专题02 阅读理解(说明文) -2024年江苏省高考英语精选模拟题分类汇编

专题02 阅读理解:说明文 Passage1.【2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测】 The male western tanager (唐纳雀) looks like a little flame, while females are less showy, a dusty yellow. In the spring, they prepare to move thousands of miles to the Mountain West of Central America, flying through grasslands, deserts, and occasionally, suburban yards. To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. “In discussing climate change, we often focus on warming,” says Scott Loss, a co-author of the study. “But the length and timing of seasons — like when winter ends and spring begins — are some of the most dramatic effects of climate change.” Loss and his colleagues used satellite imagery from 2002 to 2021 to calculate the average start of spring green-up along the typical migration routes of 150 North American bird species, then compared that timing with the current green-up. They found that spring is indeed beginning earlier along birds’ migration routes. “By contrary, previous studies have mainly focused on songbirds in Eastern North America,” says Morgan Tingley, an ornithologist at UCLA, “but this new investigation shows that bird species in the West and at different levels of the food web might be just as vulnerable (脆弱的).” “Part of it is knowing which species are vulnerable to various threats,” Loss says. “This adds to the knowledge about vulnerability of a wide range of bird species.” And he hopes that the information will serve to highlight the urgent need to lower greenhouse-gas emissions as fast as possible. “It’s really important, if we can’t address climate change immediately, to try to stop habitat loss as much as we can.” 1．What may pose a direct threat to western tanagers’ survival? A．Global warming. B．The duration of changing seasons. C．Loss of habitats due to human activities. D．Decreased access to foods during migration. 2．What is unique about the new study on birds like western tanagers? A．It covers a wider geographic range. B．It reveals the decline in bird populations. C．It centers on the adaptation of bird species. D．It ensures the existence of a timing mismatch. 3．What does Loss suggest we do to safeguard migratory birds? A．Lessen the effects of climate change. B．Preserve ecosystems for bird species. C．Address emissions and habitat loss. D．Expand researches on threats to birds. 4．Where is the text most likely from? A．A scientific journal. B．A bird-watching guidebook. C．A website about climate change. D．A magazine about wildlife conservation. Passage2.【2024·江苏南京·模拟预测】 Last year I averaged 9,370 steps a day. My smartphone counted. My daily aim? Ten thousand steps. Because goals. Yet the concept of taking 10,000 steps a day to maintain health is rooted not in science but in marketing. In the 1960s, a Japanese company invented an early pedometer (计步器). Because the Japanese character for “10,000” looks like a person walking, the company called its device the 10,000-step meter. “It was just sort of a catchy phrase,” says I-Min Lee, a scientist at Harvard Medical School. In 2019, Lee published a study investigating the actual effects of meeting the 10,000-step goal. The result? Some movement is good, and more is better, but the benefits decline at some point. Your personal peak depends on your age. People younger than 60 should indeed walk 8,000 to 10,000 steps a day to get the best benefits in terms of lifespan (寿命). People older than 60 show the most benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 steps. The difference is energy consumption. “We basically relate energy consumption to health outcomes,” Lee says. Walking for 60 minutes at 3.3 miles an hour and running for 30 minutes at 6 miles an hour use the same amount of energy. “The older you are, the less efficient you are with your steps,” Lee says. “Per step, older people use more energy.” Thus, they need fewer steps to achieve the same benefits. Newer studies are moving beyond death rates to ask questions about the way steps may help to control blood pressure and weight. The goal, after all, is not just to live longer but to live healthier. Ful results are not in yet, so Lee’s advice is: “Tailor your steps according to what you are trying to achieve and according to who you are.” 5．The concept of taking 10,000 steps daily arises from ______. A．the findings of scientific surveys B．the formation of a Japanese character C．a marketing trick D．a healthy habit 6．What does Lee’s research find? A．Walking step targets vary with age. B．Walking more makes one look younger. C．Old people benefit more from walking longer. D．Reaching 10,000 steps daily appeals to many. 7．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The difference in energy consumption among age groups. B．The contrast between the benefits of walking and running. C．The reason for setting different step goals based on age. D．The link between energy consumption and health outcomes. 8．What will newer studies focus on? A．How steps change one’s lifestyle. B．How steps affect one’s lifespan. C．How steps reduce death rates. D．How steps boost healthy living. Passage3.【2024·江苏盐城·三模】 Over 30,000 metabolic and bariatric surgeries (MBS) were conducted in China last year, reflecting both increased public awareness and a growing obesity epidemic, according to Dr. Wang Bing, a chief surgeon at Shanghai No 9 People’s Hospital. His team, pioneers in weight-loss surgery since 2008, now performs approximately 300 surgeries annually, up from a dozen initially. Patients often present with comorbidities such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and sleep apnea, conditions exacerbated by obesity. MBS, which shrinks the stomach and sometimes reroutes digestion, is deemed the most effective long-term weight management solution, rarely leading to relapse. Wang notes that Asians typically exhibit abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral fat, a root cause of metabolic disorders. Compared to Japan and South Korea, China’s obesity rate is notably higher. Post-surgery, patients often experience transformative hormonal changes and improved brain signaling, contributing to significant metabolic improvements. MBS is recommended for individuals with a Body Mass Index (BMI) over 32.5, or over 27.5 with two metabolic diseases. Women, despite constituting 30% of the obese population, comprise 70% of patients, highlighting gender differences in health-seeking behavior. Despite its effectiveness, MBS remains underutilized, with only a fraction of eligible patients opting for the procedure. Obesity, recognized as a disease by the WHO since 1948, affects over half of China’s population, nearly doubling since 2002. Alarmingly, 20% of minors aged 6-17 and 10% under 6 are overweight or obese, attributed to lifestyle changes and dietary westernization. A father-son duo from Shanghai, who underwent MBS a month ago, exemplify the surgery’s benefits, reporting significant weight loss, improved sleep quality, and reduced symptoms of sleep apnea, high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiac hypertrophy. Their ongoing recovery underscores the importance of continued monitoring for metabolic disorder indicators. 9．What is the primary reason for the increase in metabolic and bariatric surgeries (MBS) in China, according to Dr. Wang Bing? A．The decline in traditional Chinese medicine practices B．The rise in obesity rates and greater public awareness of MBS C．The availability of new surgical technologies D．Increased funding for healthcare facilities 10．Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with patients seeking MBS in China? A．High blood pressure B．Diabetes C．Sleep apnea D．Asthma 11．According to the article, what is a distinctive feature of obesity in Asians, particularly in China, compared to other ethnic groups? A．Asians tend to have less body fat but more muscle mass. B．Asians primarily experience obesity in the form of abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral fat. C．Asians are less likely to suffer from obesity-related diseases. D．Asians show a lower Body Mass Index (BMI) for the same level of obesity. 12．Why is MBS considered underutilized in China, despite its effectiveness? A．Because the majority of the population prefers alternative medicine B．Because of the high cost of the procedure C．Because only a small percentage of eligible patients opt for the surgery D．Because there is a lack of qualified surgeons to perform the procedure Passage4.【2024·江苏南通·三模】 York Minster—The Best Cathedral in England Commonly known as York Minster, the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York is one of the finest old-fashioned buildings in Europe and was completed in 1472. In addition to daily services, there are many features to discover. York Minster has one of Europe’s biggest collections of stained glass, with 128 windows made from approximately 2 million individual pieces of stained glass. In the interactive underground chambers, you can discover the 2,000-year-old history of York Minster. In the grounds outside the Minster, the Old Palace houses famous historical treasures, collections and a library. For the best view in York, climb the Tower for a splendid view of the surrounding Yorkshire countryside. All year round there are special events, including performances by the York Minster Choir.OPENING TIMES Mon to Sat: 9:30 am—4:00 pm Sun: 12:45 pm—2:15 pm TICKET INFORMATION MINSTER ONLY MINSTER AND CENTRAL TOWER Adult/Senior: £18 Child (17 and under)*: free with a paying adult *Up to four children with one paying adult Adult/Senior: £24 Child (8-17): £6 To climb the tower you must be aged 8* It costs £30,000 a day to run York Minster and your admission fee directly supports the future of the cathedral. We never charge for people to enter the cathedral to pray, light a candle or attend a service.BOOKING As a working church, we do need to close from time to time at short notice so we strongly recommend booking in advance so we can keep you informed of any changes in opening times. For more information or to book, please contact our team using the details below or complete our enquiry form. T: 01904 557275 E: bookings@yorkminster.org 13．What can visitors do in York Minster? A．Stay in the Old Palace. B．Explore its rich history. C．Make windows from stained glass. D．Climb the Tower to watch performances. 14．What’s the charge for a couple with their six-year-old twins visiting Minster only? A．£24. B．£36. C．£42. D．£48. 15．What do we know about York Minster? A．It takes on a modern style. B．It bans climbing of the Tower. C．It may have temporary closures. D．It charges people attending services. Passage5.【2024·江苏宿迁·三模】 If you’re seeking a plain-language intro to statistics, or just want to get better at judging the reliability of numbers in the news, Spiegelhalter’s The Art of Statistics is a solid crash course. The book is less about learning how to use specific mathematical tools than it is about exploring the numerous ways statistics can help solve real-world problems and why warnings are often added to statistical claims. Spiegelhalter, a statistician at the University of Cambridge, keeps things lively by tying new concepts to questions. For instance, should you worry that eating bacon will increase your risk of bowel (肠) cancer? The relative risk might make you think people who eat a bacon sandwich every day have an 18 percent higher risk of bowel cancer than those who don’t. But looking at the absolute risk—a rise of 6 to 7 cases per 100 people—may put your mind at ease. Spiegelhalter’s narration is encouraging, and he makes complex sections easier to resolve by including frequent summaries and lots of data visualizations. The Art of Statistics is alive with his enthusiasm for how statistics can be used to collect information for court cases, city planning and a host of other sectors. But Spiegelhalter warns readers not to forget the assumptions and uncertainties in any analysis, and tells many cautionary tales about the ways statistics can go off the track. For example, incomplete samples and logical missteps can lead to faulty conclusions. Spiegelhalter doesn’t let the media off the hook, either. Many of the questions he uses to introduce topics are drawn from misleading news reports. Such articles include one claiming that going to college increases your risk of getting a brain tumor (瘤), which mistook correlation for causation in data on socioeconomic status and tumor diagnoses. The Art of Statistics leaves readers with a better handle on the ins and outs of statistical analysis. As Spiegelhalter writes, “Numbers may appear to be cold, hard facts, but… they need to be treated with delicacy.” 16．What’s special about The Art of Statistics? A．It offers a reliable course in statistics. B．It focuses on reasonable data analyses. C．It warns the public of statistical claims. D．It includes effective tools for math learners. 17．What’s the purpose in mentioning the example in paragraph 2? A．To compare two dramatically different lifestyles. B．To stress the importance of having a healthy diet. C．