三历史、社会与文化-【育才学案】2020-2024年五年高考英语真题分类

五年高考真题分类·英语 三 历史、社会与文化 题组一 用时： 正确率： 易错题： Passage1(2023·全国乙卷·D篇) other half of that conversation,we have to read If you want to tell the history of the whole not just the texts,but the objects. world,a history that does not privilege one part of 1.What is the first paragraph mainly about? humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone, A.How past events should be presented. because only some of the world has ever had texts, B.What humanity is concerned about. while most of the world,for most of the time,has C.Whether facts speak louder than words. not.Writing is one of humanity's later achievements, D.Why written language is reliable. and until fairly recently even many literate(有文字 2.What does the author indicate by mentioning societies recorded their concerns not only in Captain Cook in paragraph 2? writing but in things. A.His report was scientific. Ideally a history would bring together texts B.He represented the local people. and objects,and some chapters of this book are C.He ruled over Botany Bay. able to do just that,but in many cases we simply D.His record was one-sided. can't.The clearest example of this between literate 3.What does the underlined word "conversation" and non-literate history is perhaps the first in paragraph 3 refer to? conflict,at Botany Bay,between Captain Cook's A.Problem. B.History. voyage and the Australian Aboriginals.From the C.Voice. D.Society. English side,we have scientific reports and the 4.Which of the following books is the text most captain's record of that terrible day.From the likely selected from? Australian side,we have only a wooden shield A.How Maps Tell Stories of the World (dropped by a man in flight after his first B.A Short History of Australia experience of gunshot.If we want to reconstruct C.A History of the World in 100 Objects what was actually going on that day,the shield D.How Art Works Tell Stories must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and Passage2(2023·新高考I卷·D篇) strictly as the written reports. On March 7,1907,the English statistician In addition to the problem of miscomprehension Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated from both sides,there are victories accidentally or what has come to be known as the "wisdom of deliberately twisted,especially when only the crowds"effect.The experiment of estimation he victors know how to write.Those who are on the conducted showed that in some cases,the average losing side often have only their things to tell their of a large number of independent estimates could stories.The Caribbean Taino,the Australian be quite accurate. Aboriginals,the African people of Benin and the This effect capitalizes on the fact that when Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can speak people make errors,those errors aren't always the to us now of their past achievements most same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and powerfully through the objects they made:a some to underestimate.When enough of these history told through things gives them back a errors are averaged together,they cancel each voice.When we consider contact(联系)between other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If literate and non-literate societies such as these,all people are similar and tend to make the same our first-hand accounts are necessarily twisted. errors.then their errors won't cancel each other only one half of a dialogue.If we are to find the out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of 28 Part One 阅读 crowds requires that people's estimates be 4.What is the author's attitude toward Navajas' independent.If for whatever reasons,people's studies? errors become correlated or dependent,the A.Unclear. B.Dismissive. accuracy of the estimate will go down. C.Doubtful. D.Approving. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas Passage3(2022·全国甲卷·D篇) offered an interesting twist (on this classic Sometime in the early 1960s,a significant phenomenon.The key finding of the study was thing happened in Sydney,Australia.The city that when crowds were further divided into smaller discovered its harbor.Then,one after another, groups that were allowed to have a discussion,the Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort averages from these groups were more accurate of there-broad parks,superb beaches,and a than those from an equal number of independent culturally diverse population.But it is the harbor individuals.For instance,the average obtained that makes the city. from the estimates of four discussion groups of five Andrew Reynolds,a cheerful fellow in his was significantly more accurate than the average early 30s,pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living.I obtained from 20 independent individuals. spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth In a follow-up study with 100 university across the harbor.After our third run Andrew shut students,the researchers tried to get a better