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is spread, by altering political campaigns, and by changing citizen’s patterns of response to politics.(电视改变了信息传播的方式，改变了政治运动，改变了公民对政治的反应模式，从而改变了美国的政治)”可知，文章主要说明了电视改变了政治的传播以及交流形式。如今的政治演讲比过去更像广告。A选项“电视：政治变革的推动者”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage2.【2024•浙江嘉兴•模拟预测】 If you’re studying English or another foreign language, you might be wondering. “How is this going to help me in my life?” As it turns out, studying and thinking in a foreign language has its own benefits! In a 2012 study, Boaz Keysar, a professor at the University of Chicago in the US, led an experiment concerning the relationship between foreign languages and people’s way of thinking. In the experiment, people were asked to make a choice: Take a guarantee of one pound or take a 50 percent chance of winning 2.50 pounds. When presented with this choice in their native language, most people took the safe option of only getting one pound. But they were more willing to make the riskier choice when asked in a foreign language, leading to more profits overall. In another study published this year, Keysar and his team did an experiment in which participants were given a series of related words like “dream”, “snooze (打盹)”, “bed” and “rest”. Later, when asked which words they remembered hearing, people were more likely to mistakenly remember “sleep”, which was not on the list, in their native language. But it was much less likely to happen if they did the test in a foreign language. As Keysar explained, people have more careful thinking when using a foreign language, leading to memories with greater accuracy. The foreign language effect may even stretch to our personality. Silvia Purpuri at the University of Trento, Italy, looked at people’s willingness to face uncertainty and enter unfamiliar situations. Being tolerant of uncertainty allows people to have more creative ideas and be more open to new things. It turns out that people naturally score more highly on this trait (特点) when they can speak or use a foreign language because speaking a foreign language requires taking risks. The evidence is clear: By learning a foreign language, you’re not just learning a language-you’re gaining a new state of mind. 5．In Keysar’s experiment, when making decisions in a foreign language, people tend to be ______. A．decisive B．hopeful C．daring D．careful 6．How does using a foreign language affect memory according to Keysar? A．It improves memory accuracy. B．It increases memory recall speed. C．It strengthens long-term memory. D．It requires repeated memorization. 7．What is a potential benefit of being open to uncertainty? A．Increased creativity. B．Greater tolerance. C．Better learning ability. D．Boosted adventurous spirit. 8．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Challenges of learning a foreign language. B．Advantages of learning a foreign language. C．How foreign language learning influences memory. D．How foreign language learning determines one’s future. 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．A 8．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，实验研究表明外语学习对于人们有多种好处。 5．细节理解题。由第二段中“In the experiment, people were asked to make a choice: Take a guarantee of one pound or take a 50 percent chance of winning 2.50 pounds. When presented with this choice in their native language, most people took the safe option of only getting one pound. But they were more willing to make the riskier choice when asked in a foreign language, leading to more profits overall. (在实验中，人们被要求做出一个选择：保证一磅，或者有50%的机会赢得2.50磅。当用母语给出这个选择时，大多数人都选择了只得到一磅的安全选择。但当被问及用外语做选择时，他们更愿意做出风险更大的选择，从而获得更多的整体利润)”可知，在Keysar的实验中，当用外语做决定时，人们更愿意做出风险更大的选择，即人们倾向于更大胆（daring）。故选C项。 6．细节理解题。由第三段中“As Keysar explained, people have more careful thinking when using a foreign language, leading to memories with greater accuracy. (正如Keysar所解释的，人们在使用外语时会有更仔细的思考，从而产生更准确的记忆)”可知，根据Keysar的研究，使用外语能提高记忆的准确性。故选A项。 7．细节理解题。由第四段中“Being tolerant of uncertainty allows people to have more creative ideas and be more open to new things. (容忍不确定性可以让人们有更多的创造性想法，对新事物更开放)”可知，对不确定性持开放态度的潜在好处是它能增加创造力。故选A项。 8．主旨大意题。由第一段“If you’re studying English or another foreign language, you might be wondering. “How is this going to help me in my life?” As it turns out, studying and thinking in a foreign language has its own benefits! (如果你正在学习英语或其他外语，你可能会想知道。“这对我的生活有什么帮助？”事实证明，用外语学习和思考有其自身的好处！)”和研究结果可知，文章主要介绍了学习外语的好处。故选B项。 Passage3.【2024•浙江嘉兴•模拟预测】 July 2023 was the world’s warmest month on record, according to the World Meteorological Organization. UN Secretary—General Antonio Guterres said in a speech that the planet is entering an “era of global boiling”. How to cool the planet has long been a troubling question for scientists. They are now turning to sun-blocking technology, which refers to reflecting sunlight back into space in order to keep down the temperature of the planet’s climate. According to Euronews, a European television news network, one idea involves pumping sun-blocking particles (粒子) into the upper atmosphere. The particles will then stay in the air and redirect sunshine back upwards. It is like applying sunscreen on the outside of Earth. Researchers at Yale University, US, outlined a plan to use 125 high-flying planes to spread the particles at latitudes (纬度) of 60 degrees north and south. The particles will then travel toward the poles, which could possibly cool the temperature there by 2℃. Another very promising technique is called “cloud brightening”, according to Chris Sacca, a US climate expert. This method involves sending sea salt particles into clouds above the sea, making them whiter and thus they reflect more sunlight back into space. In June, the US government announced in a report that it was offering support for solar engineering research as a way to slow the rise of global temperatures. According to the report, the US government believes that the technology “offers the possibility of cooling the planet significantly in a few years”. However, following the report, an open letter by more than 60 scientists called for caution and more research first. Kristen Rasmussen, a climate scientist at Colorado State University, US, has been studying how these sun-blocking methods will affect rainfall patterns. She said that apart from rainfall, ecosystems and even human communities would also be affected. “We need to be very cautious on this,” Rasmussen told Scientific American. 9．What do we know about sun-blocking particles? A．They can catch and take in sunlight. B．They function as a protective cover for Earth. C．They can release cool air into the atmosphere. D．They are most effective when used at the poles. 10．What is the US government’s attitude toward sun-blocking technology? A．Favorable. B．Pessimistic. C．Objective. D．Dismissive. 11．What is Kristen Rasmussen’s main concern regarding sun-blocking methods? A．Their potential impact on human health. B．Their practicability in actual application. C．Their high cost and limited effectiveness. D．Their far-reaching negative consequences. 12．Which is the most suitable title for the text? A．Cooling Our Planet B．Era of Global Boiling C．Pumping Blocking Particles D．The Technique of Cloud Brightening 【答案】9．B 10．A 11．D 12．A 【导语】本为是说明文。文章主要介绍了应对全球变暖的方法——使用遮阳技术，即将太阳光反射回太空以降低地球气候的温度。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段“According to Euronews, a European television news network, one idea involves pumping sun-blocking particles (粒子) into the upper atmosphere. The particles will then stay in the air and redirect sunshine back upwards. It is like applying sunscreen on the outside of Earth.(据欧洲电视新闻网euroonews报道，其中一个想法是向高层大气中注入阻挡太阳的粒子。这些微粒将停留在空气中，使阳光重新向上反射。这就像在地球外面涂防晒霜一样)”可知，阻挡太阳的粒子是地球的保护层。故选B。 10．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“In June, the US government announced in a report that it was offering support for solar engineering research as a way to slow the rise of global temperatures. According to the report, the US government believes that the technology “offers the possibility of cooling the planet significantly in a few years”.(今年6月，美国政府在一份报告中宣布，它将为太阳能工程研究提供支持，作为减缓全球气温上升的一种方式。根据这份报告，美国政府认为这项技术“提供了在几年内显著冷却地球的可能性”)”可推知，美国政府对阻挡太阳技术的态度是支持的。故选A。 11．