To show an effective way to explain new concepts. D．To relieve public concern over unreliable numbers. 18．What do the underlined words “off the hook” mean in paragraph 5? A．Free from blame. B．Familiar to all. C．In good condition. D．Out of control. 19．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Spiegelhalter: A Real Fighter Expert at Data Analyses B．The Art of Statistics: How to Avoid Faulty Conclusions C．Spiegelhalter: A Statistician against Misleading Statistics D．The Art of Statistics: How to Think Critically about Numbers Passage6.【2024·江苏南通·二模】 Top-down processing is the process of using context or general knowledge to understand what we perceive (感知). In 1970, psychologist Richard Gregory introduced the concept. He claimed that perception is constructive. The processing plays an important role in our interactions with our environment. Our five senses are constantly taking in information. At any given time, we are experiencing different sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and ways things feel when we touch them. If we paid attention to each one of our senses all the time, we’d never do anything else. It enables us to simplify the process by relying on context and our pre-existing knowledge to understand what we notice. If our brains didn’t employ top-down processing our senses would overwhelm us. Top-down processing helps us understand what our senses are perceiving in our daily lives. For example, suppose you receive an important letter but a few drops of water have ruined part of the text. A few letters in different words are now just smudges (污迹). Yet, you’re still able to read the letter in its entirety using top-down processing. You use the context of the words and sentences in which the smudges appear and your knowledge of reading to comprehend the meaning of the letter’s message. See a word LO*E, with one letter knocked down, yet you are still able to quickly recognize the word as LOVE. On the one hand, top-down processing serves a positive function by simplifying the way we comprehend our sensory perceptions. It enables us to shortcut the cognitive path between our perceptions and their meaning. On the other hand, patterns can also prevent us from perceiving things in unique ways. So we may understand the pattern of how to use a mobile phone, but if the manufacturer comes out with a new phone that employs completely unique interaction patterns, we may not be able to figure out how to use it. Besides, as our knowledge is limited and biased (片面的) in certain ways, it can lead to perceptual errors. 20．What is the author’s purpose in writing paragraph 2? A．To explain main reasons. B．To give practical examples. C．To draw specific conclusions. D．To analyse theoretical frameworks. 21．What maybe the key to understanding a text with missing letters? A．Pre-existing knowledge. B．Active interactions. C．Five physical senses. D．Lessons from mistakes 22．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Seeing is believing. B．Practice makes perfect. C．Every coin has two sides. D．Experience is the best teacher. 23．What does the author intend to do according to the text? A．Introduce a reading method. B．Deepen underlying meanings. C．Illustrate a cognitive strategy. D．Clarify a producing process. Passage7.【2024·江苏南通·模拟预测】 Mark Temple, a medical molecular (分子的) biologist, used to spend a lot of time in his lab researching new drugs for cancer treatments. He would extract DNA from cells and then add a drug to see where it was binding (结合) along the chemical sequence(序列). Before he introduced the drug, he’d look at DNA combination on a screen to see what might work best for the experiment, but the visual readout of the sequences was often unimaginably large. So Temple wondered if there was an easier way to detect favorable patterns. I realized I wanted to hear the sequence,” says Temple, who is also a musician. He started his own system of assigning notes to the different elements of DNA — human DNA is made of four distinct bases, so it was easy to start off with four notes — and made a little tune out of his materials. This trick indeed helped him better spot patterns in the sequences, which allowed him to make better choices about which DNA combinations to use. Temple isn’t the first person to turn scientific data into sound. In the past 40 years, researchers have gone from exploring this trick as a fun way to spot patterns in their studies to using it as a guide to discovery. And the scientific community has come to realize that there’s some long-term value in this type of work. Temple, who from that first experiment has created his own algorithmic software to turn data into sound, believes the resulting music can be used to improve research and science communication. So Temple decided to add layers of sound to make the sonification (可听化) into songs. He sees a clear difference between “sonification” and “musification”. Using sound to represent data is scientific, but very different from using creative input to make songs. The musical notes from DNA may be melodic to the human ear, but they don’t sound like a song you’d listen to on the radio. So when he tried to sonify the virus, he added layers of drums and guitar, and had some musician friends add their own music to turn the virus into a full-blown post-rock song. Temple sees this work as an effective communication tool that will help a general audience understand complex systems in biology. He has performed his songs in public at concert halls in Australia. 24．What is Mark Temple’s purpose in turning DNA data into sound? A．To help him fight boredom. B．To develop his creative ability. C．To make his drug more powerful. D．To aid the process of his experiments. 25．What can we learn about Temple’s system? A．Its effect remains to be seen. B．It failed to work as expected. C．It is too complicated to operate. D．It has produced satisfying results. 26．Why did Temple try to make the virus sound like real music when sonifying it? A．To get rid of public fear of the virus. B．To show h1s talent in producing music. C．To facilitate people’s understanding of science. D．To remind people or the roe or Science in art creation. 27．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Why scientists are turning molecules into music. B．How scientists help the public understand science. C．Why music can be the best way to present science. D．How music helps scientists conduct their research. Passage8.【2024·江苏南通·一模】 Ramirez Castañeda, a Colombian biologist, spends her time in the Amazon studying how snakes eat poisonous frogs without getting ill. Although her findings come in many shapes and sizes, she and her colleagues have struggled to get their biological discoveries out to the wider scientific community. With Spanish as her mother tongue, her research had to be translated into English to be published. That wasn’t always possible because of budget or time-and it means that some of her findings were never published. “It’s not that I’m a bad scientist,” she says. “It’s just because of the language.” Castañeda is not alone. There is plenty of research in non-English-language papers that gets lost in translation, or is never translated. A research looked through more than 400, 000 peer-reviewed papers in 16 different languages and found 1, 234 studies providing evidence on biodiversity conservation which, because they weren’t in English, may have been overlooked. These included Japanese-language findings on the effectiveness of relocating the endangered Blakiston’s fish owl, the largest owl species. Some experts argue that for the sake of the bigger picture, scientific knowledge should converge (转换) into one common language. Science is very globalised and becoming more so, so the use of a global language is enormous for that. Of course, scientists can work with an English partner, or use a translator-but this ultimately strengthens the cycle of dependency on the global north, leading to inequality in international influence. The specific meanings of words can also pose a problem in translation. For example, it is difficult to find in English one single word to describe forest snakes and frogs in the work Castafieda does with indigenous (土著的) communities in the Amazon. “So we’re losing observations for science, too, ” says Castañeda. “For me, it’s not possible to just have everything translated into English. We need multilingual (多语种的) science, and we need people that feel comfortable doing science in their own languages. It could be possible to switch to a world where, say, Chinese, English and Spanish are the three languages of science, just as English, French and German were the languages of science in the 19th century.” 28．What prevented Castañeda’s discoveries from being more widely known? A．Poor management. B．Opposition from her colleagues. C．Her bad reputation. D．The language barrier. 29．What’s the consequence of the dominant focus on English in scientific research? A．Inefficient wildlife conservation. B．A knowledge gap in the scientific world. C．A growing interest in non-English papers. D．Inadequate job opportunities for translators. 30．What does the author want to illustrate by mentioning forest snakes and frogs? A．The urgency to protect rare species. B．The need to adopt one global language. C．The challenges in translating scientific texts. D．The biodiversity on the South American continent. 31．What is presented in the last paragraph of the text? A．A potential solution. B．A theoretical model. C．A popular belief. D．A global trend. Passage9.【2024·江苏徐州·模拟预测】 After promotions or engagements, many people’s impulse is to share good news with their nearest and dearest, or post on social media for all to see. Yet a study suggests that we are better off keeping our cards closer to our chests, for “positive secrets” can leave us feeling “energized and invigorated”. Researchers at Columbia University conducted five experiments with 2,500 people and found that more than three quarters of participants instinctively wanted to tell someone else straight away when they had some good news. The study stated, “Prior research on secrecy has focused on the effects of negative secrets, secrets that involve information that people consider unpleasant, objectionable, or embarrassing. Although negative secrets have been found to be tiring, we propose that positive secrets can be energizing”. We define feelings of energy as feeling alive, alert, active and invigorated. Delaying the moment when you share your good news with others allows you to spend more time savouring the information, reflecting on its meaning or considering possible joyful reactions to sharing the secret. Participants in the study were shown 40 types of common good news. They were asked which they had personally experienced, which they had shared with others and which they had kept secret, at least for a while, and how these experiences made them feel. They were also asked to imagine they had a piece of good news and to picture two scenarios(场景), one in which they choose not to tell their partner until the end of the day, and one in which they try to call their partner but cannot get through, so have to wait until later. The first scenario, involving a deliberate choice to keep the secret for a few hours, led to positive feelings, while the second did not. However, the researchers admitted that some “positive” secrets would not make you happy. This could be those kept secret to avoid embarrassment, such as when a piece of good news may make others feel worse about their own situation. 32．What does the underlined sentence imply? A．Keeping good news a secret. B．Giving your heart to your partner. C．Sharing good news with others. D．Preventing your card from being seen. 33．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．What is the proper time to share good news. B．What secrets are suitable for us to share. C．How we should define feelings of energy. D．Why delaying sharing good news is recommended. 34．How did the researchers get their findings? A．By making comparisons. B．By analyzing previous studies. C．By demonstrating statistics. D．By referring to literary review. 35．Which of the following sharing may lead to embarrassment? A．You post your college acceptance letter on Tik Tok. B．You talk about success before your partner who failed. C．You tell your parents that you have won a scholarship. D．You fail to put through to tell your wife your promotion. Passage10.