sense down the engine,and we went our separate of what the group members actually did in their ways-he for a lunch break,for explore the city. discussion.Did they tend to go with those most “I'll miss these old boats,”he said as we confident about their estimates?Did they follow parted. those least willing to change their minds?This “How do you mean?”I asked. happened some of the time,but it wasn't the "Oh.they're replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster,but they're not so elegant, dominant response.Most frequently,the groups reported that they "shared arguments and reasoned and they're not fun to pilot.But that's progress,I together."Somehow,these arguments and guess.” Everywhere in Sydney these days,change and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. progress are the watchwords(口号)，and Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations traditions are increasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald, and many questions remain the potential the city's official historian,told me that in its rush implications for group discussion and decision- to modernity in the 1970s,Sydney swept aside making are enormous. much of its past,including many of its finest 1.What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? buildings."Sydney is confused about itself,"she A.The methods of estimation. said."We can't seem to make up our minds B.The underlying logic of the effect. whether we want a modern city or a traditional C.The causes of people's errors. one.It's a conflict that we aren't getting any better D.The design of Galton's experiment. at resolving(解决).” 2.Navajas'study found that the average accuracy On the other hand,being young and old at the could increase even if same time has its attractions.I considered this A.the crowds were relatively small when I met a thoughtful young businessman B.there were occasional underestimates named Anthony."Many people say that we lack C.individuals did not communicate culture in this country,he told me."What people D.estimates were not fully independent forget is that the Italians,when they came to 3.What did the follow-up study focus on? Australia,brought 2,000 years of their culture, A.The size of the groups. the Greeks some 3,000 years,and the Chinese B.The dominant members. more still.We've got a foundation built on ancient C.The discussion process. cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young D.The individual estimates. country.It's a pretty hard combination to beat. 29 五年高考真题分类·英语 He is right,but I can't help wishing they That makes food waste an environmental problem. would keep those old ferries. In fact,Royte writes,"if food waste were a 1.What is the first paragraph mainly about? country,it would be the third largest producer of A.Sydney's striking architecture. greenhouse gases in the world. B.The cultural diversity of Sydney. If that's hard to understand,let's keep it as C.The key to Sydney's development. simple as the arugula at the back of my D.Sydney's tourist attractions in the 1960s. refrigerator.Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all 2.What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds? the time-but for him,it's more like 12 boxes of A.He goes to work by boat. donated strawberries nearing their last days. B.He looks forward to a new life. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in C.He pilots catamarans well. Washington,D.C.,which recovers food and turns D.He is attached to the old ferries. it into healthy meals.Last year it recovered more 3.What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney? than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations A.It is losing its traditions. and collecting blemished(有瑕疵的)produce that B.It should speed up its progress. otherwise would have rotted in fields.And the C.It should expand its population. strawberries?Volunteers will wash.cut,and D.It is becoming more international. freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. 4.Which statement will the author probably agree Such methods seem obvious,yet so often we with? just don't think."Everyone can play a part in A.A city can be young and old at the same time. reducing waste,whether by not purchasing more B.A city built on ancient cultures is more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by dynamic. asking restaurants to not include the side dish you C.Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of won't eat."Curtin says. elegance. 