专题09 阅读理解之议论文(高考真题+名校模拟)-备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(新高考专用)

备战2025年高考英语名校模拟真题速递(新高考专用) 第一期 专题09 阅读理解之议论文(高考真题+名校模拟) （2024年新高考I卷高考真题）Is comprehension the same whether a person reads a text onscreen or on paper? And are listening to and viewing content as effective as reading the written word when covering the same material? The answers to both questions are often “no”. The reasons relate to a variety of factors, including reduced concentration, an entertainment mindset (心态) and a tendency to multitask while consuming digital content. When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding. The benefits of print reading particularly shine through when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text. The differences between print and digital reading results are partly related to paper’s physical properties. With paper, there is a literal laying on of hands, along with the visual geography of distinct pages. People often link their memory of what they’ve read to how far into the book it was or where it was on the page. But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print. Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person. However, psychologists have demonstrated that when adults read news stories, they remember more of the content than if they listen to or view identical pieces. Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words. 1．What does the underlined phrase “shine through” in paragraph 2 mean? A．Seem unlikely to last. B．Seem hard to explain. C．Become ready to use. D．Become easy to notice. 2．What does the shallowing hypothesis assume? A．Readers treat digital texts lightly. B．Digital texts are simpler to understand. C．People select digital texts randomly. D．Digital texts are suitable for social media. 3．Why are audio and video increasingly used by university teachers? A．They can hold students' attention. B．They are more convenient to prepare. C．They help develop advanced skills. D．They are more informative than text. 4．What does the author imply in the last paragraph? A．Students should apply multiple learning techniques. B．Teachers should produce their own teaching material. C．Print texts cannot be entirely replaced in education. D．Education outside the classroom cannot be ignored. （2020年新高考II卷高考真题）In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway（晃动）. The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided. The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles（航天飞机）Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic. Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore. Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them. "Success is success but that is all that it is," Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement. 5．What happened to the Golden Gate Bridge on its 50th birthday? A．It carried more weight than it could. B．It swayed violently in a strong wind C．Its roadway was damaged by vehicles D．Its access was blocked by many people. 6．Which of the following is Dr. Petroski's idea according to paragraph 3? A．No design is well received everywhere B．Construction is more important than design. C．Not all disasters are caused by engineering design D．Improvements on engineering works are necessary. 7．What does the last paragraph suggest? A．Failure can lead to progress. B．Success results in overconfidence C．Failure should be avoided. D．Success comes from joint efforts. 8．What is the text? A．A news report B．A short story. C．A book review D．A research article. （2024·四川达州·二模）“I spilled soup all over the table, but it wasn’t my fault”. “I got into trouble at school, but it wasn’t my fault.” Such statements are often heard. “It’s not my fault” is actually a common response for so many people and especially teenagers. Parents complain that they’re tired of the “excuses”. The reason why variations of “it’s not my fault” are so popular is that they get us out of guilt, blame and anger. Those emotions may come from others’ reactions or our own self-talks. In the case of adolescents, they are often trying to escape responsibility and punishment for mistakes. Some teens would benefit from decreasing their self-blame. Those who blame themselves for things that they can’t control tend to be highly self-critical and are more likely to be anxious. Many teens overly rely on “it’s not my fault”. However, overuse of the phrase can result in feelings of helplessness to control their own lives. Besides, “it’s not my fault” focuses a teen’s attention on what is done as opposed to what needs to be done. In trying to get them to assume responsibility, many parents attempt to convince their children that something is their fault, but the approach tends to be ineffective. A more effective approach is to face up to drawbacks to find solutions to the drawbacks actively. People may not have caused all their problems, but they have to solve them anyway. Getting stuck in sharing blame often keeps people from moving forward effectively. What does one do if he is pushed into a deep lake? One could certainly stay in water, yelling, “It’s not my fault.” However, that is not going to get him out of water. At some point, he needs to swim to shore, regardless of the fault. Like most things in life, freeing ourselves from blame has its advantages and disadvantages. The question isn’t what is “right”, but what is most effective in moving forward. 