【2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测】 Just after hatching, many birds learn to identify and follow the first moving object they encounter—a process called imprinting, which can offer protection in the wild as it helps them stay near a parent. It doesn’t take much visual information for a bird to learn to prefer one object and follow it. Researchers wanted to know whether AI models called transformers could do a similar task with limited inputs. Transformers are generic learning systems that can be trained to perform a wide variety of tasks, making them useful in both AI chatbots such as ChatGPT and in computer vision applications, such as autonomous car navigation. “To directly compare learning algorithms (计算程序) to brains, we need to train them on the same experiences,” says Samantha Wood at Indiana University Bloomington. She first raised chicks in a box where the only visual stimulation came from a rotating 3D object presented on a screen. After the first week, she ran each chick through hundreds of test trials that showed that same object on one screen－presented from both familiar and unfamiliar perspectives－and displayed a second unfamiliar object on another screen. The chicks spent more of their time near the first object, suggesting they had imprinted on it. The researcher then created a virtual simulation (仿造物) of the set-up and used a virtual agent to move through it while looking around and recording a first-person view. That provided tens of thousands of simulated images for training and evaluating four transformer models. The AI models had just 300 milliseconds to learn from each simulated image－approximating (接近于) how long biological neurons (神经元) fire after being presented with an image. The researcher found that the AIs could learn to recognise a 3D object as quickly and accurately as the chicks. The study is “a great piece of work” in comparing machine performance with biological brains, says Antone Martinho-Truswell at the University of Sydney. But he also notes, “We might be able to say that the chick ‘saw’its imprinting object, but that will have a component (成分) of experience to it. Particularly as imprinting is to do with identifying its mother, it would be unsurprising if that visual experience were combined with a suite of other components of experience: fear yielding to comfort, for example, as the chick comes to regard the object as its imprinted ‘mother’.” 36．Why do newborn birds engage in imprinting? A．To enhance their navigation skills. B．To develop their social behaviour. C．To improve their communication with other birds. D．To establish a protective connection with a guardian. 37．How did Samantha Wood conduct the initial experiment with chicks? A．She raised them in an environment with a rotating visual element. B．She exposed them to various visual stimulations in the wild. C．She showed them various moving objects on screens. D．She observed their behaviour in a natural habitat. 38．What role did the virtual simulation play in the research? A．To imitate the natural behaviour of birds. B．To assess the effectiveness of virtual agents. C．To examine the Al models’ability to identify a 3D object. D．To create a visually diverse environment for the chicks. 39．According to Antone Martinho-Truswell, what poses a challenge in comparing machine performance with biological brains? A．Rapid learning pace of AI models. B．Recreating real-world environments for experiments. C．The complexity and diversity of biological experiences. D．Conducting additional experiments with a range of animals. Passage11.【2024·江苏南通·三模】 In a recent study of healthy volunteers, National Institutes of Health researchers discovered that our brains may replay memories of learning new skills when we rest. NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D．, senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times. During the first few trials, the speed at which subjects correctly typed the code improved dramatically and then leveled off around the 11th cycle. In a previous study, Dr. Cohen’s team showed that most of these gains happened during short rests, and not when the subjects were typing. Moreover, the gains were greater than those made after a night’s sleep and were related with a decrease in the size of brain waves, called beta rhythms. In this new report, the researchers searched for something different in the subjects’ brain waves. “We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D．, a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code. Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen. 40．What have NIH researchers recently found? A．The brain activity slowly flows when we learn a new skill. B．The value of short practice sessions can’t be overestimated. C．Short rest makes no difference to the neural replay of the activity. D．The frequency of brain replay contributes to practice performances. 41．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A．The process of the research. B．The facilities of the research. C．The application of the research. D．The preparations of the research. 42．Why did Dr. Buch develop a computer program? A．To distinguish the first 11 cycles from the later ones. B．To confirm the role of neural replay in skill learning. C．To explore the potential effects of procedural learning. D．To find out the reasons for the changes in brain waves. 43．What does Dr. Cohen think of the research findings? A．Acceptable. B．Promising. C．Shallow. D．Dismissive. Passage12.【2024·江苏南京·模拟预测】 While lifting weights one day, I heard a loud click on my back. I was rushed to the emergency room, where I was told the pain would eventually disappear. It didn’t, however. What I’ve learned about pain since then — both as a patient and as a physician — has me questioning how we treat it. Vania Apkarian, one of the world’s leading pain researchers, told me the classic idea is that pain continues as long as the injury does, but the injury and pain it produces end up being separate. “Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain,” he says. A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain. This is a really big deal: millions of people in the U.S. alone get MRIs for back pain. Yet 5 percent of them were medically justified, and of those who received MRIs, 65 percent received potentially harmful advice — including calls for risky back surgery that probably wouldn’t have resolved their pain. I could have been one of those people, yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off. If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does? One major factor is our mentality. A recent trial has revealed the power of therapies (疗法) that target how we think about discomfort. People who are anxious about being in pain are twice as likely to develop long time pain. A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer. 44．What does paragraph 2 imply? A．Back pain is not necessarily an emergency case. B．MRI tests can’t give a full picture of one’s condition. C．Minor injuries can lead to severe pain. D．Bone problems begin to bother the young. 45．What can we learn from the author’s personal story? A．He found his back surgery medically justified. B．The surgeon misled him about the back injury. C．A surgery might do him more harm than good. D．Being a physician helps him treat his back pain. 46．According to the author, what should a patient with long-lasting pain do? A．Consult professionals to receive surgeries. B．Have painkillers as early as possible. C．Take comprehensive MRI examinations. D．Acquire a thorough understanding of the pain. 47．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Origins of pain. B．Killers of pain. C．Victims of pain. D．Effects of pain. Passage13.【2024·江苏扬州·模拟预测】 Scarcity is a common condition of human existence. Everyday circumstances of limited resources can make individuals experience a sense of scarcity. Scarcity functions like an obstacle to goal pursuit, which intensify the value of goal. Scarcity prioritizes our choices and it can make us more effective. The time pressure of a deadline focuses our attention on using what we have most effectively. When we have little time left, we try to get more out of every moment. For example, we are more frugal with the toothpaste as the tube starts to run empty, and college seniors tend to get the most out of their time before graduation. Many stores strategically create perception of scarcity to motivate consumer behavior. For example, the pricing practice of limiting number of items per person can lead to increased sales. The sign implies that the items are in short supply and the fear of missing out can have a powerful effect on shoppers. For an item that is attractive to begin with, its attractiveness will intensify when it is scarce. For instance, warning labels on violent television programs, designed to decrease interest, often backfire and increase in watching the programs. The scarcity effect explains why shyness often is considered an attractive attribute? Experts say that “playing hard to get” is a most effective strategy for attracting a partner, especially in the context of long-term love. A “hard to get” player likes to appear busy, create interest and keep the suitors guessing. However, playing hard to get is less effective in men, as they are the ones who are socially expected to initiate the relationship. Scarcity also contributes to an interesting and a meaningful life. Scarcity shows that reminding individuals of the reality of death increases the value of life. Midlife often heightens the feeling that there is not enough time left in life to waste. We overcome the illusion (幻觉) that we can be anything, do anything, and experience everything. We restructure our lives around the needs that are essential. 48．What does the underlined word “frugal” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Economical. B．Flexible. C．Anxious. D．Sensible. 49．Why do warning labels fail to stop people watching violent programs? A．Because the programs have appealing openings. B．Because there are few violent programs available. C．Because the message on warning labels isn’t clear. D．Because people want things that they cannot get. 50．Which of the following shows the effectiveness of the scarcity strategy? A．A car company constantly launches new model cars. B．A restaurant puts up a “two cans per person” poster. C．A man pretends to be busy in front of his girlfriend. D．A 50-year-old tries things he has never done before. 51．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage? A．To prove a theory. B．To offer a solution. C．To illustrate a phenomenon. D．To challenge a concept. Passage14.【2024·江苏南京·模拟预测】 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It’s not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents (倡导者) of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture”. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B．E. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain. 52．What will the proponents of the “nurture” theory agree with? A．Peter loves talking to strangers because he is friendly. B．Peter loves maths because his father is a maths professor. C．Peter loves detective stories because he enjoys suspense and thrill. D．Peter loves tea because his mother gave it to him since childhood. 53．The underlined word “mechanistic” in paragraph 4 means . A．flexible B．rigid C．common D．new 54．Why did the author cite the blacks in the US as an example? A．He wanted to show how the theories have deeply affected the society. B．He tried to prove that both theories need further discussion and research. C．He intended to demonstrate why the blacks need more education and support. D．He attempted to introduce the result of intelligence tests from blacks and whites. 55．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce some theories. B．To explain a social issue. C．To solve a racial problem. D．To give further suggestions. Passage15.【2024·江苏镇江·三模】 The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services. A study from the University of California suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could significantly reduce carbon emissions and cut the cost of transportation by 2050, which sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as responsibility and maintenance issues. But driverless car ownership could increase as more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 56．As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern? A．Safety. B．Side effects. C．Affordability. D．Management. 57．According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can ______. A．help deal with transportation-related problems B．provide better services to customers C．cause damage to our environment D．make some people lose jobs 58．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Shared. B．Replaced. C．Employed. D．Reduced. 59．What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic. ( 21 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题02 阅读理解:说明文 Passage1.