内容正文:
Grammar——简单句的基本句型结构
[对应学生用书第13页]
用基本句型结构完成下面教材中的句子并体会它们的语法特征
1.(教材P2)The campus was still quiet when I arrived, so I decided to explore a bit.
2.(教材P2)Turning around, I saw a white-haired man .
3.(教材P3)I was organising my words in my head when the girl next to me gave me a nudge.
4.(教材P4)With butterflies in my stomach, I breathed deeply .
5.(教材P4)Although I was embarrassed, his words made me a lot more relaxed !
要点一 句子成分
组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。根据各部分在句子中所起的作用, 可以把句子的各个成分分别称为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语。
1.主语(subject)
主语是表示句子所要说明的人或事物, 表示句子描述的是谁或什么。主语通常由名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词或名词性从句等充当。
The students are listening to me carefully. They want to learn English well. Learning English well isn’t as hard as you think.
同学们在认真听我讲课。他们想学好英语, 学好英语不像你想的那么难。
To see is to believe.
眼见为实。
That you forgot to tell me the time for meeting caused me lots of trouble.
你忘了告诉我开会的时间, 给我惹了不少麻烦。
2.谓语(verb)
谓语是对主语的有关问题加以说明的部分。谓语说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或者“怎么样”, 由动词或动词短语充当。实义动词可以单独作谓语, 连系动词需要和表语一起构成谓语;情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。
She likes drawing.
她喜欢绘画。(实义动词)
I go to school at 8 a. m. on Mondays.
星期一上午八点我去上学。(动词短语)
The fish tasted nice.
鱼肉尝起来不错。(连系动词+表语)
The students are playing basketball on the playground.
学生们正在操场上打篮球。(助动词+实义动词)
Great changes have taken place in Shanghai.
上海发生了巨大的变化。(助动词+实义动词)
He can repair the car.
他会修车。(情态动词+实义动词)
3.表语(predicative)
表语是表示主语的性质、特征、状态、身份等的成分, 位于系动词之后, 与之构成系表结构。表语常由名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和名词性从句等充当。常见的系动词有:be、become、appear、seem、look、sound、feel、get、smell等。
My favorite attraction is the Great Wall.
我最喜欢的旅游景点是长城。(名词)
—Who is there?
——谁在那儿?(副词)
—It’s me.
——是我。(代词)
English is both useful and important.
英语有用且重要。(形容词)
My job is to teach them English.
我的工作是教他们英语。(不定式)
The news is that our team has won the first prize.
消息传来, 我们队获得了一等奖。(名词性从句)
4.宾语(object)
宾语是及物动词所表示的动作的对象, 或是介词所表示的某种联系的对象。宾语放在及物动词或介词的后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动词-ing形式或名词性从句等充当。
She has a very pleasant smile.
她笑得很灿烂。(名词)
She likes to sleep in the open air.
她喜欢在户外睡觉。(不定式)
She enjoys living in China.
她喜欢在中国生活。(动词-ing形式)
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你的成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。(名词性从句)
[名师点津]
(1)双宾语:间接宾语+直接宾语。直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物, 间接宾语是指承受动词所表示行为的人。间接宾语一般置于直接宾语之前。
Lend me your book, please.
把你的书借给我用一用。
(2)复合宾语:宾语+宾语补足语
We elected him
我们选他为班长。
5.宾语补足语(object complement)
有些及物动词带了宾语后意义仍不够完整, 还需要加上宾语补足语来补充说明宾语的行为、状态、身份或特征等。宾语补足语通常放在宾语之后, 一般由名词(短语)、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、现在分词(短语)或过去分词(短语)等充当。
He has proved himself an experienced teacher.
他证明了自己是一名经验丰富的教师。(名词短语)
I painted the wall pink.
我把墙漆成粉色。(形容词)
My mother always keeps everything in good order.
我妈妈总是把一切安排得井然有序。(介词短语)
He asked me to help him with his English.
他请我帮他学习英语。(动词不定式)
I heard someone crying.
我听到有人在哭泣。(现在分词)
He raised his voice to make himself heard.
他提高声音, 以被别人听见。(过去分词)
[名师点津] 两种结构中的宾语补足语形式
(1)“动词+形式宾语it+adj./n.”结构:形容词或名词作宾语补足语, 常见的这类动词有:think、consider、feel、find、make。
(2)“感官动词+宾语+宾语补足语(省略to的不定式, 动词-ing形式和过去分词)”:当此结构用于被动语态时, 已省略的不定式符号to要还原。
6.定语(attribute)
定语起修饰、限定名词或代词的作用, 可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词、名词、形容词性物主代词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式(短语)、分词(短语)或从句充当。
These are apple trees.