9．Who is likely to rely on “it’s not my fault”? A．A highly self-critical teenager. B．A teenager unwilling to admit a fault. C．A teenager facing up to his responsibilities. D．A teenager anxious about uncontrollable things. 10．What is the author’s advice on getting teens to assume responsibility? A．Letting them focus on what is done. B．Persuading them to admit their fault. C．Making them correct the mistake actively. D．Helping them analyze the reason for the mistake. 11．Why does the author raise such a question in Paragraph 5? A．To put forward a new solution to drawbacks. B．To show handling problems should come first. C．To explain why teenagers get stuck in sharing blame. D．To analyze what kind of problem is caused by others. 12．What is the author’s purpose in writing this text? A．To help teenagers out of self-blame. B．To tell parents how to educate children. C．To help teenagers face mistakes properly. D．To tell children to do self-talks consciously. （2024·湖北武汉·模拟预测）Is forgiveness against our human nature? To answer our question, we need to ask a further question: What is the essence of our humanity? For the sake of simplicity, people consider two distinctly different views of humanity. The first view involves dominance and power. In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. The second view involves the theme of cooperation, mutual respect, and even love as the basis of who we are as humans. Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony? From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice. 13．What is Droll’s idea about forgiveness? A．People should offer mercy to others. B．People who forgive can have their own welfare affected. C．Forgiveness depends on the nature of humanity. D．Aggressive people should learn to forgive. 14．What does the example in Paragraph 2 illustrate? A．To forgive is to love. B．To fight is to grow. C．To dominate is to harm. D．To give is to receive. 15．What is the writer’s attitude toward forgiveness? A．Objective. B．Reserved. C．Favorable. D．Skeptical. 16．What is message of the last paragraph? A．Forgiveness is in our nature. B．Forgiveness grows with time. C．Actuality is based on potentiality. D．It takes practice to forgive. （2024·湖南衡阳·模拟预测）In a world where everyone has their own opinions on just about everything, it’s common for people to be critical of each other’s mistakes and imperfections without noticing their own. Some individuals mistakenly think it’s their responsibility to make you into a better person. They do this by first pointing out your shortcomings directly and then providing advice on how you can improve. So what is the possible solution to criticism? If you are the one forcing others to feel ashamed of themselves, please stop. Make a conscious decision rather than highlight the negative aspect of a person’s performance or attitudes. You are more likely to offer helpful suggestions from the beginning. If you are on the receiving end of criticism, the “OK” response is a perfect solution. When someone comments negatively on a task you are doing or a personality issue of yours, a natural response is to defend and attack. However, this approach is rarely effective as it puts both parties on the defensive. Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it. It’s crucial to stay connected to what the other person is talking about, and listen without getting upset, to be an objective observer. In fact, there is much that one can learn from a negative review. You can ask yourself: Did I make a mistake? Could I have done better? Did I give 100% of myself to the task at hand? If so, how can I improve myself? As for chronic criticizers: It is important to set strict boundary with them. Remove yourself from their presence when necessary. In any case, one can learn to be “OK” with criticism and not allow it to negatively impact your life or relationship with the other party. 17．What might the author think of people who like to judge others? A．Self-centered. B．Responsible. C．Talkative. D．Warm-hearted. 18．What does a person mean by saying “OK” according to Paragraph 3? A．He thinks the advice is helpful. B．He completely agrees with the comments. C．He wants to avoid unnecessary arguments. D．He defends himself with the response. 19．What is the recommended action for dealing with chronic criticizers? A．Embrace their views. B．Criticize them in return. C．Avoid interaction if needed. D．Engage with them regularly. 20．What is the most suitable title for the text? A．The Art of Giving Criticism B．Mastering Self-Defense against Criticism C．Dealing with Personal Relationships Flexibly D．