【2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测】 The male western tanager (唐纳雀) looks like a little flame, while females are less showy, a dusty yellow. In the spring, they prepare to move thousands of miles to the Mountain West of Central America, flying through grasslands, deserts, and occasionally, suburban yards. To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. “In discussing climate change, we often focus on warming,” says Scott Loss, a co-author of the study. “But the length and timing of seasons — like when winter ends and spring begins — are some of the most dramatic effects of climate change.” Loss and his colleagues used satellite imagery from 2002 to 2021 to calculate the average start of spring green-up along the typical migration routes of 150 North American bird species, then compared that timing with the current green-up. They found that spring is indeed beginning earlier along birds’ migration routes. “By contrary, previous studies have mainly focused on songbirds in Eastern North America,” says Morgan Tingley, an ornithologist at UCLA, “but this new investigation shows that bird species in the West and at different levels of the food web might be just as vulnerable (脆弱的).” “Part of it is knowing which species are vulnerable to various threats,” Loss says. “This adds to the knowledge about vulnerability of a wide range of bird species.” And he hopes that the information will serve to highlight the urgent need to lower greenhouse-gas emissions as fast as possible. “It’s really important, if we can’t address climate change immediately, to try to stop habitat loss as much as we can.” 1．What may pose a direct threat to western tanagers’ survival? A．Global warming. B．The duration of changing seasons. C．Loss of habitats due to human activities. D．Decreased access to foods during migration. 2．What is unique about the new study on birds like western tanagers? A．It covers a wider geographic range. B．It reveals the decline in bird populations. C．It centers on the adaptation of bird species. D．It ensures the existence of a timing mismatch. 3．What does Loss suggest we do to safeguard migratory birds? A．Lessen the effects of climate change. B．Preserve ecosystems for bird species. C．Address emissions and habitat loss. D．Expand researches on threats to birds. 4．Where is the text most likely from? A．A scientific journal. B．A bird-watching guidebook. C．A website about climate change. D．A magazine about wildlife conservation. 【答案】1．D 2．A 3．C 4．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章从唐纳雀入手，分析北美迁移鸟类面临的挑战及其原因，最后提出建议：希望尽快减少温室气体的排放，尽可能地阻止栖息地的丧失。 1．推理判断题。由第二段中的“To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. (为了在漫长的旅途中补充能量，西方唐纳雀以昆虫和浆果为食。但随着全球气候变化导致春天提前到来，像唐纳雀这样的鸟类在所谓的“返青”之后才到达目的地，这时花朵开始绽放，昆虫开始出现。根据3月初发表在《美国科学院院刊》上的一项研究，这种迁移动物和它们的食物来源之间的时间不匹配，正在北美各地发生，可能会对候鸟的生存产生严重后果。)”可知，随着全球气候变化导致春季提前开始，唐纳德雀迁徙期间获得食物的机会减少。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。由第三段中的““By contrary, previous studies have mainly focused on songbirds in Eastern North America,” says Morgan Tingley, an ornithologist at UCLA, “but this new investigation shows that bird species in the West and at different levels of the food web might be just as vulnerable (脆弱的).” (“相反，以前的研究主要集中在北美东部的鸣禽上，”加州大学洛杉矶分校的鸟类学Morgan Tingley说，“但这项新的调查表明，西部和食物网不同层次的鸟类物种可能同样脆弱。”)”可知，先前的研究的是北美东部的鸣禽，这项关于像西部唐纳雀这样的鸟类的新研究的独特之处在于它覆盖了更广泛的地理范围，不仅关注东北美地区的鸣禽，也包括西部及食物链不同层级上的鸟类。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。由最后一段“And he hopes that the information will serve to highlight the urgent need to lower greenhouse-gas emissions as fast as possible. “It’s really important, if we can’t address climate change immediately, to try to stop habitat loss as much as we can.” (他希望这些信息将有助于强调尽快降低温室气体排放的迫切需要。“如果我们不能立即解决气候变化问题，那么尽我们所能阻止栖息地的丧失是非常重要的。”)”可知，作者期望能够尽快减少温室气体的排放，尽可能地阻止栖息地的丧失。故选C项。 4．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由第二段中的“To fuel them on their lengthy journey, western tanagers fill up on insects and berries. But as global climate change causes spring to start earlier, birds such as western tanagers are arriving at their destination after what’s known as “green-up”, when flowers begin blooming and insects emerge. According to a study published in early March in the journal PNAS, this kind of timing mismatch between migrants (迁移动物) and their food sources, which is happening across North America, could have serious consequences for migratory birds’ survival. (为了在漫长的旅途中补充能量，西方唐纳雀以昆虫和浆果为食。但随着全球气候变化导致春天提前到来，像唐纳雀这样的鸟类在所谓的“返青”之后才到达目的地，这时花朵开始绽放，昆虫开始出现。根据3月初发表在《美国科学院院刊》上的一项研究，这种迁移动物和它们的食物来源之间的时间不匹配，正在北美各地发生，可能会对候鸟的生存产生严重后果。)”可知，本文介绍的是Scott Loss关于鸟类迁移的一项科学研究，且引用了《美国科学院院刊》的话，所以最可能来源于科研杂志。故选A项。 Passage2.【2024·江苏南京·模拟预测】 Last year I averaged 9,370 steps a day. My smartphone counted. My daily aim? Ten thousand steps. Because goals. Yet the concept of taking 10,000 steps a day to maintain health is rooted not in science but in marketing. In the 1960s, a Japanese company invented an early pedometer (计步器). Because the Japanese character for “10,000” looks like a person walking, the company called its device the 10,000-step meter. “It was just sort of a catchy phrase,” says I-Min Lee, a scientist at Harvard Medical School. In 2019, Lee published a study investigating the actual effects of meeting the 10,000-step goal. The result? Some movement is good, and more is better, but the benefits decline at some point. Your personal peak depends on your age. People younger than 60 should indeed walk 8,000 to 10,000 steps a day to get the best benefits in terms of lifespan (寿命). People older than 60 show the most benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 steps. The difference is energy consumption. “We basically relate energy consumption to health outcomes,” Lee says. Walking for 60 minutes at 3.3 miles an hour and running for 30 minutes at 6 miles an hour use the same amount of energy. “The older you are, the less efficient you are with your steps,” Lee says. “Per step, older people use more energy.” Thus, they need fewer steps to achieve the same benefits. Newer studies are moving beyond death rates to ask questions about the way steps may help to control blood pressure and weight. The goal, after all, is not just to live longer but to live healthier. Ful results are not in yet, so Lee’s advice is: “Tailor your steps according to what you are trying to achieve and according to who you are.” 5．The concept of taking 10,000 steps daily arises from ______. A．the findings of scientific surveys B．the formation of a Japanese character C．a marketing trick D．a healthy habit 6．What does Lee’s research find? A．Walking step targets vary with age. B．Walking more makes one look younger. C．Old people benefit more from walking longer. D．Reaching 10,000 steps daily appeals to many. 7．What is paragraph 4 mainly about? A．The difference in energy consumption among age groups. B．The contrast between the benefits of walking and running. C．The reason for setting different step goals based on age. D．The link between energy consumption and health outcomes. 8．What will newer studies focus on? A．How steps change one’s lifestyle. B．How steps affect one’s lifespan. C．How steps reduce death rates. D．How steps boost healthy living. 【答案】5．C 6．A 7．C 8．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了每天走10000步以保持健康的概念并非源于科学，而是源于营销。哈佛医学院的科学家I-Min Lee的研究发现，不同年龄段的最佳步行步数不同，步行对健康的益处与能量消耗有关。新的研究开始探讨步行如何帮助控制血压和体重。 5．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Yet the concept of taking 10,000 steps a day to maintain health is rooted not in science but in marketing.”（然而，每天走10000步来保持健康的概念并非源于科学，而是源于营销。）可知，每天走10000步的概念实际上是一个营销策略。故选C。 6．细节理解题。根据第三段中“People younger than 60 should indeed walk 8,000 to 10,000 steps a day to get the best benefits in terms of lifespan (寿命). People older than 60 show the most benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 steps.”（60岁以下的人确实应该每天走8000到10000步，以获得寿命方面的最佳效益。60岁以上的人走6000到8000步之间效益最大。）可知，Lee的研究发现，不同年龄段的步行目标步数不同。故选A。 7．主旨大意题。根据第四段“The difference is energy consumption. “We basically relate energy consumption to health outcomes,” Lee says. Walking for 60 minutes at 3.3 miles an hour and running for 30 minutes at 6 miles an hour use the same amount of energy. “The older you are, the less efficient you are with your steps,” Lee says. “Per step, older people use more energy.” Thus, they need fewer steps to achieve the same benefits.”（差别在于能源消耗。“我们基本上把能源消耗与健康结果联系起来，”李说。以每小时3.3英里的速度步行60分钟和以每小时6英里的速度跑步30分钟消耗的能量相同。“你年纪越大，你走路的效率就越低，”李说。“每走一步，老年人消耗更多的能量。”因此，他们需要更少的步数来实现相同的好处。）可知，文中解释了为什么不同年龄段的步行目标步数不同，原因是能量消耗的差异。随着年龄的增长，人们步行时的能量效率降低，因此老年人需要更少的步数就能达到相同的健康效益。所以，第四段主要解释了基于年龄设定不同步行目标的原因。故选C。 8．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Newer studies are moving beyond death rates to ask questions about the way steps may help to control blood pressure and weight.”（新的研究不再局限于死亡率，而是开始探讨步数如何有助于控制血压和体重。）可知，最新的研究将关注步数如何促进健康生活，包括控制血压和体重。故选D。 Passage3.【2024·江苏盐城·三模】 Over 30,000 metabolic and bariatric surgeries (MBS) were conducted in China last year, reflecting both increased public awareness and a growing obesity epidemic, according to Dr. Wang Bing, a chief surgeon at Shanghai No 9 People’s Hospital. His team, pioneers in weight-loss surgery since 2008, now performs approximately 300 surgeries annually, up from a dozen initially. Patients often present with comorbidities such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and sleep apnea, conditions exacerbated by obesity. MBS, which shrinks the stomach and sometimes reroutes digestion, is deemed the most effective long-term weight management solution, rarely leading to relapse. Wang notes that Asians typically exhibit abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral fat, a root cause of metabolic disorders. Compared to Japan and South Korea, China’s obesity rate is notably higher. Post-surgery, patients often experience transformative hormonal changes and improved brain signaling, contributing to significant metabolic improvements. MBS is recommended for individuals with a Body Mass Index (BMI) over 32.5, or over 27.5 with two metabolic diseases. Women, despite constituting 30% of the obese population, comprise 70% of patients, highlighting gender differences in health-seeking behavior. Despite its effectiveness, MBS remains underutilized, with only a fraction of eligible patients opting for the procedure. Obesity, recognized as a disease by the WHO since 1948, affects over half of China’s population, nearly doubling since 2002. Alarmingly, 20% of minors aged 6-17 and 10% under 6 are overweight or obese, attributed to lifestyle changes and dietary westernization. A father-son duo from Shanghai, who underwent MBS a month ago, exemplify the surgery’s benefits, reporting significant weight loss, improved sleep quality, and reduced symptoms of sleep apnea, high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiac hypertrophy. Their ongoing recovery underscores the importance of continued monitoring for metabolic disorder indicators. 9．What is the primary reason for the increase in metabolic and bariatric surgeries (MBS) in China, according to Dr. Wang Bing? A．The decline in traditional Chinese medicine practices B．The rise in obesity rates and greater public awareness of MBS C．The availability of new surgical technologies D．Increased funding for healthcare facilities 10．Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with patients seeking MBS in China? A．High blood pressure B．Diabetes C．Sleep apnea D．Asthma 11．According to the article, what is a distinctive feature of obesity in Asians, particularly in China, compared to other ethnic groups? A．Asians tend to have less body fat but more muscle mass. B．Asians primarily experience obesity in the form of abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral fat. C．Asians are less likely to suffer from obesity-related diseases. D．Asians show a lower Body Mass Index (BMI) for the same level of obesity. 12．Why is MBS considered underutilized in China, despite its effectiveness? A．Because the majority of the population prefers alternative medicine B．Because of the high cost of the procedure C．Because only a small percentage of eligible patients opt for the surgery D．Because there is a lack of qualified surgeons to perform the procedure 【答案】9．B 10．D 11．B 12．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了上海第九人民医院主任外科医生王兵表示，去年中国进行了3万多例代谢和减肥手术(MBS)，这反映了公众意识的提高和肥胖流行病的日益严重。他的团队自2008年以来一直是减肥手术的先驱，现在每年进行大约300次手术，而最初只有12次。 9．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Over 30,000 metabolic and bariatric surgeries (MBS) were conducted in China last year, reflecting both increased public awareness and a growing obesity epidemic, according to Dr. Wang Bing, a chief surgeon at Shanghai No 9 People’s Hospital. His team, pioneers in weight-loss surgery since 2008, now performs approximately 300 surgeries annually, up from a dozen initially.”（上海第九人民医院主任外科医生王兵表示，去年中国进行了3万多例代谢和减肥手术(MBS)，这反映了公众意识的提高和肥胖流行病的日益严重。他的团队自2008年以来一直是减肥手术的先驱，现在每年进行大约300次手术，而最初只有12次。）可知，王兵医生认为，中国代谢和减肥手术(MBS)增加的主要原因是肥胖率的上升和公众对MBS的更大认识。故选B项。 10．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Patients often present with comorbidities such as high blood pressure, diabetes, and sleep apnea, conditions exacerbated by obesity.”（患者通常伴有合并症，如高血压、糖尿病和睡眠呼吸暂停，肥胖加重了这些疾病。）可知，寻求MBS的患者和哮喘这一情况没有关联。故选D项。 11．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Wang notes that Asians typically exhibit abdominal obesity, characterized by excess visceral fat, a root cause of metabolic disorders.”（王指出，亚洲人通常表现为腹部肥胖，其特征是内脏脂肪过多，这是代谢紊乱的根本原因。）可知，根据文章，与其他民族相比，亚洲人，尤其是中国人，肥胖的一个显著特征是亚洲人的肥胖主要表现为腹部肥胖，其特征是内脏脂肪过多。故选B项。 12．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“Despite its effectiveness, MBS remains underutilized, with only a fraction of eligible patients opting for the procedure.”（尽管它很有效，但MBS仍未得到充分利用，只有一小部分符合条件的患者选择了该手术。）可知，尽管MBS很有效，但在中国被认为未得到充分利用是因为只有一小部分符合条件的病人选择手术。故选C项。 Passage4.