2025年高考备考专题复习高中英语精选专项训练：完形填空说明文

2025高考备考专题复习高中英语精选专项训练：完形填空说明文 名校模拟 （2024·上海闵行·二模）In Favour of Simple Writing Do you edit text messages carefully before sending them? If so, you may be the kind of person who takes pride in 1 even the simplest message. If you do not, you may see yourself as a go-getter, one who values excitement and speed over 2 : get it done decently now rather than perfectly later. People are constantly receiving messages, from the mailbox to the inbox to the text-message alert. What to read, what to skim (略读) and what to ignore are decisions that nearly everyone has to make dozens of times a day. A new book titled All Readers are Busy Nowadays makes the argument for being the careful kind of 3 , even in informal lines. The authors also present well-established 4 that have long been prized in guides to writing. Take “less is more”. Most books on writing well advocate the advice to 5 needless words. The authors, however, have 6 the idea. In an email to thousands of school-board members asking them to take a survey, cutting the count from127 to 49 words almost 7 the response rate. Keeping messages to a 8 idea—or as few as absolutely needed—helps ensure that they will be read, remembered and acted on. 9 the number of the available options has the same effect, too. A link in an email, 10 , attracted 50% more clicks when presented alone than when it was sent alongside a second additional link. Syntax (句法) and 11 matter, too. It is more 12 to adopt short and active sentences, with common words familiar to everyone. From Facebook posts to online-travel reviews, even brief, informal pieces of writing that follow these rules get more likes and shares. If everyone is a busy reader, everyone is a busy writer, too. That may make it tempting to sent as many messages as 13 as possible and hope for the best. But from essays to text messages organizing dinner plans, devoting time to the needs of readers has provable 14 . If you are so busy that you write an undisciplined message which readers scan, ignore and delete, then you might as well have not 15 it at all. 1．A．conveying B．understanding C．crafting D．sending 2．A．care B．quantity C．simplicity D．technology 3．A．reader B．poster C．learner D．writer 4．A．structures B．principles C．aims D．alternatives 5．A．remove B．ignore C．reconsider D．interpret 6．A．conveyed B．translated C．tested D．shaped 7．A．lowered B．affected C．doubled D．maintained 8．A．basic B．positive C．definite D．single 9．A．Recording B．Reducing C．Counting D．Estimating 10．A．in comparison B．after all C．for instance D．in particular 11．A．word-choice B．pattern-design C．target-setting D．platform-selection 12．A．difficult B．suitable C．challenging D．common 13．A．carefully B．often C．politely D．quickly 14．A．outcomes B．points C．figures D．benefits 15．A．received B．written C．read D．answered （2024·上海普陀·二模）Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species. 16 , most of the bird species disappeared. While the death of many birds since the 1500s has been 17 , our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are 18 over time. This conceals the true 19 of global extinctions. Researchers now believe 1,430 bird species — almost 12 per cent — have died out over modern human history since around 130,000 years ago, with the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly 20 human activity. The study, led by the UK Centre for Ecology &amp; Hydrology (UKCEH) and published in Nature Communications, used statistical modelling to 21 the undiscovered bird extinctions. Lead author Dr Rob Cooke, an ecological modeler at UKCEH, says:“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher 22 impact on diversity than previously recognized. Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests, and 23 with birds for food. We show that many species became extinct before written records and left no 24 , lost from history.” Dr Søren Faurby of the University of Gothenburg, a co-author of the study, adds: “These historic extinctions have had a major impact on the current biodiversity crisis. The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied 25 roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems, so, 26 bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that 27 these species for survival.” Observations and fossils show 640 bird species have been driven extinct — 90 per cent of these on islands 28 by people. These 29 from the iconic (标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe. But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today. Therefore, from the perspective of protecting species 30 , the protection of birds is an urgent issue for mankind. 16．A．To some extent B．On average C．As a result D．In short 17．A．confirmed B．recorded C．concealed D．discussed 18．A．distracted B．disposed C．dismissed D．disintegrated 19．A．extent B．context C．outcome D．influence 20．A．due to B．other than C．instead of D．in spite of 21．A．declare B．illustrate C．estimate D．emphasize 22．A．climate B．human C．environmental D．natural 23．A．connected B．coped C．lived D．competed 24．A．trace B．route C．change D．proposal 25．A．interactive B．ecological C．productive D．social 26．A．in terms of B．because of C．except for D．in addition to 27．A．depend on B．interact with C．fight against D．stay away 28．A．inhabited B．removed C．developed D．killed 29．A．result B．range C．suffer D．date 30．A．origin B．project C．growth D．diversity （2024·上海崇明·二模）Maps, number lines, shapes, artwork and other materials tend to cover elementary classroom walls. However, too much of a good thing may end up 31 attention and learning in young children, according to research published in Psychological Science. Psychology researchers Anna V. Fisher, Karrie E. Godwin and Howard Seltman of Carnegie Mellon University looked at whether classroom displays affected children’s ability to maintain 32 during instruction and to learn the lesson content. They found that children in highly decorated classrooms were more distracted, spent more time off-task and demonstrated smaller learning 33 than when the decorations were removed. “Young children spend a lot of time — usually the whole day — in the same classroom, and we have shown that a classroom’s 34 environment can affect how much children learn,” said Fisher, lead author and associate professor of psychology in the Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences. Should teachers 35 their visual displays based on the findings of this study? “We do not suggest by any means that this is the answer to all 36 problems. Furthermore, 37 research is needed to know what effect the classroom visual environment has on children’s attention and learning in real classrooms,” Fisher said. “ 38 , I would suggest that instead of removing all decorations, teachers should consider whether some of their visual displays do make it difficult for young children to 39 .” For the study, 24 kindergarten students were placed in 40 classrooms for six introductory science lessons on topics they were unfamiliar with. Three lessons were taught in a heavily decorated classroom, and three lessons were given in a sparse (稀疏的) classroom. The results showed that while children learned in both 41 types, they learned more when the room was not heavily decorated. Specifically, children’s 42 on the test questions was higher in the sparse classroom (55% correct) than in the decorated classroom (42% correct). “We were also interested in finding out if the visual displays were removed, whether the children’s attention would 43 to another distraction, such as talking to their peers, or the total amount of time they were distracted would remain the same,” said Godwin, a Ph.D．candidate in psychology and fellow of the Program in Interdisciplinary Education Research. However, when the researchers totaled all of the time children spent off-task in both types of classrooms, the rate of off-task 44 was higher in the decorated classroom (38.6% time spent off-task) than in the sparse classroom (28.4% time spent off-task). The researchers hope these findings will lead to further studies into developing guidelines to help teachers design classrooms 45 . 31．A．attracting B．distracting C．holding D．paying 32．A．confidence B．relationship C．consistency D．focus 33．A．gains B．opportunities C．needs D．disabilities 34．A．social B．natural C．physical D．visual 35．A．turn over B．take down C．try out D．look into 36．A．athletic B．environmental C．educational D．communicative 37．A．additional B．prior C．national D．independent 38．A．However B．Besides C．Therefore D．Meanwhile 39．A．stretch B．adapt C．concentrate D．explore 40．A．decorated B．empty C．transitional D．laboratory 41．A．teaching B．classroom C．school D．personality 42．A．accuracy B．emphasis C．impact D．perspective 43．A．refer B．listen C．respond D．shift 44．A．questions B．behaviors C．incidents D．tasks 45．A．originally B．innovatively C．appropriately D．