The Path to Self-Improvement through Criticism （2024·四川成都·模拟预测）One by one, prejudices are disappearing in the West. People may hold private suspicions that other people’s race or sex makes them inferior—but to say so openly is totally taboo (禁忌). One old prejudice remains undisturbed, though. Just ask a childless person. They are not charged to special taxes, as they were in Soviet Russia; nor are they driven from their homes, as they still are in some poor countries. The childless nonetheless come in for a lot of criticism. Some point out that non-parents are failing to produce the future workers who will pay for their pensions. Childless politicians are charged with not having a proper stake in society. “He talks to us about the future, but he doesn’t have children!” complained Jean-Marie Le Pen, co-founder of the National Front party, of Emmanuel Macron, who went on to win the French presidency. Similar attacks on Theresa May and Angela Merkel also failed but researchers find that many voters quietly agree. If non-breeders are selfish, they have a strange way of showing it. They are more likely to set up charitable foundations than people with children, and much more likely to donate money to good causes. According to one American estimate, the mere fact of not having children raises the amount a person leaves to charity by a little over $10,000. The childless are thus a small but useful counterweight to the world’s parents, who stop social stability by passing on their social and economic advantages to their children. The charge that childless people fail to pull their weight in population is correct, but is less serious than it appears. Those who do not have children do put pressure on public pension systems. Governments have to do unpopular things like making pensions less generous, as Japan has done, or accepting more immigrants, as some Western countries have done. But to sustain public pensions in the long term, countries do not actually need more parents. What they need instead is more babies. It is possible to combine a high rate of childlessness with a high birth rate, provided people who become parents have more than one or two children. That was the pattern in many Western countries a century ago. Ireland, yet another country with a childless leader, still manages it today. The childless also do everyone else a favor by creating wonderful works of art. British novelists have been especially likely to have no offspring: think of Hilary Mantel, P.G Wodehouse and the Bronte sisters. In September last year Britain put Jane Austen on its ten-pound note. That decision was controversial, though it was hard to see why. Few people have written as shrewdly about money or about families even though Austen did not marry, and had no children. 21．What is the main idea of Paragraph 2? A．The childless often come under sharp criticism. B．Childlessness is to future workers’ disadvantage. C．Many highly successful people have no children D．The childless politicians get attacked in society. 22．The childless are prejudiced because people think the childless ______. A．have a strange way to show selfishness B．set a bad example for young people C．are not as generous as those with children D．are the government’s financial burden 23．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A．Accepting more immigrants. B．Reducing the pensions for the aged. C．Encouraging parents to have more children. D．Supporting the political leaders with no children. 24．What is the best title for the passage? A．In defense of the childless. B．Prejudice against non-breeders. C．Why don’t they have children? D．Measures to address childlessness. （2024·河北唐山·二模）I like an organized, clean house. I am, however, often in the minority in the house. Every time I walk in the front door and make the turn to hang my coat in the mudroom (Amudroom is a space set aside in a house where people can take off their outdoor clothing, remove their soiled shoes, store equipment), I frown at the mess that meets my eyes. Lots of shoes littered all over the floor, along with slippers (拖鞋) and anything you can imagine. No matter how many times I attempt to restore the scene, this room immediately ends up back in mess. The other day I started to think about why the mu droom is the most challenging room to keep in order. I came to the realization that it is because the mu droom is both the beginning and the end, it is the jumping off point to the adventures of our day and it is the storage ground when the sun sets. In turn, those four walls have become a holder of memories, and a museum of my family’s treasures, as each item tells a story of those that I love most. The bright white Nike high tops cast off on the floor belong to my oldest son, nearing 12,presenting his emerging fashion sense. The worn black and blue runners introduce my youngest,a lively tornado in a 10-year-old’s body. The slippers belong to my husband. They were a Christmas present from the boys and me many years ago. During the colder months, it is the first thing that my husband does when he return s home from work, he slips on those grey wool slippers and continues to settle in. He loves and wears them so much that the initial pair wore right through the toe. He won’t part with those treasures but now has a second pair; the exact same make and model. Recently it occurred to me that my annoyance at the mudroom chaos is temporary. This disorder will last only a few years. The boys are getting older, and the toys and mess will move on ... as will my sons eventually. This makes me sad for what I know will feel like a big loss. Each day that I see that collection of goods means that my house is full of love, energy, passion and family. 25．What does the author intend to tell us in paragraph 2? A．Intense desire to be clean. B．Strong ha te of the mudroom. C．