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Kristen Rasmussen, a climate scientist at Colorado State University, US, has been studying how these sun-blocking methods will affect rainfall patterns. She said that apart from rainfall, ecosystems and even human communities would also be affected. “We need to be very cautious on this,” Rasmussen told Scientific American.(美国科罗拉多州立大学的气候科学家Kristen Rasmussen一直在研究这些阻挡阳光的方法将如何影响降雨模式。她说，除了降雨，生态系统甚至人类社区也会受到影响。“我们需要对此非常谨慎，”拉斯穆森告诉《科学美国人》)”可知，Kristen Rasmussen对防晒方法的主要担忧是其深远的负面影响。故选D。 12．主旨大意题。通读全文，并根据第一段“How to cool the planet has long been a troubling question for scientists. They are now turning to sun-blocking technology, which refers to reflecting sunlight back into space in order to keep down the temperature of the planet’s climate.(如何给地球降温一直是困扰科学家的一个问题。他们现在转向了太阳阻挡技术，这是指将阳光反射回太空，以降低地球气候的温度)”可知，文章主要介绍了应对全球变暖的方法——使用这样技术，即将太阳光反射回太空以降低地球气候的温度。A选项“给地球降温”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage4.【2024•浙江绍兴•一模】 Have you ever lost something in a hard-to-reach space, like behind a couch or a cupboard? Wouldn’t it be nice to just be able to squeeze in and out? New innovations in the field of robotics will soon be able to make this nice idea into a reality. In a study published on Jan. 25 in the science journal Matter, engineers from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Carnegie Mellon University in the US have developed small robots that can quickly change back and forth from liquid to solid states. According to the website Mashable, the scientists were inspired by sea cucumbers (海参). They are able to change the stiffness of their body or reduce the potential for physical damage. The robots in the study were made from gallium, a soft metal with a low melting point of 30℃. The scientists then used changes in the magnetic field to handle the magnetic particles (粒子) inside the gallium material to provide heat. This heat then allowed the robots to change between solid and liquid states as well as to move around. As the website Tech Xplore pointed out, other similar materials require external heat sources such as heat guns and electrical currents to bring a change of states; but now, the robots can use a heat source inside itself to change states independently. During the robots’ experimental trials, the scientists conducted a number of tests. These tests included having the robots melt into liquid and re-form to escape a prison-like cage. It can remove a foreign object from and deliver medicinal drugs to a model stomach. The robot is also able to build and repair hard-to-reach circuits. The robots’ ability to switch between states of matter allows for a number of possible uses and advancements in different fields, such as the biomedical and circuit assembly industries. Still, in the words of senior author Carmel Majidi at Carnegie Mellon University, for now these are all just “proofs of concept” which show the abilities of these new kinds of robots. 13．What can we learn about the small robots? A．They were produced by British scientists. B．They came from inspiration of sea cucumbers. C．They can help people squeeze in and out freely. D．They were made from a newly invented material. 14．How did scientists change the state of the robots? A．By employing a heat source. B．By using electrical currents. C．By controlling the magnetic particles. D．By building hard-to-reach circuits. 15．What can be inferred about the robots from Majidi’s words? A．Their abilities are overstated. B．They have great market potential. C．Proof is needed to understand the concept. D．It will take time for them to be widely used. 16．What might be the best title of the passage? A．Ongoing Challenges the New Robots Face B．Amazing Features the New Robots Possess C．Potential Limitations the New Robots Have D．New Melting Robots Switching between Different States 【答案】13．B 14．C 15．D 16．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。来自香港中文大学和美国卡内基梅隆大学的工程师开发出了能够快速从液态到固态来回切换的小型机器人。 13．细节理解题。根据第三段中“According to the website Mashable, the scientists were inspired by sea cucumbers (海参). (据Mashable网站报道，科学家们的灵感来自海参。)”可知，是海参为他们提供了灵感从而创造了这种小型机器人。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段中“The scientists then used changes in the magnetic field to handle the magnetic particles (粒子) inside the gallium material to provide heat. (然后，科学家们利用磁场的变化来操纵镓材料内部的磁性粒子来提供热量)”可知，科学家是通过控制磁性粒子改变机器人的状态的。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Still, in the words of senior author Carmel Majidi at Carnegie Mellon University, for now these are all just “proofs of concept” which show the abilities of these new kinds of robots. (尽管如此，用卡内基梅隆大学资深作者卡梅尔•马吉迪的话来说，目前这些都只是“概念证明”，展示了这些新型机器人的能力)”从马吉迪的话中可以推断出，机器人需要更多的时间才能被广泛使用。故选D。 16．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是根据第二段“In a study published on Jan. 25 in the science journal Matter, engineers from The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Carnegie Mellon University in the US have developed small robots that can quickly change back and forth from liquid to solid states. (在1月25日发表在科学杂志《物质》上的一项研究中，来自香港中文大学和美国卡内基梅隆大学的工程师们开发出了一种小型机器人，可以快速地从液体状态切换到固体状态)”可知，文章主要介绍新型的可以快速地从液体状态切换到固体状态的机器人。故选D。 Passage5.【2024•浙江宁波•二模】 One of the earliest forms of writing which is still being used today is Chinese characters, or hanzi. The image that many people have of Chinese characters is that they are all pictograms, but this is far from the case because pictograms have very limited use. Simple pictograms might be practical, for example, if one is making a shopping list of items to buy at the store, but they are fairly useless if one is writing something more complex or abstract. So it is a mistake to assume that written Chinese is a “picture language”． Besides pictograms, there are simple ideograms. These are characters which provide an abstract picture of an idea, but in an often easily recognizable form. For example, “up” is “上” while “down” is “下”. While the meanings of many ideograms are not this easy to work out, they tend to be simple, easy-to-remember characters which are commonly used. Next we have a common category of hanzi: compound characters. These are where elements of two or more characters are combined in one character for a new meaning. Some of these are easy to understand. In many cases, however, the meanings of compound characters are more difficult to work out. Phonetic loan characters are the characters which started out as pictograms. However, they were often used to mean other words that had the same pronunciation. A good example of this is “目”. While it can be used in modern Chinese with the meaning “eye”, it is most often used to mean “an item on a list”. The reason was that Chinese had a word for “an item on a list” but lacked a character for it, so the word took the character “目”, a character with the same pronunciation. A final category of Chinese characters is by far the most common. These are phonetic-semantic characters. With phonetic-semantic characters, one element of each character gives a clue to the pronunciation, while the other gives a clue to the meaning. Over the centuries, Chinese characters have continually been developed, with a trend towards the simple and more abstract. It was thought that the complexity of some Chinese characters was keeping people from being able to learn them. Thus, during the 1950s and 1960s, the Chinese government rolled out simplified Chinese characters. 17．Why are pictograms sometimes not practical for use in a writing system? A．They are only available for shopping. B．They are too complex for people to learn. C．They cannot convey abstract ideas very well. D．They are quite complicated and difficult to write. 18．What do we know about compound characters according to the passage? A．They are drawings of objects used in a writing system. B．They are characters which use elements of two or more characters. C．They are characters used in a writing system to convey abstract concepts. D．They are characters which give clues to both the meaning and pronunciation. 19．Which of the following categories does the character “模” belong to? A．Pictograms. B．Phonetic loan characters. C．Ideograms. D．Phonetic-semantic characters. 20．What would be the benefit of simplifying Chinese characters according to the passage? A．Creating a standard character set for China. B．Visualizing the image of Chinese characters. C．Popularizing the use of Chinese characters. D．Reproducing a high-grade character for calligraphy. 【答案】17．C 18．B 19．D 20．