exclusively （2024·上海金山·二模）Sandhya Sriram is impatient. The stem-cell (干细胞) scientist wanted to put her knowledge to use, developing cultivated seafood. Yet no one was doing that in Singapore. So four years ago, she set up a company to create lab-grown crustacean (甲壳纲动物) meat. 46 , she registered her company, Shiok Meats in August 2018. “Nobody was doing crustaceans,” says Sriram, Shiok’s Group CEO and co-founder. “What do Asians eat the most? Seafood. It was a simple answer. And they’re so delicious.” A lifelong 47 , she had never tried real shrimp, but she sampled it the week she registered the company. Today, the results of her 48 can be seen at the headquarters of her company. During a fall 2022 visit, a bio-process engineer looked into a microscope carefully. He had taken samples from a bioreactor in the room next door, where the company is   49 crustacean cells. Under the lens, he was checking to see if the cells were ready to harvest. Shiok Meats has already revealed shrimp, lobster, and crab prototypes (最初形态) to a select group of tasters, and it plans to   50 regulatory approval to sell its lab-grown shrimp by April 2023. That could make it the first in the world to bring cultivated shrimp to diners, putting it at the leading position of the cultivated-meat   51 . As of this writing, only one company has gained regulatory approval to sell lab-grown animal-protein products: Eat Jus’s cultured chicken is 52 but only in Singapore. Shiok Meats still needs to submit all the paperwork necessary and get regulatory approval, but the company hopes to see its products in restaurants by mid-2024, offering foodies a more environmentally friendly option free of 53 than crustaceans from farms. But even if that ambitious   54 is met, it will likely be a while before the average person is eating cultivated crustaceans. It will require not just regulatory approval but also more funding and a bigger factory, along with 55 consumers and governments around the world to accept lab-grown seafood. “We’re at an interesting stage of a startup; it’s called the Valley of Death,” says Sriram. “We are in the space where we haven’t submitted for regulatory approval yet, but we’re looking to commercialize in the next two years.” Nevertheless, the impatient entrepreneur is   56 . Sriram hopes to have the company’s next manufacturing plant ready by the end of 2023, where a 500-liter and a 2,000-liter bioreactor will be a major   57 from its current 50- and 200-liter bioreactors. The goal is for her products to enter the mainstream in Singapore in five to seven years. 58 these products could help tackle some of the environmental impacts of crustacean production. Organic waste, chemicals, and antibiotics from seafood farms can pollute groundwater. Shiok Meats says the way it produces crustacean meat minimizes animal cruelty, as growing protein in a lab helps avoid 59 animals. And cultivating shrimp closer to where it’s 60 cuts emissions from fishing-boat fuel and shipping products around the world. In a word, when science meets seafood, many wonderful things happen naturally. 46．A．Eagerly B．Hurriedly C．Incidentally D．Interestingly 47．A．dieter B．foodie C．taster D．vegetarian 48．A．discipline B．enthusiasm C．discovery D．mindset 49．A．growing B．investigating C．increasing D．targeting 50．A．accept B．adopt C．grant D．seek 51．A．farm B．race C．section D．line 52．A．available B．affordable C．competitive D．profitable 53．A．additive B．cruelty C．meat D．salt 54．A．guideline B．transformation C．condition D．timeline 55．A．demanding B．directing C．persuading D．training 56．A．delightful B．insightful C．open-minded D．optimistic 57．A．difference B．emergence C．sacrifice D．leap 58．A．Tracking B．Supervising C．Popularizing D．Sampling 59．A．feeding B．killing C．mistreating D．trapping 60．A．captured B．stranded C．consumed D．produced （2024·上海虹口·二模）In the middle of 2023, a study conducted by the HuthLab at the University of Texas sent shockwaves through the fields of neuroscience (神经科学) and technology. For the first time, the thoughts and impressions of people 61 to communicate with the outside world were translated into continuous natural language, using a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and brain imaging technology. This is the closest science has yet come to 62 someone’s mind. Losing the ability to communicate is a deep cut to one’s sense of self. 63 this ability gives the patient greater control over their lives. But it could also give other entities, such as corporations, researchers and other third parties, a(n) 64 degree of insight into, or even control over, the lives of patients. The NeuroRights Foundation, based at Columbia University in New York, argues that new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be 65 for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will. The potential 66 of disabled patients makes this a particularly important problem. 67 this approach, Chile was the first country that adopted legislation, drafting new laws, to address the risks of neurotechnology. It not only introduced a new constitutional right to mental 68 , but is also in the process of adopting a bill that bans selling neurodata, and forces all neurotech devices to be regulated as medical devices, even those intended for the general consumer. The proposed legislation recognizes the intensely 69 nature of neural data and considers it as organ tissues, which cannot be bought or sold, only donated. But this legislation has also faced 70 , with legal scholars questioning the need for new rights and pointing out that it could discourage beneficial brain research for disabled patients. While the legal action taken by Chile is the most impactful and 71 to date, other countries are considering updating existing laws to face the new developments in neurotechnologies. And while it is likely that the first applications of neurotech will be medical, future 72 are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes. The growing 73 of neurotechnology in a commercial context only causes more legal concerns. Different people, societies, and cultures will disagree on where to draw the line. We are at a(n) 74 stage of technological development. And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science, the need to consider their implications for legal action becomes more 75 . 61．A．eager B．ready C．unwilling D．unable 62．A．clearing B．occupying C．changing D．reading 63．A．Reducing B．Restricting C．Restoring D．Requiring 64．A．irrelevant B．uncomfortable C．negligible D．supportive 65．A．needed B．limited C．controlled D．denied 66．A．application B．weakness C．impact D．significance 67．A．In comparison with B．In line with C．At the conclusion of D．At the cost of 68．A．integrity B．condition C．disorder D．function 69．A．group B．general C．physical D．personal 70．A．interaction B．chance C．criticism D．defence 71．A．far-reaching B．labor-saving C．short-sighted D．ill-timed 72．A．advances B．arrangements C．requirements D．policies 73．A．confidence B．availability C．membership D．movement 74．A．mature B．initial C．different D．final 75．A．diversified B．genuine C．pressing D．special （2024·上海静安·二模）City air is in a sorry state. It is dirty and hot. Outdoor pollution kills 4.2m people a year, according to the World Health Organization. Concrete and tarmac, meanwhile, absorb the sun’s rays rather than reflecting them back into space, and also 76 plants which would otherwise cool things down by evaporative transpiration (蒸腾作用). The never-ceasing 77 of buildings and roads thus turns urban areas into heat islands, discomforting residents and worsening dangerous heatwaves. A possible answer to the twin problems of pollution and heat is trees. Their leaves may destroy at least some chemical pollutants and they certainly 78 tiny particles floating in the air, which are then washed to the ground by rain. Besides transpiration, they provide 79 . To cool an area effectively, trees must be planted in quantity. Two years ago, researchers at the University of Wisconsin found that American cities need 40% tree 80 to cut urban heat back meaningfully. Unfortunately, not all cities — and especially not those now springing up in the world’s poor and middle-income countries — are 81 with parks, private gardens or a sufficient number of street trees. And the problem is likely to get worse. At the moment, 55% of people live in cities. By 2050 that share is expected to reach 68%. One group of botanists believe they have at least a partial 82 to this lack of urban vegetation. It is to plant miniature simulacra (模拟物) of natural forests, ecologically engineered for rapid growth. Over the course of a career that began in the 1950s, their leader, Miyawaki Akira, a plant ecologist at Yokohama National University in Japan, has developed a way to do this starting with even the most 83 deserted areas. And the Miyawaki method is finding increasing 84 around the world. Dr Miyawaki’s insight was to deconstruct and rebuild the process of ecological succession, by which 85 land develops naturally into mature forest. Usually, the first arrival is grass, followed by small trees and, finally, larger ones. The Miyawaki method 86 some of the early phases and jumps directly to planting the kinds of species found in a mature wood. Dr Miyawaki has 87 the planting of more than 1,500 of these miniature forests, first in Japan, then in other parts of the world. Wherever they are planting, though, gardeners are not restricted to 88 nature’s recipe book to the letter. Miyawaki forests can be customized to local requirements. A popular choice, 89 , is to include more fruit trees than a natural forest might support, thus creating an orchard that requires no maintenance. If your goal is to better your 90 surroundings, rather than to save the planet from global warming, then Dr Miyawaki might well be your man. 76．