Ongoing struggle to maintain order. D．Great tension between her and her family. 26．What can we learn from the author’s reflection? A．Her regret and restart. B．Her wonder and willpower. C．Her frustration and forgiveness. D．Her acceptance and appreciation. 27．Why does the story refer to the husband’s slippers? A．To prove their comfort. B．To show their emotional value. C．To offer insight into his daily life. D．To praise his money management. 28．What is the best title of the text? A．Loss? Universal Gain! B．Chaos? Life’s Loving Marks! C．Litter? Proof of Daily Routine! D．Mudroom? Family’s Obligation! （2024·安徽合肥·三模）In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short story The Birth-Mark, a chemist called Aylmer marries a young woman, Georgiana, whose only imperfection is a red spot on her left cheek. He considers it a “terrible flaw”. So she asks him to use his skills to remove it. At length Aylmer creates a medicine that has the desired effect: to kill her without pain. Hawthorne’s story illustrates the harm of perfectionism. It is Thomas Curran’s starting-point for a study of what he calls a “hidden epidemic(流行病)”. He thinks the endless efforts for higher standards is mainly a disaster. As a social psychologist at the London School of Economics, Mr. Curran describes himself as “a recovering perfectionist”. Drawing on both academic research and his own experiences, he makes a convincing case. Mr. Curran distinguishes between two sorts of perfectionism. The first, which looks inward, is the unforgiving self-criticizing of the hardworking employees. A second version, directed towards others, is commonly found in bosses who have unrealistic expectations of their staff and sharply criticize their supposed failings. Its victims tend to feel lonely. Often they think about harming themselves. Having noted the potential negative effects, Mr. Curran suggests some causes. These include a lack of job security, unreasonable requirements by helicopter parents and the unhealthy advertising, which fuel consumption and anxiety. “The economy”, he claims, “is based on our discontent. Social media flood users with images of finely sculpted bodies, seemingly perfect dresses and unbelievably romantic weddings.” His greatest attack, though, is directed at society. In this he draws on the thinking of Michael Sandel, a philosopher at Harvard. Especially in the book, The Tyranny of Merit, Professor Sandel has argued that using achievements as a sorting machine leads to a society that is divided into just winners and losers, while ignoring the common good. Like Mr. Curran, Professor Sandel has a good point. 29．Who can be considered as the second type of perfectionist by Thomas Curran? A．Aylmer. B．Georgiana. C．Michael Sandel. D．Nathaniel Hawthorne. 30．According to Thomas Curran, a healthy economy should . A．not have winners or losers B．provide job security for everyone C．be free from advertisements D．not be driven just by anxiety 31．What does the author think of Michael Sandel’s criticism of the society? A．Unfair. B．Convincing. C．Misleading. D．Gentle. 32．Which of the following can be the best title for the text? A．The Imperfection of Our Society B．A Review of The Tyranny of Merit C．Comments on Thomas Curran’s Study D．Effective Ways to Deal With Perfectionism （2024·湖南怀化·三模）Educational optimists predict that AI will soon provide amazing efficiencies and progress in teaching and learning. But are efficiency and machine logic what our students need most? It’s certainly true that AI is a wonderful new tool dramatically transforming human life. AI is improving in speed and scope to recognize patterns in extremely complex data sets of all types, allowing it to make predictions about what might come next, be it a purchase of a customer, a word in a sentence , a sound in spoken language, or countless other processes.AI can answer specific complex questions or perform complex calculations at a rate impossible for the human mind to comprehend, let alone compete with. It can also create images and speeches which not only imitate reality but surpass it to meet programmed standards of excellence. However, although these may be helpful to adults seeking to improve productivity, it is necessary to follow G.K. Chesterton’s advice that children should not be subjected to educational projects and ideas younger than they are. Allowing students to avoid traditional learning methods with AI will have uncertain and potentially harmful results. The same could be true of educators’dependence on AI for student assessment and lesson planning. In education at least, it is quite possible that AI will work against natural human development and provide not a shortcut to human formation but a short circuit. Despite AI’s influence, traditional learning and writing assignments are crucial for promoting learning and cognitive development. Homework, similar to music practice, teaches discipline and skills essential for personal growth and future success. Deceptive(欺诈的)practices harm genuine learning, spoiling students’ competitiveness in an AI-dominated job market. Reliance on AI-generated content weakens critical thinking and creativity, damaging students’ intellectual growth. Moreover, it devalues the role of teachers in guiding students’development. In contrast, real engagement with homework cultivates invaluable human qualities essential in an AI-driven world, ensuring students’ competitive advantage and overall development. 