专题15 阅读理解D篇（2024年新课标II卷） (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式)-2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升

《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》 专题15 阅读理解D篇（新课标II卷）原卷版 (答案解析+专家评价+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式) 目录 一、原题呈现 P1 二、答案解析 P3 三、专家评价 P3 四、题源网站 P3 五、词汇变式 P5 (一)考纲词汇词形转换 P5 (二)考纲词汇识词知意 P5 (三)高频短语厚积薄发 P6 (四)核心考点单句填空 P7 (五)长难句分析 P7 (六)全文翻译 P8 六、三年真题 P8 (一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P8 (二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P9 (三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P10 七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文满分策略） P11 八、话题变式 P13 变式一：阅读理解说明文人工智能话题高考真题5篇 P13 变式二：阅读理解说明文人工智能话题名校好题8篇 P19 ( 一、 原题呈现 ) 阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文；人与社会；应对AI革命；人工智能安全保障；人工智能发展趋势 Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI - the technology companies and world leaders - so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. ( 二、答案解析 ) 【文章结构】通读全文可知，第一段介绍了新书《人工智能设计》；第二段介绍了本书作者的背景；第三到四段概述了书中的主要论点和观点，及其意义；第五段进行总结，再次强烈推荐这本书。由此可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了推荐一本有关 AI 的书。 ( 三、专家评价 ) 坚持提倡五育并举，引导学生德智体美劳全面发展 高考英语命题通过选取有关体育、美育和劳动教育的语篇，引导学生坚持五育并举，实现身心健康成长和德智体美劳全面发展。试卷阅读A篇介绍了卡洛秋季徒步节的健身徒步活动，引导学生走近大自然，开展体育运动，文中提及多项注意事项，于潜移默化之中强调了运动安全的重要性。阅读B篇介绍了旧金山湾区快速交通系统（BART）为了提升乘客体验而推出的一个短篇小说打印亭项目，引导学生在电子设备盛行的当今不要忘记还有纸质阅读这一阅读方式可供选择，也强调了利用零散时间来进行阅读和学习的好习惯。阅读C篇讲述巴比伦微型农场通过室内自动化种植系统极大地缩短了农产品从农场到餐桌的距离，并实现了自动化管理和零排放的环保种植。阅读D篇介绍了Catriona Campbell的新书《AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence》，引导学生思考人类与人工智能共存的未来，强调了全球监管人工智能研究和使用的重要性问题。这两篇难度较大的文章都从科技发展视角引导学生思考科技如何更好地服务于人类以及人类理性使用科技的问题。在美育方面，试题的写作第一节应用文写作任务中，设置情境为在公园上的一节美术课，引导学生回归自然之美，到自然中寻求人类艺术创作不竭的灵感源泉。这些文本都释放了强烈的信号，引导学生实现德智体美劳全面发展。 【中国考试·教育部教育考试院】 ( 四、题源网站 ) 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 【文章出处】选自 Blackpool Gazette 网站名为 Must-read of the week: AI by Design: A Plan For Living With Artificial Intelligence by Catriona Campbell 的文章。 https://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/must-read/must-read-of-the-week-ai-by-design-a-plan-for-living-with-artificial-intelligence-by-catriona-campbell-3696983 【百科知识】《人工智能设计：与人工智能共生的计划》是 Catriona Campbell 撰写的一部重要著作，引领读者深入探索人工智能及其对未来的重要性。Campbell 运用行为心理学，探索技术、经济学，结合真实生活和历史案例，预测了人工智能未来的五种应用场景。她通过推理小说的形式，描述了 AI 超越人类能力后可能出现的未来。本书解释了如何设计 AI 的未来，使其不仅不会导致我们的衰落，而且有助于我们实现新的文艺复兴。 ( 五、词汇变式 ) 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 一、考纲词汇词形转换 1. astonish vt. 使吃惊 →__________ adj 令人惊讶的（astonish + -ing）； 2. absorb vt. 吸引 →__________ adj 吸引人的（absorb + -ing）； 3. practice n. 练习，实践 →__________ adj 实用的（practice + -al）； 4. thankful vt. 感激的 →__________ adv 幸运地，庆幸地（thank + -ful + -ly）； 5. head n.头脑 →__________ adj 深 奥 的， 复 杂 难 懂 的 （ head + -y ）； 6. understand vt. 理解 →__________ adj 可理解的（understand + -able）； 7. access n.接近；进入 →__________ adj 容易理解的（access + -ible）； 8. inform vt.通知 →__________ adj 提供有用信息的（inform + -ative）； 9. current adj. 当前的 →__________ adv 当前（current + -ly）； 10. structure n.结构 →__________ adj 有条理的（structure + -d）； 11. educate vt. 教育 →__________ adj 受过……教育的（educate + -d）； 12. academic adj. 学术的 →__________ adj 非学术上的（un- + academic）； 13. exist vi. 存在 →__________ adj 现行的（exist +-ing）； 14. define vt.下定义，限制 →__________ n 定义（define + -ition）； 二、考纲词汇识词知意 1. given prep __________（give + -en）； 2. transform v __________（trans- + form）； 3. complicated adj __________（complicate+ -d）； 4. professional adj __________（profession + -al） n 专业人士； 5. generation n __________（generate + -ion）； 6. humanity n __________（human +-ity）； 7. roadmap n __________（road + map）； 8. forthcoming adj __________（forth + coming）； 9. sideline v __________（side + line）； 10. extinction-level adj __________（extinction + level）； 11. downfall n __________（down + fall）； 12. ill-intentioned adj __________（ill + intention + -ed）； 13. down-to-earth adj __________（down + to + earth） 14. potential n __________ 15. pose v __________ 16. process v __________ 17. power v __________ 18. academic n __________ 19. capable adj __________ 20. dominant adj __________ 21. essential adj __________ 22. point n__________ 23. competent adj __________ 24. feature n __________ 25. prior adj __________ 26. clarify v __________ 27. honor v __________ 28. outstanding adj __________ 三、高频短语厚积薄发 1. take action __________ 2. artificial intelligence __________ 3. come in __________ 4. address the challenges __________ 5. translate ... into ... __________ 6. from a ... angle __________ 7. make for __________ 8. by the close __________ 9. set out to do sth __________ 10. raise awareness of __________ 11. keep control of __________ 12. risk doing sth __________ 13. wake up __________ 14. be responsible for __________ 15. on the same page __________ 16. pan out __________ 17. global regulation __________ 18. enable sb to do sth __________ 19. be packed with __________ 20. step-by-step instruction__________ 21. be intended for sb / sth __________ 22. urge sb to do sth __________ 23. make joint efforts to do sth __________ 24. keep sth under control __________ 25. give a brief account of __________ 26. a tipping point __________ 27. in the wrong hands __________ 28. It is essential that ... should do ... __________ 四、核心考点单句填空 1.___________(give) the astonishing potential of AI ___________(transform) our lives, we all need to take action ___________ (deal) with our AI-powered future. 2. And this is ___________ AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. 3.This ___________(absorb) new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap ___________ (address) the challenges ___________(pose) by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). 4. In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process ___________ the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, ___________(thankful), Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady ___________ the understandable. 5. She writes ___________ the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, ___________(make) for a guide which is ___________(high) accessible and ___________(inform) and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 6. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, ___________(move) from the current generation of “narrow-AI” ___________ Artificial General Intelligence. 7. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is ___________ Campbell has set out to raise ___________(aware) of AI and ___________(it) future now-several decades before these developments ___________(expect) to take place. 8. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk ___________(sideline) and perhaps even ___________(bad). 9. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible ___________ AI - the technology companies and world leaders - so they are on the same page ___________ all the experts currently ___________(develop) it. 10. She explains we are ___________ a “tipping point” in history and must act now ___________(prevent) an extinction-level event for humanity. 11. We need to consider how we want our future with Al ___________(pan) out. 12.Such ___________(structure) thinking, ___________(follow) by global regulation, will enable us ___________(achieve) greatness rather than our downfall. 13. AI will affect ___________(we) all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 五、难点突破 1. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 【翻译】她从商业人士（而非学者）的实用角度出发，使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富，读完之后，你会觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。 【分析】句子主干是：She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic；making for ... as AI 是非谓语短语作伴随状语，其中嵌入两个 which 引导的定语从句，都修饰先行词 guide。 2. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI - the technology companies and world leaders - so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. 【翻译】坎贝尔希望唤醒那些掌握着人工智能力量的人——科技公司和世界领导人——让他们与目前所有开发人工智能的专家达成共识。 【分析】- the technology companies and world leaders –作those的同位语，后面responsible for AI是形容词短语作定语，后边so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it是so引导的并列句表示结果，the same…as…是定语从句，表示“和……一样”，currently developing it作定语修饰名词experts。 六、长难句分析 人工智能拥有改变我们生活的惊人潜力，因此我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来。《人工智能设计：与人工智能共存的计划》这本书恰逢其时，为我们指明了方向。这本引人入胜的新书由卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写，为我们提供了一份实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的 AI 革命所带来的挑战。 如果对人工智能缺乏了解，那么这本书读起来可能就像理解复杂的计算机代码一样困难。幸运的是，坎贝尔拥有超过二十年的专业经验，能够将复杂的概念转化为通俗易懂的语言。她从商人的实用视角而非学术角度出发进行写作，这使得这本书非常易读且信息丰富。读完之后，你会觉得自己对人工智能的理解已经今非昔比。 正如我们很快从《人工智能设计》中了解到的，人工智能已经非常聪明，而且会变得更加强大，从目前的“狭义人工智能”发展到通用人工智能。坎贝尔认为，在此基础上，最终会出现超级人工智能。这就是为什么坎贝尔现在就着手提高人们对人工智能及其未来的认识——远早于这些发展预计发生的几十年之前。她认为，我们必须控制人工智能，否则我们可能会被边缘化，甚至面临更糟糕的命运。 坎贝尔希望唤醒那些掌握着人工智能力量的人——科技公司和世界领导人——让他们与目前所有开发人工智能的专家达成共识。她解释说，我们正处于历史的“转折点”，现在必须采取行动，防止人类走向灭绝。我们需要认真思考，希望人工智能将我们带向怎样的未来。这种结构化的思考，再加上全球范围内的监管，将使我们能够借助人工智能的力量创造辉煌，而不是走向毁灭。 人工智能将影响我们所有人。如果你只想读一本关于人工智能的书，那就读这本吧。 ( 六、三年真题 ) 【2023年新课标II卷阅读理解D篇】 As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 【2022年新课标II卷阅读理解D篇】 As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. 34. What does Levine’s research find? A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. 【2021年新课标II卷阅读理解D篇】 An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage. Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick. Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets. 32. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry? A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers. C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability. 33. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do? A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle. C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes. 34. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle? A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better. C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life. 35. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey? A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor. C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen. ( 七、满分策略 ) 阅读理解说明文满分策略 一、细读文章重点 关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。 二、明确说明对象 通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。 三、弄清说明顺序 在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。 四、把握作者态度 说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。 五、吃透长难句子 学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 六、学会适当放弃 无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。 说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？ 1.话题较陌生。 这些文章从专业的角度解释说明一个现象或一项研究结果，和考生的实际生活有一定的距离。 2.专业术语多。 高考说明文含有一定量的专业术语。2019年北京高考卷D篇就包含多个专业术语：marine microorganism，concentration，give off oxygen，nutrients，make conditions riper，food chain，phytoplankton，carbon dioxide，regulate，climate model，food web，statistically。这些和生物、环境等相关的词汇，如海底微生物、浓度、释放氧气、营养物质、食物链等，都是日常生活交流中不常涉及的。 3.长难句子多。 因为文章直接取材于期刊文章或者研究报告，所以说明文的另外一个特点是长难句子多。如2017年北京高考卷C篇的句子：This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work. 这句话主干是一个简短的主系表结构，但后边附加了which引导的非限定性定语从句，而这个从句中又包含一个who引导的限定性定语从句，后面的介词短语中也包含了who引导的限定性定语从句。在有限的考试时间内，复杂的句子结构给考生准确理解句意带来了困难。 4.词汇有新义。 每一篇说明文中都会包含一些考生熟悉的词汇，但在新的语境中它们变换了含义。2019年北京高考卷有句话中包含一个简单的词语project：Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. project被大家熟知的意思是“项目”，但在这句话中变成了动词，表示“预测，推想”。如果考生对project的理解还停留在“项目”上，就不能很好地理解句意了。 阅读理解说明文答题策略 1.把握介绍或阐述的主体。 通过文章第一段迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。英语文章，尤其是说明文和议论文，最大的特点就是开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点铺平直叙出来。 2. 关注每一段的段首句。 关注每一段的段首句，确认段落的主旨大意。就像文章的开篇段落告诉读者文章的主旨大意一样，第一段落的第一句话通常也起到同样的作用。 3.关注每一段的段尾句。 前两项策略已经被大多数考生广泛应用在阅读中。但除了关注篇首段落和段首句子之外，也不能忽视段尾句。一个段落由三个部分组成：topic sentence（主旨句），supporting details （支撑细节），和concluding sentence（总结句）。在段落结尾，作者会用不同的表达方式重申主旨句，但从篇章整体来看，在每个段落结尾出现的句子还起到承上启下的作用，作者会借助这个句子引出下文。 4.关注文章中出现的问题。 说明文的本质是对一个事物进行阐述，但在平铺直叙的语言中，还会有问句出现。这些问句不仅仅是简单的疑问句，而是作者有意为之，答案就出现在后文。 阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息： A. 说明的对象 B. 说明对象的特征 C. 说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法） ①例证法 这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。 ②定义法 下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。 ③分类法： 分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。 ④因果关系法 事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括由果推因(由结果去推测原因)和由因推果(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if...then, the reason is that...等表示因果关系。 ⑤比较对照法： 有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫做比较;指出其不同点,叫做对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。 ⑥过程分析法 过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是What happens;因果关系研究的对象是Why it happens,而过程分析研究的对象是How it happens。 ( 八、话题变式 ) 变式一：阅读理解说明文人工智能话题高考真题5篇 （2022·全国·高考真题） Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 1. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 2. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 3. What function is expected of the rail drones? A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically. C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation. 4. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways （2021·天津·高考真题） In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence（AI）has been described as so advanced that it is indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where Al is capable of thinking and feeling? Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to a human, but not quite. What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "felt" and "expressed" by its "digital people". Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. "They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design. Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans." She then continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react. Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）. "Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO. Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to create digital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. "The biggest motivation for such platforms is to popularize Al," Dube says. Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed. "As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to use new ways of communicating with that technology,she says. "'Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans in their goals." 5. According to Para. 2, in what respects do UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings? A. In the way they move around. B. In the way they act and react. C. In observation and analysis. D. In speech and facial expressions. 6. Soul Machines’ digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it________. A. learns to make proper emotional responses B. tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly C. recognizes the speech sounds it receives D. processes the natural language it hears 7. In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings? A. Calculating brain. B. Language skills. C. Instinctive judgements. D. Problem-solving ability. 8. What makes many sectors employ digital humans? A. The fear of falling behind in efficiency. B. The urgency to promote e-commerce. C. The wish to spread digital technology. D. The need to upgrade the health care system. 9. What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings? A. It's well planned. B. It is promising. C. It is uncertain. D. It's quite hopeless. （2020·北京·高考真题） Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever. 10. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 11. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 12. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 13. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. （2023·北京·高考真题） What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 14. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is. A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 15. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 16. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 17. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? （2017·北京·高考真题） Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction. 18. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may . A. run out of human control B. satisfy human’s real desires C. command armies of killer robots D. work faster than a mathematician 19. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to . A. prevent themselves from being destroyed B. achieve their original goals independently C. do anything successfully with given orders D. beat humans in international chess matches 20. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to . A. help super intelligent machines work better B. be secure against evil human beings C. keep machines from being harmed D. avoid robots’ affecting the world 21. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A. It will disappear with the development of AI. B. It will get worse with human interference. C. It will be solved but with difficulty. D. It will stay for a decade. 变式二：阅读理解说明文人工智能话题名校好题8篇 （2024·北京西城·二模） When people hear “artificial intelligence,” many envision “big data.” There’s a reason for that: some of the most important AI breakthroughs in the past decade have relied on enormous data sets. But AI is not only about large data sets, and research in “small data” approaches has grown extensively over the past decade—with so-called transfer learning as an especially promising example. Also known as “fine-tuning,” transfer learning is helpful in settings where you have little data on the task of interest but abundant data on a related problem. The way it works is that you first train a model using a big data set and then retrain slightly using a smaller data set related to your specific problem. Research in transfer learning approaches has grown impressively over the past 10 years. In a new report for Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), we examined current and projected progress in scientific research across “small data” approaches. Our analysis found that transfer learning stands out as a category that has experienced the most consistent and highest research growth on average since 2010. This growth has even outpaced the larger and more established field of reinforcement learning, which in recent years has attracted widespread attention. Small data approaches such as transfer learning offer numerous advantages over more data-intensive methods. By enabling the use of AI with less data, they can bolster progress in areas where little or no data exist, such as in forecasting natural disasters that occur relatively rarely or in predicting the risk of disease for a population set that does not have digital health records. Another way of thinking about the value of transfer learning is in terms of generalization. A recurring challenge in the use of AI is that models need to “generalize” beyond their training data. Because transfer learning models work by transferring knowledge from one task to another, they are very helpful in improving generalization in the new task, even if only limited data were available. Moreover, by using pretrained models, transfer learning can speed up training time and could also reduce the amount of computational resources needed to train algorithms (算法). This efficiency is significant, considering that the process of training one large neural (神经系统的) network requires considerable energy. Despite the growth in research, transfer learning has received relatively little visibility. The existence of techniques such as transfer learning does not seem to have reached the awareness of the broader space of policy makers and business leaders in positions of making important decisions about AI funding and adoption. By acknowledging the success of small data techniques like transfer learning—and distributing resources to support their widespread use—we can help overcome some of the common misconceptions regarding the role of data in AI and facilitate innovation in new directions. 1. What does the underlined word “bolster” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Promote. B. Seek. C. Track. D. Monitor. 2. In which of the following settings can transfer learning be best applied? A. Predicting the frequency of floods in Amazon rainforest. B. Designing a program that can read handwritten documents. C. Forecasting the number of people infected with an unknown illness. D. Predicting house prices based on basic features like area and location. 3. What is the writer’s attitude towards transfer learning? A. Doubtful. B. Optimistic. C. Critical. D. Unconcerned. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Transfer Learning: Where Does It Best Fit? B. Small Data Are Also Crucial for Advancing AI C. Transfer Learning Powers Technological Advances D. Big Data vs. Small Data: Which Is the Future of AI? （2024·河南信阳·模拟预测） Researchers are training robots to perform an ever-growing number of tasks through trial-and-error reinforcement (强化) learning, which is often laborious and time-consuming. To help out, humans are now employing large language model (LLM) AI. A team at NVIDIA Research directed an AI protocol (协议) powered by OpenAI’s GPT-4 to teach a simulation (模拟) of a robotic hand nearly 30 complex tasks, including throwing a ball, pushing blocks, pressing switches, and some other seriously impressive abilities. NVIDIA’s new “AI agent” Eureka uses GPT-4 by asking the large language model to write its own reward-based reinforcement learning software code. According to the company, Eureka doesn’t need complicated reminders or even pre-written patterns; instead, it simply begins experimenting with a program, and then follows any external human feedback. In the company’s announcement, Linxi “Jim” Fan, a senior research scientist at NVIDIA, described Eureka as a unique combination of LLMs and simulation programming. “We believe that Eureka will enable robots to control items flexibly and provide a new way to produce physically realistic animations for artists,” Fan added. After testing its training protocol within an advanced simulation program, Eureka then analyzes its collected data and directs the LLM to further improve upon its design. The result is a protocol capable of successfully numbering a variety of robotic hand designs to operate scissors, turn pens and open cupboards within a physics-accurate simulated environment. Eureka’s alternatives to human-written trial-and-error learning programs aren’t just effective—in most cases, they’re actually better than those authored by humans. In the team’s open-source research paper findings, Eureka-designed reward programs outperformed humans’ code in over 80 percent of the tasks—amounting to an average performance improvement of over 50 percent in the robotic simulations. “Reinforcement learning has contributed to impressive wins over the last decade, yet many challenges still exist, such as reward design, which remains a trial-and-error process,” said Anima Anandkumar, an AI researcher. “Eureka is the first step toward developing new algorithms (算法) that integrate generative and reinforcement learning methods to solve hard tasks.” 5. Why is AI used for the training? A. To simplify robots’ tasks. B. To advertise OpenAI’s GPT-4. C. To speed up the training process. D. To recognize artists’ role in art creation. 6. What does Eureka need to do in the training? A. Design reward programs. B. Copy pre-written patterns. C. Get complicated reminders. D. Avoid human intervention. 7. How does Anima Anandkumar find Eureka? A. It is still poor at the reward design. B. It should learn from hard tasks. C. It has few challenges to solve. D. It is of pioneering significance. 8. What is the main idea of the text? A. Trial-and-error learning programs are promising. B. Robots can finish complex tasks through learning. C. Reinforcement learning improves robotic simulations. D. AI can better teach a simulated robotic hand to perform tasks. （2024·浙江·三模） MyHeritage has announced the release of two new AI features which it promises will ‘revolutionise genealogy (系谱学)’ research, similar to how ChatGPT revolutionised searching the Internet. The first feature, AI Record FinderTM, is an interactive chatbot that helps family historians find relevant historical records about a person of interest within MyHeritage’s database of 20 billion records. This free-text chat tool enables users to talk to an intelligent assistant to find information about their ancestors, relatives, or other people who have passed away. In addition to AI Record FinderTM, MyHeritage has also introduced AI BiographerTM, another innovative feature that automatically generates a narrative biography about an ancestor’s life using information from historical records that match the person. This creates a Wikipedia-like biography, which gives users a complete understanding of their ancestor’s life story. These two new features are integrated, allowing MyHeritage users to create an AI Biography for their ancestors using the AI Record FinderTM. With this integration, users can easily use a conversational AI to search for historical records. This makes it faster and easier to find information about their family members. Gilad Japhet, Founder and CEO of MyHeritage, said of the new features, “We’re constantly pushing the boundaries of genealogy to reinvent the way people can discover their family history as we aim to reshape genealogy in the 21st century. Together, these advanced features strengthen MyHeritage’s position as the industry leader for innovative genealogy and continue our mission to make family history easier, more accessible, and more fun for everyone.” AI Record FinderTM is a disruptive feature that simplifies the way people can find information about their ancestors by making the search easier. AI Biographert M turns a person’s life details into a fascinating story. Not all our ancestors were famous, but they all deserve to be remembered! 9. What is a typical feature of AI Record FinderTM? A. It updates MyHeritage’s database. B. It generates a narrative biography. C. It narrows down the target information. D. It helps users interact with intelligent people. 10. Which of the following would Gilad Japhet probably agree with? A. That AI genealogy promotes family history creation. B. That the new AI-driven features give way to MyHeritage. C. That MyHeritage spares no effort to advance genealogy. D. That more will be done to strengthen MyHeritage’s position. 11. Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “disruptive” in the last paragraph? A. Relevant. B. Pioneering. C. Disturbing. D. Comprehensive. 12. What might be the best title for the text? A. MyHeritage Leads in AI Genealogy B. MyHeritage Promises to Revolutionise C. AI Features: A New Era for Genealogy D. AI Record Finder: Smart Search for Family Histories 04（2024·河南·模拟预测） Getting third-party computer producers to add an AI button to laptops is the latest move by Microsoft to take most advantage of its close partnership with ChatGPT-maker OpenAI and make itself a gateway for applications of generative AI technology. Although most people now connect to the Internet — and many AI applications — by phone rather than computer, it’s a symbolic kickoff to what’s expected to be a competitive year as tech companies race to outdo each other in AI applications even as they haven’t yet settled all the moral and legal consequences. The New York Times last month charged both OpenAI and Microsoft that tools like ChatGPT and Copilot — formerly known as Bing Chat — are infringing (侵犯) on copyrighted news articles. The keyboard redesign will be Microsoft’s biggest change to PC keyboards since it introduced a special Windows key in the 1990s. Microsoft’s four-squared logo design on it has evolved, but the key has been a fixture on Windows-oriented keyboards for about three decades. The newest AI button is marked by the ribbon-like Copilot logo and is located near the space bar. On some computers it will replace the fight “CTRL” key, while on others it will replace a menu key. Microsoft is not the only company with customized (订制的) keys. Apple pioneered the concept in the 1980s with its “Command” key marked by a looped square design(it also sported an Apple logo for a time). Google has a search button on its Chromebooks and was first to experiment with an AI-specific key to launch its voice assistant on its now-discontinued Pixelbook. But Microsoft has a much stronger hold on the broader PC market through its licensing agreements with third-party producers like Lenovo, Dell and HP. About 82% of all desktop computers, laptops and workstations run Windows, compared to 9%for Apple’s in-house operating system and just over 6% for Google’s. Microsoft hasn’t yet said which computer-makers are installing the Copilot button beyond Microsoft’s own in-house line of high-end Surface equipment. It said some of the companies are expected to unveil (公布) their new models at next week’s CES gadget show in Las Vegas. 