【2024·江苏南通·三模】 York Minster—The Best Cathedral in England Commonly known as York Minster, the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of Saint Peter in York is one of the finest old-fashioned buildings in Europe and was completed in 1472. In addition to daily services, there are many features to discover. York Minster has one of Europe’s biggest collections of stained glass, with 128 windows made from approximately 2 million individual pieces of stained glass. In the interactive underground chambers, you can discover the 2,000-year-old history of York Minster. In the grounds outside the Minster, the Old Palace houses famous historical treasures, collections and a library. For the best view in York, climb the Tower for a splendid view of the surrounding Yorkshire countryside. All year round there are special events, including performances by the York Minster Choir.OPENING TIMES Mon to Sat: 9:30 am—4:00 pm Sun: 12:45 pm—2:15 pm TICKET INFORMATION MINSTER ONLY MINSTER AND CENTRAL TOWER Adult/Senior: £18 Child (17 and under)*: free with a paying adult *Up to four children with one paying adult Adult/Senior: £24 Child (8-17): £6 To climb the tower you must be aged 8* It costs £30,000 a day to run York Minster and your admission fee directly supports the future of the cathedral. We never charge for people to enter the cathedral to pray, light a candle or attend a service.BOOKING As a working church, we do need to close from time to time at short notice so we strongly recommend booking in advance so we can keep you informed of any changes in opening times. For more information or to book, please contact our team using the details below or complete our enquiry form. T: 01904 557275 E: bookings@yorkminster.org 13．What can visitors do in York Minster? A．Stay in the Old Palace. B．Explore its rich history. C．Make windows from stained glass. D．Climb the Tower to watch performances. 14．What’s the charge for a couple with their six-year-old twins visiting Minster only? A．£24. B．£36. C．£42. D．£48. 15．What do we know about York Minster? A．It takes on a modern style. B．It bans climbing of the Tower. C．It may have temporary closures. D．It charges people attending services. 【答案】13．B 14．B 15．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了约克大教堂的历史、特色以及参观信息。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In the interactive underground chambers, you can discover the 2000-year-old history of York Minster. In the grounds outside the Minster, the Old Palace houses famous historical treasures, collections and a library.(在互动的地下室内，你可以发现约克大教堂 2000 年的历史。在大教堂外的场地上，古老的宫殿里收藏着著名的历史珍宝、收藏品和图书馆。)”可知，游客可以在约克大教堂探索其丰富的历史。故选B。 14．细节理解题。根据 TICKET INFORMATION 中“MINSTER ONLY Adult/Senior: £18；Child (17 and under)*: free with a paying adult；Up to four children with one paying adult(仅教堂：成人/老年人：£18；17 岁及以下儿童：与付费成人一起免费；*最多四个孩子和一个付费成人)”可知，一对夫妇带着他们六岁的双胞胎只去参观教堂，需要支付的费用为：£18×2=£36。故选B。 15．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“As a working church, we do need to close from time to time at short notice so we strongly recommend booking in advance so we can keep you informed of any changes in opening times.(作为一个工作中的教堂，我们确实需要不时地在短时间内关闭，所以我们强烈建议提前预订，以便我们能够随时通知您开放时间的任何变化。）”可知，约克大教堂可能会有临时关闭。故选C。 Passage5.【2024·江苏宿迁·三模】 If you’re seeking a plain-language intro to statistics, or just want to get better at judging the reliability of numbers in the news, Spiegelhalter’s The Art of Statistics is a solid crash course. The book is less about learning how to use specific mathematical tools than it is about exploring the numerous ways statistics can help solve real-world problems and why warnings are often added to statistical claims. Spiegelhalter, a statistician at the University of Cambridge, keeps things lively by tying new concepts to questions. For instance, should you worry that eating bacon will increase your risk of bowel (肠) cancer? The relative risk might make you think people who eat a bacon sandwich every day have an 18 percent higher risk of bowel cancer than those who don’t. But looking at the absolute risk—a rise of 6 to 7 cases per 100 people—may put your mind at ease. Spiegelhalter’s narration is encouraging, and he makes complex sections easier to resolve by including frequent summaries and lots of data visualizations. The Art of Statistics is alive with his enthusiasm for how statistics can be used to collect information for court cases, city planning and a host of other sectors. But Spiegelhalter warns readers not to forget the assumptions and uncertainties in any analysis, and tells many cautionary tales about the ways statistics can go off the track. For example, incomplete samples and logical missteps can lead to faulty conclusions. Spiegelhalter doesn’t let the media off the hook, either. Many of the questions he uses to introduce topics are drawn from misleading news reports. Such articles include one claiming that going to college increases your risk of getting a brain tumor (瘤), which mistook correlation for causation in data on socioeconomic status and tumor diagnoses. The Art of Statistics leaves readers with a better handle on the ins and outs of statistical analysis. As Spiegelhalter writes, “Numbers may appear to be cold, hard facts, but… they need to be treated with delicacy.” 16．What’s special about The Art of Statistics? A．It offers a reliable course in statistics. B．It focuses on reasonable data analyses. C．It warns the public of statistical claims. D．It includes effective tools for math learners. 17．What’s the purpose in mentioning the example in paragraph 2? A．To compare two dramatically different lifestyles. B．To stress the importance of having a healthy diet. C．To show an effective way to explain new concepts. D．To relieve public concern over unreliable numbers. 18．What do the underlined words “off the hook” mean in paragraph 5? A．Free from blame. B．Familiar to all. C．In good condition. D．Out of control. 19．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text? A．Spiegelhalter: A Real Fighter Expert at Data Analyses B．The Art of Statistics: How to Avoid Faulty Conclusions C．Spiegelhalter: A Statistician against Misleading Statistics D．The Art of Statistics: How to Think Critically about Numbers 【答案】16．B 17．C 18．A 19．D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了《统计的艺术》这本书如何帮助读者批判性地思考数字。 16．细节理解题。根据第一段“The book is less about learning how to use specific mathematical tools than it is about exploring the numerous ways statistics can help solve real-world problems and why warnings are often added to statistical claims.(这本书不是关于学习如何使用特定的数学工具，而是关于探索统计学可以帮助解决现实世界问题的众多方法，以及为什么经常在统计声明中添加警告)”可知，《统计的艺术》的特别之处在于注重合理的数据分析。故选B。 17．推理判断题。根据第二段“Spiegelhalter, a statistician at the University of Cambridge, keeps things lively by tying new concepts to questions. For instance, should you worry that eating bacon will increase your risk of bowel (肠) cancer? The relative risk might make you think people who eat a bacon sandwich every day have an 18 percent higher risk of bowel cancer than those who don’t. But looking at the absolute risk—a rise of 6 to 7 cases per 100 people—may put your mind at ease.(剑桥大学的统计学家Spiegelhalter通过将新概念与问题联系起来，使事情变得生动活泼。例如，你是否应该担心吃培根会增加你患肠癌的风险？这种相对风险可能会让你认为每天吃培根三明治的人患肠癌的风险比不吃的人高18%。但看看绝对风险——每100人中增加6到7例——可能会让你放心)”可知，在第二段提到这个例子的目的是展示解释新概念的有效方法。故选C。 18．词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Many of the questions he uses to introduce topics are drawn from misleading news reports.(他用来引入话题的许多问题都来自误导性的新闻报道)”可知，斯皮格霍尔特也不让媒体不受责备，因为他用来引入话题的许多问题都来自误导性的新闻报道。故划线词意思是“不受责备”。故选A。 19．主旨大意题。根据第一段“If you’re seeking a plain-language intro to statistics, or just want to get better at judging the reliability of numbers in the news, Spiegelhalter’s The Art of Statistics is a solid crash course.(如果你正在寻找一个简单的统计入门，或者只是想更好地判断新闻中数字的可靠性，Spiegelhalter的《统计的艺术》是一个坚实的速成课程)”结合文章主要介绍了《统计的艺术》这本书的特色以及作者书中的一些观点。可知，D选项“统计的艺术：如何批判性地思考数字”最符合文章标题。故选D。 Passage6.【2024·江苏南通·二模】 Top-down processing is the process of using context or general knowledge to understand what we perceive (感知). In 1970, psychologist Richard Gregory introduced the concept. He claimed that perception is constructive. The processing plays an important role in our interactions with our environment. Our five senses are constantly taking in information. At any given time, we are experiencing different sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and ways things feel when we touch them. If we paid attention to each one of our senses all the time, we’d never do anything else. It enables us to simplify the process by relying on context and our pre-existing knowledge to understand what we notice. If our brains didn’t employ top-down processing our senses would overwhelm us. Top-down processing helps us understand what our senses are perceiving in our daily lives. For example, suppose you receive an important letter but a few drops of water have ruined part of the text. A few letters in different words are now just smudges (污迹). Yet, you’re still able to read the letter in its entirety using top-down processing. You use the context of the words and sentences in which the smudges appear and your knowledge of reading to comprehend the meaning of the letter’s message. See a word LO*E, with one letter knocked down, yet you are still able to quickly recognize the word as LOVE. On the one hand, top-down processing serves a positive function by simplifying the way we comprehend our sensory perceptions. It enables us to shortcut the cognitive path between our perceptions and their meaning. On the other hand, patterns can also prevent us from perceiving things in unique ways. So we may understand the pattern of how to use a mobile phone, but if the manufacturer comes out with a new phone that employs completely unique interaction patterns, we may not be able to figure out how to use it. Besides, as our knowledge is limited and biased (片面的) in certain ways, it can lead to perceptual errors. 20．What is the author’s purpose in writing paragraph 2? A．To explain main reasons. B．To give practical examples. C．To draw specific conclusions. D．To analyse theoretical frameworks. 21．What maybe the key to understanding a text with missing letters? A．Pre-existing knowledge. B．Active interactions. C．Five physical senses. D．Lessons from mistakes 22．What can we learn from the last paragraph? A．Seeing is believing. B．Practice makes perfect. C．Every coin has two sides. D．Experience is the best teacher. 23．What does the author intend to do according to the text? A．Introduce a reading method. B．Deepen underlying meanings. C．Illustrate a cognitive strategy. D．Clarify a producing process. 【答案】20．A 21．A 22．C 23．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了自上而下的处理信息帮助我们理解感知到的事物，文章主要解释了这一认知过程。 20．推理判断题。根据第二段“The processing plays an important role in our interactions with our environment. Our five senses are constantly taking in information. At any given time, we are experiencing different sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and ways things feel when we touch them. If we paid attention to each one of our senses all the time, we’d never do anything else. It enables us to simplify the process by relying on context and our pre-existing knowledge to understand what we notice. If our brains didn’t employ top-down processing our senses would overwhelm us.(这个过程在我们与环境的互动中起着重要的作用。我们的五种感官不断地接收信息。在任何给定的时间，我们都在体验不同的视觉、声音、味道、气味，以及触摸事物时的感觉。如果我们一直关注我们的每一种感官，我们就永远不会做其他事情。它使我们能够通过依赖上下文和我们已有的知识来理解我们注意到的东西，从而简化这个过程。如果我们的大脑不采用自上而下的处理方式，我们的感官就会压倒我们)”可知，作者写第二段的目的是分析自上而下的处理是至关重要的主要原因。故选A。 21．细节理解题。根据第三段“You use the context of the words and sentences in which the smudges appear and your knowledge of reading to comprehend the meaning of the letter’s message. See a word LO*E, with one letter knocked down, yet you are still able to quickly recognize the word as LOVE.(你可以利用出现污迹的单词和句子的上下文以及你的阅读知识来理解信件的意思。看到一个单词“LO*E”，一个字母被敲掉了，但你仍然能很快认出这个单词是“LOVE”)”可知，理解一篇缺少字母的文章的关键是已有的信息。故选A。 22．细节理解题。根据最后一段中“On the one hand, top-down processing serves a positive function by simplifying the way we comprehend our sensory perceptions. It enables us to shortcut the cognitive path between our perceptions and their meaning. On the other hand, patterns can also prevent us from perceiving things in unique ways.(一方面，自上而下的处理通过简化我们理解感官知觉的方式起到了积极的作用。它使我们能够缩短我们的感知和它们的意义之间的认知路径。另一方面，模式也可以阻止我们以独特的方式感知事物)”可知，自上而下的处理通常是有益的，但它也有局限性，有时会阻碍我们以新颖的方式感知事物或适应不熟悉的情况的能力。因此，事物都有两面性。故选C。 23．推理判断题。根据第一段“Top-down processing is the process of using context or general knowledge to understand what we perceive (感知). In 1970, psychologist Richard Gregory introduced the concept. He claimed that perception is constructive.(自上而下的处理是使用上下文或一般知识来理解我们所感知的东西的过程。1970年，心理学家理查德·格雷戈里提出了这个概念。他声称感知是建设性的)”，结合文章主要说明了自上而下的处理信息帮助我们理解感知到的事物，文章主要解释了这一认知过程。可知，作者想要说明一个认知策略。故选C。 Passage7.