33．Which best describes AI according to paragraph 2? A．Unavoidable. B．Dangerous. C．Time-consuming. D．Life-changing. 34．What’s the author’s purpose in writing paragraph 3? A．To argue against the involvement of AI in education. B．To clarify the role of AI in promoting efficiency. C．To explore the possibility of applying AI to study. D．To present educators’reliance on AI in class. 35．What does the author say about traditional learning methods? A．They are out of date now. B．They have a fair reason to stay. C．They make students less competitive. D．They weaken students’overall development. 36．What would be a suitable title for the text? A．The Rise of AI B．The Role of Traditional Learning C．Do Students Really Need AI? D．Does AI Help with Productivity? （2024·湖北·二模）It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they do not trust their children to deal with crisis; that they talk too much about certain problems; and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships. I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget how they themselves felt when young. Young people often annoy their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, in the entertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into which they have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then it turns out that their music or entertainers or clothes or hairstyles annoy their parents. This gives them additional enjoyment. At least in a small way, they are leaders in style and taste. Sometimes you are proud, because your parents can’t change what you do. If they do approve, it looks as if you are betraying (背叛) your own age group. But in that case, you are assuming that you are an underdog: you can’t win, but at least you can keep your honor. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years if you were completely under your parents’ control in your childhood. But it ignores the fact that you should be responsible for yourself. From my teaching experience for ages, I want to give you young people the following advice that perhaps can help deal with the generation gap properly. If you plan to control your life, co-operation can be part of that plan. You can charm your parents into doing things the way you want. You can impress them with your sense of responsibility, so that they will give you the authority to do what you want to do. 37．What can we know from the young people's views in Paragraph 1? A．Parents are lacking in humor and like talking a lot. B．Parents always know much and keep pace with the times. C．Parents should be responsible for all the misunderstandings. D．Parents believe their children's ability to solve any problems. 38．What can be inferred about the young people in Paragraph 3? A．They find extra fun from their annoying actions. B．They are quite content to be away from the adult society. C．They make full use of their music to speed up their lives. D．They always annoy their parents in order to enjoy music. 39．Which of the following is the closest to the meaning of the underlined word “underdog” in Paragraph 4? A．Lovely dog. B．Failure. C．Partner. D．Looker. 40．What does the author do according to the text? A．A capable chef. B．A famous writer. C．A senior teacher. D．A trusted entertainer. 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．D 2．A 3．A 4．C 【导语】本文是议论文。主要讨论了纸质阅读与数字阅读、音频和视频学习方式的差异和效果。 1．词句猜测题。根据前文“When reading texts of several hundred words or more, learning is generally more successful when it’s on paper than onscreen. A large amount of research confirms this finding.(当阅读几百字或更多的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在屏幕上学习更成功。大量的研究证实了这一发现)”可知，在纸上学习更有成效，以及后文“when experimenters move from posing simple tasks — like identifying the main idea in a reading passage — to ones that require mental abstraction — such as drawing inferences from a text.(当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章的主旨)转移到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时)”推知，此处应是表达“当实验者从简单的任务转向需要精神抽象的任务时，纸质阅读的益处就变得显而易见”之意，所以shine through应是“显而易见”之意，和D项意思相近。故选D项。 2．推理判断题。根据第四段“But equally important is the mental aspect. Reading researchers have proposed a theory called “shallowing hypothesis (假说)”. According to this theory, people approach digital texts with a mindset suited to social media, which are often not so serious, and devote less mental effort than when they are reading print.(但同样重要的是精神层面。阅读研究人员提出了一个名为“shallowing hypothesis”的理论。根据这一理论，人们以适合社交媒体的心态接触数字文本，这些文本通常不那么严肃，与阅读印刷品时相比，投入的精神努力也更少)”可知，shallowing hypothesis假设读者在阅读数字文本时会持有一种轻松的心态，不会像阅读纸质书籍那样投入太多的心理努力。故选A项。 3．细节理解题。根据第五段“Audio (音频) and video can feel more engaging than text, and so university teachers increasingly turn to these technologies — say, assigning an online talk instead of an article by the same person.(音频和视频可能比文本更具吸引力，因此大学教师越来越多地转向这些技术，例如分配在线讲座而不是同一作者的文章)”可知，音频和视频比文本更能吸引学生的注意力，所以大学教师越来越多地使用这些技术。故选A项。 4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“Digital texts, audio and video all have educational roles, especially when providing resources not available in print. However, for maximizing learning where mental focus and reflection are called for, educators shouldn’t assume all media are the same, even when they contain identical words.