A．thrive B．nourish C．displace D．raise 77．A．assessment B．maintenance C．spread D．replacement 78．A．release B．trap C．reflect D．dissolve 79．A．attraction B．shadow C．interaction D．shade 80．A．consumption B．coverage C．interval D．conservation 81．A．blessed B．lined C．piled D．fascinated 82．A．treatment B．obstacle C．warning D．solution 83．A．unnoticed B．unpromising C．untested D．unfading 84．A．criticism B．favor C．sponsor D．anxiety 85．A．bare B．graceful C．faint D．mysterious 86．A．highlights B．skips C．improves D．pushes 87．A．accessed B．spotted C．supervised D．ranked 88．A．disturbing B．balancing C．following D．reducing 89．A．for example B．in essence C．on the other hand D．after all 90．A．suburban B．leisure C．scenic D．immediate （2024高三下·上海·专题练习）People believe that having pets is overall a good thing for children. But does this belief hold up to 91 ? The new field of human-animal interaction aims to find out. Ten years ago, when psychologist Joan Smith reviewed the literature on child-animal relationships, she reported that interacting with animals led young children to better understand biology than pet-less children. Kindergartners who had cared for goldfish were more 92 when responding to questions like “Does a goldfish have a heart?” They also more easily 93 biological information from one species to another, inferring that baby frogs get bigger just like goldfish do. She also reports that those kids who turned to their pets for emotional support were less 94 than these who didn’t. The past ten years have seen some advances, but literature on the topic is still rather 95 . A recent paper by researcher Meg Brown at Lakeside University 96 some important information to the discussion. She turned to a data-set that includes information from 7, 000 kids, ranging in 97 from thirteen to nineteen years. For the study, both pet owning and other types of 98 activities, like horseback riding, were considered as human-animal interaction experience. She found that adolescents with animal experience were more likely to see themselves as important 99 to their communities, such as doing community service. She also found that the higher the level of 100 between a teenager and animals, the higher they scored on measurements of emotional connectedness in general. While causality(因果关系) cannot be determined, Brown says that it is at least 101 that children and adolescents can learn about healthy social relationships from their experiences of interacting with animals. “If a connection exists between the skills required for these relationships, then it might be useful to make use of animal relationships as a way to 102 the development of social skills,” she says. Brown is aware of the limitations of her study. It can’t reach any conclusions about the causal role of animals in kids’ lives, and it’s limited to 103 nationwide. Besides, the study was not designed to 104 any potential negative effects of human-animal interaction experiences. Some other studies, for example, have shown that pet owners have higher levels of 105 , like depression, than non-pet owners. 91．A．common sense B．scientific evidence C．universal assumptions D．natural tendencies 92．A．enthusiastic B．curious C．accurate D．serious 93．A．transferred B．collected C．judged D．spread 94．A．cautious B．decent C．ambitious D．anxious 95．A．limited B．reliable C．varied D．fascinating 96．A．owes B．adds C．restricts D．adapts 97．A．status B．age C．height D．performance 98．A．animal-watching B．animal-led C．animal-friendly D．animal-related 99．A．donors B．representatives C．contributors D．witnesses 100．A．difference B．isolation C．attachment D．disapproval 101．A．possible B．questionable C．misleading D．uncertain 102．A．block B．stress C．involve D．promote 103．A．teenagers B．researchers C．pet-less children D．pet owners 104．A．do away with B．throw light on C．take advantage of D．make up for 105．A．needs B．tests C．explanations D．disorders （2024·全国·模拟预测）Humans are quick judgment machines. With the seemingly reliable 106 , we form firm and far-reaching opinions of others. Science is 107 those judgments are also often correct although they can sometimes be 108 . Actually, it turns out that we’re not 109 to believe so firmly what someone’s gesture or face 110 . It is found that these clues really can predict our personalities. Take a study, for example. When the scientists 111 data on walking and personality of more than 15,000 112 of all ages, strong patterns appeared: a fast walker is more likely to be outgoing. 113 .slow walkers are hesitant. Now we know personality indeed has an influence on walking. But what about the 114 , you might ask? We all tend to naturally slow down as we get older, but not everyone slows down at the same 115 .Personality affected not only walking speed, but also how the way of walking became different overtime.  Those who were outgoing had a slower 116 in walking speed. Your personality can’t be 117 by your speeding up or slowing down, but how you are 118 can. Want to appear brave and outgoing? 119 in. It may be even more useful as a trick that can help you assess a person’s character and know quickly who you are 120 in a meeting or in a conversation. 106．A．tool B．relationship C．evidence D．value 107．A．arguing B．admitting C．predicting D．noticing 108．A．long-lasting B．ground-breaking C．hard-won D．one-sided 109．A．content B．willing C．crazy D．sure 110．A．covers B．records C．rules D．indicates 111．A．looked for B．dug into C．focused on D．ended with 112．A．volunteers B．interviewers C．subjects D．candidates 113．A．In comparison B．In addition C．In fact D．In summary 114．A．personality B．result C．style D．age 115．A．pace B．level C．time D．price 116．A．pause B．process C．rise D．decline 117．A．explained B．changed C．determined D．understood 118．A．seen B．followed C．researched D．motivated 119．A．Drive B．Jump C．Rush D．Walk 120．A．fighting B．handling C．treating D．helping （23-24高二上·上海·期中）What’s so bad about processed foods? Processed foods like chips, soda and frozen pizzas are full of salt, sugar and fat. Now scientists are trying to understand if there is something else about such foods that may be bad for humans. Already, the spread of cheap, 121 foods has been linked to rising obesity rates around the world. Three recent studies offer more 122 on how our increaingly industrialized food supply may be affecting our health.What does processed food 123 ? The researchers came up with a system that groups foods into four categories. The system says highly processed foods are made 124 of industrialized ingredients and additives. Sodas, instant noodles and chicken nuggets are some examples of highly processed foods. But also included are products that can 125 beneficial to health, such as morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt.What’s wrong with processed foods? Researchers at the National Institutes of Health conducted a four-week study involving 20 people. They found that people eat about 500 more calories a day when 126 mostly processed food. That is compared with when the same people were given 127 processed foods. The researchers permitted the 20 participants to eat as much or as little as they wanted. They were taken to a medical center so their health and behavior could be 128 . In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease. A similar study in Spain linked eating more processed foods to a higher risk of death 129 .What is it about processed foods? When given less processed foods, people in the study 130 more of a hormones that suppressed appetite, and less of a hormone that causes hunger. The reason for the 131 is not clear. The scientists also found that people ate processed foods faster. Kevin Hall is one of the researchers who led the study. He told the AP that processed foods 132 be softer and easier to chew and swallow. Hall noted the source of nutrients might 133 . Fiber from whole fruits and vegetables, for instance, may be better for making people feel full than the types of fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt.What should you eat? Limiting processed foods can be hard, especially for people with limited time and energy. “What 134 me is when the message is, ‘Change the way we eat,’ without thinking about why people eat the way they eat,” said Sarah Bowen, a professor who studies food and inequality. Another challenge is the broad range of processed foods, and 135 which ones might be better or worse as companies continually re-engineer products to mislead consumers. So while the newest studies may give us more reasons to avoid industrialized foods, they also underlie the difficulty of coming up with solutions. 121．A．organic B．delicious C．