13. Why does Microsoft add an AI button to laptops? A. To improve the partnership with OpenAI. B. To help third-party computer producers. C. To establish its favorable position in AI applications. D. To change people’s habit to connect to the Internet. 14. What can we infer about AI from Paragraph 2? A. People will connect to AI applications by PC. B. The appearance of AI button leads to competition. C. Competition in AI areas is fierce and unregulated. D. The New York Times violated copyrighted news articles. 15. What kept changing in Microsoft keyboards over the past 30 years? A. The space bar. B. The Windows key. C. The “Command” key. D. The “CTRL” key. 16. What is Microsoft’s advantage in changing keyboard keys? A. It can influence many more computer producers. B. It is further ahead in AI application technology. C. It has the patent for customized keyboard keys. D. It controls the IT world with the CES gadget show. 05（2024·重庆·模拟预测） Imagine if you could look into the future and see yourself 50 years from now. You could see the wrinkles on your face, how your hair would gray, and how the very shape of your face would change after decades of life. You would be able to see how you might look to your future grandchildren. It sounds like something out of a fairytale. But a viral “Aged” filter (滤镜) on TikTok is allowing users to look into the face of their future selves. The new filter uses AI to estimate what your face will look like as you age, and dermatologists (皮肤学家) on TikTok are calling it “very accurate”. But the response, especially among young people using the filter, shows a deep fear within Gen Z of getting, and more importantly, looking old. What does the filter do? The filter, which has over 9 million videos on TikTok, provides a picture of users’ faces with realistic aging, including wrinkles, crow’s feet and often gray hair. The filter looks different for each person and uses AI to enhance existing facial features, like under-eye bags or wrinkles, to estimate how their face will age. TikTok is not the first app to release an aging filter. Snapchat released a similar filter back in 2019, and users similarly used FaceApp to age themselves. Even Kylie Jenner immediately joined in the trend saying simply “I don’t like it. I don’t like it at all.” Others disagree about how much the filter ages them, comparing their aged face to other users. Some have used the filter on old photos of their parents or celebrities and compared the filter’s results to how they look today. Others, however, have taken a more loving approach to their future selves. Many users express shock at how similar they look to relatives and others express excitement for the years ahead. 17. What is the function of the first paragraph? A. To supply a scientific fact. B. To arouse the reader’s interest. C. To provide a good example. D. To share the theory of the filter. 18. Why does the writer say “looking old” instead of “getting old” at the end of paragraph 3? A. Their ages don’t really change. B. There’s no real difference between them. C. “Looking old” sounds more polite. D. “Getting old” sounds a little more boring. 19. Why is Kylie Jenner mentioned in the text? A. To introduce another opinion. B. To try to please her true fans. C. To emphasize the wide use. D. To prove the truth of the technique. 20. How do people react to how much the filter ages them? A. Angrily. B. Similarly. C. Excitedly. D. Differently. 06（2024·湖北·三模） Artificial intelligence has become a part of our lives, transforming the way we live, work, and interact. We are currently witnessing the dawn of a new era, the Age of AI, where the potential for innovation and development seems limitless. In this age, AI has the power to build a digital world characterized by exchange, mutual learning, and inclusiveness. One of the key features of the Age of AI is the seamless (无缝的) exchange of information and ideas. AI systems are capable of processing vast amounts of data, analyzing patterns, and generating valuable insights. This ability to exchange information rapidly and effortlessly has the potential to revolutionize various industries, such as healthcare, finance, and education. In the field of healthcare, AI-powered systems can help doctors and researchers share, exchange and analyze data at record speeds. AI can identify data patterns in minutes or even seconds that would take a doctor or researcher weeks or even months. Similarly, in the financial sector, AI algorithms (算法) can analyze market data, identify trends, and make informed investment decisions. The exchange of financial insights and strategies facilitated by AI can empower individuals and businesses to make smarter financial choices and create a more inclusive economy. Professors and teachers across the world are now coming to grasp the AI, revolution and what it means for them and their students. How many students will save time and energy by having AI write their essays and assignments rather than writing them themselves? Will we see AI tools being used in the same way as the quotation system we currently use for essay writing? Like any new technology, there is a certain amount of fear and a lot of questions to be answered on the use, exchange, advantages and disadvantages of AI. But one thing seems clear: By offering access to information and services, AI can help create a more equitable (公平合理的) and a more inclusive society. 21. Which is correct about AI according to the passage? A. AI can assist doctors in operations. B. AI can create a more inclusive economy. C. AI will take the place of quotation system. D. AI will help build a just and diverse world. 22. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 mean? A. Enable. B. Ensure. C. Assign. D. Arrange. 23. What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 6? A. Questions related to AI. B. Access to information and services. C. The inclusiveness of AI. D. Ways to get information and services. 24. Which can best describe the structure of the passage? A. B. C. D. 07（2024·广东深圳·模拟预测） A new study examined scientists’ peer reviews, or researchers’ official statements on others’ work, across multiple AI-related conferences. At one such conference, those peer reviews used the word “meticulous” — a buzzword often associated with generative A. I., like ChatGPT — almost 3,400 percent more than the previous year. Other major conferences showed similar patterns. In other words, many researchers were handing, at least, parts of their peer review over to A. I. What’s going on in science is a slice of a much bigger problem. Any viral post on social media now almost certainly includes A. I.-generated elements. There are synthetic videos for children on YouTube, like music videos about parrots where the birds have eyes within eyes, singing in an unnatural voice. The narratives make no sense, and characters appear and disappear randomly. As a neuroscientist, this worries me. Isn’t it possible that human culture contains within it cognitive micronutrients — things like reasonable sentences, narrations and character continuity — that developing brains need? Einstein supposedly said: “If you want your children to be intelligent, read them fairy tales. If you want them to be very intelligent, read them more fairy tales.” But what happens when a child is consuming mostly A. I.-generated waste? We find ourselves in the middle of a vast developmental experiment. A. I.’s cultural pollution is driven by a desire to fill the Internet’s appetite for content as cheaply as possible, which in turn pollutes our culture. And despite public appeals to act against it, A. I. companies are dragging their feet because it goes against the industry’s bottom line to have detectable products, which they fear might weaken the model’s performance, although there is no current evidence. To deal with this general refusal to act, we need a Clean Internet Act. Perhaps the simplest solution would be to force built-in watermarking to A. I. generated outputs, like patterns not easily removable. Just as the 20th century required action to protect the shared environment, the 21st century is going to require actions to protect a different but equally critical resource: our shared human culture. 25. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A. Children should avoid social media. B. A. I. writings are unreliable. C. Synthetic elements make no sense. D. A. I. pollution is widespread. 26. Why does the author mention Einstein in Paragraph 3? A. To promote experiments on reading. B. To connect intelligence and fairy tales. C. To show concerns over cognitive input quality. D. To contrast stories with A. I. generated content. 27. Which might be a useful way to stop products polluting our culture? A. Increasing the expense. B. Adding permanent labels. C. Creating various patterns. D. Building more A. I. models. 28. Which might be the best title for the text? A. A. I. Garbage Is Polluting our Culture B. A. I. Companies Change Tech Industry C. A. I. Performance Continues to Decline D. A. I. Products Impact Scientific Research 08（2024·重庆·二模） In 1835, William Talbot finally succeeded in producing a photograph of his country house. He declared that his was the first house ever known to have drawn its own picture. The drawing was formed “by the action of light upon sensitive paper. ” Photography offered nature a “pencil” to paint herself through optical (光学的) and chemical means alone. By the mid-nineteenth century, people no longer needed to hire a draftsman to draw detailed images because the process could be completed instantly with a camera. Advocates for the technology stated that not only was it more precise than the human hand-it was faster and cheaper. The removal of human fallibility in the creating process was one of photography’s biggest selling points, but this also started debates about the new medium’s implications for visual culture. Could images made largely by a machine be considered art? If so, where did human creativity fit in this process? As the twenty-first century becomes increasingly automated (自动化的), more and more people attempt to identify where human agency exists in the technologically driven world. Images generated with artificial intelligence by companies like OpenAI are stimulating questions like those that emerged with the coming of the photograph. By typing a sentence, users can generate “new” images composed from images collected across the internet. The result has been a flood of AI-generated images in places that are previously unique to human authors. Painting competitions, commercial graphic design and the fashion of portraiture (肖像) have all since collided with the technology in troubling ways. The fine arts were thought to be a final hold-out of human creativity, but the surprisingly high quality of AI-generated images is producing deeper questions about the nature of originality. If the history of photography tells us anything, it’s that the debate won’t be settled quickly, straightforwardly or by the institutions we typically associate with cultural gatekeeping. 29. Why did Talbot declare that his house had drawn its own picture? A. To downplay human factors in the creation. B. To investigate a supernatural phenomenon. C. To show his advanced knowledge in science. D. To demonstrate the beauty of his country house. 30. What does the word “it” underlined in paragraph 2 refer to? A. The photo of Talbot’s house. B. The image by a draftsman. C. The technology of a camera. D. The paper sensitive to light. 31. What do OpenAI and cameras have in common? A. They improve the taste of beauty. B. They advocate fashion designs. C. They challenge human agency. D. They produce original images. 32. What did the author indicate by referring to the history of photography? A. Cultural gatekeepers will solve the issue as they did. B. AI-generated images will go through a similar debate. C. The nature of originality will be held in human hands. D. The fine arts will include photography and AI images. $$《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》 专题15 阅读理解D篇（新课标II卷）解析版 (答案解析+专家评价+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式) 目录 一、原题呈现 P1 二、答案解析 P3 三、专家评价 P4 四、题源网站 P4 五、词汇变式 P6 (一)考纲词汇词形转换 P6 (二)考纲词汇识词知意 P6 (三)高频短语厚积薄发 P7 (四)核心考点单句填空 P7 (五)长难句分析 P8 (六)全文翻译 P9 六、三年真题 P9 (一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P9 (二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P11 (三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P13 七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文满分策略） P15 八、话题变式 P17 变式一：阅读理解说明文人工智能话题高考真题5篇 P17 变式二：阅读理解说明文人工智能话题名校好题8篇 P26 ( 一、 原题呈现 ) 阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文；人与社会；应对AI革命；人工智能安全保障；人工智能发展趋势 Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now-several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI - the technology companies and world leaders - so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with Al to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 32. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 33. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 34. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 35. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. ( 二、答案解析 ) 【答案】32. C 33. B 34. C 35. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 32.词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。 33. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。 34.细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。 35. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A项。 【文章结构】通读全文可知，第一段介绍了新书《人工智能设计》；第二段介绍了本书作者的背景；第三到四段概述了书中的主要论点和观点，及其意义；第五段进行总结，再次强烈推荐这本书。由此可知，作者写这篇文章的目的是为了推荐一本有关 AI 的书。 ( 三、专家评价 ) 坚持提倡五育并举，引导学生德智体美劳全面发展 高考英语命题通过选取有关体育、美育和劳动教育的语篇，引导学生坚持五育并举，实现身心健康成长和德智体美劳全面发展。试卷阅读A篇介绍了卡洛秋季徒步节的健身徒步活动，引导学生走近大自然，开展体育运动，文中提及多项注意事项，于潜移默化之中强调了运动安全的重要性。阅读B篇介绍了旧金山湾区快速交通系统（BART）为了提升乘客体验而推出的一个短篇小说打印亭项目，引导学生在电子设备盛行的当今不要忘记还有纸质阅读这一阅读方式可供选择，也强调了利用零散时间来进行阅读和学习的好习惯。阅读C篇讲述巴比伦微型农场通过室内自动化种植系统极大地缩短了农产品从农场到餐桌的距离，并实现了自动化管理和零排放的环保种植。阅读D篇介绍了Catriona Campbell的新书《AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence》，引导学生思考人类与人工智能共存的未来，强调了全球监管人工智能研究和使用的重要性问题。这两篇难度较大的文章都从科技发展视角引导学生思考科技如何更好地服务于人类以及人类理性使用科技的问题。在美育方面，试题的写作第一节应用文写作任务中，设置情境为在公园上的一节美术课，引导学生回归自然之美，到自然中寻求人类艺术创作不竭的灵感源泉。这些文本都释放了强烈的信号，引导学生实现德智体美劳全面发展。 【中国考试·教育部教育考试院】 ( 四、题源网站 ) 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 【文章出处】选自 Blackpool Gazette 网站名为 Must-read of the week: AI by Design: A Plan For Living With Artificial Intelligence by Catriona Campbell 的文章。 https://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/must-read/must-read-of-the-week-ai-by-design-a-plan-for-living-with-artificial-intelligence-by-catriona-campbell-3696983 【百科知识】《人工智能设计：与人工智能共生的计划》是 Catriona Campbell 撰写的一部重要著作，引领读者深入探索人工智能及其对未来的重要性。Campbell 运用行为心理学，探索技术、经济学，结合真实生活和历史案例，预测了人工智能未来的五种应用场景。她通过推理小说的形式，描述了 AI 超越人类能力后可能出现的未来。本书解释了如何设计 AI 的未来，使其不仅不会导致我们的衰落，而且有助于我们实现新的文艺复兴。 ( 五、词汇变式 ) 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 一、考纲词汇词形转换 1. astonish vt. 使吃惊 →astonishing adj 令人惊讶的（astonish + -ing）； 2. absorb vt. 吸引 →absorbing adj 吸引人的（absorb + -ing）； 3. practice n. 练习，实践 →practical adj 实用的（practice + -al）； 4. thankful vt. 感激的 →thankfully adv 幸运地，庆幸地（thank + -ful + -ly）； 5. head n.头脑 →heady adj 深 奥 的， 复 杂 难 懂 的 （ head + -y ）； 6. understand vt. 理解 →understandable adj 可理解的（understand + -able）； 7. access n.接近；进入 →accessible adj 容易理解的（access + -ible）； 8. inform vt.通知 →informative adj 提供有用信息的（inform + -ative）； 9. current adj. 当前的 →currently adv 当前（current + -ly）； 10. structure n.结构 →structured adj 有条理的（structure + -d）； 11. educate vt. 教育 →educated adj 受过……教育的（educate + -d）； 12. academic adj. 学术的 →unacademic adj 非学术上的（un- + academic）； 13. exist vi. 存在 →existing adj 现行的（exist +-ing）； 14. define vt.下定义，限制 →definition n 定义（define + -ition）； 二、考纲词汇识词知意 1. given prep 鉴于（give + -en）； 2. transform v 转变（trans- + form）； 3. complicated adj 复杂的（complicate+ -d）； 4. professional adj 专业的（profession + -al） n 专业人士； 5. generation n （产品发展，尤指技术方面的）代（generate + -ion）； 6. humanity n 人类（human +-ity）； 7. roadmap n 路线图（road + map）； 8. forthcoming adj 即将到来的（forth + coming）； 9. sideline v [名词动化] 使不再发挥重要作用，使靠边（side + line）； 10. extinction-level adj 灭绝级别的（extinction + level）； 11. downfall n 衰落（down + fall）； 12. ill-intentioned adj 怀有恶意的（ill + intention + -ed）； 13. down-to-earth adj 脚踏实地的（down + to + earth） 14. potential n 潜力 15. pose v 提出 16. process v [名词动化] 处理 17. power v [熟词生义] [名词动化] 驱动 18. academic n 学者 19. capable adj 有能力的 20. dominant adj 主导的 21. essential adj 完全必要的 22. point n [熟词生义] 观点 23. competent adj 有能力的 24. feature n 特点 25. prior adj 先前的 26. clarify v 阐明 27. honor v [名词动化] 表彰 28. outstanding adj 杰出的 三、高频短语厚积薄发 1. take action 采取行动 2. artificial intelligence 人工智能 3. come in 出现 4. address the challenges 应对挑战 5. translate ... into ... 将……变为…… 6. from a ... angle 从……的角度 7. make for 促成 8. by the close 到结束时 9. set out to do sth 着手做某事 10. raise awareness of 提高意识 11. keep control of 控制 12. risk doing sth 冒着……的风险 13. wake up 唤醒 14. be responsible for 对……负责 15. on the same page 意见一致; 达成共识 16. pan out 以一定方式发展 17. global regulation 全球性监管 18. enable sb to do sth 使某人能够做某事 19. be packed with 充满…… 20. step-by-step instruction循序渐进的指导 21. be intended for sb / sth 是为某人/某事物而设计的 22. urge sb to do sth 敦促某人做某事 23. make joint efforts to do sth 共同努力做某事 24. keep sth under control 控制住某物 25. give a brief account of 简要介绍…… 26. a tipping point 转折点 27. in the wrong hands 落入坏人之手 28. It is essential that ... should do ...必须做... 四、核心考点单句填空 1.___________(give) the astonishing potential of AI ___________(transform) our lives, we all need to take action ___________ (deal) with our AI-powered future. 2. And this is ___________ AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. 3.This ___________(absorb) new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap ___________ (address) the challenges ___________(pose) by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). 4. In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process ___________ the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, ___________(thankful), Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady ___________ the understandable. 5. She writes ___________ the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, ___________(make) for a guide which is ___________(high) accessible and ___________(inform) and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 6. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, ___________(move) from the current generation of “narrow-AI” ___________ Artificial General Intelligence. 7. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is ___________ Campbell has set out to raise ___________(aware) of AI and ___________(it) future now-several decades before these developments ___________(expect) to take place. 8. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk ___________(sideline) and perhaps even ___________(bad). 9. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible ___________ AI - the technology companies and world leaders - so they are on the same page ___________ all the experts currently ___________(develop) it. 10. She explains we are ___________ a “tipping point” in history and must act now ___________(prevent) an extinction-level event for humanity. 11. We need to consider how we want our future with Al ___________(pan) out. 12.Such ___________(structure) thinking, ___________(follow) by global regulation, will enable us ___________(achieve) greatness rather than our downfall. 13. AI will affect ___________(we) all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 1. Given, to transform, to deal 2. where 3. absorbing, addressing, posed 4. as, thankfully, into 5. from, making, highly, informative 6. moving, to 7. why, awareness, its, are expected 8. being sidelined, worse 9. for, as, developing 10. at, to prevent 11. to pan 12. structured, followed, to achieve 13. us 五、难点突破 1. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 【翻译】她从商业人士（而非学者）的实用角度出发，使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富，读完之后，你会觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明。 【分析】句子主干是：She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic；making for ... as AI 是非谓语短语作伴随状语，其中嵌入两个 which 引导的定语从句，都修饰先行词 guide。 2. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI - the technology companies and world leaders - so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. 【翻译】坎贝尔希望唤醒那些掌握着人工智能力量的人——科技公司和世界领导人——让他们与目前所有开发人工智能的专家达成共识。 【分析】- the technology companies and world leaders –作those的同位语，后面responsible for AI是形容词短语作定语，后边so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it是so引导的并列句表示结果，the same…as…是定语从句，表示“和……一样”，currently developing it作定语修饰名词experts。 六、长难句分析 人工智能拥有改变我们生活的惊人潜力，因此我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来。《人工智能设计：与人工智能共存的计划》这本书恰逢其时，为我们指明了方向。这本引人入胜的新书由卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写，为我们提供了一份实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的 AI 革命所带来的挑战。 如果对人工智能缺乏了解，那么这本书读起来可能就像理解复杂的计算机代码一样困难。幸运的是，坎贝尔拥有超过二十年的专业经验，能够将复杂的概念转化为通俗易懂的语言。她从商人的实用视角而非学术角度出发进行写作，这使得这本书非常易读且信息丰富。读完之后，你会觉得自己对人工智能的理解已经今非昔比。 正如我们很快从《人工智能设计》中了解到的，人工智能已经非常聪明，而且会变得更加强大，从目前的“狭义人工智能”发展到通用人工智能。坎贝尔认为，在此基础上，最终会出现超级人工智能。这就是为什么坎贝尔现在就着手提高人们对人工智能及其未来的认识——远早于这些发展预计发生的几十年之前。她认为，我们必须控制人工智能，否则我们可能会被边缘化，甚至面临更糟糕的命运。 坎贝尔希望唤醒那些掌握着人工智能力量的人——科技公司和世界领导人——让他们与目前所有开发人工智能的专家达成共识。她解释说，我们正处于历史的“转折点”，现在必须采取行动，防止人类走向灭绝。我们需要认真思考，希望人工智能将我们带向怎样的未来。这种结构化的思考，再加上全球范围内的监管，将使我们能够借助人工智能的力量创造辉煌，而不是走向毁灭。 人工智能将影响我们所有人。如果你只想读一本关于人工智能的书，那就读这本吧。 ( 六、三年真题 ) 【2023年新课标II卷阅读理解D篇】 As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 12. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 13. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 14. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 15. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 【答案】12. B13. D14. C15. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。 12.细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。 13.推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可知，研究人员对参与者提交的内容进行了分类，以便在游客的总结中找到模式，并确定对游客最重要的自然体验。通过这样做，他们能够创造一种“自然语言”，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动。选项D准确地反映了这一目的。故选D。 14.推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。 15.推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。 【2022年新课标II卷阅读理解D篇】 As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. 34. What does Levine’s research find? A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. 【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。 32. D。推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。 33. C。推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。 34. A。细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。 35. C。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。 【2021年新课标II卷阅读理解D篇】 An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage. Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick. Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets. 32. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry? A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers. C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability. 33. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do? A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle. C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes. 34. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle? A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better. C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life. 35. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey? A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor. C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen. 【答案】32. B 33. A 34. B 35. D 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。 32.细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。 33.细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。 34.细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。 35.细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。 ( 七、满分策略 ) 阅读理解说明文满分策略 一、细读文章重点 关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。 二、明确说明对象 通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。 三、弄清说明顺序 在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。 四、把握作者态度 说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。 五、吃透长难句子 学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 六、学会适当放弃 无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。 说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？ 1.话题较陌生。 这些文章从专业的角度解释说明一个现象或一项研究结果，和考生的实际生活有一定的距离。 2.专业术语多。 高考说明文含有一定量的专业术语。2019年北京高考卷D篇就包含多个专业术语：marine microorganism，concentration，give off oxygen，nutrients，make conditions riper，food chain，phytoplankton，carbon dioxide，regulate，climate model，food web，statistically。这些和生物、环境等相关的词汇，如海底微生物、浓度、释放氧气、营养物质、食物链等，都是日常生活交流中不常涉及的。 3.长难句子多。 因为文章直接取材于期刊文章或者研究报告，所以说明文的另外一个特点是长难句子多。如2017年北京高考卷C篇的句子：This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work. 这句话主干是一个简短的主系表结构，但后边附加了which引导的非限定性定语从句，而这个从句中又包含一个who引导的限定性定语从句，后面的介词短语中也包含了who引导的限定性定语从句。在有限的考试时间内，复杂的句子结构给考生准确理解句意带来了困难。 4.词汇有新义。 每一篇说明文中都会包含一些考生熟悉的词汇，但在新的语境中它们变换了含义。2019年北京高考卷有句话中包含一个简单的词语project：Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. project被大家熟知的意思是“项目”，但在这句话中变成了动词，表示“预测，推想”。如果考生对project的理解还停留在“项目”上，就不能很好地理解句意了。 阅读理解说明文答题策略 1.把握介绍或阐述的主体。 通过文章第一段迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。英语文章，尤其是说明文和议论文，最大的特点就是开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点铺平直叙出来。 2. 关注每一段的段首句。 关注每一段的段首句，确认段落的主旨大意。就像文章的开篇段落告诉读者文章的主旨大意一样，第一段落的第一句话通常也起到同样的作用。 3.关注每一段的段尾句。 前两项策略已经被大多数考生广泛应用在阅读中。但除了关注篇首段落和段首句子之外，也不能忽视段尾句。一个段落由三个部分组成：topic sentence（主旨句），supporting details （支撑细节），和concluding sentence（总结句）。在段落结尾，作者会用不同的表达方式重申主旨句，但从篇章整体来看，在每个段落结尾出现的句子还起到承上启下的作用，作者会借助这个句子引出下文。 4.关注文章中出现的问题。 说明文的本质是对一个事物进行阐述，但在平铺直叙的语言中，还会有问句出现。这些问句不仅仅是简单的疑问句，而是作者有意为之，答案就出现在后文。 阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息： A. 说明的对象 B. 说明对象的特征 C. 说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法） ①例证法 这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。 ②定义法 下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。 ③分类法： 分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。 ④因果关系法 事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括由果推因(由结果去推测原因)和由因推果(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if...then, the reason is that...等表示因果关系。 ⑤比较对照法： 有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫做比较;指出其不同点,叫做对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。 ⑥过程分析法 过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是What happens;因果关系研究的对象是Why it happens,而过程分析研究的对象是How it happens。 ( 八、话题变式 ) 变式一：阅读理解说明文人工智能话题高考真题5篇 （2022·全国·高考真题） Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis. Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. The more regularly they can be inspected, the more railway safety, reliability and on-time performance will be improved. Costs would be cut and operations would be more efficient (高效) across the board. That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews’ efforts. By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. They will be moving on the track ahead of the train, and programmed to run autonomously. Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time. 1. What makes the application of drones to rail lines possible? A. The use of drones in checking on power lines. B. Drones’ ability to work at high altitudes. C. The reduction of cost in designing drones. D. Drones’ reliable performance in remote areas. 2. What does “maintenance” underlined in paragraph 3 refer to? A. Personnel safety. B. Assistance from drones. C. Inspection and repair. D. Construction of infrastructure. 3. What function is expected of the rail drones? A. To provide early warning. B. To make trains run automatically. C. To earn profits for the crews. D. To accelerate transportation. 4. Which is the most suitable title for the text? A. What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones B. How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded C. What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face D. How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. A 4. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。应用今天的“空中之眼”的技术，无人机能在保证铁路安全可靠的同时又能帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元。 1. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points.(无人机已经被用于检查高压电线。他们完全可以做同样的事情来检查铁路线路和铁路基础设施的其他重要方面，如铁路轨道和换乘点的正确位置)”可推知，无人机在高空工作的能力使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能。故选A。 2. 词句猜测题。根据后文“It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. (据统计，仅欧洲铁路公司每年在铁路维护上的花费就约为200亿欧元，其中包括经常在夜间派遣维修人员检查和维修铁路基础设施)”可知，花在maintenance上的费用是用于“inspect and repair the rail infrastructure （检查和维修铁路基础设施”。由此可知“That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety”是指大幅节省检修成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全，划线词和 C项：Inspection and repair(检修)含义相近。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据最后一段 “Very small drones with advanced sensors and AI and travelling ahead of the train could guide it like a co-pilot. With their ability to see ahead, they could signal any problem, so that fast-moving trains would be able to react in time.(带有先进传感器和人工智能的非常小的无人机可以像副驾驶一样在火车前面行驶。凭借它们的预见能力，它们可以发出任何问题的信号，以便快速行驶的火车能够及时做出反应)”可推知，对于无人机期待的功能是提前发现问题。故选A。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“Can a small group of drones(无人机)guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year? That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometers of rail tracks and infrastructure(基础设施)worldwide are safe for trains on a24/7 basis.(一小群无人机能否在保证铁路安全可靠的同时，帮助铁路运营商每年节省数十亿欧元？这很可能是应用今天的“空中之眼”技术的未来，以确保全球数百万公里的铁路轨道和基础设施全天候安全运行。)”以及后文第二段讲到了使用无人机检查电力线路使无人机应用于铁路线路成为可能;第三段讲到了使用无人机大幅节省维护成本和更好地保护铁路人员安全；第四段讲到了通过使用最新的技术，无人机还可以开始为铁路提供更高的价值，可知文章主要讲述了无人机将如何改变铁路的未来，所以D项“无人机将如何改变铁路的未来。”符合文章中心思想，适合作为本文的最佳标题。故选D。 （2021·天津·高考真题） In the fictional worlds of film and TV, artificial intelligence（AI）has been described as so advanced that it is indistinguishable from humans. But what if we're actually getting closer to a world where Al is capable of thinking and feeling? Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod. They look close to a human, but not quite. What lies beneath UneeQ9 s digital humans? Their 3D faces are modeled on actual human features. Speech recognition enables them to understand what a person is saying, and natural language processing is used to work out a response. Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "felt" and "expressed" by its "digital people". Shiwali Mohan, an Al scientist at the Palo Research Center, is skeptical of these digital beings. "They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design. Designing for human-level intelligence is a different attempt than designing images that behave like humans." She then continues, “If something looks like a human, we have high expectations of them, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react. Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）. "Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind," says Chetan Dube, UneeQ9s CEO. Some other companies are taking their digital beings a step further, enabling organizations and individuals to create digital humans themselves using free-access platforms they provide. "The biggest motivation for such platforms is to popularize Al," Dube says. Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed. "As we develop more advanced Al technology, we would then have to use new ways of communicating with that technology,she says. "'Hopefully, all of that is designed to support humans in their goals." 5. According to Para. 2, in what respects do UneeQ9s "digital humans" resemble human beings? A. In the way they move around. B. In the way they act and react. C. In observation and analysis. D. In speech and facial expressions. 6. Soul Machines’ digital brain is a technological breakthrough because it________. A. learns to make proper emotional responses B. tends to imitate human beings' tone vividly C. recognizes the speech sounds it receives D. processes the natural language it hears 7. In Mohan's opinion, what human quality is lacking in digital beings? A. Calculating brain. B. Language skills. C. Instinctive judgements. D. Problem-solving ability. 8. What makes many sectors employ digital humans? A. The fear of falling behind in efficiency. B. The urgency to promote e-commerce. C. The wish to spread digital technology. D. The need to upgrade the health care system. 9. What does Mohan think of the future of digital beings? A. It's well planned. B. It is promising. C. It is uncertain. D. It's quite hopeless. 【答案】5. D 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍许多科技公司正在推进、研发“数字人类”，并被很多部门使用。但一些科学家对此表示怀疑，并指出了“数字人类”并不是真正的人类，有很多缺陷。但前景还是很有希望的。 5. 细节理解题。根据第二段“Tech company UneeQ is heading for its "digital humans", which appear life like on the screen not only in terms of language, but also because of facial movements: raised eyebrows, a smile, even a nod.”（科技公司UneeQ正在研发一种“数字人”，这种人在屏幕上看起来栩栩如生，不仅因为语言，还因为面部动作:眉毛扬起、微笑，甚至点头。）由此可知，根据第2段，UneeQ9s的“数字人”在言语和面部表情上方面与人类相似。故选D项。 6. 细节理解题。根据第三段“Meanwhile, another Al company, Soul Machines, is taking a more biological approach, with a "digital brain", that imitates aspects of the human brain to adjust the emotions "fblt" and "expressed" by its “digital people”.”（与此同时，另一家Al公司，灵魂机器公司，正在采取一种更具生物性的方法，拥有一个“数字大脑”，它模仿人脑的各个方面来调节其“数字人”的“fblt”和“表达”的情绪。）由此可知，灵魂机器的数字大脑是一项技术突破，因为它倾向于做出适当的情绪反应。故选A项。 7. 推理判断题。根据第四段“"They're humanlike in their looks and the way they sound, but that in itself is not being human," she says. "Human qualities also involve how you think, how you approach problems, and how you break them down; and that takes a lot of algorithmic (算 法)design, but they might behave differently in ways that humans just instinctively (直觉地)know how other humans react.”（“他们的外表和声音都像人类，但这本身不是人类，”她说。“人类的品质还包括你如何思考、如何处理问题以及如何分解问题；这需要大量的算法设计。但他们的行为方式可能不同，人类只是本能地知道其他人的反应。”）由此判断出，在Mohan看来，数字人缺少本能的判断。故选C项。 8. 细节理解题。根据第五段“Yet the demand is there, with UneeQ seeing high adoption of its digital employees across the financial, health care, and commercial sectors （行业）.Unless these sectors make their business models much more efficient digitally, they might be left behind”（但需求依然存在，UneeQ的数字员工在金融、医疗和商业行业的使用率很高。除非这些行业将它们的商业模式数字化得更高效，否则它们可能会被甩在后面）由此可知，害怕效率落后让许多行业使用“数字人类”。故选A项。 9. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Mohan is cautious about this approach, yet she supports the purpose behind these digital beings and is optimistic about where they are headed.”（ Mohan对这种方法持谨慎态度，但她支持这些数字生物背后的目的，并对他们的未来持乐观态度）由此判断出，Mohan数字人的未来是有希望的。故选B项。 （2020·北京·高考真题） Certain forms of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change. Some of today’s AI pioneers want to move on from today’s world of “weak” or “narrow” AI, to create “strong” or “full” AI, or what is often called artificial general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today’s powerful computing machines already make our brains look weak. AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DM, a company focused on the development of AGI, has an ambition to “solve intelligence”. “If we’re successful,” their mission statement reads, “we believe this will be one of the most important and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made.” Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.” Good went on to suggest that “the first ultra-intelligent machine” could be “the last invention that man need ever make.” Fears about the appearance of bad, powerful, man-made intelligent machines have been reinforced (强化) by many works of fiction — Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be our downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, with recognisably human motivations such as aggression (敌对行为). Instead, I agree with Oxford University philosopher Nick Bostrom, who believes that the heaviest risks from AGI do not come from a decision to turn against mankind but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything else. The promise and danger of true AGI are great. But all of today’s excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build these systems. And, having spoken to many of the world’s foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see AGI any time soon, if ever. 10. What does the underlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean? A. Enormous in quantity. B. Changeable daily. C. Stable in quality. D. Present everywhere. 11. What could AGI do for us, according to its supporters? A. Help to tackle problems. B. Make brains more active. C. Benefit ambitious people. D. Set up powerful databases. 12. As for Irving Good’s opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, the author is ____________. A. supportive B. disapproving C. fearful D. uncertain 13. What can be inferred about AGI from the passage? A. It may be only a dream. B. It will come into being soon. C. It will be controlled by humans. D. It may be more dangerous than ever. 【答案】10. D 11. A 12. B 13. A 【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章主要就通用人工智能(AGI)实现的可能性进行了论述。 10. 词义猜测题。根据划线词所在句后面的For example, algorithms (算法) carry out huge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-driving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another(例如，算法在我们的金融市场上进行大量交易，自动驾驶汽车出现在城市街道上，我们的智能手机正在从一种语言翻译成另一种语言)可知，人工智能在我们生活中用处十分广泛。由此推知，划线词所在句意为“某些形式的人工智能确实正在变得无处不在”，即划线词与D选项“Present everywhere.(在任何地方存在)”意思接近。故选D项。 11. 细节理解题。根据第二段AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems(AGI的倡导者说，AGI可以24小时为我们工作，并利用所有可用的数据，可以提出许多问题的解决方案)可知，AGI(通用人工智能)的倡导者认为，AGI(通用人工智能)可以提出许多问题的解决方案，帮助我们解决问题。因此，A选项“Help to tackle problems(帮助解决问题)”符合题意。故选A项。 12. 推理判断题。根据第三段Since the early days of AI, imagination has outpaced what is possible or even probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted the eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine…that can far surpass all the intellectual (智力的) activities of any man, however clever.”(自从人工智能的早期，想象力已经超过了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的数学家欧文·古德预言，最终将创造出一台“超智能机器……它将远远超过任何一个人的智力活动，无论他有多聪明。”)可知，作者认为Irving Good对“超智能机器”的想象力超出了实现的可能，作者并不赞成他的观点，因此B项“disapproving(不赞成)”符合题意。故选B项。 13. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句And, having spoken to many of the world's foremost AI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever. (而且，在与世界上许多顶尖的人工智能研究人员交谈后，我相信有充分的理由怀疑我们是否会很快看到AGI)可推断出，通用人工智能（AGI）或许只是一个梦想，A选项“It may be only a dream(它也许仅仅是一个梦想)”符合题意。故选择A项。 （2023·北京·高考真题） What is life? Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life-called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is. So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’” As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines. Compared with the developments of Al, advances in ALife are harder to recognize. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere. Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something：perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable. 14. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is. A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful 15. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean? A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged. 16. What can we learn from this passage? A. ALife holds the key to human future. B. ALife and AI share a common feature. C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife. D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution. 17. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out? B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too? C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day? D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too? 【答案】14. A 15. C 16. B 17. D 【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化的问题。 14. 推理判断题。根据第三段“As much as many ALifers hate emphasizing their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. (尽管许多ALifer讨厌强调他们研究的应用，但创造人工生命的尝试可能会有实际的回报)”可知，作者认为创造人工生命的尝试是会有回报的；再结合第二段“So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything.” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life?’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother?’”(到目前为止，还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命。这一记录使生命科学成为批评的成熟目标，比如对该领域可疑科学价值的声明。复杂性科学家艾伦•史密斯厌倦了这样的抱怨。他说，询问ALife的“意义”可能完全没有抓住要点。“一个生命系统的存在与任何东西的使用无关。”Alan说。“有人问我，‘那么人工生命的价值是什么？’你有没有想过，‘你祖母的价值是多少？’”)”可推知，因为还没有人能令人信服地制造出人工生命，才导致使生命科学成为批评（认为其没有科学价值）的成熟目标，作者认为这是不合理的，所以后文引用了Alan Smith的话语对这种观点进行反驳，即关于Alan Smith对ALife的辩护，作者表示支持。故选A。 15. 词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念enamored)”可知，人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，说明人工智能和ALife二者间有共同之处，可推测是因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引，所以才有了这种观点。