1.What does the author want to show by telling D.Compromise should be made between the the arugula story? local and the foreign. Passage4(2022·新高考I卷·B篇) A.We pay little attention to food waste. B.We waste food unintentionally at times. Like most of us,I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste,The arugula(芝麻菜)was to C.We waste more vegetables than meat. make a nice green salad,rounding out a roast D.We have good reasons for wasting food. chicken dinner.But I ended up working late.Then 2.What is a consequence of food waste according to the text? friends called with a dinner invitation.I stuck the chicken in the freezer.But as days passed.the A.Moral decline. arugula went bad.Even worse,I had unthinkingly B.Environmental harm. bought way too much:I could have made six salads C.Energy shortage. with what I threw out. D.Worldwide starvation. In a world where nearly 800 million people a 3.What does Curtin's company do? year go hungry,"food waste goes against the moral A.It produces kitchen equipment. grain,"as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's B.It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. cover story.It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly C.It helps local farmers grow fruits. good food is thrown away-from "ugly"(but quite D.It makes meals out of unwanted food. eatable)vegetables rejected by grocers to large 4.What does Curtin suggest people do? amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant A.Buy only what is needed. garbage cans. B.Reduce food consumption. Producing food that no one eats wastes the C.Go shopping once a week. water,fuel,and other resources used to grow it. D.Eat in restaurants less often. 30 Part One 阅读 题组二 用时： 正确率： 易错题： Passage1(2022·1月浙江卷·C篇) She also admitted that a relatively small number of The benefits of regular exercise are well women were studied,all of whom were from documented but there's a new bonus to add to the Sweden,so the results might not be applicable to ever-growing list.New research found that middle- other groups. aged women who were physically fit could be 1.What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia the first paragraph? (失智症)in later life-and if they did,it came on a A.Positive effects of doing exercise. decade later than less sporty women. B.Exercises suitable for the middle-aged. Lead researcher Dr Helena Horder,of the C.Experimental studies on dementia. University of Gothenburg in Sweden,said:"These D.Advantages of sporty women over men. findings are exciting because it's possible that 2.Why did the researchers ask the women to do improving people's cardiovascular(心血管的) bicycle exercise? fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent A.To predict their maximum heart rate. them from developing dementia. B.To assess their cardiovascular capacity. For the study,191 women with an average C.To change their habit of working out. age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they D.To detect their potential health problems. were tired out to measure their peak(最大值的) 3.What do we know about Dr Horder's study? cardiovascular capacity.The average peak A.It aimed to find a cure for dementia. workload was measured at 103 watts. B.Data collection was a lengthy process. A total of 40 women met the criteria for a C.Some participants withdrew from it. high fitness level with a capacity of 120 watts or D.The results were far from satisfactory. higher,while 92 women were in the medium 4.Which of the following is the best title for the fitness category.A total of 59 were of low fitness text? level,with a peak workload of 80 watts or less,or A.More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia having their tests stopped because of health B.Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise problems. C.Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia These women were then tested for dementia D.Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness six times over the following four decades.During Passage2(2021·全国甲卷·D篇) that time,44 of the women developed dementia. Who is a genius?This question has greatly Five percent of the highly fit women developed interested humankind for centuries. dementia,compared to 25 percent of the women Let's state clearly:Einstein was a genius.His with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women face is almost the international symbol for genius. with low fitness. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the "However,this study does not show cause nature of genius itself.Why is it that some people and effect between cardiovascular fitness and are so much more intelligent or creative than the dementia,it only shows an association,"said rest of us?And who are they? Horder."More research is needed to see if In the sciences and arts,those praised as improved fitness could have a positive effect on the geniuses were most often white men,of European risk of dementia and also to look at when during a origin.Perhaps this is not a surprise.It's said that lifetime a high fitness level is most important." history is written by the victors,and those victors 31 五年高考真题分类·英语 set the standards for admission to the genius club. 4.What is the best title for the text? When contributions were made by geniuses outside A.Geniuses Think Alike the club-women.or people of a different color or B.Genius Takes Many Forms belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by C.Genius and Intelligence