【2024·江苏南通·模拟预测】 Mark Temple, a medical molecular (分子的) biologist, used to spend a lot of time in his lab researching new drugs for cancer treatments. He would extract DNA from cells and then add a drug to see where it was binding (结合) along the chemical sequence(序列). Before he introduced the drug, he’d look at DNA combination on a screen to see what might work best for the experiment, but the visual readout of the sequences was often unimaginably large. So Temple wondered if there was an easier way to detect favorable patterns. I realized I wanted to hear the sequence,” says Temple, who is also a musician. He started his own system of assigning notes to the different elements of DNA — human DNA is made of four distinct bases, so it was easy to start off with four notes — and made a little tune out of his materials. This trick indeed helped him better spot patterns in the sequences, which allowed him to make better choices about which DNA combinations to use. Temple isn’t the first person to turn scientific data into sound. In the past 40 years, researchers have gone from exploring this trick as a fun way to spot patterns in their studies to using it as a guide to discovery. And the scientific community has come to realize that there’s some long-term value in this type of work. Temple, who from that first experiment has created his own algorithmic software to turn data into sound, believes the resulting music can be used to improve research and science communication. So Temple decided to add layers of sound to make the sonification (可听化) into songs. He sees a clear difference between “sonification” and “musification”. Using sound to represent data is scientific, but very different from using creative input to make songs. The musical notes from DNA may be melodic to the human ear, but they don’t sound like a song you’d listen to on the radio. So when he tried to sonify the virus, he added layers of drums and guitar, and had some musician friends add their own music to turn the virus into a full-blown post-rock song. Temple sees this work as an effective communication tool that will help a general audience understand complex systems in biology. He has performed his songs in public at concert halls in Australia. 24．What is Mark Temple’s purpose in turning DNA data into sound? A．To help him fight boredom. B．To develop his creative ability. C．To make his drug more powerful. D．To aid the process of his experiments. 25．What can we learn about Temple’s system? A．Its effect remains to be seen. B．It failed to work as expected. C．It is too complicated to operate. D．It has produced satisfying results. 26．Why did Temple try to make the virus sound like real music when sonifying it? A．To get rid of public fear of the virus. B．To show h1s talent in producing music. C．To facilitate people’s understanding of science. D．To remind people or the roe or Science in art creation. 27．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Why scientists are turning molecules into music. B．How scientists help the public understand science. C．Why music can be the best way to present science. D．How music helps scientists conduct their research. 【答案】24．D 25．D 26．C 27．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了科学家Mark Temple为什么以及如何将DNA数据转化为声音，以及这种转化对科学研究和科学传播的价值。 24．细节理解题。根据第三段的“Temple, who from that first experiment has created his own algorithmic software to turn data into sound, believes the resulting music can be used to improve research and science communication.(Temple在第一次实验中创建了自己的算法软件，将数据转化为声音，他相信由此产生的音乐可以用来改善研究和科学交流)”可知，Temple将DNA数据转化为声音的目的是帮助改善研究，协助进行实验。故选D。 25．推理判断题。根据第四段的“So Temple decided to add layers of sound to make the sonification (可听化) into songs. He sees a clear difference between “sonification” and “musification”.(因此，Temple 决定增加声音的层次，使声音化的歌曲。他看到了“声音化”和“沉思化”之间的明显区别。使用声音来表示数据是科学的，但与使用创造性输入来制作歌曲截然不同)以及最后一段“Temple sees this work as an effective communication tool that will help a general audience understand complex systems in biology. He has performed his songs in public at concert halls in Australia.(Temple将这项工作视为一种有效的沟通工具，将帮助普通观众理解生物学中的复杂系统。他曾在澳大利亚的音乐厅公开表演他的歌曲)”可知，Temple研究的系统看到了和之前截然不同的效果，而且帮助人们理解生物学中的复杂系统。由此可推知，他的研究系统出现了令人满意的效果。故选D。 26．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Temple sees this work as an effective communication tool that will help a general audience understand complex systems in biology. (Temple将这项工作视为一种有效的沟通工具，将帮助普通观众理解生物学中的复杂系统)”可知，Temple在对病毒进行声波处理时试图让它听起来像真正的音乐的原因是为了促进人们对科学的理解。故选C。 27．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Before he introduced the drug, he’d look at DNA combination on a screen to see what might work best for the experiment, but the visual readout of the sequences was often unimaginably large.(在他介绍这种药物之前，他会在屏幕上观察DNA组合，看看什么对实验最有效，但序列的视觉读数往往大得难以想象)”以及第二段的“So Temple wondered if there was an easier way to detect favorable patterns. (因此，Temple想知道是否有一种更容易的方法来检测有利的模式)”以及全文的内容可知，文章主要讲述了科学家Mark Temple为什么以及如何将DNA数据转化为声音，以及这种转化对科学研究和科学传播的价值。故选A。 Passage8.【2024·江苏南通·一模】 Ramirez Castañeda, a Colombian biologist, spends her time in the Amazon studying how snakes eat poisonous frogs without getting ill. Although her findings come in many shapes and sizes, she and her colleagues have struggled to get their biological discoveries out to the wider scientific community. With Spanish as her mother tongue, her research had to be translated into English to be published. That wasn’t always possible because of budget or time-and it means that some of her findings were never published. “It’s not that I’m a bad scientist,” she says. “It’s just because of the language.” Castañeda is not alone. There is plenty of research in non-English-language papers that gets lost in translation, or is never translated. A research looked through more than 400, 000 peer-reviewed papers in 16 different languages and found 1, 234 studies providing evidence on biodiversity conservation which, because they weren’t in English, may have been overlooked. These included Japanese-language findings on the effectiveness of relocating the endangered Blakiston’s fish owl, the largest owl species. Some experts argue that for the sake of the bigger picture, scientific knowledge should converge (转换) into one common language. Science is very globalised and becoming more so, so the use of a global language is enormous for that. Of course, scientists can work with an English partner, or use a translator-but this ultimately strengthens the cycle of dependency on the global north, leading to inequality in international influence. The specific meanings of words can also pose a problem in translation. For example, it is difficult to find in English one single word to describe forest snakes and frogs in the work Castafieda does with indigenous (土著的) communities in the Amazon. “So we’re losing observations for science, too, ” says Castañeda. “For me, it’s not possible to just have everything translated into English. We need multilingual (多语种的) science, and we need people that feel comfortable doing science in their own languages. It could be possible to switch to a world where, say, Chinese, English and Spanish are the three languages of science, just as English, French and German were the languages of science in the 19th century.” 28．What prevented Castañeda’s discoveries from being more widely known? A．Poor management. B．Opposition from her colleagues. C．Her bad reputation. D．The language barrier. 29．What’s the consequence of the dominant focus on English in scientific research? A．Inefficient wildlife conservation. B．A knowledge gap in the scientific world. C．A growing interest in non-English papers. D．Inadequate job opportunities for translators. 30．What does the author want to illustrate by mentioning forest snakes and frogs? A．The urgency to protect rare species. B．The need to adopt one global language. C．The challenges in translating scientific texts. D．The biodiversity on the South American continent. 31．What is presented in the last paragraph of the text? A．A potential solution. B．A theoretical model. C．A popular belief. D．A global trend. 【答案】28．D 29．B 30．C 31．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章以一位哥伦比亚生物学家遭遇的语言问题为例，揭示了目前有很多非英文论文无法被翻译。对此，一些专家主张科学知识应当转换为一个共同的语言——英语。但作者对此并不认同。作者认为这会导致国际影响力的不平等，并且有些专业术语很难被英语翻译。因此，作者希望建立一个多语种的科学世界。 28．细节理解题。根据第一段“Ramirez Castañeda, a Colombian biologist, spends her time in the Amazon studying how snakes eat poisonous frogs without getting ill. Although her findings come in many shapes and sizes, she and her colleagues have struggled to get their biological discoveries out to the wider scientific community. With Spanish as her mother tongue, her research had to be translated into English to be published. That wasn’t always possible because of budget or time-and it means that some of her findings were never published.(Ramirez Castañeda是哥伦比亚的一位生物学家，她花时间在亚马逊研究蛇如何吃掉有毒的青蛙而不生病。尽管她的发现有多种形式和大小，但她和她的同事们一直在努力将他们的生物学发现推广到更广泛的科学界。由于她的母语是西班牙语，她的研究必须翻译成英语才能发表。由于预算或时间的原因，这并不总是可能的，这意味着她的一些发现从未发表过)”可知，语言障碍阻止了Castañeda的发现被更广泛地了解。故选D项。 29．细节理解题，根据第五段“Of course, scientists can work with an English partner, or use a translator-but this ultimately strengthens the cycle of dependency on the global north, leading to inequality in international influence. The specific meanings of words can also pose a problem in translation. For example, it is difficult to find in English one single word to describe forest snakes and frogs in the work Castafieda does with indigenous (土著的) communities in the Amazon.(当然，科学家可以与英国伙伴合作，或者使用翻译，但这最终会加强对全球北方的依赖循环，导致国际影响力的不平等。单词的特定含义也会给翻译带来问题。例如，在Castafieda对亚马逊土著社区所做的工作中，很难用英语找到一个词来描述森林中的蛇和青蛙)”可知，科学研究中以英语为主导的结果是产生知识鸿沟。故选B项。 30．推理判断题。根据第五段“For example, it is difficult to find in English one single word to describe forest snakes and frogs in the work Castafieda does with indigenous (土著的) communities in the Amazon.(例如，在Castafieda对亚马逊土著社区所做的工作中，很难用英语找到一个词来描述森林中的蛇和青蛙)”可知，作者以该词为例，旨在说明翻译一些科学研究中的文本存在挑战。故选C项。 31．主旨大意题。根据最后一段““So we’re losing observations for science, too, ” says Castañeda. “For me, it’s not possible to just have everything translated into English. We need multilingual (多语种的) science, and we need people that feel comfortable doing science in their own languages. It could be possible to switch to a world where, say, Chinese, English and Spanish are the three languages of science, just as English, French and German were the languages of science in the 19th century.”(“所以我们也在失去科学观测，”Castañeda说。“对我来说，不可能把所有东西都翻译成英语。我们需要多语言的科学，我们需要人们能够自如地用自己的语言从事科学研究。有可能切换到一个世界，比如汉语、英语和西班牙语是三种科学语言，就像英语、法语和德语是19世纪的科学语言一样。”)”可知，本段主要介绍一个潜在的解决方案。故选A项。 Passage9.【2024·江苏徐州·模拟预测】 After promotions or engagements, many people’s impulse is to share good news with their nearest and dearest, or post on social media for all to see. Yet a study suggests that we are better off keeping our cards closer to our chests, for “positive secrets” can leave us feeling “energized and invigorated”. Researchers at Columbia University conducted five experiments with 2,500 people and found that more than three quarters of participants instinctively wanted to tell someone else straight away when they had some good news. The study stated, “Prior research on secrecy has focused on the effects of negative secrets, secrets that involve information that people consider unpleasant, objectionable, or embarrassing. Although negative secrets have been found to be tiring, we propose that positive secrets can be energizing”. We define feelings of energy as feeling alive, alert, active and invigorated. Delaying the moment when you share your good news with others allows you to spend more time savouring the information, reflecting on its meaning or considering possible joyful reactions to sharing the secret. Participants in the study were shown 40 types of common good news. They were asked which they had personally experienced, which they had shared with others and which they had kept secret, at least for a while, and how these experiences made them feel. They were also asked to imagine they had a piece of good news and to picture two scenarios(场景), one in which they choose not to tell their partner until the end of the day, and one in which they try to call their partner but cannot get through, so have to wait until later. The first scenario, involving a deliberate choice to keep the secret for a few hours, led to positive feelings, while the second did not. However, the researchers admitted that some “positive” secrets would not make you happy. This could be those kept secret to avoid embarrassment, such as when a piece of good news may make others feel worse about their own situation. 32．What does the underlined sentence imply? A．Keeping good news a secret. B．Giving your heart to your partner. C．Sharing good news with others. D．Preventing your card from being seen. 33．What is paragraph 3 mainly about? A．What is the proper time to share good news. B．What secrets are suitable for us to share. C．How we should define feelings of energy. D．Why delaying sharing good news is recommended. 34．How did the researchers get their findings? A．By making comparisons. B．By analyzing previous studies. C．By demonstrating statistics. D．By referring to literary review. 35．Which of the following sharing may lead to embarrassment? A．You post your college acceptance letter on Tik Tok. B．You talk about success before your partner who failed. C．You tell your parents that you have won a scholarship. D．You fail to put through to tell your wife your promotion. 【答案】32．A 33．D 34．A 35．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要向我们讲述了自己保留一些“积极的秘密”更能让我们精力充沛、充满活力。 