动词导学案-2023-2024学年初升高衔接英语语法知识

初升高衔接英语语法知识---动词 清单 动词 动词的分类 实义动词 及物动词 不及物动词 兼作及物和不及物动词的动词 系动词 助动词 情态动词 动词的主要形式 现在式 过去式 现在分词 过去分词 梳理1动词的分类 (1)实义动词 实义动词具有完整的词义，在句中可以独立充当谓语，表示主语的动作或状态。实义动词分为及物动词、不及物动词以及兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词。 ①及物动词（能直接跟宾语的动词） 及物动词常用于下面三种句型中： 句型 宾语种类 例句 主语+谓语+宾语 单宾语 He reached Canada yesterday. 主语+谓语+ 间接宾语+直接宾语 双宾语 I will give him the storybook. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 复合宾语 They asked me to go fishing with them. ②不及物动词（不能直接跟宾语的动词） 不及物动词的基本句型为: 主语+谓语。如后面接宾语，必须与____________连用。如： Bad news travels fast. I am waiting for you at the library. ③兼作及物动词和不及物动词的动词 英语中有些动词既可以作及物动词，又可以作不及物动词。如： She is singing an English song now. The little girl sings well. ［特别提醒］ ★不及物动词和不及物动词短语没有被动语态。 ★带双宾语的及物动词，如果把直接宾语置于间接宾语之前，必须在变换时加to或for,构成“及物动词+直接宾语+to / for+间接宾语”句型。如：Please show me your passport.---Please show your passport _______________me. ★有些动词兼作及物动词和不及物动词时含义是不同的。如： I couldn't stand the cold.我忍受不了严寒。Don' t stand in the rain.别站在雨中。 (2)系动词 ① 也称连系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成。系表结构说明主语的状态、性质、特征等情况。 ② 系动词的基本句型为:主语+系动词+表语。 ③ 系动词的具体分类如下表： 类别 功能 例词及例句 状态系动词 表示主语所处的状态 be He is a teacher. 持续系动词 表示主语继续或保持一种状态或态度 keep, remain, stay He always keeps silent at meetings. 表象系动词 用来表示“看起来像“这一概念” seem, appear, look He looks tired. 感官系动词 表示人体感官 feel, smell, taste, sound This flower smells very sweet. 变化系动词 表示主语变成什么样 become, get, grow, go, turn, fall, come, run He grew rich in a short time. 终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作 prove, turn ou The search proved difficult. ［特别提醒］ ★一般情况下，系动词没有被动语态。 ★变化系动词表示“渐渐……”可用于进行时。 如：It's getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和。 ★系动词go与形容词搭配很多，如：go bad / blind / crazy /dead / hungry / mad / sour / wrong 等。 (3)助动词 ① 助动词本身无词义，不能单独用作谓语，需要与实义动词一起构成谓语，以表示时态、语态、人称和数。此外还可以用来构成否定和疑问句型。 ② 主要有be(am, is, are), do(does, did), have(has, had)等。 ③ 助动词的具体用法如下表： 助动词 功能 例句 be 现在进行时态 I am reading a book. 过去进行时态 Mom was cooking at this time yesterday. 构成被动语态 The clock was made in Japan. do 构成疑问句或否定句 Do you come from China? I don’t like football. 加强语气 Do come to my party! 代替主要动词 He speaks English better than I do. 构成否定祈使 Don't swim in the river! have 构成现在完成时态 I have been in China for ten years. ［特别提醒］ ★ will, would,shall,should作助词，可以与实义动词一起构成将来时。 (4)情态动词 情态动词具有一定词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和动词原形连用一起构成谓语，用来表示愿望、态度或推测等。 ①情态动词的语法特征 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 •情态动词除ought和have外，后面只能接动词原形。 •情态动词没有人称和数的变化。 •情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式、分词等形式。 ②情态动词的基本用法如下: 情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 can 能力（体力，智力，技能） 允许或许可（口语中常用） 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中） can not / cannot/ can't do Can ... do ...? Yes,... can. No,... can't. could couldn't do may 可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中） may not do May ... do ...? Yes,... may. No,... mustn't / can't. might might not do Might...do ...? Yes,... might. No,... might not. must 必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） must not/mustn't do Must... do ...? Yes,... must. No, ... needn't/don't have to. have to 只好,不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化） （以第一人称为例）don't have to do Do ... have to do ...? Yes,... do. No,... don’t. ought to 应当（表示义务、责任，口语 中多用should） ought not to / oughtn't to do Ought... to do ...? Yes,... ought. No,... oughtn't. shall 将要，会 用于第一、三人称征求对方意见 用于二、三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 shall not / shan't do Shall... do ...? Yes,... shall. No,... shan't. should 应当，应该（表义务责任）. 