这些是苹果树。(名词)
The men here are always busy working on the farm.
这里的男人总是忙于在田间干活。(副词)
Is there any difference between spoken English and written English?
英语口语和书面语之间有什么不同吗?(过去分词)
The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.
那个微笑的男孩需要一支他妈妈买的钢笔。(现在分词、过去分词短语)
The man who is talking with a foreigner is my English teacher.
正在和一个外国人说话的那个人是我的英语老师。(定语从句)
7.状语(adverbial)
状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。一般由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。
I’m very pleased to see you.
见到你我非常高兴。(副词、不定式)
She is lying in the bed thinking.
她躺在床上思考。(介词短语、现在分词)
Weather permitting, we will go hiking.
天气允许, 我们就远足。(独立主格结构)
[对点训练1]
写出画线部分所作的成分
①I enjoy helping others .(宾语)
②No one can make me change my mind .(宾语补足语)
③The man in a red T-shirt is our English teacher.(定语)
④A lot of green lands have been opened to the public.(谓语)
⑤The best method of keeping slim is to do exercise regularly .(表语)
要点二 简单句的基本句型结构
简单句就是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。简单句有八种基本句式, 其他各种句式都是由这八种基本句式演变而来。
1.主语+谓语(不及物动词)(S+V)
这类句型中的动词大多是不及物动词(短语), 故其后不能接宾语, 也没有被动语态。
The moon has risen .
2.主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语(S+V+O)
这类句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以接宾语的动词短语。
I want to have a cup of tea .
3.主语+谓语系动词+表语(S+V+P)
这类句型结构中的谓语动词为系动词, 无被动语态, 也无进行时态。常见的系动词有be动词, 还有感官系动词(sound、look、smell、taste、feel);变化系动词(become、get、grow、turn、go、fall、run);持续系动词(remain、keep、hold、stay);表象系动词(seem、appear、look)等。表语由名词、形容词、介词短语、分词、不定式或从句充当。
The problem remains to be settled.
4.主语+谓语(及物动词)+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+V+IO+DO)
这类句型中, 指人的宾语称为间接宾语, 指物的宾语称为直接宾语。通常间接宾语在前, 直接宾语在后, 也可把间接宾语置于直接宾语后, 但间接宾语前需用介词for或to。
That surely gave us a great sense of achievement.
[名师点津]
(1)give、tell、teach、write、bring、lend、hand、show、offer、send、pay、pass、allow、return等后的间接宾语可转换为介词to的宾语。
Please hand him a book!
=Please hand a book to him!
请递给他一本书。
(2)buy、do、get、fetch、save、make、sing、choose等后的间接宾语可转换为介词for的宾语来表示。
Her father bought her a bike.
=Her father bought a bike for her.
她的父亲给她买了一辆自行车。
5.主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)
宾语补足语部分可以为形容词、名词、非谓语动词等形式。其中宾语与宾语补足语统称为复合宾语。
Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.
6.主语+谓语+状语(S+V+A)
该句型结构中的谓语通常为不及物动词;副词或介词短语在句中作状语, 修饰或说明谓语。
He runs slowly in the park every day.
7.主语+谓语+宾语+状语(S+V+O+A)
该句型结构中的谓语通常为及物动词;副词或介词短语在句中作状语, 修饰或说明谓语。
He speaks English very well.
8. There be…结构
There be后面的名词是句子的主语, 属倒装结构, be可以有不同的时态, 可以和助动词或情态动词连用;系动词除be外, 还有lie、stand、used to be、seem to be、appear to be等。
There must be a mistake somewhere.
一定是某个地方出错了。
There seems to be an announcement about the project.
关于这个项目似乎有一个通知。
[对点训练2]
写出下列句子所属的句型结构
①The bread tastes delicious. S+P
②I will spend the summer holiday in the countryside. S+V+O+A
③I can hear birds singing in the green trees. S+V+O+C
Ⅰ.写出下列句子所属的句型结构
1. He bought me a birthday present. S+V+IO+DO
2. I could not make him change his mind. S+V+O+C
3. He got up very late. S+V+A
4. This kind of food tastes terrible. S+V+P
5. I visited many places of interest with my family last week. S+V+O+A
Ⅱ.用所给的单词组成句子
1. is, rice, bag, in, there, much, the
There is much rice in the bag .
2. we, happily, played, Sunday, last, together
We played happily together last Sunday .
3. look, things, the, after, boys, their, must
The boys must look after their things .
4. next, will, you, the, I, time, bring, book
I will bring you the book next time .
5. to, the, box, I, want, take, to, room, heavy, the
I want to take the heavy box to the room .
学科网(北京)股份有限公司
$$