32．词句猜测题。根据第一段“for ‘positive secrets’ can leave us feeling ‘energized and invigorated’. (因为“积极的秘密”会让我们感到“充满活力”。)”可知，我们会变得更好当我们把一个好消息当成秘密时。故选A项。 33．主旨大意题。根据第三段“We define feelings of energy as feeling alive, alert, active and invigorated. Delaying the moment when you share your good news with others allows you to spend more time savouring the information, reflecting on its meaning or considering possible joyful reactions to sharing the secret.(我们将能量的感觉定义为活跃、警觉、活跃和充满活力的感觉。推迟你与他人分享你的好消息的时刻，可以让你花更多的时间去品味这些信息，反思它的意义，或考虑对分享这个秘密可能产生的快乐反应。)”可知，本段主要讲的是推迟分享好消息所带来的好处，故选D项。 34．推理判断题。根据第四段“They were also asked to imagine they had a piece of good news and to picture two scenarios, one in which they choose not to tell their partner until the end of the day, and one in which they try to call their partner but cannot get through, so have to wait until later. The first scenario, involving a deliberate choice to keep the secret for a few hours, led to positive feelings, while the second did not.(他们还被要求想象他们有一个好消息和图片两个场景，一个他们选择不告诉他们的伙伴直到一天结束，和一个他们试图叫他们的伙伴但无法通过，所以不得不等到以后。第一种情况，包括故意选择保守秘密几个小时，导致了积极的感觉，而第二种情况则没有。)”可知，研究者是通过对比两种情况下人的心理感受得出了研究结论，故选A项。 35．推理判断题。根据最后一段“However, the researchers admitted that some “positive” secrets would not make you happy. This could be those kept secret to avoid embarrassment, such as when a piece of good news may make others feel worse about their own situation.(然而，研究人员承认，一些“积极”的秘密不会让你高兴。这可能是那些为了避免尴尬而保密的事情，比如当一条好消息可能会让别人对自己的处境感觉更糟时。)”可知，当和正在经历失败的人讨论自己的成功会让让别人感觉更加糟糕，因此会让自己尴尬，故选B项。 Passage10.【2024·江苏盐城·模拟预测】 Just after hatching, many birds learn to identify and follow the first moving object they encounter—a process called imprinting, which can offer protection in the wild as it helps them stay near a parent. It doesn’t take much visual information for a bird to learn to prefer one object and follow it. Researchers wanted to know whether AI models called transformers could do a similar task with limited inputs. Transformers are generic learning systems that can be trained to perform a wide variety of tasks, making them useful in both AI chatbots such as ChatGPT and in computer vision applications, such as autonomous car navigation. “To directly compare learning algorithms (计算程序) to brains, we need to train them on the same experiences,” says Samantha Wood at Indiana University Bloomington. She first raised chicks in a box where the only visual stimulation came from a rotating 3D object presented on a screen. After the first week, she ran each chick through hundreds of test trials that showed that same object on one screen－presented from both familiar and unfamiliar perspectives－and displayed a second unfamiliar object on another screen. The chicks spent more of their time near the first object, suggesting they had imprinted on it. The researcher then created a virtual simulation (仿造物) of the set-up and used a virtual agent to move through it while looking around and recording a first-person view. That provided tens of thousands of simulated images for training and evaluating four transformer models. The AI models had just 300 milliseconds to learn from each simulated image－approximating (接近于) how long biological neurons (神经元) fire after being presented with an image. The researcher found that the AIs could learn to recognise a 3D object as quickly and accurately as the chicks. The study is “a great piece of work” in comparing machine performance with biological brains, says Antone Martinho-Truswell at the University of Sydney. But he also notes, “We might be able to say that the chick ‘saw’its imprinting object, but that will have a component (成分) of experience to it. Particularly as imprinting is to do with identifying its mother, it would be unsurprising if that visual experience were combined with a suite of other components of experience: fear yielding to comfort, for example, as the chick comes to regard the object as its imprinted ‘mother’.” 36．Why do newborn birds engage in imprinting? A．To enhance their navigation skills. B．To develop their social behaviour. C．To improve their communication with other birds. D．To establish a protective connection with a guardian. 37．How did Samantha Wood conduct the initial experiment with chicks? A．She raised them in an environment with a rotating visual element. B．She exposed them to various visual stimulations in the wild. C．She showed them various moving objects on screens. D．She observed their behaviour in a natural habitat. 38．What role did the virtual simulation play in the research? A．To imitate the natural behaviour of birds. B．To assess the effectiveness of virtual agents. C．To examine the Al models’ability to identify a 3D object. D．To create a visually diverse environment for the chicks. 39．According to Antone Martinho-Truswell, what poses a challenge in comparing machine performance with biological brains? A．Rapid learning pace of AI models. B．Recreating real-world environments for experiments. C．The complexity and diversity of biological experiences. D．Conducting additional experiments with a range of animals. 【答案】36．D 37．A 38．C 39．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了研究人员从鸟类身上得到启发，想知道人工智能模型是否可以在有限的输入下完成类似的任务。介绍了研究开展的经过。 36．细节理解题。根据第一段“Just after hatching, many birds learn to identify and follow the first moving object they encounter—a process called imprinting, which can offer protection in the wild as it helps them stay near a parent.(刚孵化出来，许多鸟就学会了识别和跟踪它们遇到的第一个移动物体——这一过程被称为“印记”，在野外可以提供保护，因为它可以帮助它们留在父母身边)”可知，新生的鸟类有印记是为了与监护人建立保护性联系。故选D。 37．细节理解题。根据第三段“She first raised chicks in a box where the only visual stimulation came from a rotating 3D object presented on a screen.(她首先在一个盒子里饲养小鸡，唯一的视觉刺激来自屏幕上呈现的旋转3D物体)”可知，萨曼莎·伍德在一个有旋转视觉元素的环境中抚养小鸡，来进行最初的实验。故选A。 38．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“The AI models had just 300 milliseconds to learn from each simulated image－approximating (接近于) how long biological neurons (神经元) fire after being presented with an image. The researcher found that the AIs could learn to recognise a 3D object as quickly and accurately as the chicks.(人工智能模型从每张模拟图像中学习的时间只有300毫秒，这接近于生物神经元在看到图像后的激活时间。研究人员发现，人工智能可以像小鸡一样快速准确地学会识别3D物体)”可知，虚拟仿真在研究中检查人工智能模型识别3D物体的能力。故选C。 39．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The study is “a great piece of work” in comparing machine performance with biological brains, says Antone Martinho-Truswell at the University of Sydney. But he also notes, “We might be able to say that the chick ‘saw’its imprinting object, but that will have a component (成分) of experience to it. Particularly as imprinting is to do with identifying its mother, it would be unsurprising if that visual experience were combined with a suite of other components of experience: fear yielding to comfort, for example, as the chick comes to regard the object as its imprinted ‘mother’.”(悉尼大学的Antone Martinho-Truswell说，这项研究在比较机器与生物大脑的性能方面是“一项伟大的工作”。但他也指出，“我们可能会说小鸡‘看到’了它的印记物体，但这将有一个经验的组成部分。”特别是因为印记与识别母亲有关，如果这种视觉体验与一系列其他体验的组成部分结合在一起，那就不足为奇了：例如，当小鸡把这个物体视为它印记的‘母亲’时，恐惧被安慰所取代。”)”可知，根据Antone Martinho-Truswell的说法，将机器性能与生物大脑进行比较的挑战是生物经验的复杂性和多样性。故选C。 Passage11.【2024·江苏南通·三模】 In a recent study of healthy volunteers, National Institutes of Health researchers discovered that our brains may replay memories of learning new skills when we rest. NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D．, senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times. During the first few trials, the speed at which subjects correctly typed the code improved dramatically and then leveled off around the 11th cycle. In a previous study, Dr. Cohen’s team showed that most of these gains happened during short rests, and not when the subjects were typing. Moreover, the gains were greater than those made after a night’s sleep and were related with a decrease in the size of brain waves, called beta rhythms. In this new report, the researchers searched for something different in the subjects’ brain waves. “We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D．, a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code. Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen. 40．What have NIH researchers recently found? A．The brain activity slowly flows when we learn a new skill. B．The value of short practice sessions can’t be overestimated. C．Short rest makes no difference to the neural replay of the activity. D．The frequency of brain replay contributes to practice performances. 41．What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? A．The process of the research. B．The facilities of the research. C．The application of the research. D．The preparations of the research. 42．Why did Dr. Buch develop a computer program? A．To distinguish the first 11 cycles from the later ones. B．To confirm the role of neural replay in skill learning. C．To explore the potential effects of procedural learning. D．To find out the reasons for the changes in brain waves. 43．What does Dr. Cohen think of the research findings? A．Acceptable. B．Promising. C．Shallow. D．Dismissive. 【答案】40．D 41．A 42．B 43．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍一研究中，研究人员发现当人们休息时，大脑可能会重放学习新技能的记忆。 40．细节理解题。根据第二段“NIH researchers have mapped out the brain activity that flows when we learn a new skill, such as playing a new song on the piano, and found that during short rest the volunteers’ brains rapidly and repeatedly replayed faster versions of the activity seen while they practiced typing a code. The more a volunteer replayed the activity the better they performed during subsequent practice sessions. (美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员绘制出了我们学习一项新技能时的大脑活动，比如在钢琴上弹奏一首新歌。他们发现，在短暂的休息期间，志愿者的大脑会快速地、反复地重播他们练习打字时看到的更快版本的活动。志愿者重复练习的次数越多，他们在随后的练习中表现就越好)”可知，美国国立卫生研究院的研究人员最近发现大脑回放的频率有助于练习表现。故选D。 41．主旨大意题。根据第三段“The study was conducted at the NIH Clinical Center. The team of Dr. Cohen, M.D., senior investigator at the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), used a highly sensitive scanning technique to record the brain waves of 33 healthy, right-handed volunteers as they learned to type a five-digit test code with their left hands. The subjects sat in a chair and under the scanner’s long, cone-shaped cap. An experiment began when a subject was shown the code “41234” on a screen and asked to type it out as many times as possible for 10 seconds and then take a 10 second break. Subjects were asked to repeat this cycle of alternating (交替的) practice and rest sessions a total of 35 times. (这项研究在美国国立卫生研究院临床中心进行。科恩博士是美国国立卫生研究院国家神经疾病和中风研究所(NINDS)的高级研究员，他的团队使用了一种高度敏感的扫描技术，记录了33名健康的右撇子志愿者在学习用左手输入五位数测试代码时的脑电波。受试者坐在椅子上，在扫描仪的长锥形帽下。实验开始时，受试者在屏幕上看到代码“41234”，并被要求在10秒内尽可能多地输入该代码，然后休息10秒。受试者被要求重复这种交替练习和休息的循环，总共35次)”可知，本段在介绍研究的过程。故选A。 42．细节理解题。根据第五段““We wanted to explore the mechanisms (机制) behind memory strengthening seen during wakeful rest. Several forms of memory appear to rely on the replaying of neural (神经的) activity, so we decided to test this idea out for procedural skill learning,” said Ethan R. Buch, Ph.D., a staff scientist on Dr. Cohen’s team and leader of the study. To do this, Dr. Buch developed a computer program which allowed the team to understand the brain wave activity associated with typing each number in the test code. (“我们想探索清醒休息期间记忆增强背后的机制。有几种形式的记忆似乎依赖于神经活动的重演，所以我们决定在程序技能学习中验证这个想法，”科恩团队的一名科学家、该研究的负责人Ethan R. Buch博士说。为了做到这一点，布赫博士开发了一个计算机程序，使团队能够了解与输入测试代码中的每个数字相关的脑电波活动)”可知，Buch博士要开发一个计算机程序是为了确认神经重放在技能学习中的作用。故选B。 43．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Interestingly, they found that the more a volunteer replayed, the better their performance was. “We were a bit surprised by these last results. Overall, our results support the idea that the replay activity during waking rest may be a powerful tool that researchers can use to help individuals learn new skills faster and possibly facilitate recovery from stroke.” said Dr. Cohen. (有趣的是，他们发现志愿者重复播放的次数越多，他们的表现就越好。“我们对最后的结果感到有点惊讶。总的来说，我们的研究结果支持这样一种观点，即在清醒休息期间的重放活动可能是一种强大的工具，研究人员可以使用它来帮助个人更快地学习新技能，并可能促进中风后的恢复。”Cohen博士说)”可推知，Cohen博士对研究结果是认同的。故选A。 Passage12.【2024·江苏南京·模拟预测】 While lifting weights one day, I heard a loud click on my back. I was rushed to the emergency room, where I was told the pain would eventually disappear. It didn’t, however. What I’ve learned about pain since then — both as a patient and as a physician — has me questioning how we treat it. Vania Apkarian, one of the world’s leading pain researchers, told me the classic idea is that pain continues as long as the injury does, but the injury and pain it produces end up being separate. “Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain,” he says. A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain. This is a really big deal: millions of people in the U.S. alone get MRIs for back pain. Yet 5 percent of them were medically justified, and of those who received MRIs, 65 percent received potentially harmful advice — including calls for risky back surgery that probably wouldn’t have resolved their pain. I could have been one of those people, yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off. If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does? One major factor is our mentality. A recent trial has revealed the power of therapies (疗法) that target how we think about discomfort. People who are anxious about being in pain are twice as likely to develop long time pain. A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer. 44．