C 【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了汉字的起源、发展以及不同类型的汉字。 17． 细节理解题。根据第一段的“The image that many people have of Chinese characters is that they are all pictograms, but this is far from the case because pictograms have very limited use. Simple pictograms might be practical, for example, if one is making a shopping list of items to buy at the store, but they are fairly useless if one is writing something more complex or abstract. (很多人对汉字的印象是它们都是象形文字，但事实远非如此，因为象形文字的用途非常有限。简单的象形文字可能是实用的，例如，如果一个人正在制作在商店购买的商品的购物清单，但如果一个人在写更复杂或抽象的东西，它们就相当无用了。)”可知，象形文字在书写系统中有时不实用是因为它们不能很好地表达抽象的思想。故选C。 18． 细节理解题。根据第三段的“Next we have a common category of hanzi: compound characters. These are where elements of two or more characters are combined in one character for a new meaning. (接下来我们有一个常见的汉字类别：复合字。这是将两个或多个字符的元素组合在一个字符中以获得新含义的情况。) ”可知，复合字是使用两个或多个字符元素的字。故选B。 19． 推理判断题。根据第五段的“With phonetic-semantic characters, one element of each character gives a clue to the pronunciation, while the other gives a clue to the meaning.(对于形声字，每个字的一个字符元素给出发音的线索，而另一个字符元素给出意义的线索。)”以及“模”字的左半部分表意义，右半部分表音，因此它属于形声字。故选D。 20． 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Over the centuries, Chinese characters have continually been developed, with a trend towards the simple and more abstract. It was thought that the complexity of some Chinese characters was keeping people from being able to learn them. Thus, during the 1950s and 1960s, the Chinese government rolled out simplified Chinese characters.(几个世纪以来，汉字不断发展，趋向于简洁和抽象。人们认为，一些汉字的复杂性使人们无法学习它们。因此，在20世纪50年代和60年代，中国政府推出了简体字。)”可知，简体字的好处是有利于推广使用汉字。故选C。 Passage6.【2024•浙江宁波•二模】 The rate of childhood obesity in the U. S. has tripled over the past 50 years. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) made waves this year by recommending that doctors put obese kids as young as two years old on intensive, family-oriented lifestyle and behavior plans. It also suggested prescribing weight-loss drugs to children l2 and older and surgery to teens 13 and older. This advice reflects the organization’s adoption of a more active position on childhood obesity. Yet the lifestyle programs the AAP recommends are expensive, inaccessible to most children and hard to maintain. Few weight-loss drugs have been approved for children. And surgery has potential risks and few long-term safety data. Furthermore, it’s not clear whether interventions in youngsters help to improve health or merely add to the psychological burden overweight kids face from the society. Rather than paying close attention to numbers on a scale, the U. S. and countries with similar trends should focus on an underlying truth: we need to invest in more and safer places for children to play where they can move and run around, climb and jump, ride and skate. Why is it so hard to get kids moving? Experts blame the problem on the privatization of sports — as public investment in school-based athletics dwindles, expensive private leagues have grown, leaving many kids out. In addition to fewer opportunities at school, researchers cite increased screen time and a lack of safe places for them to play outside the home. New York City, for example, had 2,067 public playgrounds as of 2019 — a very small amount for its large population. In Los Angeles in 2015, only 33 percent of youths lived within walking distance of a park. Kids everywhere need more places to play. Public funding to build and keep up these areas is crucial, but other options such as shared-use agreements can make unused spaces available to the public. These opportunities aren’t primarily about changing children’s waistlines — they’re how we keep childhood healthy and fun. 21．What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A．Childhood obesity is well under control in recent years. B．Weight-loss surgery are recommended to children 12 and older. C．AAP plays a more active role in fighting against childhood obesity. D．Expensive as it is, lifestyle programs are practical for most children. 22．The underlined word “dwindle” is closest in meaning to ______. A．decline B．quit C．increase D．develop 23．In the author’s opinion, what measures should be taken to create more safe areas? A．Prepare fitness equipment at home. B．Live within walking distance of a park. C．Promote investment in private athletics. D．Open up playgrounds when school’s out. 24．What’s the main idea of the text? A．Sports play an important role in children’s growth. B．More safe areas for outdoor fun are in urgent need. C．Family-oriented lifestyles are crucial to children’s health. D．Medical intervention is important to ease psychological burden. 【答案】21．C 22．A 23．D 24．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述在过去的50年里，美国儿童肥胖率增加了两倍，美国儿科学会提出的建议难以实现，研究表明多运动有助于身心健康，因此需要投资更多、更安全的地方，让孩子们玩耍运动，文章还分析了孩子运动量减少的原因。 21．细节理解题。根据第一段“The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) made waves this year by recommending that doctors put obese kids as young as two years old on intensive, family-oriented lifestyle and behavior plans. It also suggested prescribing weight-loss drugs to childrenl2 and older and surgery to teens 13 and older. This advice reflects the organization’s adoption of a more active position on childhood obesity.(美国儿科学会 (AAP) 今年引起了轰动，它建议医生让年仅两岁的肥胖儿童接受强化的、以家庭为导向的生活方式和行为计划。它还建议为 12 岁及以上的儿童开减肥药，并为 13 岁及以上的青少年开手术。这一建议反映了该组织在儿童肥胖问题上采取了更加积极的立场。)”可知，美国儿科学会在对抗儿童肥胖方面发挥着更加积极的作用。故选C项。 22．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Experts blame the problem on the privatization of sports — as public investment in school-based athletics dwindles, expensive private leagues have grown, leaving many kids out.(专家将问题归咎于体育运动的私有化——随着对学校体育运动的公共投资dwindles，昂贵的私人联赛不断壮大，许多孩子被排除在外。)”可知，许多孩子被排除在运动之外原因之一是对学校体育运动的公共投资下降减少，划线词意义与“decline (减少)”相近。故选A项。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Kids everywhere need more places to play. Public funding to build and keep up these areas is crucial, but other options such as shared-use agreements can make unused spaces available to the public. (世界各地的孩子都需要更多玩耍的地方。建设和维护这些区域的公共资金至关重要，但共享使用协议等其他选择可以将未使用的空间提供给公众。)”可知，学校放假时开放操场，可以给孩子们提供玩耍空间，这是创建更多安全区域的措施。故选D项。 24．主旨大意题。根据第三段“Rather than paying close attention to numbers on a scale, the U. S. and countries with similar trends should focus on an underlying truth: we need to invest in more and safer places for children to play where they can move and run around, climb and jump, ride and skate.(美国和具有类似趋势的国家不应该密切关注规模上的数字，而应该关注一个基本事实：我们需要投资于更多、更安全的儿童玩耍场所，让他们可以移动、奔跑、攀爬和跳跃，骑行和滑冰)”和全文可知，文章的主旨大意是迫切需要更多安全的户外娱乐场所。故选B项。 Passage7.【2024•浙江嘉兴•二模】 It’s commonly acknowledged that our lives are ruled by algorithms (算法), but have we really collectively understood how they have transformed our culture and personality? In Filterworld: How algorithms flattened culture, Kyle Chayka argues convincingly that the rise of algorithm-driven feeds, used everywhere online from Instagram to Spotify, has led to a more uniform culture. Our tastes and desires increasingly don’t belong to us, but to algorithms that are designed to keep people engaged at all costs. If the collection of our tastes truly shapes our entire personality, then this loss is more psychologically damaging than it first appears. Aimlessly scrolling (滚屏) through Netflix or TikTok may seem harmless, but over days, months or years, we lose touch with what we like and enjoy. Taste-making algorithms are inescapable. Chayka shows this by working through all corners of life: what we wear(TikTok), where we eat(Google Maps), music we listen to(Spotify), even who we date or marry(Tinder). This universe of algorithm-driven decisions has society-wide implications: “It extends to influence our physical spaces, our cities, and the routes we move through…flattening them in turn.” No one gets out of the Filterworld untouched. If you’re lucky enough not to need any sort of algorithm-based system for your work, then you have the option to step back from algorithms for a while. But if your friend suggests a film recommended on X/Twitter or you feel the need to buy those shoes suddenly everyone has started wearing after social media advertisements, what are you to do? It all feels fruitless. This Filterworld may be inescapable, but there is hope. You can start by engaging more with the media you do choose to consume. This could mean reading up about a film you watched or paying artists you like directly. Even the thoughtful act of recommending an album (专辑) to a friend is more rewarding than a random TikTok feed. As Chayka says, resistance to algorithms “requires an act of willpower, a choice to move through the world in a different way.” 25．