others. D.Genius and Luck A study recently published by Science found Passage3(2021·全国乙卷·D篇) that as young as age six,girls are less likely than During an interview for one of my books,my boys to say that members of their gender()are interviewer said something I still think about "really,really smart."Even worse,the study found often.Annoyed by the level of distraction ( that girls act on that belief:Around age six they in his open office,he said,"That's why I have a start to avoid activities said to be for children who membership at the coworking space across the are "really,really smart."Can our planet afford to street-so I can focus.His comment struck me as have any great thinkers become discouraged and strange.After all,coworking spaces also typically give up?It doesn't take a genius to know the use an open office layout(布局)，But I recently answer:absolutely not. came across a study that shows why his approach Here's the good news.In a wired world with works. constant global communication,we're all positioned to The researchers examined various levels of see flashes of genius wherever they appear.And the noise on participants as they completed tests of more we look,the more we will see that social creative thinking.They were randomly divided into factors like gender,race,and class do not four groups and exposed to various noise levels in determine the appearance of genius.As a writer the background,from total silence to 50 decibels says,future geniuses come from those with (分贝)，70 decibels,and85 decibels.The “intelligence,creativity,perseverance(毅力)，and differences between most of the groups were simple good fortune,who are able to change the statistically insignificant:however,the participants world." in the 70 decibels group-those exposed to a level 1.What does the author think of victors'standards of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee for joining the genius club? shop-significantly outperformed the other A.They're unfair. groups.Since the effects were small,this may B.They're conservative. suggest that our creative thinking does not differ C.They're objective. that much in response to total silence and 85 D.They're strict. decibels of background noise. 2.What can we infer about girls from the study in But since the results at 70 decibels were Science? significant,the study also suggests that the right A.They think themselves smart. level of background noise-not too loud and not B.They look up to great thinkers. total silence-may actually improve one's creative C.They see gender differences earlier than boys. thinking ability.The right level of background D.They are likely to be influenced by social noise may interrupt our normal patterns of beliefs. thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to 3.Why are more geniuses known to the publie? wander,without making it impossible to focus. A.Improved global communication. This kind of "distracted focus"appears to be the B.Less discrimination against women. best state for working on creative tasks. C.Acceptance of victors'concepts. So why do so many of us hate our open D.Changes in people's social positions. offices?The problem may be that,in our offices, 32 Part One阅读 we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into "We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a others'conversations while we're trying to focus. house,says Kathryn Whitehead.Rita cuts in:" Indeed,the researchers found that face-to-face We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big interactions and conversations affect the creative thing for Nick to live with his mother-in-law. process,and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop And what does Nick think？“From my provides a certain level of noise while also standpoint,it all seems to work very well.Would I providing freedom from interruptions. recommend it?Yes,I think I would." 1.Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking It's hard to tell exactly how many people space? agree with him,but research indicates that the A.It helps him concentrate. numbers have been rising for some time.Official B.It blocks out background noise. reports suggest that the number of households C.It has a pleasant atmosphere. with three generations living together had risen D.It encourages face-to-face interactions. from325,000in2001to419,000in2013. 2.Which level of background noise may promote Other varieties of multigenerational family are creative thinking ability? more common.Some people live with their elderly A.Total silence. B.50 decibels. parents:many more adult children are returning to C.70 decibels. D.85 decibels. the family home,if they ever left.It is said that 3.What makes an open office unwelcome to many about 20%of 25-34-year-olds live with their people? parents,compared with 16%in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in A.Personal privacy unprotected. B.Limited working space. Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million. Stories like that are more common in parts of C.Restrictions on group discussion. the world where multigenerational living is more D.Constant interruptions. firmly rooted.In India,particularly outside cities, 4.What can we infer about the author from the young women are expected to move in with their text? husband's family when they get married. A.He's a news reporter. 1.Who mainly uses the ground floor in the B.He's an office manager. Victorian house in Bristol? C.He's a professional designer. A.Nick. B.Rita. D.He's a published writer. C.Kathryn. D.The daughters. Passage4(2020·全国卷Ⅲ·C篇) 2.What is Nick's attitude towards sharing the With the young unable to afford to leave home house with his mother-in-law? and the old at risk of isolation(孤独)，more A.Positive. B.Carefree. families are choosing to live together. C.Tolerant. D.Unwilling. The doorway to peace and quiet,for Nick 3.What is the author's statement about multige Bright at least,leads straight to his mother-in-law: nerational familybased on? she lives on the ground floor,while he lives A.Family traditions. upstairs with his wife and their two daughters. B.Financial reports. Four years ago they all moved into a three- C.Published statistics. storey Vietorian house in Bristol one of a D.Public opinions. growing number of multigenerationalfamilies in 4.What is the text mainly about? the UK living together under the same roof.They A.Lifestyles in different countries. share a front door and a washing machine,but B.Conflicts between generations. Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen,bathroom, C.A housing problem in Britain. bedroom and living room on the ground floor. D.A rising trend of living in the UK. 33五年高考真题分类·英语 此题是可文章的出处，这类题目的答案在应用文中往往 not.Writing is one of humanity's later achievements.and 在首段或尾夜有所暗示。 until fairly recently even many literate(有文字的) 根据第一段的内容可知，这篇文章在介绍Take a view这 societies recorded their coneerns not only in writing but in 个一年一度的摄彩比赛，由此可推知文章应该在艺术杂 higs.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历史，一段不以人类某 志上可以找到。 一部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲述，因为 Passage 3 世界上只有一部分人曾经有过文本，而世界上大多数人， 【语篇解读】本文为议论文，主题语境为人与自我，主题语 在大多数时间里，都没有。写作是人类较晚的成就之一， 境内容为健康的生活方式。作者开始讲述了自家孩子迷恋 直到最近，甚至许多有文字的社会也不仅用文字，而且用 电子屏幕，以此引出电影导演通过拍摄影片向孩子们“推 物件来记录他们所关心的事情。)”可推知，第一段主要讲 销”大自然，引导他们养成户外活动的习根： 述的是历史应该如何呈现给我们。故选A 1,D本题为细节理解题。本题题干意为：作者的孩子们有 2.D推理判断题。根据文章第二段首句“Ideally a history 什么问题？ would bring together texts and objects,and some A,他们经常吵到邻居：B,他们疲于做作业：C.他们没有 chapters of this book are able to do just that,but in many 朋友和他们玩：D.他们在屏菲前的时间太长了， cases we simply can't.(理想情况下，历史应该将文本和 根据第一段第三句“However,what my children want to 物品结合在一起，本书的某些章节能够做到这一点，但在 do after school is pick up a screen-any screen-and stare 许多情况下，我们根本做不到。)”可推断，作者认为历史 at it for hours,.”可知，孩子们放学后看电子屏慕的时间太 应该是文本和物品相结合的产物，但是很多情况下，我们 长。 做不到。再根据所举例子的下文“From the English side, 2.A本题为细节理解题。本题题千意为：David Bond是如 we have scientifie reports and the captain's record of that 何倡导自己的理念的？ terrible day.From the Australian side.we have only a A,通过制作一部纪录片：B.通过组织户外活动：C,通过 wooden shield (dropped by a man in flight after his 在伦敦媒休上做广告：D.通过建立一个朋友网络。 first experience of gunshot,(在英国方面，我们有科学投 通过第二段的最后三句"He realised that something 告和船长对那可怕的一天的记录。从澳大利亚方面来 needed to change...He documented his journey...The 看，我们只有一个木制盾牌，这是一名男子在第一次经历 result was Project Wild Thing,a film which..”可知， 枪击后在飞行中奶下的，)”可知，作者举这个例子是为了 David Bond是通过拍摄影片来倡导自己的理念的。 说明船长的记录是片面的，只从自己的角度描述了问题 3,A本题为词义猜测题。本题题干意为：下面哪项可以代 故选D。 替第2段中的画线单词“charts”? 3.B词句猜测题。根据划线单词上文“The Caribbean A.记录：B.预测：C.推迟：D.确认。 Taino.the Australian Aboriginals.the African people of chart以名词形式出现的频率较高，意为“图表”，图表的 Benin and the Incas,all of whom appear in this book,can 作用是“记录”信息数据，因此hart作动词时意为“记 speak to us now of their past achievements most 录”。在本文中，charts在定语从句中作谓语，其主语 powerfully through the objects they made:a history told which指代flm,定语从句正是在描述此部电形记录的内 through things gives them back a voice.When we 容，因此charts相当于records。 consider contact (between literate and non-literate 4,C本题为主首大意题。本题题干意为：文章的合适的标 societies such as these.all our first-hand accounts are 题是什么？ necessarily twisted,.only one half of a dialogue,(加勒比 这篇文章开始讲述了孩子看屏慕时间过长，以此引出 海的泰诺人、澳大利亚的土著人、贝宁的非洲人以及印加 David Bond拍摄影片来向孩子们“推销”大自然，引学他 人，所有这些人都出现在这本书中，他们现在都可以道过 们多接触自然，不再运恋电子设备。文章内有高频词 他们制造的物品向我们讲述他们过去最强大的成就：通 “nature”“outdoors”“children”“screen”毫，所以C项 过物品讲速的历史给了他们一个声音。当我们考虑诸如 合适。 此美的有文化社会和无文化社会之间的接触时，我们所 做主旨大意题，要考虑文章体栽，注意文章首尾段，留意 有的第一手资料都必然是扭曲的，只有对话的一半。)”结 文中高频词。 合划线句“If we are to find the other half of that 三历史，杜会与文化 conversation.we have to read not just the texts,but the 题组一 object5.(如果我们要找到对话的另一羊，我们不仅要读 Passage I 文本，还要读物体。)”可知，我们对过去历史的了解，只是 【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。本文讨论了仅仅依章书 书写历史的人所想要让我们了解的历史，如果我们想要 面文本来讲述世界历史的局限性，并强调了将物品纳入历 了解历史的另一半，我们不仅仅要读文本也要读对象。 史叙事以更好地理解无文字社会的重零性， 所以conversation搭的是“历史”。故选B.。 L.A主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell 4.C推理判断题。