故划线词意为“吸引”。故选C。 16. 推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).(人工智能可能被认为是ALife的表亲，因为这两个领域的研究人员都被一个叫做开放进化的概念所吸引)”可知，ALife和AI有一个共同的特点。故选B。 17. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段“They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.(它们可能普遍适用于所有进化行为。最终，ALife可能没有什么特别的。但即使是这种否定也表明了一些事情：也许，就像整个宇宙中的生命本身一样，ALife的崛起将被证明是不可避免的)”结合文章主要探讨了ALife是否也在不断地进化。D选项“生命在进化。创造ALife的尝试也能进化吗？”是最合适的标题。故选D。 （2017·北京·高考真题） Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.” A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard. The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines. Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction. 18. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may . A. run out of human control B. satisfy human’s real desires C. command armies of killer robots D. work faster than a mathematician 19. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to . A. prevent themselves from being destroyed B. achieve their original goals independently C. do anything successfully with given orders D. beat humans in international chess matches 20. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to . A. help super intelligent machines work better B. be secure against evil human beings C. keep machines from being harmed D. avoid robots’ affecting the world 21. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines? A. It will disappear with the development of AI. B. It will get worse with human interference. C. It will be solved but with difficulty. D. It will stay for a decade. 【答案】18. A 19. A 20. D 21. C 【分析】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了人工智能，随着科技的发展，机器人可能会超出人类的控制，所以短文对人与机器人之间的关系进行了探讨。 18. 主旨大意题。根据第一段The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want.可知人工智能可能会出现的真正问题是AI会非常擅长取得某个成就而不是我们真正想要的东西，也就是说AI可能会超出人的控制去做一些事情，故选A。 19. 细节理解题。根据第二段A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence.可知，一台具有特定用途的机器还有另外一个特性，这个特性我们通常与生物联系在一起: 一种希望保持自身存在的愿望，也就是说，它具有有生命的物体的一种品质是因为它要保护自己不被破坏，继续存在下去，故选A。 20. 细节理解题。根据第三段using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world.可知可以用防火墙来回答那些困难的问题但是却永远不要让他们影响这个真正的现实世界，故选D。 21. 推理判断题。根据最后一段Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy.可知作者认为解决人工智能机器的安全问题是可能的，但是并不容易，也就是很困难，故选C。 变式二：阅读理解说明文人工智能话题名校好题8篇 （2024·北京西城·二模） When people hear “artificial intelligence,” many envision “big data.” There’s a reason for that: some of the most important AI breakthroughs in the past decade have relied on enormous data sets. But AI is not only about large data sets, and research in “small data” approaches has grown extensively over the past decade—with so-called transfer learning as an especially promising example. Also known as “fine-tuning,” transfer learning is helpful in settings where you have little data on the task of interest but abundant data on a related problem. The way it works is that you first train a model using a big data set and then retrain slightly using a smaller data set related to your specific problem. Research in transfer learning approaches has grown impressively over the past 10 years. In a new report for Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), we examined current and projected progress in scientific research across “small data” approaches. Our analysis found that transfer learning stands out as a category that has experienced the most consistent and highest research growth on average since 2010. This growth has even outpaced the larger and more established field of reinforcement learning, which in recent years has attracted widespread attention. Small data approaches such as transfer learning offer numerous advantages over more data-intensive methods. By enabling the use of AI with less data, they can bolster progress in areas where little or no data exist, such as in forecasting natural disasters that occur relatively rarely or in predicting the risk of disease for a population set that does not have digital health records. Another way of thinking about the value of transfer learning is in terms of generalization. A recurring challenge in the use of AI is that models need to “generalize” beyond their training data. Because transfer learning models work by transferring knowledge from one task to another, they are very helpful in improving generalization in the new task, even if only limited data were available. Moreover, by using pretrained models, transfer learning can speed up training time and could also reduce the amount of computational resources needed to train algorithms (算法). This efficiency is significant, considering that the process of training one large neural (神经系统的) network requires considerable energy. Despite the growth in research, transfer learning has received relatively little visibility. The existence of techniques such as transfer learning does not seem to have reached the awareness of the broader space of policy makers and business leaders in positions of making important decisions about AI funding and adoption. By acknowledging the success of small data techniques like transfer learning—and distributing resources to support their widespread use—we can help overcome some of the common misconceptions regarding the role of data in AI and facilitate innovation in new directions. 1. What does the underlined word “bolster” in Paragraph 3 probably mean? A. Promote. B. Seek. C. Track. D. Monitor. 2. In which of the following settings can transfer learning be best applied? A. Predicting the frequency of floods in Amazon rainforest. B. Designing a program that can read handwritten documents. C. Forecasting the number of people infected with an unknown illness. D. Predicting house prices based on basic features like area and location. 3. What is the writer’s attitude towards transfer learning? A. Doubtful. B. Optimistic. C. Critical. D. Unconcerned. 4. Which would be the best title for the passage? A. Transfer Learning: Where Does It Best Fit? B. Small Data Are Also Crucial for Advancing AI C. Transfer Learning Powers Technological Advances D. Big Data vs. Small Data: Which Is the Future of AI? 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. B 4. B 【导语】文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了小数据在人工智能领域的重要性，特别是转移学习的作用和价值。 1. 词句猜测题。根据文章第三段的“such as in forecasting natural disasters that occur relatively rarely or in predicting the risk of disease for a population set that does not have digital health records.”（例如预测罕见的自然灾害或预测没有数字健康记录的人群的疾病风险。）可知，通过使人工智能能够使用较少的数据，他们可以在几乎没有数据的领域推动进步。bolster在这里的意思是“推动”。故选A。 2. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段的“Small data approaches such as transfer learning offer numerous advantages over more data-intensive methods. By enabling the use of AI with less data, they can bolster progress in areas where little or no data exist, such as in forecasting natural disasters that occur relatively rarely or in predicting the risk of disease for a population set that does not have digital health records.”（像迁移学习这样的小数据方法比数据密集的方法有很多优势。人工智能能够使用较少的数据，他们可以在几乎没有数据的领域推动进步，例如预测罕见的自然灾害或预测没有数字健康记录的人群的疾病风险。）可推知，转移学习可以最好地应用于预测未知疾病感染人数的情况。故选C。 3. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的“By acknowledging the success of small data techniques like transfer learning—and distributing resources to support their widespread use—we can help overcome some of the common misconceptions regarding the role of data in AI and facilitate innovation in new directions.”（通过承认转移学习等小数据技术的成功，并分配资源支持其广泛使用，我们可以帮助克服关于数据在人工智能中的角色的一些常见误解，并促进新方向的创新。）可推知，作者对转移学习持乐观态度。故选B。 4. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“But AI is not only about large data sets, and research in “small data” approaches has grown extensively over the past decade”（ 但人工智能不仅仅是关于大数据集，在过去的十年里，对“小数据”方法的研究也得到了广泛的发展）可知，短文主要讲述了小数据在人工智能领域的重要性，特别是转移学习的作用和价值。故短文的标题为“小数据对于推进人工智能也至关重要”切题。故选B。 （2024·河南信阳·模拟预测） Researchers are training robots to perform an ever-growing number of tasks through trial-and-error reinforcement (强化) learning, which is often laborious and time-consuming. To help out, humans are now employing large language model (LLM) AI. A team at NVIDIA Research directed an AI protocol (协议) powered by OpenAI’s GPT-4 to teach a simulation (模拟) of a robotic hand nearly 30 complex tasks, including throwing a ball, pushing blocks, pressing switches, and some other seriously impressive abilities. NVIDIA’s new “AI agent” Eureka uses GPT-4 by asking the large language model to write its own reward-based reinforcement learning software code. According to the company, Eureka doesn’t need complicated reminders or even pre-written patterns; instead, it simply begins experimenting with a program, and then follows any external human feedback. In the company’s announcement, Linxi “Jim” Fan, a senior research scientist at NVIDIA, described Eureka as a unique combination of LLMs and simulation programming. “We believe that Eureka will enable robots to control items flexibly and provide a new way to produce physically realistic animations for artists,” Fan added. After testing its training protocol within an advanced simulation program, Eureka then analyzes its collected data and directs the LLM to further improve upon its design. The result is a protocol capable of successfully numbering a variety of robotic hand designs to operate scissors, turn pens and open cupboards within a physics-accurate simulated environment. Eureka’s alternatives to human-written trial-and-error learning programs aren’t just effective—in most cases, they’re actually better than those authored by humans. In the team’s open-source research paper findings, Eureka-designed reward programs outperformed humans’ code in over 80 percent of the tasks—amounting to an average performance improvement of over 50 percent in the robotic simulations. “Reinforcement learning has contributed to impressive wins over the last decade, yet many challenges still exist, such as reward design, which remains a trial-and-error process,” said Anima Anandkumar, an AI researcher. “Eureka is the first step toward developing new algorithms (算法) that integrate generative and reinforcement learning methods to solve hard tasks.” 5. Why is AI used for the training? A. To simplify robots’ tasks. B. To advertise OpenAI’s GPT-4. C. To speed up the training process. D. To recognize artists’ role in art creation. 6. What does Eureka need to do in the training? A. Design reward programs. B. Copy pre-written patterns. C. Get complicated reminders. D. Avoid human intervention. 7. How does Anima Anandkumar find Eureka? A. It is still poor at the reward design. B. It should learn from hard tasks. C. It has few challenges to solve. D. It is of pioneering significance. 8. What is the main idea of the text? A. Trial-and-error learning programs are promising. B. Robots can finish complex tasks through learning. C. Reinforcement learning improves robotic simulations. D. AI can better teach a simulated robotic hand to perform tasks. 【答案】5. C 6. A 7. D 8. D 【导语】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了NVIDIA研究团队使用OpenAI的GPT-4大型语言模型来训练一个名为Eureka的AI代理，该代理能够自主编写基于奖励的强化学习软件代码，并成功指导模拟的机器人手执行近30项复杂任务。文章详细描述了Eureka的工作原理、优势以及在模拟环境中的测试结果，并通过实验数据展示了Eureka编写的奖励程序在大部分任务上超越了人类编写的代码。 5. 细节理解题。由文章第一段中“Researchers are training robots to perform an ever-growing number of tasks through trial-and-error reinforcement learning, which is often laborious and time-consuming.  To help out, humans are now employing large language model (LLM) AI.  (研究人员正在训练机器人通过试错强化学习来完成越来越多的任务，而这种学习通常既费力又耗时。为了提供帮助，人类现在正在使用大型语言模型（LLM）人工智能。)”可知，使用AI进行训练是为了加快训练过程。故选C。 6. 推理判断题。由文章第二段中“NVIDIA’s new “AI agent” Eureka uses GPT-4 by asking the large language model to write its own reward-based reinforcement learning software code. (NVIDIA的新“人工智能代理”Eureka使用GPT-4，要求大型语言模型编写自己的基于奖励的强化学习软件代码。)”可知，Eureka在训练中需要设计奖励程序。故选A。 7. 推理判断题。由文章最后一段““Reinforcement learning has contributed to impressive wins over the last decade, yet many challenges still exist, such as reward design, which remains a trial-and-error process,” said Anima Anandkumar, an AI researcher. “Eureka is the first step toward developing new algorithms (算法) that integrate generative and reinforcement learning methods to solve hard tasks.” (人工智能研究员Anima Anandkumar表示：“在过去十年中，强化学习取得了令人印象深刻的胜利，但仍然存在许多挑战，比如奖励设计，这仍然是一个反复试验的过程。”“Eureka是开发新算法的第一步，它将生成和强化学习方法整合在一起，以解决困难的任务。”)”可知，Anima Anandkumar认为Eureka具有开创性意义。故选D。 8. 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段中“A team at NVIDIA Research directed an AI protocol (协议) powered by OpenAI’s GPT-4 to teach a simulation (模拟) of a robotic hand nearly 30 complex tasks, including throwing a ball, pushing blocks, pressing switches, and some other seriously impressive abilities. (NVIDIA Research的一个团队指导了一项由OpenAI的GPT-4驱动的人工智能协议，以教授模拟机械手近30个复杂任务，包括扔球、推积木、按开关和其他一些令人印象深刻的能力。)”可知，本文主要讲述AI能够更好地教会模拟机械手执行任务。故选D。 （2024·浙江·三模） MyHeritage has announced the release of two new AI features which it promises will ‘revolutionise genealogy (系谱学)’ research, similar to how ChatGPT revolutionised searching the Internet. The first feature, AI Record FinderTM, is an interactive chatbot that helps family historians find relevant historical records about a person of interest within MyHeritage’s database of 20 billion records. This free-text chat tool enables users to talk to an intelligent assistant to find information about their ancestors, relatives, or other people who have passed away. In addition to AI Record FinderTM, MyHeritage has also introduced AI BiographerTM, another innovative feature that automatically generates a narrative biography about an ancestor’s life using information from historical records that match the person. This creates a Wikipedia-like biography, which gives users a complete understanding of their ancestor’s life story. These two new features are integrated, allowing MyHeritage users to create an AI Biography for their ancestors using the AI Record FinderTM. With this integration, users can easily use a conversational AI to search for historical records. This makes it faster and easier to find information about their family members. Gilad Japhet, Founder and CEO of MyHeritage, said of the new features, “We’re constantly pushing the boundaries of genealogy to reinvent the way people can discover their family history as we aim to reshape genealogy in the 21st century. Together, these advanced features strengthen MyHeritage’s position as the industry leader for innovative genealogy and continue our mission to make family history easier, more accessible, and more fun for everyone.” AI Record FinderTM is a disruptive feature that simplifies the way people can find information about their ancestors by making the search easier. AI Biographert M turns a person’s life details into a fascinating story. Not all our ancestors were famous, but they all deserve to be remembered! 