What is Kyle Chayka’s opinion on algorithms? A．They improve our tastes. B．They make our culture more alike. C．They help to identify our personality. D．They contribute to psychological problems. 26．What does the underlined part in paragraph 3 refer to? A．The society with advanced technology. B．The world without social media platforms. C．The network of algorithm-driven decisions. D．The community free from algorithmic influence. 27．Which of the following is a way to resist the impact of algorithms? A．Limiting the use of social media platforms. B．Making choices based on friends’ suggestions. C．Getting more involved with the selected media. D．Disconnecting from social media advertisements. 28．What is the best title for the text? A．Algorithms: Cultural Takeover B．The Secret of Algorithms C．Social Media: Cultural Messenger D．The Rise of Digital Platforms 【答案】25．B 26．C 27．C 28．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人们的生活普遍受到了算法的影响，算法使我们的文化更加相似，对此提出了一些避免文化被算法趋同的建议。 25．细节理解题。根据第二段“In Filterworld: How algorithms flattened culture, Kyle Chayka argues convincingly that the rise of algorithm-driven feeds, used everywhere online from Instagram to Spotify, has led to a more uniform culture. Our tastes and desires increasingly don’t belong to us, but to algorithms that are designed to keep people engaged at all costs. (在《过滤器世界：算法如何使文化扁平化》一书中，Kyle Chayka令人信服地指出，从Instagram到Spotify，算法驱动的信息流在网上无处不在，它的兴起导致了一种更加统一的文化。我们的品味和欲望越来越不属于我们自己，而是属于那些旨在不惜一切代价让人们参与其中的算法。)”可知，Kyle Chayka对算法的看法是它们使我们的文化更加相似。故选B。 26．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“This universe of algorithm-driven decisions has society-wide implications: “It extends to influence our physical spaces, our cities, and the routes we move through…flattening them in turn.” (这种由算法驱动的决策对整个社会都有影响：“它延伸到影响我们的物理空间、城市和我们走过的路线……反过来使它们扁平化。”)”可知，算法驱动的决策网络影响到了我们生活的各个方面，没有人能不受影响地从算法驱动的决策网络走出来。故划线部分指的是“算法驱动的决策网络”。故选C。 27．细节理解题。根据最后一段“This Filterworld may be inescapable, but there is hope. You can start by engaging more with the media you do choose to consume. (这个“过滤世界”可能是不可避免的，但还是有希望的。你可以从更多地参与你选择消费的媒体开始。)”可知，更多地参与选定的媒体是抵抗算法影响的方法。故选C。 28．主旨大意题。根据第一段“It’s commonly acknowledged that our lives are ruled by algorithms (算法), but have we really collectively understood how they have transformed our culture and personality? (人们普遍认为，我们的生活是由算法控制的，但我们真的理解了它们是如何改变我们的文化和个性的吗？)”结合文章主要说明了人们的生活普遍受到了算法的影响，算法使我们的文化更加相似，对此提出了一些避免文化被算法趋同的建议。可知，A选项“算法：文化接管”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage8.【2024•浙江台州•二模】 When instant cake mixes first appeared in the 1950s, American housewives were doubtful. These mixes, promising easy cake-baking, felt too easy. The manufacturers discovered that requiring the addition of an egg in the baking process was just enough to make the housewives happy with their work. The greater sense of effort gained from a little extra labor is believed to have been essential to the later success of the cake mix. This reflects the IKEA effect (宜家效应), which is identified by psychologist Michael I. Norton and his colleagues, suggesting we place greater value on things we have worked to create. They conducted four studies in which they asked participants to fold paper cranes and frogs, assemble IKEA boxes, and build sets of Legos. They then asked the builders to bid (出价) for their creations, and compared the prices with bids from people who hadn’t built them. The builders consistently outbid the non-builders. Interestingly, the IKEA effect works even when people have no opportunity to fully personalize their creations. While most participants’ folding skills left much to be desired, they loved their imperfectly personalized products all the more. Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creations nearly five times as much as non-builders. Beauty, it seems, is in the eye of the builder. Today, as cities are suffering from severe housing crises, the IKEA effect can give us insight into the well-being benefits of a self-building approach to housing development. Projects like WikiHouse and the “half-a-house” approach pioneered by Alejandro Aravena’s architecture company Elemental are working to make housing more affordable and sustainable by making it easier for people to build and personalize their own homes. “The moment people are involved with their built environment, they have a totally different relationship to it,” WikiHouse co-founder Alastair Parvin explained. “When the roof starts leaking or a door starts creaking, they have the power to fix it themselves.” 29．What brought customers the joy of cake-baking according to paragraph 1? A．A better taste. B．An easy approach. C．A detailed recipe. D．An additional effort. 30．What does the underlined sentence in paragraph 3 imply? A．Creations are based on skills. B．Extra labor increases perceived value. C．Beauty is found through contrast. D．Strict management brings good quality. 31．What is Alastair Parvin’s attitude towards public involvement in housing? A．Critical. B．Objective. C．Doubtful. D．Supportive. 32．What’s the purpose of this text? A．To promote a brand. B．To make a proposal. C．To explain a concept. D．To introduce a study. 【答案】29．D 30．B 31．D 32．C 【导语】本文是说明文。本文通过讨论宜家效应以及几个实验研究的结果，论述了人们更加珍视自己亲手创造的东西，并由此引发了对自我建造住房的好处的思考。 29．细节理解题。根据第一段“The manufacturers discovered that requiring the addition of an egg in the baking process was just enough to make the housewives happy with their work. The greater sense of effort gained from a little extra labor is believed to have been essential to the later success of the cake mix.(制造商发现，在烘焙过程中加入一个鸡蛋就足以让主妇们对自己的工作感到满意。从一点点额外的劳动中获得的更大的努力感被认为是蛋糕粉后来成功的关键)”可知，额外的努力给顾客带来了蛋糕烘焙的乐趣。故选D项。 30．词句猜测题。根据前文“Interestingly, the IKEA effect works even when people have no opportunity to fully personalize their creations. While most participants’ folding skills left much to be desired, they loved their imperfectly personalized products all the more. Builders valued their wrinkled crane-like creations nearly five times as much as non-builders.(有趣的是，即使人们没有机会完全个性化他们的作品，宜家效应也会起作用。虽然大多数参与者的折叠技巧还有很多不足之处，但他们更喜欢自己不完美的个性化产品。建筑商对他们皱巴巴的像起重机一样的创造物的估价几乎是非建筑商的五倍)”可知，本段主要讲述额外的劳动会让参与者更喜欢自己的作品，所以Beauty, it seems, is in the eye of the builder.意为“额外的劳动增加了感知价值”。故选B项。 31．推理判断题。根据最后一段““The moment people are involved with their built environment, they have a totally different relationship to it,” WikiHouse co-founder Alastair Parvin explained. “When the roof starts leaking or a door starts creaking, they have the power to fix it themselves.”(WikiHouse的联合创始人Alastair Parvin解释说：“当人们参与到他们的建筑环境中时，他们与环境的关系就完全不同了。”“当屋顶开始漏水或门开始吱吱作响时，他们有能力自己修理。”)”可知，Alastair Parvin认为公众参与住房建设，他们与环境的关系就完全不同了，所以是持支持的态度。故选D项。 32．推理判断题。根据第二段“This reflects the IKEA effect (宜家效应), which is identified by psychologist Michael I. Norton and his colleagues, suggesting we place greater value on things we have worked to create. They conducted four studies in which they asked participants to fold paper cranes and frogs, assemble IKEA boxes, and build sets of Legos. They then asked the builders to bid (出价) for their creations, and compared the prices with bids from people who hadn’t built them. The builders consistently outbid the non-builders.(这反映了心理学家迈克尔·i·诺顿(Michael I. Norton)及其同事发现的宜家效应(IKEA effect)，即我们更看重自己努力创造的东西。他们进行了四项研究，要求参与者折叠纸鹤和青蛙，组装宜家盒子，搭建乐高积木。然后，他们要求建筑商为他们的作品出价，并将价格与没有建造这些作品的人的出价进行比较。建筑商的出价始终高于非建筑商)”以及纵观全文可知，本文主要解释什么是宜家效应(IKEA effect)，所以本文的目的是解释一个概念。故选C项。 Passage9.