根据文章第一段“If you want to tell the the history of the whole world.a history that does not history of the whole world,a history that does not privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through privilege one part of humanity,you cannot do it through texts alone,because only some of the world has ever had texts alone.because only some of the world has ever had texts,while most of the world.for most of the time,has texts,while most of the world,for most of the time,has 122 参考答案 ot.(如果你想讲述整个世界的历更，一段不以人类某一 从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确)”可知，人们在 部分为特权的历史，你不能仅仅通过文本来讲迷，因为世 没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的， 界上只有一部分人的历史曾经被文字记录过，而世界上 说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提 大多数人，在大多数时间里，都没有，)”结合最后一段的“ 高也是可以败到的。故选D。 If we are to find the other half of that conversation,we 3.C推理判斯题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study have to read not just the texts,but the objeets.(s知果我 with 100 university students,the researchers tried to get 们要找到对话的另一半，我们不仪要读文本，还要读物 a better sense of what the group members actually did in 体。)”可加，本文讲述仅仅依靠书而文本来讲迷世界历史 their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most 有局限性，想要更好的了解历史就要将文本和物品结合 confident about their estimates?Did they follow those 在一起。从而非断文章最有可能逸自《100件物品中的世 least willing to change their minds?(在一项针对100名 界史》。故选C 大学生的后续研究中，研究人员放图更好地了解小组成 Passage 2 员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自 【语篇解读】本文是说明文。没有人是一整孤岛，文章陈 己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主 谈了“群体智慧”效应。实脸表明，在某些情况下大量独立 意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地 估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 了解小组成员在讨论中实除做了什么。结合两个问题· L.B主旨大意题。根据第二段内客"This effect capitalizes 因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 on the fact that when people make errors,those errors 4.D推理判断题。根据最后一段内客“Although the aren't always the same.Some people will tend to studies led by Navajas have limitations and many overestimate,and come to underestimate.When enough questions remain,the potential implications for group of these errors are averaged together.they cancel each discussion and decision-making are enormous. other out.resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小 are similar and tend to make the same errors.then their 组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为或 errors won't cancel each other out.In more technical 然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小 terms.the wisdom of erowds requires that people's 组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于 estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons. Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持，故选D。 people's errors become correlated or dependent,the Passage 3 accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了 【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，主简语境是人与杜会。 这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相 文章通过作者和悉尼人士的交流介绍了悉尼发展中面临的 同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有 问题。 是够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互燕消，从而产 1.C本题为主旨大意题。本题题千意为：第一段主要讲的 生更准确的估计。如果相似的人候向于犯同样的错误， 是什么？ 那么他们的错误不会相互燕消。从更专业的角度来说。 A,愚尼引人注目的建筑风格：B.悉尼的文化多样性：C 辉众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原 悉尼发展的美键：D.20世纪60年代悉尼的旅游景点。 因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下 根据第一段中“Sometime in the early 1960s,a significant 降，)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相可的， thing happened in Sydney,Australia.The city discovered 各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确 its harbor.”(20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一 的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而 件大事。这个城市发现了它的港口，)以及“But it is the 导改更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效 harbor that makes the city.”(但正是港口造就了这个城 应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 市。)可知第一段主要是讲悉尼发展的关键在于港口，故 2.D知节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical 答案为C项。 terms.the wisdom of crowds requires that people's 2.D本题为n节理解题。本题题千意为：关于Andrew estimates be independent,.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的 Reynolds我们能了解到什么？ 智慧要求人们的估计是独立的，)"和第三段的“The key A.他坐船去上班：B.他期待着新的生活：C,他很会驾驶 finding of the study was that when crowds were further 双体船：D.他喜欢阳渡轮 divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a 根据第三段(“我会想念这些旧船的。”我们分手时他说。) discussion,the averages from these groups were more 以及第五段（哦，他们要用双体船代替它们。双体船更 accurate than those from an equal number of independent 快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来无趣…)可知，相比之 individuals.For instance.the average obtained from the 下Andrew Reynolds更喜欢旧的淀轮，因此答案为D项。 estimates of four discussion groups of five was 3.A本题为推理判断题。本题题千意为：Shirley significantly more accurate than the average obtained Fitzgerald认为悉尼怎么样？ from20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现 A.它正在失去它的传皖：B.它应该加快进步：C.它应该 是，当人军被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小如时，这些 扩大人口数量：D.它正在变得更国际化。 小如的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。 