9. What is a typical feature of AI Record FinderTM? A. It updates MyHeritage’s database. B. It generates a narrative biography. C. It narrows down the target information. D. It helps users interact with intelligent people. 10. Which of the following would Gilad Japhet probably agree with? A. That AI genealogy promotes family history creation. B. That the new AI-driven features give way to MyHeritage. C. That MyHeritage spares no effort to advance genealogy. D. That more will be done to strengthen MyHeritage’s position. 11. Which of the following can best replace the underlined word “disruptive” in the last paragraph? A. Relevant. B. Pioneering. C. Disturbing. D. Comprehensive. 12. What might be the best title for the text? A. MyHeritage Leads in AI Genealogy B. MyHeritage Promises to Revolutionise C. AI Features: A New Era for Genealogy D. AI Record Finder: Smart Search for Family Histories 【答案】9. C 10. C 11. B 12. A 【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍了MyHeritage公司发布了两项新的AI功能，这两项功能将“彻底改变系谱学研究”，就像Chat GPT改变了我们搜索互联网的方式一样。 9. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The first feature, AI Record FinderTM , is an interactive chatbot that helps family historians find relevant historical records about a person of interest within MyHeritage’s database of 20 billion records.”（第一个功能，AI Record FinderTM，是一个交互式的聊天机器人，它帮助家族历史学家在MyHeritage的200亿条记录的数据库中找到关于感兴趣的人的相关历史记录）可知，AI Record FinderTM的典型特征是帮助用户缩小目标信息。故选C。 10. 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中Gilad Japhet的话“We’re constantly pushing the boundaries of genealogy to reinvent the way people can discover their family history as we aim to reshape genealogy in the 21st century.”（我们一直在不断推动系谱学的边界，以重新定义人们发现家族历史的方式，因为我们的目标是在21世纪重塑系谱学。）可推知，Gilad Japhet可能会同意MyHeritage不遗余力地推进系谱学。故选C。 11. 词句猜测题。根据文章最后一段“AI Record FinderTMis a disruptive feature that simplifies the way people can find information about their ancestors by making the search easier.”（ AI Record FinderTM是一项disruptive的功能，它简化了人们查找祖先信息的方式，使搜索变得更容易。）可知，AI Record FinderTM简化了人们查找祖先信息的方式，使搜索变得更容易，所以具有开创性。故“disruptive”在此处的意思应该是“开创性的”，故选B。 12. 主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是根据第一段“MyHeritage has announced the release of two new AI features which it promises will ‘revolutionise genealogy (系谱学)’research, similar to how ChatGPT revolutionised searching the Internet.”（MyHeritage宣布推出两项新的人工智能功能，并承诺将“彻底改变家谱”研究，就像Chat GPT彻底改变互联网搜索一样。）可知，文章主要介绍了MyHeritage公司发布的两项新的AI功能，这两项功能将改变系谱学研究，因此短文的最佳标题为“MyHeritage在AI系谱学方面领先”。故选A项。 04（2024·河南·模拟预测） Getting third-party computer producers to add an AI button to laptops is the latest move by Microsoft to take most advantage of its close partnership with ChatGPT-maker OpenAI and make itself a gateway for applications of generative AI technology. Although most people now connect to the Internet — and many AI applications — by phone rather than computer, it’s a symbolic kickoff to what’s expected to be a competitive year as tech companies race to outdo each other in AI applications even as they haven’t yet settled all the moral and legal consequences. The New York Times last month charged both OpenAI and Microsoft that tools like ChatGPT and Copilot — formerly known as Bing Chat — are infringing (侵犯) on copyrighted news articles. The keyboard redesign will be Microsoft’s biggest change to PC keyboards since it introduced a special Windows key in the 1990s. Microsoft’s four-squared logo design on it has evolved, but the key has been a fixture on Windows-oriented keyboards for about three decades. The newest AI button is marked by the ribbon-like Copilot logo and is located near the space bar. On some computers it will replace the fight “CTRL” key, while on others it will replace a menu key. Microsoft is not the only company with customized (订制的) keys. Apple pioneered the concept in the 1980s with its “Command” key marked by a looped square design(it also sported an Apple logo for a time). Google has a search button on its Chromebooks and was first to experiment with an AI-specific key to launch its voice assistant on its now-discontinued Pixelbook. But Microsoft has a much stronger hold on the broader PC market through its licensing agreements with third-party producers like Lenovo, Dell and HP. About 82% of all desktop computers, laptops and workstations run Windows, compared to 9%for Apple’s in-house operating system and just over 6% for Google’s. Microsoft hasn’t yet said which computer-makers are installing the Copilot button beyond Microsoft’s own in-house line of high-end Surface equipment. It said some of the companies are expected to unveil (公布) their new models at next week’s CES gadget show in Las Vegas. 13. Why does Microsoft add an AI button to laptops? A. To improve the partnership with OpenAI. B. To help third-party computer producers. C. To establish its favorable position in AI applications. D. To change people’s habit to connect to the Internet. 14. What can we infer about AI from Paragraph 2? A. People will connect to AI applications by PC. B. The appearance of AI button leads to competition. C. Competition in AI areas is fierce and unregulated. D. The New York Times violated copyrighted news articles. 15. What kept changing in Microsoft keyboards over the past 30 years? A. The space bar. B. The Windows key. C. The “Command” key. D. The “CTRL” key. 16. What is Microsoft’s advantage in changing keyboard keys? A. It can influence many more computer producers. B. It is further ahead in AI application technology. C. It has the patent for customized keyboard keys. D. It controls the IT world with the CES gadget show. 【答案】13. C 14. C 15. B 16. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了微软携手第三方电脑厂商在笔记本上增加AI按键，旨在依托与OpenAI的合作，成为生成式AI技术应用的门户，虽面临市场竞争与法律道德挑战，此举标志着AI技术应用新阶段。 13. 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“Getting third-party computer producers to add an AI button to laptops is the latest move by Microsoft to take most advantage of its close partnership with ChatGPT-maker OpenAI and make itself a gateway for applications of generative AI technology.(让第三方计算机生产商在笔记本电脑上添加人工智能按钮是微软最新的举措，它充分利用了与ChatGPT制造商OpenAI的密切合作关系，使自己成为生成人工智能技术应用的门户)”可知，微软在笔记本电脑上添加AI按钮是为了建立其在AI应用领域的有利位置。故选C项。 14. 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Although most people now connect to the Internet — and many AI applications — by phone rather than computer, it’s a symbolic kickoff to what’s expected to be a competitive year as tech companies race to outdo each other in AI applications even as they haven’t yet settled all the moral and legal consequences.(尽管现在大多数人通过手机而不是电脑连接互联网和许多AI应用，但这是竞争激烈的一年的象征性开端，因为科技公司在人工智能应用方面竞相超越对方，尽管它们尚未解决所有的道德和法律后果)”可推知，AI领域的竞争是激烈且尚缺乏全面规范的。故选C项。 15. 细节理解题。根据文章第三段“The keyboard redesign will be Microsoft’s biggest change to PC keyboards since it introduced a special Windows key in the 1990s. Microsoft’s four-squared logo design on it has evolved, but the key has been a fixture on Windows-oriented keyboards for about three decades.(键盘的重新设计将是微软自20世纪90年代推出特殊的Windows键以来对PC键盘的最大改变。键盘上微软的四格logo设计已经历演变，但该按键作为专为Windows设计键盘上的固定元素，已有大约三十年的历史)”可知，微软的四格logo设计(即Windows键)在过去的三十年中历经演变，故Windows键是一直在变化的元素。故选B项。 16. 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“But Microsoft has a much stronger hold on the broader PC market through its licensing agreements with third-party producers like Lenovo, Dell and HP. About 82% of all desktop computers, laptops and workstations run Windows, compared to 9%for Apple’s in-house operating system and just over 6% for Google’s.(但微软通过与联想、戴尔和惠普等第三方生产商的许可协议，在更广泛的个人电脑市场上拥有更强大的控制力。大约82%的台式电脑、笔记本电脑和工作站运行Windows，相比之下，苹果内部操作系统和谷歌的这一比例分别为9%和6%多一点)” 可知，微软在改变键盘按键方面的优势在于它能影响更多的计算机生产商，因为大多数PC都运行着Windows系统。故选A项。 05（2024·重庆·模拟预测） Imagine if you could look into the future and see yourself 50 years from now. You could see the wrinkles on your face, how your hair would gray, and how the very shape of your face would change after decades of life. You would be able to see how you might look to your future grandchildren. It sounds like something out of a fairytale. But a viral “Aged” filter (滤镜) on TikTok is allowing users to look into the face of their future selves. The new filter uses AI to estimate what your face will look like as you age, and dermatologists (皮肤学家) on TikTok are calling it “very accurate”. But the response, especially among young people using the filter, shows a deep fear within Gen Z of getting, and more importantly, looking old. What does the filter do? The filter, which has over 9 million videos on TikTok, provides a picture of users’ faces with realistic aging, including wrinkles, crow’s feet and often gray hair. The filter looks different for each person and uses AI to enhance existing facial features, like under-eye bags or wrinkles, to estimate how their face will age. TikTok is not the first app to release an aging filter. Snapchat released a similar filter back in 2019, and users similarly used FaceApp to age themselves. Even Kylie Jenner immediately joined in the trend saying simply “I don’t like it. I don’t like it at all.” Others disagree about how much the filter ages them, comparing their aged face to other users. Some have used the filter on old photos of their parents or celebrities and compared the filter’s results to how they look today. Others, however, have taken a more loving approach to their future selves. Many users express shock at how similar they look to relatives and others express excitement for the years ahead. 17. What is the function of the first paragraph? A. To supply a scientific fact. B. To arouse the reader’s interest. C. To provide a good example. D. To share the theory of the filter. 18. Why does the writer say “looking old” instead of “getting old” at the end of paragraph 3? A. Their ages don’t really change. B. There’s no real difference between them. C. “Looking old” sounds more polite. D. “Getting old” sounds a little more boring. 19. Why is Kylie Jenner mentioned in the text? A. To introduce another opinion. B. To try to please her true fans. C. To emphasize the wide use. D. To prove the truth of the technique. 20. How do people react to how much the filter ages them? A. Angrily. B. Similarly. C. Excitedly. D. Differently. 【答案】17. B 18. A 19. C 20. D 【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了TikTok上流行的“变老”滤镜让用户可以看到未来自己的脸，新的滤镜使用人工智能来估计你的脸随着年龄的增长会是什么样子。 17. 推理判断题。根据第一段“Imagine if you could look into the future and see yourself 50 years from now. You could see the wrinkles on your face, how your hair would gray, and how the very shape of your face would change after decades of life. You would be able to see how you might look to your future grandchildren.”（想象一下，如果你能看到未来，看到50年后的自己。你可以看到你脸上的皱纹，你的头发会如何变白，你的脸型在几十年的生活后会如何变化。你可以看到你未来的孙子们会是什么样子。）可推知，第一段的作用是引起读者的兴趣。故选B项。 18. 推理判断题。根据第三段中“But the response, especially among young people using the filter, shows a deep fear within Gen Z of getting, and more importantly, looking old.”（但人们的反应，尤其是使用滤镜的年轻人的反应，显示出Z世代对变老，更重要的是，对看起来变老的一种深深的恐惧。）可推知，作者在第三段末尾说“看起来老了”而不是“变老了”是因为他们的年龄并没有真正改变。故选A项。 19. 推理判断题。根据第六段“TikTok is not the first app to release an aging filter. Snapchat released a similar filter back in 2019, and users similarly used FaceApp to age themselves.”（TikTok并不是第一个发布老化过滤器的应用。Snapchat早在2019年就发布了类似的滤镜，用户也同样使用FaceApp来让自己变老。）以及第七段“Even Kylie Jenner immediately joined in the trend saying simply “I don’t like it. I don’t like it at all.””（就连凯莉·詹娜也立即加入了这一潮流，她说：“我不喜欢它。”我一点也不喜欢。”）可推知，很多人都用过此类老化滤镜，课文中提到了凯莉·詹娜是为了强调滤镜的广泛使用。故选C项。 20. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Others disagree about how much the filter ages them, comparing their aged face to other users. Some have used the filter on old photos of their parents or celebrities and compared the filter’s results to how they look today.”（其他人则不同意滤镜对他们的老化程度，他们将自己的脸与其他用户进行了比较。有些人用滤镜处理父母或名人的老照片，并将滤镜的效果与他们现在的样子进行比较。）以及最后一段“Others, however, have taken a more loving approach to their future selves. Many users express shock at how similar they look to relatives and others express excitement for the years ahead.”（然而，其他人对未来的自己采取了更有爱心的方式。许多用户对自己和亲戚长得如此相似感到震惊，还有一些人对未来的日子感到兴奋。）可推知，人们对过滤镜老化程度的反应是不同的。故选D项。 