【2024•浙江宁波•二模】 Education in 2080 is distinctive from education in the 2020s. Until about 2035, the main function of education systems was to supply the economy with the next generation of workers. In 2080, the purpose of education is the well-being of society and all its members. To make this a bit more tangible for you, I would like to give an example of what a child’s education looks like in 2080. Her name is Shemsy. Shemsy is 13, and she is confident and loves learning. Shemsy does not go to school in the morning because schools as you know them no longer exist. The institution was abolished as it was widely thought of as more like a prison or a factory than a creative learning environment. Schools have been replaced with “Learning Hubs” that are not restricted to certain ages. They are where intergenerational learning happens, in line with the belief that learning is a lifelong pursuit. Every year, Shemsy designs her learning journey for the year with a highly attentive “teacher-citizen”. Shemsy is actively engaged in designing her education and has to propose projects she would like to be involved in to contribute to and serve her community. She also spends lots of time playing as the role of play in learning has finally been recognized as essential and core to our humanity. Shemsy works a lot collaboratively. Access to education is universal, and higher education institutions no longer differentiate themselves by how many people they reject yearly. Variability between students is expected and leveraged (利用) as young people teach one another and use their differences as a source of strength. Shemsy naturally explores what she is curious about at a pace she sets. She still has some classes to take that are mandatory for children globally: Being Human and the History of Humanity. We invite you to think about your vision for education in the year 2080, what does it look like, who does it serve,and how does it transform our societies? 33．What does paragraph 1 mainly tell us? A．There are different types of education. B．The present education needs improvements. C．Education and economy are closely associated. D．The goal of future education is fundamentally different. 34．What do we know about the Learning Hub that Shemsy goes to? A．It accepts students of all ages. B．It promotes competition. C．It discourages individualized learning. D．It is all about play-based learning. 35．What does the underlined word “mandatory” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Tough. B．Satisfactory. C．Optional. D．Required. 36．What is the suitable title for the text? A．An Example to All B．A Vision for Education C．A Challenge for Education D．A Journey into the Future 【答案】33．D 34．A 35．D 36．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是对2080年的教育的展望。 33．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Until about 2035, the main function of education systems was to supply the economy with the next generation of workers.  In 2080, the purpose of education is the well-being of society and all its members.(直到2035年左右，教育系统的主要功能是为经济提供下一代工人。在2080年，教育的目的是社会及其所有成员的福祉。)”可知，第一段主要告诉我们未来教育的目标是完全不同的。故选D。 34．细节理解题。根据第二段“Schools have been replaced with “Learning Hubs” that are not restricted to certain ages.(学校已经被不受年龄限制的“学习中心”所取代。)”可知，Shemsy去的学习中心接受所有年龄的学生。故选A。 35．词句猜测题。根据倒数第二段“Being Human and the History of Humanity(做人和人类历史)”可知，做人和人类历史应该是全球儿童必修的课程，划线词mandatory的意思是“必修的”，和required意思相近，故选D。 36．主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段“In 2080, the purpose of education is the well-being of society and all its members. To make this a bit more tangible for you, I would like to give an example of what a child’s education looks like in 2080.(在2080年，教育的目的是社会及其所有成员的福祉。为了让你们更明白这一点，我想举一个2080年儿童教育的例子。)”可知，本文主要介绍的是对2080年的教育的展望，因此最恰当的标题是B选项“A Vision for Education(教育远景)”。故选B。 Passage10.【2024•浙江杭州•模拟预测】 Evolution (进化) can perform extraordinary makeovers; today’s airborne songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged — in other words, escape natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly identical to its410-million-year-old fossils. Scientists have long wondered how these species do so. It has been assumed that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting for moderate or average qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting for more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection). But a study published in the National Academy of Sciences USA contradicts this idea, showing that evolution constantly favors different qualities in seemingly unchanging animals to improve short-term survival. In the long term, though, “all that evolution cancels out and leads to no change,” says the study’s lead author, James Stroud. Stroud and his colleagues studied for lizard (蜥蜴) specios; all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes (脚趾头), noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabılızıng selection at work preserving moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection: some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better. “The study offers a good explanation for why we see what we think is stabiliring selection,” says Tadashi Fukami, an ecologist studying evolution at Stanford University. Many new qualities are evolving in the short term, but they don’t provide a crucial advantage over the long term. In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible combination of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes more dramatically? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards. 37．Why does the author mention the “coelacanth fish” in paragraph 1? A．To demonstrate the power of evolution. B．To add evidence to natural selection. C．To give an example of unchanged species. D．To prove species' extraordinary makeovers. 38．What's the focus of paragraph 2? A．Unsolved mysteries. B．A common belief. C．A sharp contrast. D．Unique Characteristics. 39．How did Stroud conduct his research? A．By analyzing lizard fossils. B．By tracking research objects. C．By illustrating stabilizing selection. D．By categorizing qualities of lizards. 40．What will Stroud probably do in the future? A．Make trips to visit lizard experts. B．Summarize average features of lizards. C．Reveal the best combinations of qualities. D．Examine lizards under extreme conditions. 【答案】37．C 38．B 39．B 40．D 【导语】本文是说明文。文章通过介绍科学家对看似没有发生变化的生物物种进行研究，揭示了这些物种在进化过程中的选择机制。 37．推理判断题。根据第一段“Evolution (进化) can perform extraordinary makeovers; today’s airborne songbirds evolved from the wingless, earthbound dinosaurs that wandered millions of years ago. But some organisms seem to be unchanged —in other words, escape natural selection. The coelacanth, a modern-day fish, is nearly identical to its410-million-year-old fossils.(进化能够产生非凡的变化；今天在空中飞翔的鸣鸟是从数百万年前无翅、陆生的恐龙演化而来的。但有些生物似乎没有改变——换句话说，它们逃脱了自然选择。现代鱼类腔棘鱼与其4.1亿年前的化石几乎一模一样)”可知，本段提到腔棘鱼是为了举一个物种不变的例子。故选C项。 38．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Scientists have long wondered how these species do so. It has been assumed that natural selection keeps some species unchanged by selecting for moderate or average qualities (stabilizing selection) rather than selecting for more extreme qualities that would cause a species to change (directional selection).(科学家们长期以来一直想知道这些物种是如何做到这一点的。人们一直认为，自然选择通过选择适中或平均的品质（稳定选择）来保持某些物种的不变性，而不是选择会导致物种发生变化的更极端的品质（定向选择）。)”可知，本段主要讲述了人们一直认为自然选择是稳定选择而不是定向选择，也就是一个共同的信念。故选B项。 39．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Stroud and his colleagues studied for lizard (蜥蜴) specios; all relatively unchanged for 20 million years. The researchers caught members of these populations every six months for three years. They measured each lizard’s head size, leg length, mass and height, as well as the size of its sticky toes (脚趾头), noting which individuals survived. Stroud expected to observe stabılızıng selection at work preserving moderate qualities. Instead he saw clearer evidence of directional selection: some lizards with unique characteristics, such as stickier toes, survived better.(斯特劳德和他的同事研究了蜥蜴物种；所有这些在2000万年间都相对没有变化。研究人员连续三年每六个月捕捉这些种群中的成员。他们测量了每只蜥蜴的头部大小、腿长、体重和身高，以及粘性脚趾的大小，并记录了哪些个体存活了下来。斯特劳德原本希望观察到稳定选择在保持中等品质方面的作用。然而，他看到的却是更明确的定向选择证据：一些具有独特特征的蜥蜴，比如更粘的脚趾，存活率更高)”可知，斯特劳德是通过跟踪研究对象来进行他的研究的。故选B项。 40．推理判断题。根据最后一段“In other words, species staying unchanged may simply have found the best possible combination of qualities for lasting success in their environment. So what happens when the lizards’ environment changes more dramatically? To help answer this bigger question, Stroud is still making trips to visit the lizards.(换句话说，保持不变的物种可能只是找到了在其环境中持久成功的最佳品质组合。那么，当蜥蜴的环境发生更剧烈的变化时会发生什么呢？为了帮助回答这个更大的问题，斯特劳德仍在继续探访这些蜥蜴)”可知，接下来斯特劳德会在极端条件下检查蜥蜴。故选D项。 Passage11.【2024•浙江温州•三模】 Many economists predict 2024 will be the time shoppers tighten their belts. That doesn’t mean people will stop spending, say retail (零售) analysts. But it will change what they choose to buy. With a slowing job market, global consumers are likely to move away from more high-priced purchases and focus instead on smaller, less expensive treats.    