packaged D．fast 122．A．examples B．clues C．contributors D．signals 123．A．provide B．suggest C．mean D．infer 124．A．specially B．mostly C．naturally D．technically 125．A．remain B．taste C．become D．seem 126．A．consumed B．forced C．deprived D．fed 127．A．minimally B．moderately C．maximally D．adequately 128．A．explained B．monitored C．cured D．guaranteed 129．A．in general B．in particular C．in nature D．in advance 130．A．preferred B．produced C．compared D．processed 131．A．hunger B．procedure C．reaction D．psychology 132．A．attempt to B．intend to C．tend to D．mean to 133．A．strike a balance B．run a risk C．pose a threat D．make a difference 134．A．frustrates B．entertains C．puzzles D．inspires 135．A．predicting B．imagining C．assuming D．distinguishing （2024·上海金山·一模）Mathematics has an image problem: far too many people are put off by it and conclude that the subject just isn’t for them. But one of the biggest problems is how maths is 136 , as cold and dry. I have a different approach which is to relate abstract maths to questions of politics and social justice. I have taught fairly maths-phobic (恐惧) art students in this way and have seen their attitudes 137 . They now believe maths is 138 them and can genuinely help them. At a basic level, maths is founded on logic, so when I am teaching logic, I use examples from 139 events rather than the old-fashioned type of problem. Instead of studying the logic of a statement like “all dogs have four legs”, I might discuss the statement “all immigrants are illegal”. But I do this with specific mathematical structures, too. 140 , I teach a type of structure called an ordered set, which is subject to an order relation such as “is less than”. We then study and ask which functions are “order-preserving”. A typical example might be the function that takes a(n) 141 number and maps it to the number obtained from multiplying by 2. We would then say that if x < y then also 2x < 2y, so the function is order-preserving. 142 , rather than sticking to this type of dry mathematical example, I introduce issues like privilege and wealth. If we think of one ordered set with people ordered by status, we can make a function to another set where the people are now ordered by 143 instead. If someone has a higher status, are they automatically wealthier? We can also ask about working hours and 144 : if someone works more hours, do they 145 earn more? The answer there is clearly not. My approach is controversial because, traditionally, maths is supposed to be 146 and apolitical (与政治无关的). I have been 147 by people who think my approach will be off-putting (令人烦恼的) to those who don’t care about social justice. However, the dry approach is off-putting to those who do care. In fact, I believe that all academic disciplines should address our most important issues. Abstract maths is about making thorough logical arguments, which is linked to everything. I don’t 148 that students agree with me about politics, but I do ask that they construct thorough arguments to back up their thoughts and develop the crucial ability to analyze the logic of people they 149 . Maths isn’t just about numbers and equations (方程式); it is about studying different 150 systems. We can apply it to balls rolling down different hills, but we can also apply it to pressing social issues. I think we should do both, for the sake of society and to be more inclusive towards different types of students in maths education. 136．A．dismissed B．presented C．doubted D．neglected 137．A．transformed B．defined C．illustrated D．examined 138．A．credited to B．relevant to C．separated from D．independent of 139．A．economic B．mathematical C．current D．virtual 140．A．In particular B．For example C．After all D．In addition 141．A．ordinary B．odd C．absolute D．limited 142．A．However B．Moreover C．Otherwise D．Therefore 143．A．power B．wealth C．health D．intelligence 144．A．profit B．status C．income D．promotion 145．A．particularly B．specifically C．habitually D．necessarily 146．A．applicable B．neutral C．biased D．theoretical 147．A．criticized B．tolerated C．ignored D．assessed 148．A．oppose B．claim C．assume D．demand 149．A．disagree with B．run across C．rely on D．benefit from 150．A．legal B．operating C．logical D．grading 试卷第1页，共3页 试卷第1页，共3页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 参考答案： 1．C 2．A 3．D 4．B 5．A 6．C 7．C 8．D 9．B 10．C 11．A 12．B 13．D 14．D 15．B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍人们不断地收到信息，从邮箱到收件箱再到短信提醒。读什么，略读什么，忽略什么是几乎每个人每天都要做的决定，并介绍All Readers are Busy这本书中告诉了我们如何高效的撰写信息。 1．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：如果是这样的话，你可能是那种以制作最简单的信息而自豪的人。A. conveying传送；B. understanding理解；C. crafting精心制作；D. sending发送。根据上文“Do you edit text messages carefully before sending them?”可知如果你是认真编辑短信的人，即使是最简单的信息，应该也会精心制作，故选C。 2．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：如果你不是这样的话，你可能会认为自己是一个积极进取的人，一个重视刺激和速度而不是关心的人：现在就把事情做好，而不是以后再完美地完成。A. care关心；B. quantity数量；C. simplicity简单；D. technology技术。根据上文“If you do not, you may see yourself as a go-getter”可知这里指你发信息的时候更注重速度而不是关心，故选A。 3．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：一本名为《当今所有的读者都很忙》的新书提出，即使在非正式的行文中，也要做谨慎的撰写者。A. reader读者；B. poster海报；C. learner学习者；D. writer撰写者，作者。根据下文“even in informal lines”可知非正式的行文，所以应该是撰写者，作者，故选D。 4．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：作者还提出了长期以来在写作指南中备受推崇的成熟原则。A. structures结构；B. principles原则；C. aims目的；D. alternatives可供选择的事务。根据下文“in guides to writing”可知在写作指南中应该提出的是写作的原则，规则，故选B。 5．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：大多数关于写作的书都提倡去掉不必要的单词。A. remove去掉；B. ignore忽视；C. reconsider重新考虑；D. interpret口译。根据下文“needless words”可知，要去掉不必要的单词，故选A。 6．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：然而，作者已经验证了这个想法。A. conveyed传输；B. translated翻译；C. tested测试；D. shaped塑造。根据下文“In an email to thousands of school-board members asking them to take a survey, cutting the count from127 to 49 words”可知是对于去掉不必要的单词这一想法已经验证了，故选C。 7．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：在一封发给数千名学校董事会成员的电子邮件中，他们要求他们进行一项调查，将字数从127个字减少到49个字，几乎使回复率翻了一番。A. lowered降低；B. affected影响；C. doubled加倍；D. maintained维持。根据上文“The authors, however, have 　　6　　 the idea.”可知这个想法得到了验证，所以应该是回复率翻了一倍，故选C。 8．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：将信息集中在一个想法上——或者在绝对需要的时候尽量少一些——有助于确保它们被阅读、记住并采取行动。A. basic基本的；B. positive积极的；C. definite明确的；D. single单一的。根据上文“Take “less is more”.”和下文“helps ensure that they will be read, remembered and acted on.”可推知是要把信息集中在一个想法上或者尽量少些，故选D。 9．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：减少可用选项的数量也有同样的效果。A. Recording记录；B. Reducing减少；C. Counting数数；D. Estimating估计。根据上文“Keeping messages to a 　　8　　 idea—or as few as absolutely needed—helps ensure that they will be read, remembered and acted on.”可推测这里要想有同样的效果，也应该是减少，故选B。 10．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，电子邮件中的链接单独呈现时，比与第二个附加链接一起发送时吸引的点击量多50%。A. in comparison相比之下；B. after all毕竟；C. for instance例如；D. in particular尤其。根据上文“　　9　　 the number of the available options has the same effect, too.”可知本句是举例说明上文的这个观点，故选C。 11．考查复合词语辨析。句意：语法和用词也很重要。A. word-choice选词；B. pattern-design模版设计；C. target-setting设定目标；D. platform-selection平台选择。根据上文“Syntax (句法)”以及本文主要说的是编辑短信，所以应该是选词，故选A。 12．考查形容词词义辨析。 句意：更适合采用短小主动的句子，用大家都熟悉的常用词。A. difficult困难的；B. suitable适合的；C. challenging有挑战性的；D. common普通的。根据下文“to adopt short and active sentences, with common words familiar to everyone”和常识可知编辑信息更适合短小主动的句子，用大家都熟悉的常用词，故选B。 13．考查副词词义辨析。 句意：这可能会促使人们在最短时间内发送尽可能多的信息，并抱着最好的希望。A. carefully仔细地；B. often经常；C. politely有礼貌地；D. quickly迅速地。根据上文“If everyone is a busy reader, everyone is a busy writer, too.”可知人们如果是繁忙的读者，也就是繁忙的撰写者，那他发短信当然是越快越好，故选D。 14．考查名词词义辨析。 句意：但从论文到安排晚餐计划的短信，花时间满足读者的需求是有好处的。A. outcomes结果；B. points要点；C. figures数字；D. benefits好处。根据下文“If you are so busy that you write an undisciplined message which readers scan, ignore and delete”可知花时间编辑短信来满足读者的需求，应该有好处，否则那种杂乱无章的信息就很容易被删除，故选D。 15．考查动词词义辨析。 句意：如果你太忙了，以至于你写了一条杂乱无章的信息，读者会浏览、忽略和删除，那么你还不如根本不写它。A. received收到；B. written写；C. read读；D. answered回答。根据上文“If you are so busy that you write an undisciplined message which readers scan, ignore and delete”可知如果太忙编辑一些杂乱无章的信息，就很容易被忽略或者删除，所以还不如不编辑，不写，故选B。 16．C 17．B 18．D 19．A 20．A 21．C 22．B 23．D 24．A 25．B 26．D 27．A 28．A 29．B 30．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要阐述研究人员通过研究发现，虽然已经记录了许多人类造成的鸟类灭绝，但是真实数字要大得多，许多物种在有文字记载之前就已经灭绝了，其中绝大多数是直接或间接由人类活动而造成的，而且这些鸟类的灭绝也造成了其他依赖其生存的物种的灭绝。 16．考查介词短语辨析。句意：结果，大多数鸟类消失了。A. To some extent在某种程度上；B. On average平均；C. As a result因此，结果；D. In short简言之。上文“but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species”与空后“most of the bird species disappeared”为因果关系，As a result“因此”符合语境。故选C。 17．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然自16世纪以来许多鸟类的死亡被记录下来，但我们对这之前物种命运的了解依赖于化石，而且这些记录是有限的，因为鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会分解。A. confirmed确认；B. recorded记录；C. concealed隐藏；D. discussed讨论。根据下文“many species became extinct before written records and left no ___9___, lost from history”可知，以前物种的灭绝没有文字记录，直到16世纪以来才有许多鸟类死亡被记录下来。故选B。 18．考查动词词义辨析。句意：虽然自16世纪以来有许多鸟类死亡的记录，但我们对这之前物种命运的了解依赖于化石，而且这些记录是有限的，因为鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会分解。A. distracted使分心，使转移注意力；B. disposed处理，配置，使适应；C. dismissed不予理会，解散；D. disintegrated使分解，使碎裂。