(数字文本、音频和视频都具有教育作用，尤其是在提供印刷品中无法获得的资源时。然而，为了在需要精神集中和反思的情况下最大限度地学习，教育工作者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词)”可知，尽管数字文本、音频和视频在教育中有一定作用，但当需要精神集中和反思以最大化学习时，教育者不应假定所有媒体都是相同的，即使它们包含相同的单词。这表明作者认为纸质文本在教育中的作用仍然不可替代，因此暗示纸质文本在教育中的重要性。故选C项。 【点睛】 5．A 6．C 7．A 8．C 【分析】这是一篇议论文。主要讲述了对彼得罗斯基博士的书《原谅设计：理解失败》的评论，工程设计可能会因为某些原因带来失败，但失败才能带来进步。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it. Organizers expected perhaps 50,000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250,000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible：the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway”可以看出，1987年5月，金门大桥举行了一个50岁生日聚会。这座桥禁止机动车通行，人们可以在桥上散步。组织者预计将有5万人到场。相反，多达80万人挤满了通往大桥的道路。当25万人在桥上时，工程师们注意到了一个可怕的现象：路面在被要求承载的最重荷载作用下变得平了。更糟的是，它开始晃动。因此可以看出，金门大桥50岁生日那天，它的重量超过了它的承受能力。故选A。 6．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, suddenly, it does not work at all anymore.”可知，虽然他承认工程设计可能会因为那些想出或设计它们的人只是把事情弄错了失败，但在这本书中，彼得罗斯基博士拓宽了他的视野，考虑了这种失败发生的更大背景。有时，由于一个好的设计是用不合格的低质量材料建造的，所以装置会失败。或者，一个设计工作得如此好，以至于在其他地方一次又一次地被采用，用似乎是无害的改进，直到突然间，它完全不起作用了。因此可以推测出，根据第三段，不是所有的灾难都是由工程设计引起的是彼得罗斯基博士的想法。故选C。 7．细节理解题。根据文章最后一段的 “It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失败才能带来进步。因此可以看出，A项与此相呼应，即失败能带来进步，故选A。 8．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design：Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean（赞歌）to its breakdowns.”可知，这个故事是《原谅设计：理解失败》一书中的一个，这本书既是对工程的一封情书，也是对其崩溃的赞歌。并且后面两段都在写这本书里的内容以及评价，再根据倒数第二段的“Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.”可知，读者不仅会遇到他们以前听过的故事，还会遇到一些新的故事和关于工程师对公众的责任以及如何帮助年轻工程师掌握它们的动人讨论。再结合最后一段“It is failure that brings improvement.”可知，失败才能带来进步。因此可以推测出，这些内容都是关于这本书的评论，因为这篇文章是书评，故选C。 9．B 10．C 11．B 12．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。主要介绍的是许多家长对孩子“这不是我的过失”的陈述感到无奈，作者认为这种陈述有坏的一面也有好的一面，但重要的是让孩子正确面对错误，不断进步。 9．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The reason why variations of “it’s not my fault” are so popular is that they get us out of guilt, blame and anger.(各种各样的“这不是我的错”之所以如此流行，是因为它们能让我们摆脱内疚、责备和愤怒。)”可知，“这不是我的错”能使我们摆脱内疚、责备和愤怒，所以才会如此流行，结合下文中的“In the case of adolescents, they are often trying to escape responsibility and punishment for mistakes.(就青少年而言，他们常常试图逃避责任和对错误的惩罚。)”可知，青少年这样做就是为了逃避责任和对错误的惩罚，由此可知，那些不愿意承认错误的人很可能依赖于说“这不是我的错”。故选B项。 10．细节理解题。根据第四段中的“In trying to get them to assume responsibility, many parents attempt to convince their children that something is their fault, but the approach tends to be ineffective. A more effective approach is to face up to drawbacks to find solutions to the drawbacks actively.(为了让孩子承担责任，许多父母试图让孩子相信有些事情是他们的错，但这种方法往往是无效的。更有效的方法是正视缺点，积极寻找解决办法。)”可知，很多家长用各种方法让孩子相信有些事情是他们的错，但这些经常是无效的，更有效的方法是让孩子正视缺点，主动寻找解决的方法，由此可知，作者建议让他们主动改正错误。故选C项。 11．推理判断题。根据第五段中的“People may not have caused all their problems, but they have to solve them anyway. Getting stuck in sharing blame often keeps people from moving forward effectively.(人们可能不是所有问题的始作俑者，但无论如何他们必须解决问题。陷入互相指责的困境往往会阻碍人们有效地向前发展。)”可知，作者认为不论错误是谁的，都必须先要解决为题，否则会阻碍人们有效向前发展，进而在下文中提出问题“What does one do if he is pushed into a deep lake?(如果一个人被推入深湖中，他会怎么做?)”并进行分析，结合下文中的“At some point, he needs to swim to shore, regardless of the fault.(在某个时刻，他需要游到岸边，不管是谁的错误。)”可知，不管谁的错都应先游到岸边，综合以上信息可知，作者提及这个问题是为了表明首先要解决问题，而不是追究谁的责任。故选B项。 12．推理判断题。根据尾段“Like most things in life, freeing ourselves from blame has its advantages and disadvantages. The question isn’t what is “right”, but what is most effective in moving forward.(就像生活中的大多数事情一样，把自己从责备中解脱出来既有好处也有坏处。问题不在于什么是“正确的”，而在于什么是最有效的前进方式。)”可知，把自己从责备中解脱出来有好处也有坏处，但问题的根本不在于什么是正确的，而是什么是最有效的前进方式，结合上文中对“不是我的错”这一流行陈述的好处和坏处的分析，并用提问的方式表明无论谁的错，都应该先要解决问题，不断前进，所以本文的写作目的是帮助青少年如何正确地面对错误。故选C项。 13．B 14．C 15．C 16．D 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章围绕“原谅是否违背人类本性”这一主题进行了深入的探讨和论证，通过对比不同的人类本性观点，分析了原谅在个体和社区中的作用和意义。 13．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“In an early paper on the psychology of forgiveness, Droll (1984) made the interesting claim that humans’ essential nature is more aggressive than forgiving allows. Those who forgive are against their basic nature, much to their harm. In his opinion, forgivers are compromising their well-being as they offer mercy to others, who might then take advantage of them. (在一篇关于宽恕心理学的早期论文中，Droll(1984)提出了一个有趣的观点，即人类的本质比宽恕所允许的更具攻击性。那些宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害。在他看来，宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福，而这些人可能会利用他们。)”可知，Droll认为宽恕的人违背了他们的本性，对他们造成了很大的伤害，他认为宽恕者在向他人提供仁慈的同时，也在损害自己的幸福。故选B。 14．推理判断题。根据文章第二段所举例子上文“Researchers find that to fully grow as human beings, we need both to receive love from and offer love to others. Without love, our connections with a wide range of individuals in our lives can fall apart. Even common sense strongly suggests that the will to power over others does not make for harmonious interactions. (研究人员发现，为了全面成长为人类，我们既需要从别人那里接受爱，也需要向别人提供爱。没有爱，我们与生活中各种各样的人的联系就会破裂。甚至常识也强烈表明，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动。)”可知，没有爱，我们与他人的联系就会破裂，控制他人的意愿并不会促成和谐的互动；奴隶制是一个基于对他人的支配和控制的制度，它造成了大量的伤害和痛苦。“For example, how well has slavery worked as a mode of social harmony? (例如，奴隶制作为社会和谐的一种模式发挥了多大的作用?)”通过以奴隶社会举例，以反问的方式，来阐明试图通过支配和权力来控制他人并不能带来真正的和谐或幸福，即控制就是伤害。故选C。 15．