The economic uncertainty means that consumers are becoming more discriminating about their purchases, says Ethan Chermofsky, senior vice president of marketing at intelligence platform Placer. ai. “There are the things we decide are necessary, and then there’s another category of things that aren’t necessary but that we consider affordable luxuries, he says. This desire for these “affordable luxuries” is common in difficult economic times. Some economists refer to the phenomenon as the “lipstick index”: a small economic increase led by budget-minded consumers seeking out relatively affordable splurges (挥霍), like small cosmetics (化妆品). Analysts at Deloitte say consumers will spend on little luxuries like specialty coffees and snacks as well. Additionally, stressed-out shoppers are prioritizing small splurge purchases for wellness and personal care. As retailers see shoppers turning to little luxuries, they’re offering more and more of them. Target, for example, has staked a flag in what they refer to as “affordable joy”, which includes a selection of self-care and cosmetic products, along with wellness-centric beauty products. Beyond diversifying their offerings, stores are also bringing in luxury-feeling products at lower price points to appeal to more consumers. Ethan says not every shopper will shift their spending to little luxuries-but even those who are still longing for the “must-haves” of social media will also look to get a deal. They want the feeling of purchasing lower-priced affordable treats. To get these goods, shoppers are likely to tap into the re-sale market for designer items at a more reasonable price. They want things that make them feel good about themselves-they just want to do it without breaking the bank. 41．What can affordable luxuries be? A．Inexpensive daily necessities. B．High-end products. C．Reasonably-priced designer items. D．High-priced purchases. 42．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The strategies retailers use. B．The joy businesses offer. C．The competition stores face. D．The products consumers buy. 43．What do most shoppers seek according to Ethan? A．Social-media deals. B．World-famous brands. C．Second-hand bargains. D．Budget-friendly pleasures. 44．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Lipstick Index: Where Does It Lead Us? B．Must-have Treats: A Future Spending Trend C．Affordable Joy: Will We Fall Into The Trap? D．Little Luxuries: A Driving Force Behind Consumption 【答案】41．C 42．A 43．D 44．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍随着就业市场的放缓，全球消费者可能会不再购买价格较高的商品，而是将注意力集中在较小的、不太昂贵的商品上以及出现这种现象的原因。 41．细节理解题。根据第二段“This desire for these “affordable luxuries” is common in difficult economic times. Some economists refer to the phenomenon as the “lipstick index”: a small economic increase led by budget-minded consumers seeking out relatively affordable splurges (挥霍), like small cosmetics (化妆品).(这种对这些“负担得起的奢侈品”的渴望在经济困难时期很常见。一些经济学家将这种现象称为“口红指数”：由精打细算的消费者寻找相对负担得起的奢侈品（比如小化妆品）导致的小幅经济增长)”可知，负担得起的奢侈品是指价格合理的名牌商品。故选C。 42．主旨大意题。根据第四段“As retailers see shoppers turning to little luxuries, they’re offering more and more of them. Target, for example, has staked a flag in what they refer to as “affordable joy”, which includes a select ion of self-care and cosmetic products, along with wellness-centric beauty products. Beyond diversifying their offerings, stores are also bringing in luxury-feeling products at lower price points to appeal to more consumers.(当零售商看到消费者转向小奢侈品时，他们提供了越来越多的小奢侈品。例如，塔吉特在他们所谓的“负担得起的快乐”上打了个旗号，其中包括一系列精选的自我护理和化妆品，以及以健康为中心的美容产品。除了使产品多样化，商店还推出了价格较低的奢侈品，以吸引更多的消费者)”可知，第四段的主要内容是零售商使用的策略。故选A。 43．理解理解题。根据最后一段“Ethan says not every shopper will shift their spending to little luxuries-but even those who are still longing for the “must-haves” of social media will also look to get a deal. They want the feeling of purchasing lower-priced affordable treats.(伊桑说，并不是每个购物者都会把他们的消费转移到小奢侈品上，但即使是那些仍然渴望获得社交媒体“必需品”的人，也会希望得到优惠。他们想要的是购买价格更低、负担得起的食物的感觉)”可知，根据伊森的说法，大多数购物者都在寻找预算友好的乐趣。故选D。 44．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Many economists predict 2024  will be the time shoppers tighten their belts. That doesn’t mean people  will stop spending, say retail (零售)  analysts. But it will change what they choose to buy. With a slowing  job market, global consumers are likely to move away from more  high-priced purchases and focus instead on smaller, less expensive  treats.(许多经济学家预测，2024年将是购物者勒紧腰带的时候。零售业分析师说，这并不意味着人们会停止消费。但这将改变他们的购买选择。随着就业市场的放缓，全球消费者可能会不再购买价格较高的商品，而是将注意力集中在较小的、不太昂贵的商品上)”及下文可知，文章主要介绍随着就业市场的放缓，全球消费者可能会不再购买价格较高的商品，而是将注意力集中在较小的、不太昂贵的商品上以及出现这种现象的原因。由此可知，D选项“小奢侈品：消费背后的驱动力”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage12.【2024•浙江宁波•二模】 For want of a chip, the factory was lost. On May 18th Toyota became the latest carmaker forced to cut production in a global shortage of microchips, announcing it would stop work at two of its plants in Japan. Other car makers have also had to send workers home. The pain is not limited to the car industry, for the shortage spans all sorts of chips, from the expensive, high-tech devices that power smartphones and data-centers to the simple sensors and micro-controllers that have become a vital commodity (商品). This chip drought is the result of the covid-19 pandemic interacting with an industry that is subject to cycles of boom and bust. “The most important thing”, says Malcolm Penn, who runs a chip-industry consultancy, “is that shortages are a natural part of the industry.” Chipmaking is a good example of a “pork-cycle” business, named for the regular swings between under- and over-supply in pork markets. As with pigs, the supply of chips cannot quickly react to changes in demand. Capacity was tight even before the pandemic, says Mr Penn, pointing out that investment by chipmakers in factory equipment has been below its long-term average for many years. The pandemic arrived at the worst possible time. After an early crash, demand in several fields boomed. Locked-down consumers bought laptops and other devices. Cloud-computing operators added servers to deal with the wave of home-workers. The car industry was particularly badly hit by a decision to cut orders early in the pandemic-demand for cars has since recovered. But the complexities of the production process mean it takes time to recover. “I can cancel my orders in an afternoon,” says Mr. Penn. “If I want to start them up again, that takes months--and that capacity is now busy serving other customers.” But the pork cycle is turning once again. Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, the world’s biggest chipmaker, plans to spend $30bn on new capacity this year. Two other giants, have also decided on further investment. That will bring relief to the wider economy, but not immediately. The boss of IBM said he thought the shortages might last for two years. And, says Mr Penn, when the drought eventually ends, chipmakers may find they face a familiar problem on a bigger scale: a capacity investment in response to serious shortages today could well mean a sizeable surplus (过剩) tomorrow. 45．How does the author illustrate the cyclical nature of chipmaking in paragraph 3? A．By referring to a quotation. B．By making a comparison. C．By drawing a conclusion. D．By presenting an argument. 46．What may the investment mentioned in paragraph 5 eventually lead to? A．Improved supply chain stability. B．Timely assistance to the business. C．Economic growth in related sectors. D．Possible future oversupply of chips. 47．What can we learn from the passage? A．Production capacity would recover soon. B．A combination of reasons led to chip shortage. C．An investment of S30bn was enough for the problem. D．Toyota was the first carmaker to suspend production. 48．What might be the best title for the passage? A．Loading, please wait B．Dying, please act C．Calling, please respond D．Over-supplying, please stop 【答案】45．B 46．D 47．B 48．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文探讨了全球芯片短缺对汽车工业和其他领域的影响，特别强调了疫情与产业周期性交互作用的重要性，以及投资对未来芯片供应的影响。 45．推理判断题。根据第三段““The most important thing”, says Malcolm Penn, who runs a chip-industry consultancy, “is that shortages are a natural part of the industry.” Chipmaking is a good example of a “pork-cycle” business, named for the regular swings between under- and over-supply in pork markets. As with pigs, the supply of chips cannot quickly react to changes in demand. Capacity was tight even before the pandemic, says Mr Penn, pointing out that investment by chipmakers in factory equipment has been below its long-term average for many years.