本该（含有责备意味） should not / shouldn't do Should ... do ...? Yes,... should. No,... shouldn't. will 意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中 would比较委婉 will not / won' t do Will... do ...? Yes, ...will. No,... won't. would would not / wouldn't do dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句 中） dare not/daren't do Dare... do...? Yes,... dare. No,... daren't. need 需要 必须（常用于否定句和疑问 句中） need not / needn't do Need... do...? Yes,... must. No,... needn't. used to 过去常常（现在己不再） used not / usedn't / usen' t to do/didn' t use to do Used ... to do ...? Yes,... used. No,... use(d)n't. Did ... use to do ...? Yes,... did. No,... didn't. 【特别提醒】 ★ can / could, may / might, must 和 should / ought to 表示肯定推测。它们所表达的肯定程度是按照下面的顺序递增的：might— may —could — can— should ought to— must。 ★ should表示“规劝，建议”。肯定规劝用should / ought to（应该），must（必须）；否定规劝用needn't （没必要）,shouldn't （不应该），mustn't（不准）。 ★ can和be able to都可以表示能力。但后者可以表达“某事终于成功”，而 can无法表达此意。________________可以表达更多的时态。另外,两者不能重叠使用。 梳理2动词的主要形式 形式 意义 例句 现在式 动词原形 We love peace. 过去式 构成一般过去时 She was (be 的过去式)a teacher two years ago. 现在分词 构成进行时态 We are listening to music. 过去分词 构成完成时态和被动语态 He has (live) here for many years. The TV was made in China. 刷题 I. 选择合适的词填空。 1. Excuse me, sir. You______________(mustn't; needn't) open the door before the train stops. 2. Yang Jiang______________(must; can't) be the boy's favorite writer. He has written a lot to praise her. 3. ---You look very pretty, if I______________(must; may) say so. ---Thanks a lot for saying that. 4. Jenny finally got the job because she______________(could; might) speak English well. 5. We need clean air and water, so we______________(must; can) protect the environment. 6. ---Look! Why are there so many people? ---There are some policemen. I think there(must be; must have) a traffic accident. II. 用所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. _________(be) everyone here today? Now let' s begin the class. 2. Don' t forget to return the book to the library. You have__________(keep) it for two weeks. 3. Tom often_________(get) up early in the morning. 4. I _________(do not) go to bed until I finished my work. 5. Look! My dad is_________(repair) his car. III. 用方框中所给系动词的适当形式填空，每词限用一次。 go, taste, become, sound, stay 1. She had ______________quite familiar with the small town. 2. This kind of noodles ______________delicious. 3. She ______________mad after hearing the news just now. 4. I' m going to ______________awake to see the beautiful moon. 5. Don't speak like that. It______________ rude to me. IV. 翻译下列句子。 1.他现在不可能在家。 2.你不需要对她礼貌。 3. 你能帮我削下这只铅笔吗? 4. 我们都知道冰摸起来很凉。 5. 这些天,天气变得越来越冷。 V. 下列各题中均有一处错误,找出井改正。 1. Please give the book him. 2. Zhang Fang has gone to many countries, such as America and Australia. 3. They are discuss the problem at the meeting now. 4. ---Can I smoke in the dining hall? ---Sorry, it is not allow. 5. I really enjoy the noodles and vegetables. They sound delicious. 6. I like the material. It feel soft. 参考答案： 【梳理1】介；to;be able to 【梳理2】lived 【刷题】 I.1.mustn't 2.must 3.may 4.could 5.must 6.must be II.1.Is 2.kept 3.gets 4.didn't 5.repairing III.1.become 2.tastes 3.went 4.stay 5.sounds IV.1.He can't be at home now. 2.You needn't be polite to her. 3.Could/Can you help me sharpen the pencil? 4.We all know that ice feels cold. 5.The weather/It is getting/becoming colder and colder these days. V.1.book后加to2.gone→been 3.discuss-→discussing4.allow→allowed 5.sound→taste6.feel→feels 1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$