推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段“From this second viewpoint of who we are as humans, forgiveness plays a key role in the biological and psychological integrity of both individuals and communities because one of the outcomes of forgiveness, shown through scientific studies, is the decreasing of hatred and the restoration of harmony. Forgiveness can break the cycle of anger. At least to the extent the people from whom you are estranged accept your love and forgiveness and are prepared to make the required adjustments. Forgiveness can heal relationships and reconnect people. (从作为人类的第二种观点来看，宽恕在个人和社区的生理和心理完整性方面都起着关键作用，因为科学研究表明，宽恕的结果之一是减少仇恨，恢复和谐。宽恕可以打破愤怒的循环。至少在某种程度上，与你疏远的人接受你的爱和宽恕，并准备做出必要的调整。宽恕可以治愈人际关系，重新连接人际关系。)”可知，作者认为原谅在个体和社区生物学和心理学完整性中的关键作用，指出原谅能够减少仇恨、恢复和谐，并且能够打破愤怒的循环。作者还提到原谅可以治愈关系，让人们重新建立联系。这些观点都表明作者对于原谅持有支持的态度。故选C。 16．主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段“As an important note, when we take a Classical philosophical perspective, that of Aristotle, we see the distinction between potentiality and actuality. We are not necessarily born with the capacity to forgive, but instead with the potential to learn about it and to grow in our ability to forgive. The actuality of forgiving, its actual appropriation in conflict situations, develops with practice. (值得注意的是，当我们从古典哲学的角度，即亚里士多德的角度来看，我们会看到潜在性和现实性之间的区别。我们不一定天生就有宽恕的能力，但我们有潜力去学习宽恕，并在宽恕的能力中成长。宽恕的现实性，它在冲突情境中的实际运用，是随着实践而发展的。)”可知，最后一段主要传达了原谅需要实践的信息。作者通过引用古典哲学中关于潜在性和实际性的观点，指出我们并不是天生就具备原谅的能力，而是需要通过学习和实践来培养和发展这种能力。因此，原谅并不是一种自然而然的行为，而是需要我们付出努力去实践的。故选D。 17．A 18．C 19．C 20．D 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了如何正确地处理批评，无论是作为批评者还是被批评者，同时也提出了一些具体的策略，例如：通过简单地说“OK”来避免不必要的争论，以及如何对待那些习惯性批评他人的人。 17．推理判断题。根据第一段中“Some individuals mistakenly think it’s their responsibility to make you into a better person. They do this by first pointing out your shortcomings directly and then providing advice on how you can improve.(有些人错误地认为他们有责任让你成为一个更好的人。他们首先直接指出你的缺点，然后就如何改进提供建议)”可知，作者可能认为这些人是自以为是，以自我为中心的。故选A。 18．细节理解题。根据第二段中“Instead, simply reply with “OK”. This brief one-word response acknowledges the other person’s comment without agreeing with it or feeling necessary to engage in a debate about it.(相反，只需回答“OK”。这个简短的一个词的回应承认了对方的评论，但不同意它，也不觉得有必要就此展开辩论)”可知，对方通过说“OK”意在避免不必要的争论。故选C。 19．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“It is important to set strict boundary with them. Remove yourself from their presence when necessary.(与他们建立严格的界限是很重要的。必要时离开他们)”可知，对于那些经常批评他人的人，文中推荐的行动是在必要时避免与他们互动。故选C。 20．主旨大意题。根据第一段“In a world where everyone has their own opinions on just about everything, it’s common for people to be critical of each other’s mistakes and imperfections without noticing their own. Some individuals mistakenly think it’s their responsibility to make you into a better person. They do this by first pointing out your shortcomings directly and then providing advice on how you can improve.(在一个每个人对每件事都有自己看法的世界里，人们对彼此的错误和不完美吹毛求疵，而不注意自己的错误和不完美，这是很常见的。有些人错误地认为他们有责任让你成为一个更好的人。他们首先直接指出你的缺点，然后就如何改进提供建议)”结合文章探讨了如何应对批评，无论是给出批评还是接受批评，并提出了一些建议和策略。故选D“通过批评走向自我提升”最为合适。故选D。 21．A 22．D 23．C 24．A 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要讲述了当今社会对不生孩子的偏见，并认为对无子女者的指控应当驳回，他们的存在为社会产生很多好处。 21．主旨大意题。根据第二段第二句“The childless nonetheless come in for a lot of criticism. (尽管如此，没有孩子的人还是受到了很多批评。)”并结合下文可知，本段主要讲述了无子女者常常遭受尖锐批判。故选A。 22．推理判断题。根据第二段中的“Some point out that non-parents are failing to produce the future workers who will pay for their pensions. (一些人指出，非父母者无法培养出未来的工人来支付养老金。)”和倒数第二段中的“Those who do not have children do put pressure on public pension systems. Governments have to do unpopular things like making pensions less generous, as Japan has done, or accepting more immigrants, as some Western countries have done. (那些没有孩子的人确实给公共养老金系统带来了压力。政府不得不做一些不受欢迎的事情，比如像日本那样降低养老金的慷慨程度，或者像一些西方国家那样接受更多的移民。)”可知，由于无子女者没有生孩子来为养老金系统作贡献，这会给公共养老金系统带来压力，政府不得不做一些不受欢迎的事情。由此可推测出，无子女者遭受人们的偏见是因为人们认为他们成为政府的经济负担。故选D。 23．词句猜测题。根据画线词it所在句的前文“It is possible to combine a high rate of childlessness with a high birth rate, provided people who become parents have more than one or two children. That was the pattern in many Western countries a century ago. (如果成为父母的人有一个或两个以上的孩子，就有可能把高无子女率和高出生率结合起来。这是一个世纪前许多西方国家的模式。)”可知，画线词it指代前文的内容，即一个世纪前许多国家采取的模式是鼓励成为父母的人生孩子，从而兼顾高无子女率与高出生率。故选C。 24．主旨大意题。通读全文可知，第一段最后一句“One old prejudice remains undisturbed, though. Just ask a childless person. (然而，一种古老的偏见仍然受人尊敬。问问一个没有孩子的人就知道了。)”引出话题：无子女者遭受偏见；第二段具体讲述了无子女者面对的批判；接下来几段作者分别从慈善、政治能力、人口增长、艺术文学贡献等方面讲述无子女者的贡献。由此可推测出，本文主要指出人们对无子女者的偏见，并为无子女者辩护，由此可推测出，A项“为无子女者辩护”最适合作本文标题。故选A。 25．C 26．D 27．B 28．B 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章讲述了作者喜欢整洁，但是家里的房间总是很难整理好，经过反思，作者认为家里的乱也透露出了家庭的友爱和活力。 25．推理判断题。根据第二段“Every time I walk in the front door and make the turn to hang my coat in the mudroom (A mudroom is a space set aside in a house where people can take off their outdoor clothing, remove their soiled shoes, store equipment), I frown at the mess that meets my eyes. Lots of shoes littered all over the floor, along with slippers (拖鞋) and anything you can imagine. No matter how many times I attempt to restore the scene, this room immediately ends up back in mess.(每次我走进前门，转身去把外套挂在储物间（储物间是房子里留出的一块地方，人们可以在那里脱下户外的衣服，脱掉脏鞋子，存放设备），我都会对眼前的混乱皱眉。地板上到处都是鞋子，还有拖鞋和任何你能想到的东西。不管我试着恢复多少次，这个房间马上就又乱了)”可知，作者想在第2段告诉我们维持秩序的持续斗争。故选C。 26．细节理解题。