(“最重要的是，”经营一家芯片行业咨询公司的马尔科姆•佩恩说，“短缺是这个行业的一个自然组成部分。”芯片制造是“猪肉周期”的一个很好的例子，以猪肉市场供应不足和供应过剩之间的定期波动命名。与猪肉供应一样，芯片的供应无法迅速对需求变化做出反应。佩恩表示，即使在疫情爆发之前，产能也很紧张。他指出，芯片制造商对工厂设备的投资多年来一直低于长期平均水平)”可知，作者通过比较说明芯片制造的周期性。故选B。 46．细节理解题。根据第五段“And, says Mr Penn, when the drought eventually ends, chipmakers may find they face a familiar problem on a bigger scale: a capacity investment in response to serious shortages today could well mean a sizeable surplus (过剩) tomorrow.(佩恩表示，当严重短缺最终结束时，芯片制造商可能会发现，他们在更大范围内面临一个熟悉的问题：为应对今天的严重短缺而进行的产能投资，很可能意味着明天会出现相当大的过剩)”可知，第5段提到的投资最终会导致未来可能出现的芯片供过于求。故选D。 47．细节理解题。根据第二段“This chip drought is the result of the covid-19 pandemic interacting with an industry that is subject to cycles of boom and bust.(这种芯片短缺是新冠疫情与受繁荣与萧条周期影响的行业相互作用的结果)”可知，多种原因导致了芯片短缺。故选B。 48．主旨大意题。根据第一段“For want of a chip, the factory was lost. On May 18th Toyota became the latest carmaker forced to cut production in a global shortage of microchips, announcing it would stop work at two of its plants in Japan. Other car makers have also had to send workers home.(由于缺少芯片，工厂歇业了。5月18日，丰田公司宣布将停止其在日本的两家工厂的生产，成为最新一家因全球芯片短缺而被迫减产的汽车制造商。其他汽车制造商也不得不让工人回家)”结合本文探讨了全球芯片短缺对汽车工业和其他领域的影响，特别强调了疫情与产业周期性交互作用的重要性，以及投资对未来芯片供应的影响。可知，A选项“正在装载中，请稍等”最符合文章标题。故选A。 Passage13.【2024•浙江绍兴•模拟预测】 Whales are celebrated for being the largest and most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Now, biologists have discovered that they also capture (捕获) tons of carbon from the atmosphere, a service with an economic value of US $1 trillion for all the great whales, according to a new study published by the International Monetary Fund. The study points out that protecting whales, normally viewed as a human good, also has a monetary motivation. “The carbon capture potential of whales is truly incredible,” said the report. “Our conservative estimates put the value of the average great whale at more than US $2 million, and easily over US $1 trillion for the current stock of great whales.” Whales absorb carbon in their bodies during their long lives, some of which stretch to 200 years. When they die, they sink to the bottom of the ocean, taking the carbon with them. According to the study, each great whale traps around 33 tons of carbon dioxide on average. A tree during the same period only contributes to 3 percent of the carbon absorption of the whale. Whale populations are today a smidgen of what they once were. It is estimated that there are slightly more than 1.3 million whales in the ocean, a quarter of their pre-whaling number of 4 to 5 million. Some species in particular, like the blue whale, are only 3 percent of what they used to be. “We can create financial methods to promote the restoration of the world’s whale populations,” said the report’s authors. “Rewards could help those who pay significant costs as a result of whale protection.” With the Paris Agreement coming into force next year and the effects of climate change ever more widespread, we must prevent the harm to whales. Researchers analyzed that unless new methods are put forward, it would take over 30 years to double the number of current whales, and several generations to return them to their pre-whaling numbers. “Society and our own survival can’t afford to wait this long,” they said. 49．What does the new study reveal about whales? A．They are money-makers for good. B．Their intelligence is unquestionable. C．They are a natural climate solution. D．Their survival is threatened by carbon. 50．Why is a whale compared with a tree in paragraph 2? A．To indicate all matter regarding green efforts. B．To illustrate whales are friendly to the oceans. C．To highlight whales’ carbon capture potential. D．To emphasize the importance of tree planting. 51．What can be inferred from what researchers said in paragraph 4? A．Climate change intensifies. B．Whale populations stay low. C．Our survival is endangered. D．Whale protection is a priority. 52．What is the most suitable title for the article? A．Protect whales to protect the planet B．How to restore whale populations C．Live in harmony with ocean giants D．Whales can guarantee our survival 【答案】49．C 50．C 51．D 52．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。文章介绍了研究发现鲸鱼有巨大的碳捕获能力，但是它们受到威胁，因此，我们必须保护鲸鱼，也就是保护地球和我们自己。 49．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Whales are celebrated for being the largest and most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Now, biologists have discovered that they also capture (捕获) tons of carbon from the atmosphere, a service with an economic value of US $1 trillion for all the great whales, according to a new study published by the International Monetary Fund. (鲸鱼被认为是海洋中最大、最聪明的生物。根据国际货币基金组织发表的一项新研究，生物学家发现它们还从大气中捕获了数吨的碳，这一服务对所有大型鲸鱼来说都具有1万亿美元的经济价值)”可知，新的研究发现，鲸鱼能从大气中捕获碳，它们是一种自然的气候解决方案。故选C。 50．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“According to the study, each great whale traps around 33 tons of carbon dioxide on average. A tree during the same period only contributes to 3 percent of the carbon absorption of the whale. (根据这项研究，每头鲸鱼平均能捕获33吨二氧化碳。在同一时期，一棵树只贡献了鲸鱼碳吸收的3%)”可推知，文章将鲸鱼捕获碳的能力与树木相比较，来强调鲸鱼的碳捕获巨大的潜力。故选C。 51．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Researchers analyzed that unless new methods are put forward, it would take over 30 years to double the number of current whales, and several generations to return them to their pre-whaling numbers. “Society and our own survival can’t afford to wait this long,” they said. (研究人员分析说，除非提出新的方法，否则将需要30多年的时间才能使目前的鲸鱼数量增加一倍，并需要几代人的时间才能使它们恢复到捕鲸前的数量。他们说：“社会和我们自己的生存等不起这么久。”)”可知，研究人员表示，需要使用新的方法使鲸鱼的数量尽快恢复，否则回威胁我们自身的生存。因此，保护鲸鱼是当务之急。故选D。 52．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Whales are celebrated for being the largest and most intelligent creatures in the ocean. Now, biologists have discovered that they also capture(捕获) tons of carbon from the atmosphere, a service with an economic value of US $1 trillion for all the great whales, according to a new study published by the International Monetary Fund. (鲸鱼被认为是海洋中最大、最聪明的生物。根据国际货币基金组织发表的一项新研究，生物学家发现它们还从大气中捕获了数吨的碳，这一服务对所有大型鲸鱼来说都具有1万亿美元的经济价值)”及第四段“With the Paris Agreement coming into force next year and the effects of climate change ever more widespread, we must prevent the harm to whales. (随着《巴黎协定》明年生效，气候变化的影响越来越广泛，我们必须防止对鲸鱼的伤害)”可知，鲸鱼有巨大的碳捕获能力，但是它们受到威胁，因此，我们必须保护鲸鱼，也就是保护地球和我们自己。A选项“保护鲸鱼就是保护地球”为最佳标题。故选A。 Passage14.【2024•浙江绍兴•模拟预测】 Vitamin D was recognized a century ago as the cure for rickets, a childhood disease that causes weak bones. Then, in the early 2000s, a pile of studies suggested that low vitamin D levels could be a factor in cancer, cardiovascular (心血管) disease, Parkinson’s disease and so on. This simple vitamin seemed to be a cure for whatever troubled us. However, all these observational studies have a fundamental weakness: they can identify a co-occurrence between vitamin D and a disease, but they can’t prove there is a cause-and-effect relation. To look at whether taking vitamin D had curative effects, Manson and her team started the world’s largest and most far-reaching randomized vitamin D trial. The study followed nearly 26,000 healthy adults, randomized to receive either 2,000 international units (IU) of vitamin D or a placebo (安慰剂), for an average of 5.3 years. The volunteers were almost evenly split between men and women, and 20 percent of the participants were black. The results came as a shock. Not only did vitamin D not reduce rates of cancer or heart disease, but the trial also found that vitamin D did not prevent or improve cognitive function, or reduce the risk of bone fractures (骨折). The finding about fractures “was a real surprise to many people,” Manson says. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine established an expert committee to conduct a thorough analysis of all existing studies on vitamin D and health. The committee concluded that the bone-strengthening benefits of vitamin D remain steady when blood levels reach 12 to 16 nanograms per millililter. They also found that there were no benefits to having levels above 20ng/ml. According to measurements of vitamin D levels in the general U. S. population, most had levels of 20 ng/ml or more in 2011. Levels have actually risen since then, meaning that most people don’t need to take extra vitamin D． The ups and downs of vitamin D offer a lesson in humility. The relation between the vitamin and disease is far more complicated than it first seemed and a reminder that scientific understanding is always developing over time. 53．