根据第六较中“Sydney swept aside much of its past, 例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比 including many of its finest buildings'”(悉尼把它的许多 123 五年高考真题分类·英语 过去都抛在了一边，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)以及 报据第四段第三句“Curtin is CEO of..,which recovers “Sydney is confused about itself"(悉尼对它自己感到图 food and turns it into healthy meals.."(Curtin是位于华盛 慈)可知悉尼的发展存在抛弃传统的问题，故答案为 顿特区的DC中夹厨房的首席执行官，该厨房将食物复 A项。 原，并辩其转化为健康的饭菜，)可知选D项。 4,A本题为推理判断题。本题题干意为：作者可能会同意 4.A本避为细节理解题。本题题千意为：Curtin建议人们 哪个说法？ 做什么？ A,一座城市可以同时年轻和古老：B,建立在古老文化基 A.只买需要的食物：B.减少食物消耗：C.每周胸物一次： 础上的城市更有活力：C,现代化通常是以（牺牲）优雅为 D.少去餐馆吃饭。 代价达到的：D.应该在当地和外国之间做出妥协」 根据最后一段Curtin说的话“Everyone can play a part in 根据倒数第二段中“On the other hand,being young and reducing waste.whether by not purchasing more food old at the same time has its attractions,”(另一方面，同时 than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking 年轻和古老也有它的吸引力.)以及“We've got a restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat"( foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and 个人都可以在减少浪货中发挥作用，无论是在你每周的 dynamism of a young country.”(我们的基础是建立在古 购物中不购买超过必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不做你不 老的文化上，但我们也有着一个年轻国家的动力和活 吃的形菜)可知答案为A项。 力，)可知在悉尼这个城市的发展过程中，传统元素和现 B选项有较强的干扰性。文章中最后一段说的是 代元素是共存的，图此答案为A项。 reducing waste(减少浪费)，而不是reduce food B项：原文只依现了在悉尼的发展过程中，传皖元素和现 consumption(减少食物消耗)。B项属于偷换概念。 代元素是共存的，但并没有表明建立在古老文化基础上 题组二 的城市才更有活力，换言之，原文没有这层比较含义。D Passage 1 项：此选项的关键信息在于“妥协“一词，而原文中只是强 【语篇解读】本文为说明文，主题语境为人与社会。文章 调在悉尼这座城市的发展过程中传统和现代元素的共 介绍了身体健康的中年女性在晚年电失智症的可能性较 存，并无妥协之意。 低，但这一结论有局限性。 1.A本题为细节理解题。本题题干意为：在第一段中提到 Passage 4 的不断增长的清单上有什么？ 【语篇解读】本文是一篇论说文，主题语境是人与社会，主 A.般炼的积极作用。B.适合中年人的镀炼。C,关于失 题语境内容为减少食物浪费。文章通过作者的一次亲身经 智症的实验研究。D.喜欢速动的女人胜过男人的优势。 历呼吁人们减少不必要的食物浪费， 根据第一段中的“The benefits of regular exercise are well 1.B本题为推理判断题。本题题干意为：作者讲述芝麻菜 的故事是想要说明什么？ documented'”可知银炼有益处，即有叔极的影响。故选 A项。 A,我们几乎不重视食物浪费：B.我们有时会无意中浪费 2.B本题为细节理解题。本题题千意为：为什么研究人员 食物：C,我们浪费的流莱比肉多：D,我们有充分的理由浪 要来这些女性进行自行车概炼？ 费食物。 A.为了预测她们的最大心率。B为了评估她们的心血管 根搭第一段中“】try to be mindful of food that goes to 功能。C.为了改变地们的锻炼习惯。D为了发现地们潜 wast”(我努力注意不浪费食物)可知作者本身就是一个 在的健康问题。 非常反对浪费食物的人，再由“But I ended up working 根据第三段中的"measure their peak cardiovascular late.Then friends called with a dinner invitation...Even capacity”可知让这些女性骑自行车的日的是测量她们的 worse,I had unthinkingly bought way too much”可知工 心血管能力，从而做出评估，故选B项。 作忙，朋友请客等客观原图导效作者买的芝麻菜坏掉了。 3.B本题为推理判断题。本题题千意为：关于Horder博 故答案为B项。 士的研究，我们了解什么？ 2.B本题为细节理解题。本题题干意为：根据文章，食物 A.它的目的是找到治疗失智症的方法。B.数据收集是一 浪费的后采是什么？ 个漫长的过程。C.一些参与者逃出了。D.结果远不能令 A.道德衰退：B.环境危害：C,能源短缺：D.全球饥饿 人满意。 根据第三段第二句和第三句“That makes food waste an 根据第五段中的“These women were then tested for environmental problem.In fact,Royte writes,'if food dementia six times over the following four decades." waste were a country,it would be the third largest 这项研究对数据的搜集持续的时间很长，故选B项， producer of greenhouse gases in the world.."(那使得食 4.C本题为主旨大意题。本题题千意为：下列哪个选项是 物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，Royte写道，“如果 这篇文章的最佳标题？ 食物浪觉是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体产 A.更多的女性通过锻炼来预防失智症：B.中年女性需要 生国。”)可知食物浪费会造成环境污染。故答案为B项 多锻炼C,健康的女性不太可能惠失智症：D.骑自行车改 3.D本题为如节理解题。本题题千意为：Curtin的公司是 善女性的心血管健康。 做什么的？ 根据文章的主题句“，.middle-aged women who were A,它生产厨房设备：B.它把腐烂的芝麻菜转换成清洁燃 physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to 料：C,它帮助当地农民种桩水果：D,它把不想要的食物微 develop dementia in later life..."可知，身体使康的女性 成饭莱。 在晚年惑失智痘的可能性较低。故选C项 124 参考答案 Passage 2 says,future geniuses come from those with"intelligence. 【语篇解读】本文为议论文，主题语境是人与社会，主题语 creativity,perseverance,and simple good fortune,who 境内容是社会进步与人类文明。作者主要闻述了人们对天 are able to change the world,”可知，社会因素，比如性别、 才的认知。 种族，阶级，并不能决定天才的出现。未来的天才来自拥 人们以前对什么人是天才有偏见，现在正确认知天才的趋 有智慧、创造力、款力以及单纯的好运气的人，即天才有 势正在形成。语篇引导学生对天才进行正确理解，培养学 很多种形式。 生对事物的理解和判断能力。 选择最佳题目要注意两个方面，即题目要“醒目”和“全 1,A本题为推理判断题。本题题千意为：作者如何看待胜 面”，如C项“天才与智力”就属于概活文章不全面的选 利者加入天才俱乐部的标准？ 项，因为文中虽提到“smart(聪明)”和“intelligence(智 A.它们是不公平的：B.它们是保守的：C,它们是客规的： 力)”，但文章并不是主要论述天才与智力的关系。 D,它们是严格的 Passage 3 根据第三段第三、四句It's said that history is written by 【语篇解读】本文为说明文，主题谱境是人与自我，主题语 the victors,and those victors set the standards for 境内容是乐于学习，善于学习。作者得到启示：共用的工作 admission to the genius club.When contributions were 空间有时有利于创造性思维 made by geniuses outside the club-women.or people of 1.A本题为推理判断题。本题题干意为：为什么采访者更 a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged 喜欢共同工作空间？ and rejected by others..可知，胜利者为天才俱乐部设定了 A.它帮助他集中注意力：B.它屏蔽背景噪音：C,它有令 入会标准。当俱乐部之外的天才微出贡献时，他们是不 人愉快的气氛：D.它鼓励面对面的互动。 会被认可的，而且会被其他人拒绝。由此可推断出这样 根据第一段中访者的这句话“That's why I have 的标准是不公平的。 membership at the coworking space across the street-so 找出题千和文中对应的关键词是快速解题的关键。如本 I can focus..(那就是为什么我在街对面的共同工作空间 题题千中的victors'standards和the genius club与原文第 有会页一这样我就可以集中注意力了。)”可以推断出 三段中的关键词对应，joining与原文中admission相关 他之所以喜欢共同工作空间就是因为能集中注意力， 联。这些词可以使我们迅速找到答案区城。 答题时要认真阅读问题，抓住关键词，快速锁定答题区 2.D本题为推理判断题，本题题千意为：我们能从《科学 域：然后再次确认问题的县体内客，带着问题去读该区 杂志的研究中推断出关于女孩的什么情况？ 城，这样有助于高效准确地获得答案。 A.地们认为自己很聪明：B.地们很数仰伟大的思想家： 2.C本题为细节理解题，本题题干意为：哪种背景噪音水 C.地们早于男接们认识到性别差异：D.她们可能被社交 平可能提高创造性思维能力？ 信念影响。 A,完全沉获：B.50分C,70分贝：D.85分贝。 