根据第三段“In turn, those four walls have become a holder of memories, and a museum of my family’s treasures, as each item tells a story of those that I love most.(反过来，这四面墙也成了记忆的储藏地，成了我家珍宝的博物馆，因为每一件藏品都讲述了我最爱的人的故事)”可知，我们可以从作者的反思中了解到作者的接受和感激。故选D。 27．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“The slippers belong to my husband. They were a Christmas present from the boys and me many years ago. During the colder months, it is the first thing that my husband does when he return s home from work, he slips on those grey wool slippers and continues to settle in. He loves and wears them so much that the initial pair wore right through the toe. He won’t part with those treasures but now has a second pair; the exact same make and model.(这双拖鞋是我丈夫的。它们是许多年前我和孩子们送给我的圣诞礼物。在寒冷的月份里，我丈夫下班回家后做的第一件事就是穿上灰色羊毛拖鞋，继续安顿下来。他非常喜欢穿这双鞋，以至于最初的一双鞋都能漏出脚趾头。他不会放弃那些珍宝，但现在他有了第二双；一模一样的牌子和型号)”可知，这个故事提到了丈夫的拖鞋是为了显示情感价值。故选B。 28．主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Each day that I see that collection of goods means that my house is full of love, energy, passion and family.(每天我看到这些收藏品，就意味着我的房子里充满了爱、活力、激情和家庭)”结合文章讲述了作者喜欢整洁，但是家里的房间总是很难整理好，经过反思，作者认为家里的乱也透露出了家庭的友爱和活力。可知，B选项“混乱？生命的可爱印记！”最符合文章标题。故选B。 29．A 30．D 31．B 32．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文，文章主要评价了Thomas Curran有关完美主义的研究。 29．推理判断题，根据第一段“He considers it a “terrible flaw”.(他认为这是一个“可怕的缺陷”)”及第三段“A second version, directed towards others, is commonly found in bosses who have unrealistic expectations of their staff and sharply criticize their supposed failings.(第二个版本是针对他人的，通常出现在那些对员工抱有不切实际期望、并尖锐批评他们所谓的缺点的老板身上)”可推断，Aylmer属于逼着别人完美的那种人。故选A。 30．细节理解题。根据第四段“Having noted the potential negative effects, Mr. Curran suggests some causes. These include a lack of job security, unreasonable requirements by helicopter parents and the unhealthy advertising, which fuel consumption and anxiety.(在注意到潜在的负面影响后，柯伦提出了一些原因。其中包括缺乏工作保障、直升机父母的不合理要求以及助长消费和焦虑的不健康广告)”可知，Thomas Curran认为一个健康的社会不应该过度鼓励消费及贩卖焦虑。故选D。 31．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Like Mr. Curran, Professor Sandel has a good point.(和柯伦先生一样，桑德尔教授说得有道理)”可知，作者认为Michael Sandel的批评是令人信服的。故选B。 32．主旨大意题。根据第二段“Drawing on both academic research and his own experiences, he makes a convincing case.(根据学术研究和他自己的经历，他提出了一个令人信服的理由)”结合文章主要评价了Thomas Curran有关完美主义的研究。故C选项“评托马斯·柯伦的研究”最符合文章标题。故选C。 33．D 34．A 35．B 36．C 【导语】本文为一篇议论文，探讨了学生是否需要人工智能来学习这一观点。 33．推理判断题。根据文章第二段“It’s certainly true that AI is a wonderful new tool dramatically transforming human life.(毫无疑问，人工智能是一个奇妙的新工具，极大地改变了人类的生活)”及下文描述AI的作用可知，本段描述了AI可以改变人们的生活。故选D。 34．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Allowing students to avoid traditional learning methods with AI will have uncertain and potentially harmful results. The same could be true of educators’dependence on AI for student assessment and lesson planning. In education at least, it is quite possible that AI will work against natural human development and provide not a shortcut to human formation but a short circuit.(让学生用AI避开传统的学习方法会带来不确定性和潜在的有害后果。同样的道理也适用于教育工作者对人工智能进行学生评估和课程规划的依赖。至少在教育领域，人工智能很有可能会与人类的自然发展背道而驰，提供的不是人类形成的捷径，而是一条短路)”可知，作者在第三段反对人工智能参与教育。故选A。 35．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Despite AI’s influence, traditional learning and writing assignments are crucial for promoting learning and cognitive development. Homework, similar to music practice, teaches discipline and skills essential for personal growth and future success.(尽管受到人工智能的影响，传统的学习和写作任务对于促进学习和认知发展至关重要。家庭作业，类似于音乐练习，传授对个人成长和未来成功至关重要的纪律和技能)”及“In contrast, real engagement with homework cultivates invaluable human qualities essential in an AI-driven world, ensuring students’ competitive advantage and overall development.(相比之下，真正参与家庭作业培养了在人工智能驱动的世界中必不可少的宝贵的人类素质，确保了学生的竞争优势和全面发展)”可知，作者认为传统的学习方法有着充分被保留下来的理由。故选B。 36．主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Educational optimists predict that AI will soon provide amazing efficiencies and progress in teaching and learning. But are efficiency and machine logic what our students need most?(对教育持乐观态度的人预测，人工智能将很快在教学和学习方面带来惊人的效率和进步。但是，效率和机器逻辑是我们的学生最需要的吗)”引出论点，即，学生真的需要人工智能来学习吗？因此，本文围绕“学生真的需要人工智能吗？”这一论点展开。C为最佳标题。故选C。 37．A 38．A 39．B 40．C 【导语】本文是一篇议论文。年轻人总是抱怨他们的父母与现代生活方式脱节、不相信子女应付危机的能力、对某些问题喋喋不休、缺乏幽默感等。作者的建议是年轻人可以用你的责任感和进取心打动父母。那样，他们才会允许你做你想做的事。 37．细节理解题。根据第一段中“They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they do not trust their children to deal with crisis; that they talk too much about certain problems; and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships. (他们总是或多或少地抱怨他们的父母与现代生活方式脱节，不信任孩子处理危机的能力，对某些问题谈论太多，至少在亲子关系中没有幽默感。) ”可知，从年轻人的观点中我们可以知道父母缺乏幽默感并且喜欢说很多话。选项A符合题意。故选A。 38．推理判断题。根据第三段中“This gives them additional enjoyment. At least in a small way, they are leaders in style and taste. (这给了他们额外的乐趣。至少在某种程度上，他们是风格和品味的领导者。) ”可以推断，年轻人从他们的烦人行为中找到了额外的乐趣。选项A符合题意。故选A。 39．词义猜测题。根据第四段中“If they do approve, it looks as if you are betraying (背叛) your own age group. But in that case, you are assuming that you are an …: you can't win, but at least you can keep your honor.”(如果他们真的同意了，看起来你好像背叛了自己的年龄段。但在那种情况下，你假设自己是个……：你赢不了，但至少能保住你的荣誉。)”可知，此处上下文语境意在表明如果你按照父母的意愿行事，会让同龄人觉得你是背叛者，而你却认为自己虽败犹荣，因此划线词“underdog”在此处意为“失败者”。选项B符合题意。故选B。 40．推理判断题。根据第五段中“From my teaching experience for ages, I want to give you young people the following advice(根据我多年的教学经验，我想给年轻人以下建议)”可知，作者是一名资深教师。选项C符合题意。故选C。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$