根据空前“our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited”以及常识可知，鸟类的轻质骨骼随着时间的推移会被分解，因此，化石留下的信息也是很有限的。故选D。 19．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这掩盖了全球物种灭绝的真实程度。A. extent程度；B. context上下文，语境；C. outcome结果；D. influence影响。由上文“our knowledge of the fate of species before this relies on fossils (化石), and these records are limited because birds’ lightweight bones are ___3___ over time”可知，有限的记录以及容易分解的鸟类骨骼让人们无法真实地了解全球物种灭绝的程度。故选A。 20．考查介词短语辨析。句意：研究人员现在认为，自大约13万年前以来，1430种鸟类——近12%——在现代人类历史上已经灭绝，其中绝大多数是直接或间接由于人类活动而灭绝的。A. due to由于；B. other than除了；C. instead of而不是；D. in spite of尽管。根据空前“the vast majority of them becoming extinct directly or indirectly”以及空后“human activity”可知，绝大多数鸟类灭绝是直接或间接地由于人类活动而导致的，阐述物种灭绝的原因。故选A。 21．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这项由英国生态与水文中心（UKCEH）领导并发表在《自然通讯》上的研究使用统计模型来估计未被发现的鸟类灭绝。A. declare宣布；B. illustrate说明，阐明；C. estimate估计；D. emphasize 强调。根据空前“used statistical modelling”以及下文“Our study demonstrates there has been a far higher ___7___ impact on diversity than previously recognized.”可知，这项研究运用统计模型对未被发现的鸟类灭绝情况进行估计。故选C。 22．考查名词/形容词词义辨析。句意：我们的研究表明，人类对生物多样性的影响远比我们之前认识到的要大得多。A. climate气候；B. human人（类），人 （类）的；C. environmental环保的；D. natural天然的，自然的。根据下文“Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation, and the introduction of rats, pigs, and dogs, which attacked the birds’ nests”可知，此处指人类活动对生物多样性的影响。故选B。 23．考查动词词义辨析。句意：人类通过栖息地的丧失、过度开发以及老鼠、猪和狗的引入，迅速摧毁了鸟类的数量，这些老鼠、猪和狗攻击了鸟类的巢穴，并与鸟类争夺食物。A. connected连接；B. coped处理；C. lived 居住，活着；D. competed竞争。根据空后“with birds for food”可知，老鼠、猪、狗和鸟类争夺食物。故选D。 24．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们展示了许多物种在文字记录之前就灭绝了，没有留下任何痕迹，从历史中消失了。A. trace遗迹，踪迹；B. route路线；C. change改变，变化；D. proposal提议。根据空后“lost from history”可知，许多物种在有文字记载之前就已灭绝，从历史中没有留下痕迹。故选A。 25．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：世界可能不仅失去了许多迷人的鸟类，而且失去了它们各种各样的生态作用，其中可能包括授粉等关键功能。A. interactive互动的，交互的；B. ecological生态的；C. productive多产的；D. social社会的，社交的。根据空后的“which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉)”可知，此处指的是失去生态功能。故选B。 26．考查介词短语辨析。句意：这将对生态系统产生连锁反应，因此，除了鸟类灭绝外，我们还将失去许多依赖这些物种生存的动植物。A. in terms of就……而言；B. because of因为；C. except for除了；D. in addition to除……以外（还）。根据空前“This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems”以及空后“bird extinctions, we will have lost a lot of plants and animals that ____12____ these species for survival.”可知，一些鸟类的灭绝带来了连锁反应，还造成其他依赖这些鸟类的物种的灭绝，即除了这些鸟类灭绝外，还带来其他物种的灭绝。故选D。 27．考查动词短语辨析。句意：这将对生态系统产生连锁反应，因此，除了鸟类灭绝外，我们还将失去许多依赖这些物种生存的动植物。A. depend on依赖，取决于；B. interact with与……互动；C. fight against与……作斗争；D. stay away远离。根据上文“The world may not only have lost many fascinating birds but also their varied ____10____ roles, which are likely to have included key functions such as pollination (授粉). This will have had knock-on effects on ecosystems”可知，一些鸟类的灭绝，使它们的一些重要生态功能比如授粉功能丧失，造成其他依赖这些鸟类而生存繁衍的动植物也灭绝。故选A。 28．考查动词词义辨析。句意：观察和化石显示，640种鸟类已经灭绝，其中90%是在有人居住的岛屿上灭绝的。A. inhabited居住；B. removed去掉，移开；C. developed发展；D. killed杀死。根据上文“Many of the world’s islands were previously unexplored places, but over time, people have come to these places with far-reaching effects, including deforestation, over-hunting and the introduction of invasive species”以及“Humans quickly destroyed bird populations through habitat loss, over-exploitation”可知，人类造成鸟类栖息地的丧失，过度狩猎等活动直接或间接造成许多鸟类的灭绝，由此推断，众多鸟类的灭绝是在有人类居住的岛屿上发生的。故选A。 29．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这些鸟类包括从毛里求斯标志性的渡渡鸟到北大西洋的大海雀，再到不太知名的圣赫勒拿巨型渡渡鸟。A. result(因……)发生；B. range包括……之间的各类事物，变化；C. suffer遭受；D. date注明日期，确定年代。根据上文以及空后“from the iconic (标志性的) Dodo of Mauritius to the Great Auk of the North Atlantic to the lesser-known Saint Helena Giant Hoopoe”可知，此处列举了有人类居住的岛上灭绝的一些鸟类，range from…to“包括（从……到……）之间的各类事物”符合语境。故选B。 30．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，从保护物种多样性的角度来看，保护鸟类是人类迫切需要解决的问题。A. origin起源；B. project项目，计划；C. growth生长；D. diversity多样性。根据上文“But the researchers estimate there have been further 790 unknown extinctions, meaning a total of 1,430 lost species — leaving just under 11,000 today.”可知，有众多的物种消失，结合上文所阐述的一些鸟类灭绝所造成的连锁反应可知，保护鸟类能够保护物种的多样性。故选D。 31．B 32．D 33．A 34．D 35．B 36．C 37．A 38．C 39．C 40．D 41．B 42．A 43．D 44．B 45．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了卡内基梅隆大学的心理学研究人员安娜·V·费舍尔、凯瑞·E·戈德温和霍华德·塞尔特曼研究了课堂展示是否会影响儿童在教学过程中保持注意力和学习课程内容的能力。他们发现，与没有装饰的教室相比，在装饰得很好的教室里，孩子们更容易分心，花更多的时间不在任务上，学习成绩也更差。研究人员希望这些发现将导致进一步的研究，以制定指导方针，帮助教师设计教室。 31．考查动词词义辨析。句意：然而，根据发表在《心理科学》上的一项研究，过犹不及可能会分散孩子的注意力和学习能力。A. attracting吸引；B. distracting使分心；C. holding举办；D. paying支付。根据下文“They found that children in highly decorated classrooms were more distracted”提到在高度装饰的教室里，孩子们更容易分心，由此可知，此处应表示过犹不及可能会分散孩子的注意力和学习能力。故选B项。 32．考查名词词义辨析。句意：卡内基梅隆大学的心理学研究人员安娜·V·费舍尔、凯瑞·E·戈德温和霍华德·塞尔特曼研究了课堂展示是否会影响儿童在教学过程中保持注意力和学习课程内容的能力。A. confidence自信；B. relationship关系；C. consistency一致；D. focus专注。根据上文提到的过犹不及可能会分散孩子的注意力和学习能力，结合下文“and to learn the lesson content”可知，此处应表示心理学研究人员究了课堂展示是否会影响儿童在教学过程中保持注意力和学习课程内容的能力。故选D项。 33．考查名词词义辨析。句意：他们发现，与没有装饰的教室相比，在装饰得很好的教室里，孩子们更容易分心，更多时间没有花在学习上，学习成绩也更差。A. gains获得的东西；B. opportunities机会；C. needs需要；D. disabilities残疾。根据上文“They found that children in highly decorated classrooms were more distracted”提到在装饰得很好的教室里，孩子们更容易分心，由此可知，此处应表示孩子们花更多的时间不在任务上，学习所得很少。故选A项。 34．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：研究报告的主要作者、迪特里希人文与社会科学学院心理学副教授费舍尔说：“年幼的孩子们在同一个教室里呆了很长时间，通常是一整天。我们已经证明，教室的视觉环境会影响孩子们学习的程度。”A. social社会的；B. natural自然的；C. physical身体上的；D. visual视觉的。根据上文“They found that children in highly decorated classrooms were more distracted, spent more time off-task and demonstrated smaller learning 　　3　　than when the decorations were removed.”可知，他们发现，与没有装饰的教室相比，在装饰得很好的教室里，孩子们更容易分心，花更多的时间不在任务上，学习成绩也更差，这说明教室的视觉环境会影响孩子们的学习量。故选D项。 35．考查动词短语辨析。句意：教师是否应该根据这项研究的结果取消他们的视觉展示？A. turn over翻转；B. take down取消；C. try out尝试；D. look into调查。根据上文“a classroom’s 　　4　　 environment can affect how much children learn”可知，教室的视觉环境会影响孩子们的学习量，因此此处提问教师是否应该取消他们的视觉展示。故选B项。 36．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们并不认为这是解决所有教育问题的办法。A. athletic运动的；B. environmental环境的；C. educational教育的；D. communicative交流的。根据下文“Furthermore,___7___ research is needed to know what effect the classroom visual environment has on children’s attention and learning in real classrooms”由此可知，此处说明这是在解决教育方面的问题。故选C项。 37．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：此外，还需要进一步的研究来了解课堂视觉环境对孩子们在真实课堂上的注意力和学习有什么影响。A. additional额外的；B. prior优先的；C. national全国的；D. independent独立的。根据上文“We do not suggest by any means that this is the answer to all  educational problems.”提到作者并不认为这是解决所有教育问题的办法。由此可知，此处说明还需要额外的研究来了解课堂视觉环境对孩子们在真实课堂上的注意力和学习有什么影响。故选A项。 38．考查副词词义辨析。句意：因此，我建议老师们不要拆除所有的装饰，而是应该考虑一下他们的一些视觉展示是否会让孩子们难以集中注意力。A. However然而；B. Besides此外；C. Therefore因此；D. Meanwhile同时。根据上文提到的需要进一步研究课堂视觉环境对孩子们影响，结合下文“I would suggest that instead of removing all decorations…”由此可知，前后句是因果关系。故选C项。 39．考查动词词义辨析。句意：因此，我建议老师们不要拆除所有的装饰，而是应该考虑一下他们的一些视觉展示是否会让孩子们难以集中注意力。A. stretch伸展；B. adapt适应；C. concentrate专注于；D. explore探索。根据上文“a classroom’s 　　4　　 environment can affect how much children learn”提到教室的视觉环境会影响孩子们的学习。由此可知，此处说明我建议老师们应该考虑一下他们的一些视觉展示是否会让孩子们难以集中注意力。故选C项。 40．考查形容词和名词词义辨析。句意：在这项研究中，24名幼儿园学生被安排在实验室教室里，学习他们不熟悉的主题的六堂入门科学课。A. decorated被装饰的；B. empty空的；C. transitional过渡的；D. laboratory实验室。根据空前的“For the study”可知，在这项研究中，说明应该是在实验室做实验。故选D项。 41．考查名词词义辨析。句意：结果表明，虽然孩子们在两种类型的教室里都学到了东西，但当房间没有过度装饰时，他们学到的东西更多。A. teaching教学工作；B. classroom教室；C. school学校；D. personality性格。根据上文“Three lessons were taught in a heavily decorated classroom, and three lessons were given in a sparse (稀疏的) classroom.”由此可知，此处应表示孩子们在两种类型的教室里都学到了东西。故选B项。 42．考查名词词义辨析。句意：具体来说，孩子们在稀疏装饰的教室答题的正确率(55%)比在装饰教室答题的正确率(42%)要高。A. accuracy准确率；B. emphasis强调；C. impact影响；D. perspective视角。根据下文“…was higher in the sparse classroom (55% correct) than in the decorated classroom (42% correct).”由此可知，此处应表示孩子们在稀疏装饰教室答题的正确率(55%)比在装饰教室答题的正确率(42%)要高。故选A项。 43．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我们还想知道，如果视觉显示被移除，孩子们的注意力是否会转移到另一种分心的东西上，比如和同龄人说话，或者他们分心的总时间是否会保持不变。A. refer提及；B. listen听；C. respond回复；D. shift转移。根据下文“such as talking to their peers, or the total amount of time they were distracted would remain the same”提到和同龄人说话，或者他们分心的总时间是否会保持不变。由此可推知，此处应表示如果视觉展示被移除，孩子们的注意力是否会转移到另一种分心的东西上。故选D项。 44．考查名词词义辨析。句意：然而，当研究人员将两种教室中孩子们的任务外活动时间加在一起时，发现在装饰好的教室中孩子们的任务外活动时间比例(38.6%)高于在稀疏的教室(28.4%)。A. questions问题；B. behaviors行为；C. incidents事件；D. tasks任务。根据句意以及下文“…was higher in the decorated classroom (38.6% time spent off-task) than in the sparse classroom (28.4% time spent off-task).”由此可知，此处应表示装饰好的教室中孩子们的任务外活动时间比例(38.6%)高于在稀疏的教室(28.4%)。故选B项。 45．考查副词词义辨析。句意：研究人员希望这些发现将导致进一步的研究，以制定指导方针，帮助教师适当地设计教室。A. originally最初地；B. innovatively创新地；C. appropriately合适地；D. exclusively仅仅，单独地。根据常识和空前“The researchers hope these findings will lead to further studies into developing guidelines to help teachers design classrooms”可知，研究人员希望这些发现将导致进一步的研究，以制定指导方针，帮助教师适当地设计教室。故选C项。 46．A 47．D 48．B 49．A 50．D 51．B 52．A 53．B 54．D 55．C 56．D 57．D 58．C 59．B 60．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了企业家Sandhya Sriram把知识用于开发养殖海鲜，成立了一家公司，生产实验室培育的甲壳类动物肉。 46．考查副词词义辨析。句意：2018年8月，她急切地注册了自己的公司Shiok Meats。A. Eagerly急切地；B. Hurriedly急忙；C. Incidentally偶然地；D. Interestingly有趣地。根据上文“Sandhya Sriram is impatient.( Sandhya Sriram没有耐心)”可知，指她急切地注册了自己的公司Shiok Meats。故选A。 