What does paragraph 2 imply? A．Back pain is not necessarily an emergency case. B．MRI tests can’t give a full picture of one’s condition. C．Minor injuries can lead to severe pain. D．Bone problems begin to bother the young. 45．What can we learn from the author’s personal story? A．He found his back surgery medically justified. B．The surgeon misled him about the back injury. C．A surgery might do him more harm than good. D．Being a physician helps him treat his back pain. 46．According to the author, what should a patient with long-lasting pain do? A．Consult professionals to receive surgeries. B．Have painkillers as early as possible. C．Take comprehensive MRI examinations. D．Acquire a thorough understanding of the pain. 47．What is a suitable title for the text? A．Origins of pain. B．Killers of pain. C．Victims of pain. D．Effects of pain. 【答案】44．B 45．C 46．D 47．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了关于疼痛的话题，指出核磁共振（MRI）并非判断疼痛的可靠指标，并提出长期疼痛的一个重要因素是我们的心态。最后，文章强调了全面理解疼痛及其起源的重要性，并提倡创新的疼痛治疗方式。 44．推理判断题。根据第二段中“Although MRIs (核磁共振) are reliable indicators of injury, they are not reliable indicators of pain”（虽然核磁共振是判断受伤的可靠指标，但它们并不是判断疼痛的可靠指标）和“A review of 33 studies found that among a group of 20-year-olds without any back pain, 37 percent had disc degeneration (腰椎间盘退化) on MRI. And in people whose backs hurt, MRI results have absolutely no connection with their pain.”（一项对33项研究的回顾发现，MRI显示在一群没有背痛的20岁年轻人中，37%的人有椎间盘退变。对于背部疼痛的人来说，核磁共振成像结果与他们的疼痛完全没有关系。）可知，MRI检查结果与疼痛没有绝对的联系。由此推知，不能仅凭MRI检查结果来判断一个人的疼痛情况，MRI检查结果并不能完全反映一个人的状况。故选B项。 45．细节理解题。根据第三段中“yet when I took my MRI films to an experienced surgeon, he told me an operation might leave my back worse off”（然而，当我拿着MRI胶片去找一位经验丰富的外科医生时，他告诉我手术可能会让我的背部状况更糟）可知，在作者的经历中，手术可能带给他的不是好处，而是更大的伤害。故选C项。 46．推理判断题。根据最后一段“A thorough examination of pain and its origins should encourage efforts to make sure everyone in pain receives kindness and respect, as well as access to more than pills and surgical procedures. Fully accepting the complexity of pain can open the door to new and innovative ways to ensure that even if we hurt, we don’t have to suffer.”（对疼痛及其根源的深入研究应鼓励人们努力确保每个经历疼痛的人都能得到善待和尊重，并且除了药物和手术之外，还能获得更多帮助。完全接受疼痛的复杂性可以为创新和新颖的方法打开大门，以确保即使我们受伤，也不必承受痛苦。）可推知，作者认为对于长期疼痛的患者来说，不仅仅是依赖药物或手术，还应该彻底了解疼痛的原因，获得对痛苦的彻底理解。故选D项。 47．主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第四段中“If MRI doesn’t explain long-lasting pains, what does? One major factor is our mentality.”（如果核磁共振不能解释持久疼痛，那什么能解释呢？一个主要因素是我们的心态。）可知，全文主要讨论了关于疼痛的话题，指出核磁共振（MRI）并非判断疼痛的可靠指标，并提出长期疼痛的一个重要因素是我们的心态，强调了全面理解疼痛及其起源的重要性。因此，最适合的标题是“疼痛的起源”。故选A项。 Passage13.【2024·江苏扬州·模拟预测】 Scarcity is a common condition of human existence. Everyday circumstances of limited resources can make individuals experience a sense of scarcity. Scarcity functions like an obstacle to goal pursuit, which intensify the value of goal. Scarcity prioritizes our choices and it can make us more effective. The time pressure of a deadline focuses our attention on using what we have most effectively. When we have little time left, we try to get more out of every moment. For example, we are more frugal with the toothpaste as the tube starts to run empty, and college seniors tend to get the most out of their time before graduation. Many stores strategically create perception of scarcity to motivate consumer behavior. For example, the pricing practice of limiting number of items per person can lead to increased sales. The sign implies that the items are in short supply and the fear of missing out can have a powerful effect on shoppers. For an item that is attractive to begin with, its attractiveness will intensify when it is scarce. For instance, warning labels on violent television programs, designed to decrease interest, often backfire and increase in watching the programs. The scarcity effect explains why shyness often is considered an attractive attribute? Experts say that “playing hard to get” is a most effective strategy for attracting a partner, especially in the context of long-term love. A “hard to get” player likes to appear busy, create interest and keep the suitors guessing. However, playing hard to get is less effective in men, as they are the ones who are socially expected to initiate the relationship. Scarcity also contributes to an interesting and a meaningful life. Scarcity shows that reminding individuals of the reality of death increases the value of life. Midlife often heightens the feeling that there is not enough time left in life to waste. We overcome the illusion (幻觉) that we can be anything, do anything, and experience everything. We restructure our lives around the needs that are essential. 48．What does the underlined word “frugal” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A．Economical. B．Flexible. C．Anxious. D．Sensible. 49．Why do warning labels fail to stop people watching violent programs? A．Because the programs have appealing openings. B．Because there are few violent programs available. C．Because the message on warning labels isn’t clear. D．Because people want things that they cannot get. 50．Which of the following shows the effectiveness of the scarcity strategy? A．A car company constantly launches new model cars. B．A restaurant puts up a “two cans per person” poster. C．A man pretends to be busy in front of his girlfriend. D．A 50-year-old tries things he has never done before. 51．What is the purpose of the author in writing this passage? A．To prove a theory. B．To offer a solution. C．To illustrate a phenomenon. D．To challenge a concept. 【答案】48．A 49．D 50．B 51．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要内容是关于稀缺性对人类做决定的影响。 48．词义猜测题。由文章第二段中“Scarcity prioritizes our choices and it can make us more effective. The time pressure of a deadline focuses our attention on using what we have most effectively. When we have little time left, we try to get more out of every moment.(稀缺会优先考虑我们的选择，它能让我们更有效率。最后期限的时间压力使我们的注意力集中在最有效地利用我们所拥有的东西上。当我们的时间所剩无几时，我们就会试图从每一刻中获得更多的时间。)”以及划线词下文“and college seniors tend to get the most out of their time before graduation(大学毕业生往往会在毕业前充分利用他们的时间)”可知，当物品变得稀缺时，会更加珍惜，更高效、更充分地去利用所剩余的东西；由此推知“we are more frugal with the toothpaste as the tube starts to run empty(当牙膏快用完的时候，我们会更加frugal使用牙膏)”表达的意思是：当牙膏快用完时，我们会更加珍惜（节俭使用），因此frugal在这里的意思是“节俭的”。A. Economical节俭的，节约的；B. Flexible灵活的；C. Anxious焦虑的；D. Sensible明智的。故选A。 49．推理判断题。由文章第四段“For an item that is attractive to begin with, its attractiveness will intensify when it is scarce. For instance, warning labels on violent television programs, designed to decrease interest, often backfire and increase in watching the programs. (对于一件一开始就有吸引力的物品来说，当它变得稀缺时，它的吸引力会增强。例如，暴力电视节目的警告标签，旨在降低兴趣，往往适得其反，增加观看节目。)”可知，暴力电视节目上的警告标签本意是减少观看兴趣，但往往会事与愿违，增加人们观看这些节目，这是因为人们往往更想要他们难以获得的东西；由此可知，警告标签未能阻止人们观看暴力节目的原因是人们想要得到他们不能得到的东西。故选D。 50．推理判断题。由文章第三段中“Many stores strategically create perception of scarcity to motivate consumer behavior. For example, the pricing practice of limiting number of items per person can lead to increased sales. (许多商店策略性地制造稀缺感，以激发消费者的行为。例如，限制每人购买物品数量的定价做法可以增加销售额。)”可知，限制购买数量的策略可以增加销量，这是一个稀缺性策略有效性的例子。因此，选项B“A restaurant puts up a ‘two cans per person’ poster. (一家餐厅贴出“每人两罐”的海报)”符合这一策略的有效性表现。故选B。 51．推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是由文章第一段“Scarcity is a common condition of human existence. Everyday circumstances of limited resources can make individuals experience a sense of scarcity. Scarcity functions like an obstacle to goal pursuit, which intensify the value of goal. (匮乏是人类生存的普遍状况。资源有限的日常环境会让个人产生一种匮乏感。稀缺性作为目标追求的障碍，强化了目标的价值。)”、第二段的“Scarcity prioritizes our choices and it can make us more effective. (稀缺会优先考虑我们的选择，它能让我们更有效率。)”、第三段的“Many stores strategically create perception of scarcity to motivate consumer behavior. (许多商店策略性地制造稀缺感，以激发消费者的行为。)”可知，作者主要介绍了稀缺性对人类做决定的影响，作者写这篇文章的目的是说明这种现象。故选C。 Passage14.【2024·江苏南京·模拟预测】 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It’s not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents (倡导者) of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture”. Those who support the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B．E. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists’ view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain. 52．What will the proponents of the “nurture” theory agree with? A．Peter loves talking to strangers because he is friendly. B．Peter loves maths because his father is a maths professor. C．Peter loves detective stories because he enjoys suspense and thrill. D．Peter loves tea because his mother gave it to him since childhood. 53．The underlined word “mechanistic” in paragraph 4 means . A．flexible B．rigid C．common D．new 54．Why did the author cite the blacks in the US as an example? A．He wanted to show how the theories have deeply affected the society. B．He tried to prove that both theories need further discussion and research. C．He intended to demonstrate why the blacks need more education and support. D．He attempted to introduce the result of intelligence tests from blacks and whites. 55．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To introduce some theories. B．To explain a social issue. C．To solve a racial problem. D．To give further suggestions. 【答案】52．D 53．B 54．A 55．A 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讨论了人的性格和行为模式是如何形成的，是什么决定了每个人的性格行为与他人不同。 52．推理判断题。根据文章第四段“Proponents of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act.”（“先天”理论的支持者，或者通常被称为行为主义者，认为我们的环境比我们基于生物的本能更重要，决定我们将如何行动。）可知，养育理论的支持者认为环境对我们的行为影响更大。因此，彼得喜欢茶是因为他的母亲从小就给他喝茶，这符合“先天”理论的观点。故选D。 53．词句猜测题。根据文章第四段“they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.”（他们坚持认为，像机器一样，人们以对环境刺激的反应是行为的基础。）可知，行为主义者认为人的行为反应像机器一样，推测划线单词mechanistic意为“刚性的，机械的”。故选B。 54．推理判断题。根据文章第五段“In the United States, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically inferior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same responses that whites do.”（例如，在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的得分通常低于白人。这使得一些“先天”理论的支持者得出结论，黑人在基因上劣于白人。相反，行为主义者说，分数的差异是因为黑人常常被剥夺白人享有的许多教育和其他环境优势，因此，他们没有发展出与白人相同的反应。）可知，作者引用美国黑人作为例子是为了展示这些理论如何深刻影响社会。故选A。 55．推理判断题。根据第二段“There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents (倡导者) of each theory. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature/nurture”.”（前还没有明确的答案，但在这个问题上已经形成了两种截然不同的思想流派。正如人们所预料的那样，这两种方法彼此非常不同，每种理论的支持者之间都有大量的争论。这种争议通常被方便地称为“先天/后天”。）可知，本文的目的是介绍一些理论。故选A。 Passage15.【2024·江苏镇江·三模】 The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated. While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared. Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing (叫车) services. A study from the University of California suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could significantly reduce carbon emissions and cut the cost of transportation by 2050, which sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as responsibility and maintenance issues. But driverless car ownership could increase as more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it. 56．As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern? A．Safety. B．Side effects. C．Affordability. D．Management. 57．According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can ______. A．help deal with transportation-related problems B．provide better services to customers C．cause damage to our environment D．make some people lose jobs 58．What does the underlined word “fielded” in Paragraph 4 probably mean? A．Shared. B．Replaced. C．Employed. D．Reduced. 59．What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars? A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Disapproving. D．Sympathetic. 【答案】56．D 57．A 58．C 59．B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了有关无人驾驶汽车的发展前景和面临的问题。 56．细节理解题。根据第一段“But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.(但无论需要多长时间，这项技术都有可能改变我们的交通系统，或好或坏，这取决于如何对这种转变进行监管)”以及最后一段中“Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. (政策制定者现在应该开始思考，如何确保无人驾驶汽车的出现不会扩大我们今天的汽车控制交通系统的最糟糕方面)”可知，关于无人驾驶汽车，作者最担心的是管理问题。结合选项，故选D。 57．细节理解题。根据第二段“While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars, policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options.(虽然到目前为止，大部分争论都集中在无人驾驶汽车的安全性上，但政策制定者也应该讨论一下，自动驾驶汽车如何有助于减少交通拥堵、减少排放，并提供更方便、更实惠的出行选择)”可知，作者认为，应该关注无人驾驶汽车如何帮助处理与交通相关的问题。故选A。 58．词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“A study from the University of California suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could significantly reduce carbon emissions and cut the cost of transportation by 2050, which sound pretty appealing. (加州大学的一项研究表明，到2050年，用电动、自动驾驶和共享系统取代全球汽油驱动的私家车可以显著减少碳排放，降低交通成本，这听起来很有吸引力)”和本句“by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues”可知，无人驾驶汽车拥有排放少和交通便宜的优势，再加上考虑到自动驾驶技术的成本以及责任和维护问题，所以推测第一批商用无人驾驶汽车肯定会采用代驾服务。故划线词应是“采用”类似词义。结合选项，故选C。 59．推理判断题。根据最后一段“The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.(即将到来的技术进步为城市和州提供了一个发展交通系统的机会，旨在运送更多的人，更实惠。未来的汽车即将到来。我们只需要做好计划)”可推断出，对于无人驾驶车的未来，作者的态度还是比较积极的。故选B。 ( 2 )原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$