06（2024·湖北·三模） Artificial intelligence has become a part of our lives, transforming the way we live, work, and interact. We are currently witnessing the dawn of a new era, the Age of AI, where the potential for innovation and development seems limitless. In this age, AI has the power to build a digital world characterized by exchange, mutual learning, and inclusiveness. One of the key features of the Age of AI is the seamless (无缝的) exchange of information and ideas. AI systems are capable of processing vast amounts of data, analyzing patterns, and generating valuable insights. This ability to exchange information rapidly and effortlessly has the potential to revolutionize various industries, such as healthcare, finance, and education. In the field of healthcare, AI-powered systems can help doctors and researchers share, exchange and analyze data at record speeds. AI can identify data patterns in minutes or even seconds that would take a doctor or researcher weeks or even months. Similarly, in the financial sector, AI algorithms (算法) can analyze market data, identify trends, and make informed investment decisions. The exchange of financial insights and strategies facilitated by AI can empower individuals and businesses to make smarter financial choices and create a more inclusive economy. Professors and teachers across the world are now coming to grasp the AI, revolution and what it means for them and their students. How many students will save time and energy by having AI write their essays and assignments rather than writing them themselves? Will we see AI tools being used in the same way as the quotation system we currently use for essay writing? Like any new technology, there is a certain amount of fear and a lot of questions to be answered on the use, exchange, advantages and disadvantages of AI. But one thing seems clear: By offering access to information and services, AI can help create a more equitable (公平合理的) and a more inclusive society. 21. Which is correct about AI according to the passage? A. AI can assist doctors in operations. B. AI can create a more inclusive economy. C. AI will take the place of quotation system. D. AI will help build a just and diverse world. 22. What does the underlined word in Paragraph 4 mean? A. Enable. B. Ensure. C. Assign. D. Arrange. 23. What is mainly discussed in Paragraph 6? A. Questions related to AI. B. Access to information and services. C. The inclusiveness of AI. D. Ways to get information and services. 24. Which can best describe the structure of the passage? A. B. C. D. 【答案】21. D 22. A 23. C 24. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了AI时代的特点。 21. 细节理解题。由第三段中的“In the field of healthcare, AI-powered systems can help doctors and researchers share, exchange and analyze data at record speeds.(在医疗保健领域，人工智能系统可以帮助医生和研究人员以创纪录的速度共享、交换和分析数据)”可知，AI可以帮助医生和研究者们共享、交换、分析数据，而不能帮助医生做手术；由第四段中的“The exchange of financial insights and strategies facilitated by AI can empower individuals and businesses to make smarter financial choices and create a more inclusive economy.(人工智能促进了金融见解和战略的交流，使个人和企业能够做出更明智的金融选择，并创造一个更具包容性的经济)”可知，AI不是直接创造更具包容性的经济；由第五段最后一句“Will we see AI tools being used in the same way as the quotation system we currently use for essay writing?(我们会看到人工智能工具像我们目前用于论文写作的报价系统一样被使用吗?)”可知，AI目前还没有替代报价体系；由最后一段中的“But one thing seems clear: By offering access to information and services, AI can help create a more equitable (公平合理的) and a more inclusive society.(但有一件事似乎很清楚：通过提供获取信息和服务的途径，人工智能可以帮助创造一个更公平、更包容的社会)”可知，AI有利于建立一个公平、多元的世界。故选D。 22. 词句猜测题。根据前文“Similarly, in the financial sector, AI algorithms (算法) can analyze market data, identify trends, and make informed investment decisions.(同样，在金融领域，人工智能算法可以分析市场数据，识别趋势，并做出明智的投资决策)”可知，AI算法可以分析市场数据、判断趋势、做出明智的投资决策，所以画线词所在句后文“individuals and businesses to make smarter financial choices and create a more inclusive economy”应是表达：AI加持的金融信息和策略交流可以让人个人和企业做出更明智的决定，创造更包容的经济。由此推知，empower的意思最接近enable (使能够)。故选A。 23. 主旨大意题。由第六段“Like any new technology, there is a certain amount of fear and a lot of questions to be answered on the use, exchange, advantages and disadvantages of AI. But one thing seems clear: By offering access to information and services, AI can help create a more equitable (公平合理的) and a more inclusive society.(与任何新技术一样，在人工智能的使用、交流、优缺点方面，存在一定程度的恐惧和许多有待回答的问题。但有一件事似乎很清楚：通过提供获取信息和服务的途径，人工智能可以帮助创造一个更公平、更包容的社会)”可知，本段主要在说明AI的包容性。故选C。 24. 推理判断题。本文第一段点明文章主旨，即AI时代的三个特点（exchange, mutual learning, inclusiveness）。第二段讲交流（exchange），最后一句话点出三个行业（healthcare, finance, education）。第三、四、五三段分别详述AI在这三个行业的运用，属于第二段的分论点；第六段讲AI的包容性（inclusiveness），与第二段之间是并列关系，故文章结构为C项。故选C。 07（2024·广东深圳·模拟预测） A new study examined scientists’ peer reviews, or researchers’ official statements on others’ work, across multiple AI-related conferences. At one such conference, those peer reviews used the word “meticulous” — a buzzword often associated with generative A. I., like ChatGPT — almost 3,400 percent more than the previous year. Other major conferences showed similar patterns. In other words, many researchers were handing, at least, parts of their peer review over to A. I. What’s going on in science is a slice of a much bigger problem. Any viral post on social media now almost certainly includes A. I.-generated elements. There are synthetic videos for children on YouTube, like music videos about parrots where the birds have eyes within eyes, singing in an unnatural voice. The narratives make no sense, and characters appear and disappear randomly. As a neuroscientist, this worries me. Isn’t it possible that human culture contains within it cognitive micronutrients — things like reasonable sentences, narrations and character continuity — that developing brains need? Einstein supposedly said: “If you want your children to be intelligent, read them fairy tales. If you want them to be very intelligent, read them more fairy tales.” But what happens when a child is consuming mostly A. I.-generated waste? We find ourselves in the middle of a vast developmental experiment. A. I.’s cultural pollution is driven by a desire to fill the Internet’s appetite for content as cheaply as possible, which in turn pollutes our culture. And despite public appeals to act against it, A. I. companies are dragging their feet because it goes against the industry’s bottom line to have detectable products, which they fear might weaken the model’s performance, although there is no current evidence. To deal with this general refusal to act, we need a Clean Internet Act. Perhaps the simplest solution would be to force built-in watermarking to A. I. generated outputs, like patterns not easily removable. Just as the 20th century required action to protect the shared environment, the 21st century is going to require actions to protect a different but equally critical resource: our shared human culture. 25. What can we learn from the first two paragraphs? A. Children should avoid social media. B. A. I. writings are unreliable. C. Synthetic elements make no sense. D. A. I. pollution is widespread. 26. Why does the author mention Einstein in Paragraph 3? A. To promote experiments on reading. B. To connect intelligence and fairy tales. C. To show concerns over cognitive input quality. D. To contrast stories with A. I. generated content. 27. Which might be a useful way to stop products polluting our culture? A. Increasing the expense. B. Adding permanent labels. C. Creating various patterns. D. Building more A. I. models. 28. Which might be the best title for the text? A. A. I. Garbage Is Polluting our Culture B. A. I. Companies Change Tech Industry C. A. I. Performance Continues to Decline D. A. I. Products Impact Scientific Research 【答案】25. D 26. C 27. B 28. A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种现象，即人工智能（AI）在科学研究和社会文化领域中日益增长的应用及其带来的潜在影响。 25. 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“At one such conference, those peer reviews used the word “meticulous” — a buzzword often associated with generative A.I., like ChatGPT — almost 3,400 percent more than the previous year. (在一次这样的会议上，同行评审使用了“meticulous”这个词——一个经常与生成式人工智能联系在一起的流行词，比如ChatGPT——几乎比前一年多了3400%。)”以及第二段“Any viral post on social media now almost certainly includes A.I.-generated elements. (现在，社交媒体上的任何热门帖子几乎都肯定包含人工智能生成的元素。)”可知，第一段讨论了AI在科学同行评审中日益增加的使用，特别是指出了“meticulous”（细致入微的）这个词的使用率与前一年相比增加了近3400%。第二段则转移到了社交媒体上人工智能内容的泛滥。这两段共同展现了AI生成内容的普遍性以及它可能对人类文化和交流造成的污染。故选D。 26. 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“As a neuroscientist, this worries me. Isn’t it possible that human culture contains within it cognitive micronutrients — things like reasonable sentences, narrations and character continuity — that developing brains need? Einstein supposedly said: “If you want your children to be intelligent, read them fairy tales. If you want them to be very intelligent, read them more fairy tales.” But what happens when a child is consuming mostly A.I.-generated waste? We find ourselves in the middle of a vast developmental experiment. (作为一名神经科学家，这让我很担心。人类文化是否可能包含了认知微量营养素——比如合理的句子、叙述和人物连续性——这些是大脑发育所需要的?据说爱因斯坦说过：“如果你想让你的孩子聪明，给他们读童话故事。”如果你想让他们变得非常聪明，那就多给他们读童话吧。”但是，当一个孩子消耗的主要是人工智能产生的废物时，会发生什么呢？我们发现自己正处于一个巨大的发展实验中。)”可知，在第三段中，作者提到爱因斯坦关于想象力的重要性，并强调孩子们需要阅读高质量的书籍来发展他们的想象力。接着，作者通过对比孩子们消费AI生成的“垃圾”内容和阅读经典故事，表达了对孩子们认知输入质量的担忧。这种担忧与爱因斯坦强调的想象力的重要性形成了鲜明对比，突显了高质量内容对于儿童认知发展的重要性。因此，作者提到爱因斯坦是为了强调对认知输入质量的关注。故选C。 27. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“To deal with this general refusal to act, we need a Clean Internet Act. Perhaps the simplest solution would be to force built-in watermarking to A.I. generated outputs, like patterns not easily removable. Just as the 20th century required action to protect the shared environment, the 21st century is going to require actions to protect a different but equally critical resource: our shared human culture. (为了应对这种普遍的拒绝行动，我们需要一个清洁互联网法案。也许最简单的解决方案是将内置水印强制添加到人工智能生成的输出中，比如不易移除的图案。正如20世纪需要采取行动保护共同的环境一样，21世纪将需要采取行动保护另一种不同但同样重要的资源：我们共同的人类文化。)”可知，作者建议通过立法（如“清洁互联网法案”）来要求AI生成的内容带有水印，以识别其来源和性质。这种方式实际上就是在AI生成的内容上添加永久标签，从而帮助人们区分哪些是AI生成的内容，哪些是真实的人类创作。因此，添加永久标签是一个可能有效的方式来阻止AI生成的内容污染我们的文化。故选B。 28. 主旨大意题。根据文章内容可知，文章主要讨论了AI在社交媒体内容生成，特别是面向儿童的内容生成中的广泛应用，以及这种趋势对人类文化和儿童发展的潜在影响。作者表达了对AI生成内容可能污染人类文化的担忧，并提出了通过立法要求AI生成的内容带有水印作为解决方案。因此，标题A“A.I. Garbage Is Polluting our Culture (AI垃圾正在污染我们的文化)”最准确地概括了文章的核心内容和主题。故选A。 08（2024·重庆·二模） In 1835, William Talbot finally succeeded in producing a photograph of his country house. He declared that his was the first house ever known to have drawn its own picture. The drawing was formed “by the action of light upon sensitive paper. ” Photography offered nature a “pencil” to paint herself through optical (光学的) and chemical means alone. By the mid-nineteenth century, people no longer needed to hire a draftsman to draw detailed images because the process could be completed instantly with a camera. Advocates for the technology stated that not only was it more precise than the human hand-it was faster and cheaper. The removal of human fallibility in the creating process was one of photography’s biggest selling points, but this also started debates about the new medium’s implications for visual culture. Could images made largely by a machine be considered art? If so, where did human creativity fit in this process? As the twenty-first century becomes increasingly automated (自动化的), more and more people attempt to identify where human agency exists in the technologically driven world. Images generated with artificial intelligence by companies like OpenAI are stimulating questions like those that emerged with the coming of the photograph. By typing a sentence, users can generate “new” images composed from images collected across the internet. The result has been a flood of AI-generated images in places that are previously unique to human authors. Painting competitions, commercial graphic design and the fashion of portraiture (肖像) have all since collided with the technology in troubling ways. The fine arts were thought to be a final hold-out of human creativity, but the surprisingly high quality of AI-generated images is producing deeper questions about the nature of originality. If the history of photography tells us anything, it’s that the debate won’t be settled quickly, straightforwardly or by the institutions we typically associate with cultural gatekeeping. 29. Why did Talbot declare that his house had drawn its own picture? A. To downplay human factors in the creation. B. To investigate a supernatural phenomenon. C. To show his advanced knowledge in science. D. To demonstrate the beauty of his country house. 30. What does the word “it” underlined in paragraph 2 refer to? A. The photo of Talbot’s house. B. The image by a draftsman. C. The technology of a camera. D. The paper sensitive to light. 31. What do OpenAI and cameras have in common? A. They improve the taste of beauty. B. They advocate fashion designs. C. They challenge human agency. D. They produce original images. 32. What did the author indicate by referring to the history of photography? A. Cultural gatekeepers will solve the issue as they did. B. AI-generated images will go through a similar debate. C. The nature of originality will be held in human hands. D. The fine arts will include photography and AI images. 【答案】29. A 30. C 31. C 32. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了人工智能可以代替人类进行作画，其出现引起了人们的讨论类似于当初摄影的出现。 29. 推理判断题。根据第一段“He declared that his was the first house ever known to have drawn its own picture. The drawing was formed “by the action of light upon sensitive paper. ” Photography offered nature a “pencil” to paint herself through optical (光学的) and chemical means alone.(他宣称他的房子是已知的第一个自己画房子的房子。这幅画是“光在感光纸上的作用”形成的。摄影为大自然提供了一支“铅笔”，仅通过光学和化学手段为自己作画)”可知，塔尔博特宣称他的房子画了自己的画是为了淡化创作中的人为因素。故选A。 30. 词句猜测题。根据第二段“By the mid-nineteenth century, people no longer needed to hire a draftsman to draw detailed images because the process could be completed instantly with a camera.(到19世纪中期，人们不再需要聘请绘图员来绘制详细的图像，因为这个过程可以用相机立即完成)”以及划线词后文“more precise than the human hand-it was faster and cheaper”可知，照相机的技术不仅比人手更精确，而且更快、更便宜。故划线词指的是“照相机的技术”，故选C。 31. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“As the twenty-first century becomes increasingly automated (自动化的), more and more people attempt to identify where human agency exists in the technologically driven world. Images generated with artificial intelligence by companies like OpenAI are stimulating questions like those that emerged with the coming of the photograph.(随着二十一世纪变得越来越自动化，越来越多的人试图确定人类在技术驱动的世界中的作用。OpenAI等公司用人工智能生成的图像引发了一些问题，就像照片出现时出现的那些问题一样)”可知，OpenAI和相机的共同之处在于都挑战了人类的作用。故选C。 32. 推理判断题。根据最后一段“If the history of photography tells us anything, it’s that the debate won’t be settled quickly, straightforwardly or by the institutions we typically associate with cultural gatekeeping.(如果说摄影的历史告诉了我们什么，那就是这场争论不会很快、直截了当地得到解决，也不会由我们通常与文化把关联系在一起的机构来解决)”可推知，作者提到摄影的历史是想说明人工智能生成的图像将经历类似的辩论。故选B。 $$