47．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她一生都是素食主义者，从来没有吃过真正的虾，但在她注册公司的那一周，她尝了一口。A. dieter节食者；B. foodie美食家；C. taster试味员；D. vegetarian素食者。根据后文“she had never tried real shrimp”推测她是素食主义者。故选D。 48．考查名词词义辨析。句意：今天，她的“热情”的结果可以在她的公司总部看到。A. discipline纪律；B. enthusiasm热情；C. discovery发现；D. mindset观念。根据上文“What do Asians eat the most? Seafood. It was a simple answer. And they’re so delicious.(亚洲人最得吃多的什么？海鲜。答案很简单。它们太好吃了。)”此处指她对于海鲜的热情。故选B。 49．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他从隔壁房间的生物反应器中提取了样本，该公司正在那里培养甲壳类动物细胞。A. growing生长；B. investigating调查；C. increasing增加；D. targeting把……作为目标。根据上文“He had taken samples from a bioreactor in the room next door”指公司在生物反应器中培养甲壳类动物细胞。故选A。 50．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Shiok Meats已经向一组精选的品尝者展示了虾、龙虾和螃蟹的原型，并计划在2023年4月之前寻求监管部门的批准，出售实验室培育的虾。A. accept接受；B. adopt采取；C. grant给予；D. seek寻找。根据后文“regulatory approval to sell its lab-grown shrimp”指寻求监管部门的批准，出售实验室培育的虾。故选D。 51．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这可能使它成为世界上第一家将养殖虾送到食客面前的公司，使其在养殖肉竞赛中处于领先地位。A. farm农场；B. race比赛；C. section部分；D. line线条。根据上文“putting it at the leading position of the cultivated-meat”可知，这家公司成为世界上第一家将养殖虾送到食客面前的公司，使其在养殖肉竞赛中处于领先地位。故选B。 52．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在撰写本文时，只有一家公司获得了监管部门的批准，可以销售实验室培育的动物蛋白产品：Eat Jus的养殖鸡，但只在新加坡销售。A. available可获得的；B. affordable便宜的；C. competitive竞争的；D. profitable盈利的。根据后文“but only in Singapore”可知，这家公司可以销售实验室培育的动物蛋白产品：Eat Jus的养殖鸡，但只在新加坡销售。故选A。 53．考查名词词义辨析。句意：Shiok Meats 仍需提交所有必要的文件并获得监管部门的批准，但该公司希望在 2024 年年中看到其产品进入餐馆，为美食家提供比农场甲壳类动物更环保、更无公害的选择。A. additive添加剂；B. cruelty残酷；C. meat肉；D. salt盐。根据上文“offering foodies a more environmentally friendly option free of”指该公司希望在 2024 年年中看到其产品进入餐馆，为美食家提供比农场甲壳类动物更环保、更无公害的选择。短语free of cruelty表示“无公害。”故选B。 54．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但即使这个雄心勃勃的时间表得以实现，普通人吃到人工养殖的甲壳类动物可能还需要一段时间。A. guideline指导方针；B. transformation变化；C. condition条件；D. timeline时间轴。对应上文“see its products in restaurants by mid-2024”指在 2024 年让这种产品进入餐厅的时间表，故选D。 55．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这不仅需要监管部门的批准，还需要更多的资金和更大的工厂，还要说服世界各地的消费者和政府接受实验室种植的海鲜。A. demanding要求；B. directing指导；C. persuading说服；D. training训练。根据后文“consumers and governments around the world to accept lab-grown seafood”指说服世界各地的消费者和政府接受实验室种植的海鲜。故选C。 56．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：然而，这位不耐烦的企业家是乐观的。A. delightful令人高兴的；B. insightful富有洞察力的；C. open-minded虚心的；D. optimistic乐观的。根据上文““We’re at an interesting stage of a startup; it’s called the Valley of Death,” says Sriram. “We are in the space where we haven’t submitted for regulatory approval yet, but we’re looking to commercialize in the next two years.”(“我们正处于创业的一个有趣阶段；它被称为死亡之谷，”斯里拉姆说。“我们目前所处的领域还没有提交监管机构的批准，但我们希望在未来两年内实现商业化。”)”以及however表示转折，说明这位企业家的心态是乐观的。故选D。 57．考查名词词义辨析。句意：斯利拉姆希望在2023年底之前建成公司的下一个制造工厂，届时500升和2000升的生物反应器将是目前50升和200升生物反应器的重大飞跃。A. difference差异；B. emergence出现；C. sacrifice牺牲；D. leap跳跃。根据后文“from its current 50- and 200-liter bioreactors”指500升和2000升的生物反应器将是目前50升和200升生物反应器的重大飞跃。故选D。 58．考查动词词义辨析。句意：推广这些产品可以帮助解决甲壳类动物生产对环境的一些影响。A. Tracking追踪；B. Supervising监督；C. Popularizing普及；D. Sampling取样。根据后文“these products could help tackle some of the environmental impacts of crustacean production”此处指推广这些产品可以帮助解决甲壳类动物生产对环境的一些影响。故选C。 59．考查动词词义辨析。句意：Shiok Meats表示，他们生产甲壳类动物肉的方式最大限度地减少了对动物的虐待，因为在实验室里培育蛋白质有助于避免动物死亡。A. feeding喂养；B. killing杀死；C. mistreating虐待；D. trapping困住。根据上文“growing protein in a lab helps avoid”可知，蛋白质是实验室培育的，所以避免了杀死动物。故选B。 60．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在离虾的消费地更近的地方养殖虾可以减少渔船燃料和世界各地运输产品的排放。A. captured捕捉；B. stranded搁浅；C. consumed消耗；D. produced产生。根据后文“cuts emissions from fishing-boat fuel and shipping products around the world”可知，减少渔船燃料和世界各地运输产品的排放是因为离虾的消费地更近。故选C。 61．D 62．D 63．C 64．B 65．A 66．B 67．B 68．A 69．D 70．C 71．A 72．A 73．B 74．B 75．C 【导语】本文为一篇说明文。德克萨斯大学HuthLab进行的一项研究在神经科学和技术领域引发了冲击波。恢复交流困难病人的交流能力可以让病人更好地掌控自己的生活，但它也可以让其他实体在某种程度上了解甚至控制病人的生活，因此，随着脑科学的更多开发，考虑神经技术的应用对法律行动的影响变得更加迫切。 61．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：通过人工智能(AI)和脑成像技术的结合，无法与外界交流的人的思想和印象首次被翻译成连续的自然语言。A. eager渴望的；B. ready准备好的；C. unwilling不愿意的；D. unable不能够的。根据“were translated into continuous natural language”和下文“Losing the ability to communicate”可知，空处修饰people，此处表示一些人无法与外界交流，他们的想法被翻译成语言。故选D项。 62．考查动词词义辨析。句意：这是迄今为止最接近读心术的科学方法。A. clearing清理；B. occupying占据；C. changing改变；D. reading看透（心思或想法）、读懂。根据上文“For the first time, the thoughts and impressions of people ___1___ to communicate with the outside world were translated into continuous natural language”可知，有交流困难的人的想法被翻译成语言，这是一种解读大脑思维的方法。故选D项。 63．考查动词词义辨析。句意：恢复这种能力可以让病人更好地掌控自己的生活。A. Reducing减少；B. Restricting限制；C. Restoring恢复；D. Requiring要求。根据“gives the patient greater control over their lives.”及前文“Losing the ability to communicate is a deep cut to one’s sense of self.”可知，有的人无法交流，恢复这种能力能让病人更好的生活。故选C项。 64．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：但它也可以让其他实体，如公司、研究人员和其他第三方，在某种程度上了解甚至控制病人的生活。A. irrelevant不相关的；B. uncomfortable不舒适的；C. negligible微不足道的；D. supportive支持的。根据“But it could also give other entities, such as corporations, researchers and other third parties”及“degree of insight into, or even control over, the lives of patients”可知，解读大脑虽然可以给病人带来好处，但是也会在让他们不舒适的程度上控制他们的生活。故选B项。 65．考查动词词义辨析。句意：位于纽约哥伦比亚大学的神经权利基金会(NeuroRights Foundation)认为，所有人都需要围绕神经技术赋予新的权利，以保护自己的隐私、身份和自由意志。A. needed需要；B. limited限制；C. controlled控制；D. denied否认。根据“new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be”及“for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will.”可知，需要围绕神经技术赋予新的权利，以保护自己的隐私、身份和自由意志。故选A项。 66．考查名词词义辨析。句意：残疾患者的潜在弱点使这成为一个特别重要的问题。A. application申请，应用；B. weakness弱点；C. impact影响；D. significance意义。根据“of disabled patients makes this a particularly important problem”可知，残疾患者是弱者，有着交流上的弱点，所以需要新的权力才能保护自己的隐私、身份和自由意志，这是十分重要的问题。故选B项。 67．考查介词短语辨析。句意：与这种方法一致，智利是第一个通过立法，起草新法律来解决神经技术风险的国家。A. In comparison with与……相比；B. In line with与……一致；C. At the conclusion of在……结束时；D. At the cost of以……为代价。根据上文所说“that new rights surrounding neurotechnologies will be ___5___ for all humans to preserve their privacy, identity, and free will.”及“Chile was the first country that adopted legislation, drafting new laws, to address the risks of neurotechnology.”可知，智利的做法与上文提及的方法一致。故选B项。 68．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它不仅引入了精神健全的新宪法权利，而且还在通过一项禁止销售神经数据的法案，并迫使所有神经技术设备作为医疗设备进行监管，即使是那些面向普通消费者的设备。A. integrity完整；B. condition条件；C. disorder混乱；D. function功能。根据结合上文“___3___ this ability gives the patient greater control over their lives.”及空后法案内容可知，该法案与上文方法一致，不仅引入了精神健全的新宪法权利，还保障了数据安全性。故选A项。 69．考查名词和形容词词义辨析。句意：拟议的立法承认神经数据具有强烈的个人性质，并将其视为器官组织，不能买卖，只能捐赠。A. group小组；B. general整体上；C. physical身体上的；D. personal个人的。根据“which cannot be bought or sold, only donated”可知，该立法承认神经数据具有强烈的个人性质，不能买卖、捐赠。故选D项。 70．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但这项立法也面临着批评，法律学者质疑新权利的必要性，并指出它可能会阻碍对残疾患者有益的大脑研究。A. interaction互动；B. chance机会；C. criticism批评；D. defence防御。根据“with legal scholars questioning the need for new rights and pointing out that it could discourage beneficial brain research for disabled patients.”可知，该立法也接受了法律学者的批评。故选C项。 71．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然智利采取的法律行动是迄今为止最具影响力和影响深远的，但其他国家正在考虑更新现有法律，以应对神经技术的新发展。A. far-reaching影响深远的；B. labor-saving节省劳力的；C. short-sighted目光短浅的；D. ill-timed不合时宜的。根据“the most impactful”可知，空处与形容词impactful并列，表示“影响深远的”，情感色彩一致。故选A项。 72．考查名词词义辨析。句意：虽然神经技术的第一个应用很可能是医疗，但未来的发展可能会涉及娱乐等消费应用，以及军事和安全目的。A. advances发展、进步；B. arrangements安排；C. requirements要求；D. policies政策。根据“are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes.”可知，此处表示这项技术的未来发展和进步。故选A项。 73．考查名词词义辨析。句意：神经技术在商业环境中的日益普及只会引起更多的法律问题。A. confidence自信心；B. availability可用性，可能性；C. membership会员身份；D. movement移动，运动。根据前文“future ___12___ are likely to involve consumer applications such as entertainment, as well as for military and security purposes.”可知，越多的普及该技术可用性，就会引起更多法律问题。故选B项。 74．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我们正处于技术发展的初级阶段。A. mature成熟的；B. initial起初的；C. different不同的；D. final最终的。根据后文“And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science”可知，我们正处于技术发展的初级阶段。故选B项。 75．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：当我们开始发现脑科学的巨大潜力时，考虑它们对法律行动的影响变得更加迫切。A. diversified多样化的；B. genuine真诚的；C. pressing紧迫的；D. special特别的。根据“And as we begin to uncover the great potential of brain science, the need to consider their implications for legal action becomes more”可知，脑科学发展越多，其中涉及的个人信息数据安全就越多，考虑法律影响就越迫切。故选C项。 76．C 77．C 78．B 79．D 80．B 81．A 82．D 83．B 84．B 85．A 86．B 87．C 88．C 89．A 90．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了由于城市的空气质量不好，而且建筑物和道路无休止扩建将城区变成热岛，居民感到不适并加剧热浪，从而指出增加植被覆盖率是解决城市空气污染和缓解城市热岛效应的答案。 76．考查动词词义辨析。句意：与此同时，混凝土和柏油路面会吸收太阳光而非将其反射回太空，并且取代了原本可以通过蒸发蒸腾来降温的植物。A. thrive繁荣；B. nourish滋养；C. displace取代；D. raise提出。根据下文“which would otherwise cool things down by evaporative transpiration”可知，混凝土和柏油路面取代了原本可以通过蒸发蒸腾来降温的植物。故选C。 77．考查名词词义辨析。句意：因此，建筑物和道路的无休止扩张将城市变成了热岛，给居民带来不适，并加剧了危险的热浪。A. assessment评估；B. maintenance维修；C. spread扩展；D. replacement取代。根据下文“thus turns urban areas into heat islands,”可知，建筑物和道路的无休止扩张将城市变成了热岛。故选C。 78．考查动词词义辨析。句意：树叶或许可以消除至少一部分化学污染物，而且确实能捕获空气中漂浮的微粒，随后这些微粒随雨水降落到地面。A. release释放；B. trap捕捉；C. reflect反映；D. dissolve溶解。