根据第四段第一、二句A study recently published by 根据第二段中“however,the participants in the70 Science found that as young as age six,girls are less deeibels group-those exposed to a level of noise similar likely than boys to say that members of their gender are to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly "really,really smart."Even worse,the study found that outperformed the other groups,.”和第三段第一句“But girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid since the results at 70 decibels were significant.the study activities said to be for children who are "really,really also suggests that the right level of background noise- smart..”可知，女孩在六岁时可能就形成了一个不说自己 not too loud and not total silence-may actually improve 的同性非常非常聪明的习惯，而且地们在六岁时就开始 one's creative thinking ability.”可知70分贝的背景噪音 避免参加为“非常非常聪明”的接子们准备的活动。由此 水平可能对提高创造性恩雏能力是有帮助的」 可以推出她们可能受社会观念的影响。 3.D本题为推理判断题。本题题千意为：是什么让开放式 3.A本题为细节理解题。本题题千意为：为什么会有更多 办公室不受很多人欢迎？ 天才被公众所知？ A.个人稳私未保护：B.有限的工作空间：C.小组讨论限 A改善了全球为通：B.对女性的歧视变少了：C,接受胜 制：D.不断的打扰。 利者的观念：D,改变人们的社会地位。 从最后一段第二句“The problem may be that,in our 由最后一段第二句In a wired world with constant global offices,we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into communication.we're all positioned to see flashes of others'conversations while we're trying to focus,."可以换 genius wherever they appear,.可知，随着持续的全球交 断出，很多人不喜欢开放式的办公室的原因是总在想集 流，会有更多天才被公众所知，故选A。 中注意力工作时被卷入别人的谈话中，即总是会时不时 4.B本题为主首大意题。本题题干意为：文章的最佳题日 被打断。 是什么？ 4.D本题为推理判断题。本题题干意为：关于作者我们能 A.天才的想法一致：B.天才有多种表现形式：C.天才和 从文章中推新出什么？ 智力：D.天才和运气。 A.他是一个新闻记者：B.他是一个办公室经理：C.他是 由最后一段最后两句And the more we look,the more 一个专业设计师：D他是一位出版过作品的作家。 we will see that social factors like gender.race.and class 根据文章第一句“During an interview for one of my do not determine the appearance of genius.As a writer books,my interviewer.,”可知作者是一位作家。 125 五年高考真题分类·英语 Passage 4 力”：B项“它们准备起来更方使”：C项“它们帮助培养先 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文，文章主要介绍了随者年 进技能”：D项“它们比文本提供更多信息”。根据题千可 轻人生活压力的增大以及老年人孤独感的增加，越来越多 将解题信息定住在第五段。本段第一句该到音频和视频 的英国家庭选择儿代人同住，且这已成为一种趋势， 比文字更吸引人，所以大学教师越来越多地改用这些技 L,B细节理解题。根据第三段"Four years ago they all 术，故选A。 moved into a three-storey Victorian house in Bristol... 4.C推断。最后一段首先谈到电子文本，音频和视频都具 but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen,bathroom. 有教育作用，特别是在提供纸质文本无法提供的资源时。 bedroom and living room on the ground floor.”可知，在布 “However”后提到为了最大限度地进行需要集中注意力 里斯托尔的维多利亚时代的房子里，Rita住在一楼，故 和反思的学习，教育者不应该假设所有蝶体都是一样的， 选B。 即使它们包含相同的词汇，这与倒数第二段最后一句中 2.A观点态度题。根据第五段中的“From my standpoint, 的信息意思一致：当成年人阅读新闻故事时，他们比听或 it all seems to work very well.Would I recommend it? 看相同的片段能记住更多内容，也就是说有纸化学习在 Yes,I think I would,”可以判断，Nick对于与岳母往在一 教育中是不能完全被取代的，答案为C。A项“学生们应 起持积极的态度，故选A,carefree“无忧无虑的”： 该应用多种学习技巧”：B项“牧师应制作自己的教材”：C tolerant'“宽容的”unwilling""不情愿的”。 项“纸质文本在教有中是不能完全被取代的”：D项“课堂 3.C推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Official reports 外的教有不容忽视”， suggest that the number of households with three Passage 2 generations living together had risen from 325.000 in 语篇类型：说明文主题语境：人与社会—科学研究 2001to419,000in2013."和第七段中的“It is said that 生物样本数据的可用性 about 20%of 25-34-year-olds...about 1.8 million. 文章大意：本文主要介绍了一个有关生物样本数据的研究。 可知，作者通过罗列数据来说明他对多代人同住家庭的 文章探究了生物样本数据的可用性，指出了实证研究发现 论述，故C项“公布的数据”正确。 的问题并提出了提高数据质量的措施。 4,D主旨大意题。根据全文中心句“With the young l.B理解具体信息。根据第一段的“Today,nost records unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of of biodiversity are...videos,and other digital records" 知，现在，大多数生物多样性的记录道常以照片、视频和 isolation(孤独），more families are choosing to live together.”可知，本文主要介绍了近年来英国人逃择多代 其他的数字记录形式存在。故选B项。选项中的 “electronie form”是对原文中的“videos,and other digital 人同住的趋势在上升，故选D records”的同义转换。 四科学与技术 2.C理解具体信息。根据第二段的“and since we are 题组一 Passage 1 increasingly using observational data...Are they usable?"可知，Daru及其团队使用观察数据来研究物种 语篇类型：议论文主题语境：人与社会一科学与技 是如何对全球变化作出回应的，他趣知道这些观察数据 术一学习蝶介的选择 是否可用。再根据第三段的内客可知，Dau及其团队使 文章大意：本文探讨了有纸化学习与无纸化学习的区别，并 用一个全球数据集，测被这些数据在多大程度上展示了 提出用纸质书籍更容易让人投入、专心学，而电子书籍更容 实际的全球生物多样性模式。由此可知，D归r山的研究美 易使人分心，故阅读印制品比阅读电子书籍记得更多。 注观察数据。故选C项。A项“潮危物种”：B项“实物标 L.D理解词汇。题千问“第二段中画线短语shine through 本”：C项“观察数据”：D项“手机应用程序” 是什么意思”，A项“似乎不太可能长久”：B项“似乎难以 3.C推断，根据第四段的“We were particularly 解释”：C项“准备好使用”：D项“变得客易被注意到”。本 interested.,,instead of the grass right next to it'”可知 段第一句谈到当阅读几百字或更多字的文本时，有纸化 研究人员对探索可能导致数据偏差的采样的方方面面特 学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功，接着谈到大量的研究 别感兴趣，比如公民科学家很有可能只拍开花植物而不 证实了这一发现。故画线短语所在部分应该是指从提出 拍它旁边的青草。由此可知，采样方式的不当会导致数 简单的任务转向需要抽象思雏的任务时，这种有纸化阅 据偏差，故速C项。A项“数据分析中的错误”：B项“上 诶的好处尤其明显，也就是说很客易被注意到，答案为D。 传的图片质量差”：D项“数据收集设备不可靠”。 2.A理解具体信息。题干问“·浅化假说？假定了什么”。 4.D理解具体信息。根据第七段的“Biodiversity apps can A项“读者轻摩对待电子文本”：B项“电子文本更容易理 use,..to have an expert confirm the identification of their 解”：C项“人们随机逃择电子文本”：D项“电子文本造用 uploaded image”可知，生物多样性应用程序可以使用 于社交绿体”。根据题千中的shallowing hypothesis可以 Daru他们的研究结果来让用户知道哪些地区是采样过量 将答案定位在第四段中。报据第四段中的“which are 的地区，并且引导他们去对采样不是很好的地方或者物 often not so serious”以及“devote less mental effort”可 种进行采样。为了改善观察数据的质量，生物多样性应 知，在对待电子文本的时候，读者通常不是很严肃，同时 用程序也鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图片。结合第 比阅读纸质文本时投入的精力要少，即读者对电子文本 五段的“the people who get.,citizen seientists”可知，这 不是很重视.答案为A。 里的用户指代的是公民科学家。故选D项。A项“检查 3,A理解其体信息。题千问“为什么音频和视频越来越多 特定区城的数据”：B项“雇用专家去检查记录”：C项“确 地被大学教师使用”。A项“它们可以吸引学生的注意 认用户身份”：D项“给公民科学家一些指导” 126