What is the problem with the early studies regarding vitamin D? A．No related cases were involved. B．They lack convincing evidence. C．No observation was conducted. D．They fail to account for anything. 54．Why were 20 percent of the participants black in Manson’s trial? A．To identify vitamin D-related disease. B．To help solve the problems they faced. C．To make their findings more reliable. D．To show their respect for the minority. 55．What do you know about the findings in paragraph 3 and 4? A．They proved vitamin D was the cure for disease. B．They revealed that vitamin D made no difference. C．They came as no surprise to Manson and her team. D．They updated people’s knowledge about vitamin D． 56．What should we realize from the ups and downs of vitamin D? A．Scientific understanding is dynamic. B．We should not believe the old theories. C．Research into vitamins is worthwhile. D．Some diseases are practically incurable. 【答案】53．B 54．C 55．D 56．A 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，介绍了不同时期对于维生素D对人体健康的研究，最新的研究发现，当血液中维生素D的含量达到每毫升12至16毫微克时，维生素D对骨骼的增强作用保持稳定，这一发现更新了人们的认识，也让我们认识到科学是动态发展的。 53．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“However, all these observational studies have a fundamental weakness: they can identify a co-occurrence between vitamin D and a disease, but they can’t prove there is a cause-and-effect relation.(然而，所有这些观察性研究都有一个根本的弱点：它们可以确定维生素D和疾病之间的共同发生，但它们不能证明两者之间存在因果关系)”可知，先前的研究无法证明缺少维生素D会导致疾病的发生，缺乏有力的实验证据。故选B。 54．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“To look at whether taking vitamin D had curative effects, Manson and her team started the world’s largest and most far-reaching randomized vitamin D trial.(为了研究服用维生素D是否有疗效，曼森和她的团队开始了世界上规模最大、影响最深远的随机维生素D试验)”及“The volunteers were almost evenly split between men and women, and 20 percent of the participants were black.(志愿者中男女几乎各占一半，20%的参与者是黑人)”可推知，曼森的实验中有20%的黑人参与者是为了使实验数据更广泛，从而使得结果更可靠。故选C。 55．推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Vitamin D was recognized a century ago as the cure for rickets, a childhood disease that causes weak bones. Then, in the early 2000s, a pile of studies suggested that low vitamin D levels could be a factor in cancer, cardiovascular(心血管) disease, Parkinson’s disease and so on.(一个世纪前，维生素D被认为是治疗佝偻病的良药，佝偻病是一种导致骨骼脆弱的儿童疾病。然后，在21世纪初，大量研究表明，维生素D水平低可能是癌症、心血管疾病、帕金森病等疾病的一个因素)”及第三段“The results came as a shock. Not only did vitamin D not reduce rates of cancer or heart disease, but the trial also found that vitamin D did not prevent or improve cognitive function, or reduce the risk of bone fractures(骨折).(结果令人震惊。维生素D不仅不能降低患癌症或心脏病的几率，而且试验还发现，维生素D不能预防或改善认知功能，也不能降低骨折的风险)”及下一段“Levels have actually risen since then, meaning that most people don’t need to take extra vitamin D.(从那以后，维生素D的含量实际上有所上升，这意味着大多数人不需要额外服用维生素D)”可推知，3，4段的发现更新了人们对维生素D的认识。故选D。 56．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“The ups and downs of vitamin D offer a lesson in humility. The relation between the vitamin and disease is far more complicated than it first seemed and a reminder that scientific understanding is always developing over time.(维生素D的起起落落给我们上了一堂谦卑的课。维生素和疾病之间的关系比最初看起来要复杂得多，它提醒我们，科学认识总是随着时间的推移而发展的)”可知，从对于维生素D认识的起起落落这件事上，我们应该意识到科学理解是动态的，不断发展的。故选A。 Passage15.【2024•浙江绍兴•二模】 About a decade ago, wearing hanfu, a traditional style of clothing worn by China’s Han ethnic group, was considered more of a hobby, with a relatively small number of Chinese individuals participating in the trend. Currently, there is a notable shift as young consumers in China are urging brands to acknowledge their heritage and adapt to it to influence the market. The hanfu movement rather suits this rhetoric, advocating cultural autonomy infused with a touch of patriotism. Many Chinese Gen Zs have come to realize that fashion is not exclusive to Western styles; they have also recognized the allure and appeal of their own traditional garments. Cultural confidence has played a significant role in popularizing these traditional clothing choices. Jun Baoyuan, a 24-year-old graduate from the Beijing Institute of Technology, said that people who develop an interest in hanfu will in turn learn more about the traditional skills rooted in Chinese culture, including cloth weaving and traditional jewelry handicrafts. She also noted that many of her close friends today had entered her life as a result of their shared passion for hanfu. Jun often shares her hanfu-clad adventures on Douyin, where she has gathered a 60,000-strong following. As her reputation as a high-flying hanfu model grew, she started collaborating with museums in China and participating in a range of events. But Jun also warned that with the popularity of hanfu events and the rising number of enthusiasts who want to join the movement, some merchants have fueled unfair competition by selling poor-quality hanfu garments at high prices. These days, making sure you get your money’s worth requires a good deal of knowledge. The hanfu movement is among the most significant currents in the contemporary young Chinese cultural narrative. They have brought a sense of pride and Chinese aesthetics to social media, where overseas Chinese, too, can express their heritage. Psychologically and culturally, the hanfu movement is playing a major role in shaping the new generation of young Chinese, blending modernity with tradition. It is nothing short of remarkable to see China’s Gen Zs coming together to embrace and celebrate their customs. Although the future path of the hanfu movement has yet to unveil itself, it’s surely a phenomenon worth monitoring. The revival of Chinese culture has gained force and shows no signs of slowing down anytime soon. 57．What contributes to the revival of hanfu? A．The brands’ desire for more profit. B．The experts’ advocacy of patriotism. C．The youth’s recognition of traditional culture. D．The economic development of Han ethnic group. 58．What do we know about Jun? A．She is expert in hand-made products. B．She gained popularity for her adventures. C．She cooperated with museums for her reputation. D．She expanded her social circle thanks to her passion. 59．What is Jun’s attitude towards the current hanfu movement? A．Disapproval. B．Objective. C．Suspicious. D．Defensive. 60．What is the main idea of Paragraph 5? A．The future prospect of the hanfu movement. B．The great significance of the hanfu movement. C．The potential risks coming with the hanfu movement. D．The Gen Zs’ quality reflected by the hanfu movement. 【答案】57．C 58．D 59．B 60．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了汉服运动在中国年轻人中兴起的现象及其对文化传承的重要意义，强调了青年一代对传统文化的认同与自豪感。 57．细节理解题。根据第二段的“Many Chinese Gen Zs have come to realize that fashion is not exclusive to Western styles; they have also recognized the allure and appeal of their own traditional garments.(许多中国Z世代已经意识到，时尚并不是西方风格的专属；他们也认识到了自己传统服装的吸引力和吸引力)”可知，年轻一代开始意识到传统服饰的魅力，对传统文化的认可促进了汉服的复兴。故选C。 58．细节理解题。根据第三段的“She also noted that many of her close friends today had entered her life as a result of their shared passion for hanfu.(她还指出，她今天的许多密友都是因为对汉服的共同热爱而进入她的生活的)” 可知，因为对汉服的热爱，Jun的社交圈子得以扩大。故选D。 59．推理判断题。根据第四段的“As her reputation as a high-flying hanfu model grew, she started collaborating with museums in China and participating in a range of events. But Jun also warned that with the popularity of hanfu events and the rising number of enthusiasts who want to join the movement, some merchants have fueled unfair competition by selling poor-quality hanfu garments at high prices. (随着她作为一名出色的汉服模特的名声越来越大，她开始与中国的博物馆合作，并参加了一系列活动。但Jun也警告说，随着汉服活动的流行和想加入这场运动的爱好者人数的增加，一些商家以高价出售劣质汉服，加剧了不公平竞争)”可知，Jun既提到汉服运动带来的正面影响，如与博物馆合作参与活动，也提到了存在的问题，如不良商家高价销售劣质汉服，表明她持有客观的态度。故选B。 60．主旨大意题。根据最后一段的“The hanfu movement is among the most significant currents in the contemporary young Chinese cultural narrative. They have brought a sense of pride and Chinese aesthetics to social media, where overseas Chinese, too, can express their heritage.(汉服运动是当代中国青年文化叙事中最重要的潮流之一。他们为社交媒体带来了自豪感和中国美学，海外华人也可以在社交媒体上表达他们的传统)”以及全段可知，第五段阐述了汉服运动在当代中国文化叙事中的重要地位，提到它在心理和文化层面对塑造融合现代与传统的年轻一代所起的作用，以及对中国Z世代团结起来拥抱和庆祝自己习俗的现象表示肯定，整体强调了汉服运动的重大意义。故选B。 ( 35 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$