根据空后“tiny particles floating in the air”可知，树叶能捕获空气中漂浮的微粒。故选B。 79．考查名词词义辨析。句意：除了蒸腾作用，它们还能提供阴凉。A. attraction吸引；B. shadow影子；C. interaction相互作用；D. shade阴凉处。根据空前“Besides transpiration, they provide”可知，树木除了蒸腾作用，还能提供阴凉。故选D。 80．考查名词词义辨析。句意：两年前，威斯康星大学的研究人员发现，美国城市需要达到40%的树木覆盖率才能显著减少城市高温。A. consumption消耗；B. coverage覆盖率；C. interval间隔；D. conservation保护。根据空后“to cut urban heat back meaningfully.”可知，美国城市需要达到40% 的树木覆盖率才能显著减少城市高温。故选B。 81．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不幸的是，并非所有城市——尤其是那些在世界低收入和中等收入国家崭露头角的城市——都有幸有公园、私人花园或足够数量的行道树。A. blessed使有幸得到；B. lined沿……形成行(或列、排)；C. piled堆放；D. fascinated使入迷。根据上文“especially not those now springing up in the world’s poor and middle-income countries ”可知，并非所有城市都有幸享有公园、私人花园或足够数量的行道树，be blessed with“有幸得到；幸运地享有”。故选A。 82．考查名词词义辨析。句意：一组植物学家认为他们找到了至少部分解决城市植被匮乏问题的办法。A. treatment治疗；B. obstacle障碍；C. warning警告；D. solution解决办法。根据下文“It is to plant miniature simulacra of natural forests, ecologically engineered for rapid growth.”可知，植物学家认为他们找到了办法至少可以部分解决城市植被匮乏问题。故选D。 83．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在20世纪50年代开始的职业生涯中，他们的领导者，日本横滨国立大学的植物生态学家Miyawaki Akira，已经找到了一种方法来做到这一点，甚至从最没有希望的荒芜地区开始。A. unnoticed未被注意到的；B. unpromising没有希望的；C. untested未经测试的；D. unfading永不褪色的。根据空后“deserted areas.”可知，他们从最没有希望的荒芜地区开始。故选B。 84．考查名词词义辨析。句意：宫胁法在全球范围内日益受到喜爱。A. criticism批判主义；B. favor喜爱；C. sponsor资助；D. anxiety焦虑。根据下文“Dr Miyawaki has ___12___ the planting of more than 1,500 of these miniature forests, first in Japan, then in other parts of the world.”可知，宫胁法在全球范围内日益受到喜爱。故选B。 85．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：梅耶瓦基博士的见解是解构和重建生态演替过程，通过这个过程，光秃的的土地自然发展成成熟的森林。A. bare光秃的；B. graceful优雅的；C. faint微弱的；D. mysterious神秘的。根据空后“land develops naturally into mature forest.”可知，光秃的的土地自然发展成成熟的森林。故选A。 86．考查动词词义辨析。句意：梅耶瓦基方法跳过了某些早期阶段，直接种植成熟林中所见的物种类型。A. highlights强调；B. skips跳过；C. improves提高；D. pushes推。根据下文“jumps directly to planting the kinds of species found in a mature wood.”可知，梅耶瓦基方法跳过了某些早期阶段。故选B。 87．考查动词词义辨析。句意：梅耶瓦基博士已指导种植超过1500座这类微型森林，起先在日本，然后推广到世界其他地区。A. accessed使用；B. spotted发现；C. supervised指导；D. ranked排名。根据空后“the planting of more than 1,500 of these miniature forests, first in Japan, then in other parts of the world.”可知，梅耶瓦基博士推广自己的方法，已指导种植超过1500座这类微型森林。故选C。 88．考查动词词义辨析。句意：不论在哪里植树造林，园丁们不必拘泥于完全遵照大自然的法则。A. disturbing打扰；B. balancing平衡；C. following遵循；D. reducing减少。根据下文“Miyawaki forests can be customized to local requirements.”可知，梅耶瓦基森林可以依当地需求量身打造，园丁们不必拘泥于完全遵照大自然的法则。故选C。 89．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，一项热门选择是栽植比天然林所能负荷更多的果树，从而创造出一座无需维护的果园。A. for example例如；B. in essence本质上；C. on the other hand另一方面；D. after all毕竟。根据上文“Miyawaki forests can be customized to local requirements.”可知，空处需要一个短语来引导例子，以说明梅耶瓦基森林如何根据当地需求进行定制。故选A。 90．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：若你的目标是改善附近环境而非从全球暖化中拯救地球，那么梅耶瓦基博士或许正是你需要的人物。A. suburban郊区的；B. leisure闲暇的；C. scenic风景优美的；D. immediate附近的。根据下文“rather than to save the planet from global warming”可知，你的目标是改善附近环境而非从全球暖化中拯救地球。故选D。 91．B 92．C 93．A 94．D 95．A 96．B 97．B 98．D 99．C 100．C 101．A 102．D 103．A 104．B 105．D 【导语】本文为一篇说明文，研究表明，建立良好的青少年和动物关系有利于孩子们的成长，养宠物对孩子有好处。 91．考查短语词义辨析。句意：但这种观点经得起科学证据的检验吗？A. common sense常识；B. scientific evidence科学证据；C. universal assumptions普遍假设；D. natural tendencies自然趋势。根据下文“The new field of human-animal interaction aims to find out.”及第二段心理学家Joan Smith的研究结论“she reported that interacting with animals led young children to better understand biology than pet-less children.”可知，这里引出问题，询问“养宠物对孩子有好处”这个观点是否经得起科学证据的检验。故选B项。 92．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在回答“金鱼有心脏吗？”这样的问题时，照顾过金鱼的幼儿园孩子的回答更为准确。A. enthusiastic热情的；B. curious好奇的；C. accurate准确的；D. serious严肃的。根据前文“interacting with animals led young children to better understand biology than pet-less children”可知，与动物互动的小朋友会表示出对于生物更好的理解，因此，他们的回答也就更准确。故选C项。 93．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们还更容易将生物信息从一个物种传递到另一个物种，推断出小青蛙会像金鱼一样变大。A. transferred转移；B. collected收集；C. judged判断；D. spread传播。根据下文“inferring that baby frogs get bigger just like goldfish do”可知，这些小朋友还能将生物信息在物种间类似性转移和传递。故选A项。 94．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：她还报告说，那些向宠物寻求情感支持的孩子比那些不向宠物寻求情感支持的孩子更少焦虑。A. cautious谨慎的；B. decent公平的，得体的；C. ambitious有抱负的；D. anxious焦虑的。根据上文“those kids who turned to their pets for emotional support”可知，有宠物作情感支持的孩子会比没有宠物的孩子负面情绪更少，此处表示“更少焦虑”。故选D项。 95．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在过去的十年中已经取得了一些进展，但关于这一主题的文献仍然相当有限。A. limited有限的；B. reliable可靠的；C. varied各种各样的；D. fascinating令人着迷的。根据上文“The past ten years have seen some advances”及“but”和“still”的转折以及下文“A recent paper by researcher Meg Brown at Lakeside University  ___6___  some important information to the discussion. ”梅格·布朗的论文为这一讨论提供了一些重要信息可知，关于研究这一主题的文献是有限的。故选A项。 96．考查动词词义辨析。句意：湖边大学研究员梅格·布朗最近发表的一篇论文为这一讨论提供了一些重要信息。A. owes亏欠；B. adds添加；C. restricts限制；D. adapts适应，调整。根据文章第五段“She found that adolescents with animal experience were more likely to see themselves as important  ___9___  to their communities, such as doing community service. She also found that the higher the level of  ___10___  between a teenager and animals, the higher they scored on measurements of emotional connectedness in general.”可知，此处表示梅格·布朗最近发表的一篇论文给这一讨论增加了新的信息。故选B项。 97．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她转向了一个数据集，其中包括7000名13岁到19岁的孩子的信息。A. status身份；B. age年龄；C. height身高；D. performance表演。根据下文“from thirteen to nineteen years”可知，此处指的是年龄。故选B项。 98．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在这项研究中，养宠物和其他类型的动物相关活动，如骑马，都被认为是人类与动物的互动体验。A. animal-watching观赏动物的；B. animal-led动物主导的；C. animal-friendly动物友好的；D. animal-related动物相关的。根据下文“like horseback riding, were considered as human-animal interaction experience.”可知，这些举例活动都是与动物有关的活动。故选D项。 99．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她发现，有动物经历的青少年更有可能将自己视为社区的重要贡献者，比如做社区服务。A. donators捐赠者；B. representatives代表；C. contributors贡献者；D. witnesses目击者。根据下文“such as doing community service”可知，有动物经历的青少年更容易对社区做出贡献，成为贡献者。故选C项。 100．考查名词词义辨析。句意：她还发现，青少年与动物之间的依恋程度越高，他们在情感联系方面的总体得分就越高。A. difference不同；B. isolation隔离；C. attachment依恋；D. disapproval不同意。根据下文“the higher they scored on measurements of emotional connectedness in general”可知，人和动物之间的依恋程度越高，情感联系方面的分值就越高。故选C项。 101．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：虽然因果关系无法确定，但布朗说，儿童和青少年至少有可能从他们与动物互动的经历中学习到健康的社会关系。A. possible可能的；B. questionable可疑的；C. misleading误导的；D. uncertain不确定的。根据上文“While causality (因果关系) cannot be determined”以及下文“that children and adolescents can learn about healthy social relationships from their experiences of interacting with animals.”及可知，尽管人与动物之间关系的因果关系并不是确定的，但是孩子们能从经历中学到一些知识，这是可能的。故选A项。 102．考查动词词义辨析。句意：“如果这些关系所需的技能之间存在联系，那么利用动物关系作为促进社会技能发展的一种方式可能是有用的，”她说。A. block阻塞，堵住；B. stress强调；C. involve涉及；D. promote提升，促进。根据上文“it might be useful”及下文“social skills”可知，可以利用与动物之间的关系促进社会技能发展。故选D项。 103．考查名词词义辨析。句意：它无法得出任何关于动物在儿童生活中的因果作用的结论，而且仅限于全国的青少年。A. teenagers青少年；B. researchers研究者；C. pet-less children无宠物的孩子；D. pet owners宠物主人。根据上文“between a teenager and animals”及“children and adolescents can learn about healthy social relationships”可知，这项研究目前仅限于青少年。故选A项。 104．考查动词短语辨析。句意：此外，这项研究并不是为了揭示人类与动物互动体验的任何潜在负面影响。A. do away with废除；B. throw light on揭示，阐明；C. take advantage of利用；D. make up for弥补，补偿。根据下文“any potential negative effects of human-animal interaction experiences. Some other studies, for example, have shown that pet owners have higher levels of ____15____ , like depression, than non-pet owners.”可知，此段讲到了研究的限制性，研究并不是用来揭示人类与动物的任何负面的影响。故选B项。 105．考查名词词义辨析。句意：例如，其他一些研究表明，养宠物的人比不养宠物的人患抑郁症等疾病的程度更高。A. needs需要；B. tests测试；C. explanations解释；D. disorders障碍，疾病。根据上文“any potential negative effects of human-animal interaction experiences”以及下文“like depression, than non-pet owners.”可知，此处表示其他一些研究中表明的人类与动物互动体验的潜在负面影响，养宠物的人有更高的患某些疾病障碍的水平。故选D项。 106．C 107．A 108．D 109．C 110．D 111．B 112．C 113．A 114．D 115．A 116．D 117．B 118．A 119．C 120．B 【导语】 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了我们常常会根据看似可靠的证据对别人形成固定深远的看法，尽管这些判断有时候会很片面，但是科学提出理由说明它们也经常是正确的。 106．考查名词词义辨析。句意：凭借看似可靠的证据，我们对他人形成了坚定而深远的看法。A. tool工具；B. relationship关系；C. evidence证据；D. value价值。根据下文中的“firm and far-reaching”和“someone’s gesture or face”可知，这里应是表示看似可靠的证据。故选C。 107．考查动词词义辨析。句意：科学认为，这些判断通常也是正确的，尽管有时可能是片面的。A. arguing提出理由说明，说服；B. admitting承认；C. predicting预测；D. noticing注意。根据第二段举的研究的例子可知，此处应表示“科学提出理由说明……”，argue意为“提出理由说明”。故选A。 108．考查形容词词义辨析。句意同上。A. long-lasting持久的，长期的；B. ground-breaking开创性的，创新的；C. hard-won来之不易的；D. one-sided片面的，偏颇的。根据although暗示的让步关系可知，本空填的词要和主句中的“correct”形成对比。故选D。 109．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：事实上，事实证明，我们并不是很荒唐，相信别人的手势或表情所暗示的东西。A. content满意的；B. willing愿意的；C. crazy疯狂的，荒唐的；D. sure确定的。根据下文提到的研究内容可知，此处表示我们深信一个人的手势或面部表情所表明的东西，这并不荒唐。故选C。 110．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. covers包括，覆盖；B. records记录；C. rules统治，支配；D. indicates表明。根据“what someone’s gesture or face”可知，此处表示别人的手势或表情所暗示的东西。故选D。 111．考查动词短语辨析。句意：当科学家们深入研究了1.5万多名不同年龄段的人的走路和性格数据时，发现了一个明显的规律：走得快的人更有可能外向。A. looked for寻找；B. dug into深入钻研，探究；C. focused on集中于，专注于；D. ended with以……结束。根据上文“It is found that”和下文中的“data on walking and personality of more than 15,000 　　7　　 of all ages, strong patterns appeared”可知，科学家应是研究和分析了数据。故选B。 112．考查名词词义辨析。句意同上。A. volunteers志愿者；B. interviewers采访者；C. subjects接受实验者，实验对象；D. candidates候选人，申请者。根据“Take a study”可知，上文中的到了study，此处一定是指15000多名参与并给实验提供了数据的人（受试者、参与者、研究对象等）。故选C。 113．考查介词短语辨析。句意：相比之下，走得慢的人会犹豫不决。A. In comparison相比之下；B. In addition此外；C. In fact事实上；D. In summary总之。上文讲的是走路快的人更可能外向，下文讲的是走路慢的人犹豫不决，故此处的衔接词应该是表示对比。故选A。 114．考查名词词义辨析。句意：但你可能会问，那年龄呢？A. personality性格；B. result结果；C. style方式，风格；D. age年龄。根据下文中的“as we get older”“over time”可知，此处表示“你可能会问年龄（对步速的影响）呢？”。故选D。 115．考查名词词义辨析。句意：随着年龄的增长，我们都会自然而然地放慢脚步，但并不是每个人都以同样的速度放慢脚步。A. pace发生的速度，节奏；B. level水平；C. time时间；D. price价格。根据上文中的“slow down”和下文中的“waling speed”“Those who were outgoing had a slower…walking speed”可知，随着年龄的增长，我们往往会自然地走得慢，但是每个人变慢的节奏不一样。故选A。 116．考查名词词义辨析。句意：那些外向的人走路速度下降得更慢。A. pause暂停；B. process过程；C. rise上升；D. decline下降。上文提到每个人走路变慢的节奏不一样，所以此处表示随着时间的推移，那些外向的人走路速度减慢的速度会慢一点。故选D。 117． 考查动词词义辨析。句意：你的个性不会因你的加速或减速而改变，但你的形象可以改变。A. explained解释；B. changed改变；C. determined决定；D. understood理解。根据下文中的“by your speeding up or slowing down”“Want to appear brave and outgoing?”可知，此处表示你的性格不可能通过你快走或慢走改变。故选B。 118．考查动词词义辨析。句意同上。A. seen看见，（以特定方式）看待；B. followed跟着；C. researched研究；D. motivated激发，激励。根据下文中“Want to appear brave and outgoing?”可知，此处表示你的性格不可能通过你快走或慢走改变，但是你自己被人看待的方式可以改变。故选A。 119．考查动词词义辨析。句意：迅速移动。A. Drive驾驶；B. Jump跳；C. Rush冲，迅速移动；D. Walk行走。第二段提到走得快的人性格更可能是外向的，结合空前提到的“Want to appear brave and outgoing?”可知，此处的动作应该与走得快有关。故选C。 120．考查动词词义辨析。句意：作为一种技巧，它可能更有用，可以帮助你评估一个人的性格，并迅速知道你在会议或谈话中面对的是谁。A. fighting战斗；B. handling处理；C. treating对待；D. helping帮助。根据下文中的“in a meeting or in a conversation.”可知，此处应该指你在会上或交谈中打交道的人。故选B。 121．C 122．B 123．C 124．B 125．D 126．D 127．A 128．B 129．A 130．B 131．C 132．C 133．D 134．A 135．D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章指出廉价包装食品的普及与全球肥胖率的上升有关，并根据最近的三项研究，向读者介绍了什么是加工食品，加工食品有什么问题，加工食品与什么有关，以及人们应该吃什么。 121．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：廉价包装食品的普及已经与全球肥胖率的上升联系在一起。A. organic有机的；B. delicious美味的；C. packaged包装过的；D. fast快速的。根据上文“Processed foods like chips, soda and frozen pizzas are full of salt, sugar and fat.”可知，此处指那些加工食品，加工食品通常都是包装好来售卖的。故选C。 122．考查名词词义辨析。句意：最近的三项研究为我们日益工业化的食品供应如何影响我们的健康提供了更多线索。A. examples例子；B. clues线索；C. contributors促成因素；D. signals信号。根据下文的四个小标题可知，下文主要根据这些研究为读者普及加工食品的相关知识，因此是为了解如何影响提供了更多线索。故选B。 123．考查动词词义辨析。句意：加工食品是什么？A. provide提供；B. suggest建议；C. mean意思是；D. infer推断。根据下文“The system says highly processed foods are made ____4____ of industrialized ingredients and additives.”可知，本段主要介绍加工食品是什么。故选C。 124．考查副词词义辨析。句意：该体系显示，高度加工的食品主要由工业化成分和添加剂制成。A. specially特别地；B. mostly主要地；C. naturally自然地；D. technically技术上。根据上文“highly processed foods are made”和下文“of industrialized ingredients and additives”可推知，高度加工的食品的主要成分是工业化成分和添加剂。故选B。 125．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但也包括一些似乎对健康有益的产品，比如早餐麦片、能量棒和某些种类的酸奶。A. remain保持；B. taste尝起来；C. become变成；D. seem似乎。根据下文“morning cereals, energy bars and some kinds of yogurt”和生活常识可知，这些产品通常被认为是健康的，再结合上文的“But”可推知，此处有转折，表示这些产品只是似乎是健康的，实际上却属于高度加工的食品。故选D。 126．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们发现，当人们主要食用加工食品时，他们每天会多摄入约500卡路里的热量。A. consumed消耗；B. forced强迫；C. deprived剥夺；D. fed为……提供食物。根据下文“That is compared with when the same people were given ____7____ processed foods.”可知，该实验是对比同一组人食用不同加工程度的食品的卡路里摄入情况，因此是主要食用加工食品时会摄入更多的热量。故选D。 127．考查副词词义辨析。句意：这是和只吃最小限度加工食品的同样的人比较得出的。A. minimally最小程度地；B. moderately适度地；C. maximally最大程度地；D. adequately充分地。根据上文“That is compared with”可知，该实验是对比同一组人食用不同加工程度的食品的卡路里摄入情况，再结合上文“mostly processed food”可推知，此处表示只吃最小限度加工的食品，minimally和mostly相对。故选A。 128．考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们被带到医疗中心，这样就可以监测他们的健康和行为。A. explained解释；B. monitored监测；C. cured治愈；D. guaranteed保证。根据上文“They were taken to a medical center so their health and behavior”可推知，参与者被带到医疗中心是为了被监测健康和行为，为研究提供数据。故选B。 129．考查介词短语辨析。句意：西班牙的一项类似研究表明，吃更多的加工食品通常会增加死亡风险。A. in general通常；B. in particular尤其；C. in nature本质上；D. in advance提前。根据上文“In another study, researchers in France found people who ate more processed foods were more likely to have heart disease.”和“A similar study”可知，法国的研究人员发现了食用加工食品和患心脏病之间的一般性联系，因此西班牙的这项类似研究表明的应该是通常会增加死亡风险。故选A。 130．考查动词词义辨析。句意：在研究中，当少吃加工食品时，人们产生的抑制食欲的激素更多，导致饥饿的激素更少。A. preferred更喜欢；B. produced产生；C. compared比较；D. processed加工。根据下文“more of a hormones that suppressed appetite, and less of a hormone that causes hunger”可推知，这两种激素都是人体自身产生的。故选B。 131．考查名词词义辨析。句意：这种反应的原因尚不清楚。A. hunger饥饿；B. procedure程序；C. reaction反应；D. psychology心理学。根据上文“When given less processed foods, people in the study ____10____ more of a hormones that suppressed appetite, and less of a hormone that causes hunger.”可知，此处指上文这种人体内的反应。故选C。 132．考查动词短语辨析。句意：他告诉美联社，加工食品往往更软，更容易咀嚼和吞咽。A. attempt to试图；B. intend to打算；C. tend to往往会；D. mean to打算。根据上文“The scientists also found that people ate processed foods faster.”可知，此处是解释人们吃加工食品的速度更快的原因，应该是因为这些食品往往更软，更容易咀嚼和吞咽。故选C。 133．考查动词短语辨析。句意：Hall指出，营养物质的来源可能会产生影响。A. strike a balance达到平衡；B. run a risk冒风险；C. pose a threat构成威胁；D. make a difference产生影响。根据下文“Fiber from whole fruits and vegetables, for instance, may be better for making people feel full than the types of fiber added to packaged foods such as energy bars and yogurt.”可知，来自整个水果和蔬菜的纤维和来自包装食品的纤维产生饱腹感的能力不同，因此营养物质的来源可能会产生影响。故选D。 134．考查动词词义辨析。句意：研究食物与不平等的教授Sarah Bowen说：“让我感到沮丧的是，当人们说‘改变我们的饮食方式’时，却没有考虑为什么人们会这样吃。”A. frustrates使沮丧；B. entertains使快乐；C. puzzles使困惑；D. inspires激励。根据下文“when the message is, ‘Change the way we eat,’ without thinking about why people eat the way they eat”可知，人们会忽略这样吃的原因，仅仅认为应该改变，这没有触及问题的核心，因此Sarah Bowen会感到沮丧。故选A。 135．考查动词词义辨析。句意：另一个挑战是加工食品的种类繁多，随着公司不断重新设计产品以误导消费者，要区分哪些可能更好，哪些可能更差。A. predicting预测；B. imagining想象；C. assuming假设；D. distinguishing区分。根据下文“companies continually re-engineer products to mislead consumers”可知，公司不断重新设计产品以误导消费者，因此是需要区分好坏。故选D。 136．B 137．A 138．B 139．C 140．B 141．A 142．A 143．B 144．C 145．D 146．B 147．A 148．D 149．A 150．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者对于数学以及数学教学的一些心得体会、方法和感悟。 136．考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是最大的问题之一是数学是如何被冷冰冰地呈现出来的。A. dismissed解散；B. presented代表，呈现；C. doubted怀疑；D. neglected忽视。根据上文“Mathematics has an image problem: far too many people are put off by it and conclude that the subject just isn’t for them.(数学有一个形象问题：有太多的人对它望而却步，认为这门学科不适合他们)”可知，此处指数学被呈现的方式有问题，被冷冰冰地呈现出来。故选B。 137．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我用这种方法教过一些对数学相当恐惧的艺术类学生，我看到他们的态度发生了转变。A. transformed转换；B. defined定义；C. illustrated说明；D. examined检查。根据后文“can genuinely help them”可知，态度发生了转变。故选A。 138．考查形容词短语辨析。句意：他们现在相信数学与他们息息相关，而且能真正帮助他们。A. credited to赞扬；B. relevant to有关的；C. separated from分开；D. independent of不依赖。根据后文“can genuinely help them”可知，认为数学可以帮助到他们，即与他们息息相关。故选B。 139．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在基本层面上，数学是建立在逻辑的基础上的，所以当我教逻辑的时候，我用时事的例子，而不是老式的问题。A. economic经济的；B. mathematical数学的；C. current目前的；D. virtual虚拟的。根据后文“events rather than the old-fashioned type of problem”可知，作者用的是时事的例子，而不是老式的问题。故选C。 140．考查介词短语辨析。句意：例如，我教授一种称为有序集的结构类型，它受制于诸如“小于”之类的顺序关系。A. In particular特别；B. For example例如；C. After all毕竟；D. In addition此外。根据上文“But I do this with specific mathematical structures, too.(但我也用特定的数学结构来做)”可知，后文主要是作者对于上文提到的内容进行举例说明。故选B。 141．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一个典型的例子可能是一个函数，它接受一个普通的数字，并将其映射到乘以2得到的数字。A. ordinary普通的；B. odd奇怪的；C. absolute完全的；D. limited有限的。根据后文“number and maps it to the number obtained from multiplying by 2”以及数学相关概念，函数是接受一个普通的数字，并将其映射到乘以2得到的数字。故选A。 142．考查副词词义辨析。句意：然而，我并没有拘泥于这种枯燥的数学例子，而是引入了特权和财富之类的问题。A. However然而；B. Moreover此外；C. Otherwise否则；D. Therefore因此。结合前后文语境可知为转折关系，应用however。故选A。 143．考查名词词义辨析。句意：如果我们考虑一个按地位排序的有序集合，我们可以对另一个按财富排序的有序集合建立一个函数。A. power力量；B. wealth财富；C. health健康；D. intelligence聪明。呼应上文“like privilege and wealth”指按财富排序的有序集合。故选B。 144．考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们也可以问关于工作时间和收入的问题：如果某人工作时间更长，他们是否习惯性地挣得更多？A. profit利润；B. status地位；C. income收入；D. promotion晋升。根据后文“earn more”可知，此处指工作时间和收入的问题。故选C。 145．考查副词词义辨析。句意：我们也可以问关于工作时间和收入的问题：如果某人工作时间更长，他们是否习惯性地挣得更多？A. particularly特别是；B. specifically专门地；C. habitually习惯地；D. necessarily必要地。根据上文“if someone works more hours, do they”以及常识，如果某人工作时间更长，他们是否习惯性地挣得更多。故选D。 146．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我的方法是有争议的，因为传统上，数学被认为是“中立的”和非政治性的。A. applicable适用的；B. neutral中立的；C. biased有偏见的；D. theoretical理论的。根据后文“apolitical”可知，指数学被认为是“中立的”和非政治性的。故选B。 147．考查动词词义辨析。句意：有人批评我，认为我的做法会让那些不关心社会公正的人感到不快。A. criticized批评；B. tolerated忍受；C. ignored忽视；D. assessed评估。根据后文“people who think my approach will be off-putting to those who don’t care about social justice.”可知，有人认为作者的做法会让那些不关心社会公正的人感到不快，即批评作者。故选A。 148．考查动词词义辨析。句意：我并不要求学生们在政治问题上与我意见一致，但我确实要求他们构建全面的论据来支持他们的想法，并培养分析他们不同意的人的逻辑的关键能力。A. oppose反对；B. claim声称；C. assume认为；D. demand要求。根据后文“students agree with me about politics”可知，此处指要求学生和作者意见一致。故选D。 149．考查动词短语辨析。句意：我并不要求学生们在政治问题上与我意见一致，但我确实要求他们构建全面的论据来支持他们的想法，并培养分析他们不同意的人的逻辑的关键能力。A. disagree with不同意；B. run across遇到；C. rely on依靠；D. benefit from受益于。上文“students agree with me about politics”提到作者不要求学生们在政治问题上与自己意见一致，即想要培养学生学会分析和自己意见不一致的人的能力。故选A。 150．考查形容词词义辨析。句意：数学不仅仅是数字和方程式；它是关于学习不同的逻辑系统。A. legal合法的；B. operating操作的；C. logical逻辑的；D. grading动词，定等级。呼应上文“Abstract maths is about making thorough logical arguments, which is linked to everything.(抽象数学是关于进行彻底的逻辑论证，它与一切都有联系)”指数学关于学习不同的逻辑系统。故选C。 答案第1页，共2页 答案第1页，共2页 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$