衔接点14 定语从句 （初高考点差异及衔接）-2024年初升高英语无忧衔接（通用版）

衔接点14 定语从句 （初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用 高中要求 高中学习包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用，及由as引导的定语从句， 【初中定语从句考点聚焦】 一．选择题 1.Agatha Christie was a female writer 　　　is considered the queen of crime novels.  A.what　　　　 B.whose　　　　 C.who　　　　 D.which 2.—Do you know the boy 　　　is talking to Mr Zhang?  —Yes. He is our monitor. A.which　　　　 B.who　　　　 C.whose　　　　 D.whom 3.He showed me the photos 　　　 he took at his graduation ceremony.  A.that　　　 B.who　　　 C.what 4.Rome is an ancient city 　　　 is full of places of interest.   A.where　　　 B.which　　　 C.who 二．单句填空 1.There is no central heating, but there's a wood-burner and solar panels(太阳能电池板) on the top 　　　　 can provide power for lighting, music and computing.  2.Here are some simple tips 　　　　　　 can help you and your family become food-waste “fighters”.  3.Have you heard about a new song Lonely Warrior 　　　 many teenagers are talking about these days.  【高中定语从句考点聚焦】 考纲解读 定语从句包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用，是把作定语的从句和主句中被修饰的先行词连接在一起，而且在从句中充当一个句子成分。在本章中，将先讲述定语从句的定义，种类及各种关系代词的用法，之后讲解各种关系副词的用法以及由as引导的定语从句，最后总结使用定语从句需注意的事项，进一步帮助学生们学会正确使用定语从句。 典型例句：1.This is the teacher who often tells jokes.这就是那个常讲笑话的老师。 2.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.想去长城的人在这里签名。 3.Water,which is a liquid,has many uses.水是一种液体，有很多用途。 考点清单 1.定语从句的定义 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系副词。 2.定语从句的种类 定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。 1.限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。 Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？ Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。 Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane.她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。 The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。 2.非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。 The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company.那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。 Lori is going to marry Mark,whom she does not love.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。 Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city.中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。 3.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 ○表示限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 〇表示非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 关系代词 代表人 代表物 代表主句或部分主句的内容 主格 宾格 所有格 主格 宾格 所有格 who ○○ ○○ whom ○○ which ○○ ○○ ○ whose ○○ ○○ as ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ of which ○○ that ○ ○ ○ ○ 4.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词可以省略 （that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。 2.关系代词的用法 在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语 指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose 指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which 1.关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 1.基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。（关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。（关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children.我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2.只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province. 昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 2.关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room.The room’s window faces south.这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls.西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 3.关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water.他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A.主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B.先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair.All that you need is a hammer and some nails.做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E.先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director.莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 3.只用which而不用that的情况 A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden.我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office.吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad.这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city. 英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 4.关系代词which和that的用法总结 which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别 which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which” that 不能用于上述两种情况 考点归纳一、关系代词that和which典型用法对比 要点精讲1： 1. that用作关系代词，先行词指人或物；在句中作主语、宾语，有时作表语； 2. that用作关系副词，作方式状语（相当于in which，可以省略），先行词是the way。 I don’t like the way that/in which you speak to your mum. 我不喜欢你对妈妈说话的方式。（the way在定语从句充当方式状语） 3. 只用that不用which的场合： 只用关系代词that场合 典型示例 先行词既为人又为物时 Do you know the things and persons that they’re talking about? 你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗? 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 The only thing that matters is to find our way home.唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。 先行词是everything, nothing, anything, all, much, little等不定代词时 I have read all the books (that) you gave me.你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 最后，这个小偷将他所盗窃的所有东西都交予了警方。 先行词被only, very, little, all等限定词修饰时 This is the very book that I was looking for.这正是我当时在寻找的书。 This train is the first train that will go to Suzhou.这是去苏州的第一趟火车。 用关系代词that或which填空。 1. I don’t like the way _______you speak to her. 2. He is the only man __________ I can find for the work. 3. He is no longer the man _________he was five years ago. 4. The first English novel __________ I read was Gone With Wind. 5. This is one of the most exciting football games _______ I have ever seen. 6. John told his parents about the cities and the people _________ he had visited. 7.Maybe you leave a habit ________is driving your family crazy. 8.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 9. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ___ ___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers---and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 10.Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation. （短文改错） 要点精讲2： 1. which用作关系代词，先行词只能指物；在句中作主语、宾语； 2. 只用which不用that的场合： 只用关系代词which场合 典型示例 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句或主句一部分，标志为前边的逗号。 This is the English book, which I bought yesterday. 这就是我昨天买的那本英语书。 He passed the driving test, which made him very excited. 他通过了驾照考试,这使他很兴奋。 用于“介词+关系代词”结构，如in which, both of which等。标志为介词。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。 You've made great progress in English, of which I’m greatly proud. 你在英语方面取得了巨大的进步,为此我感到很骄傲。 用关系代词that或which填空。 11. Mr. Crossett will never forget the day ________ he spent with his students. 12. But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 13.She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. 14. Many lessons are now available online, from __________ students can choose for free. 15.Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy. 考点归纳二、关系代词whose, who, whom典型用法归纳 要点精讲1：关系代词whose的用法 1. whose用作关系代词，在定语从句中作定语，先行词指人或物； 2. 有时用于“介词+whose+名词”结构； 3. whose+名词=the +名词+of whom/which=of whom/which+ the +名词。 Once there was a wise king whose name was Alfred. 从前有一个叫阿尔弗雷德的英国国王。（先行词是king，指人） The girl lives in the house, whose windows face south. 那个女孩住在这所房子里，房子的窗户是朝南开的。（先行词是house, 指物） Look at the building, whose roof=the roof of which=of which the roof is white. 看那栋楼,楼顶的颜色是白的。 【即时训练】在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 16. The building _________ doors are white is an office building. 17. He lives in the room, ________ window faces the south/ _____ ________ the window faces the south. 18. This is Mr Green, with ___________ help I’ve made great progress in English. 19. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 20. Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. 考点精讲2：关系代词who 和whom的用法 1. who用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。 2. whom用作关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。注意whom作宾语，可以省略。 Anybody who breaks the laws will be punished. 任何违反法律的人都将受到惩罚。 The girl whom I saw just now is Susan. 我刚才见到的那个人是苏珊。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 21.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, __________lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks. 22.Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 3.关系副词的用法 关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。 先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分 指地点 where 地点状语 指时间 when 时间状语 指原因 why 原因状语 1.关系副词where的用法 由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 ①The hotel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。 ②We stayed there/at the hotel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。 ③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。 先行词 定语从句 （where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述 The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean. =The hotel at which we stayed was very clean. I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more. =I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more. =I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。 This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。 2.关系副词when的用法 由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。 I’ll never forget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。 先行词 定语从句 （when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never forget the time during which we first met. The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th. 他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。 注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。 3.关系副词why的用法 由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。 The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。 先行词 定语从句 （why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard. The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane. =The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane. 注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。 =The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane.她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。 Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left. 艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。 The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. 我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。 补充：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型 定语从句“The reason why/that...”或“...the reason why/that...” I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。 表语从句“The reason is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了） The reason is that he is always careless in his work.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。 4.关系代词和关系副词的选用 对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。 ①This is the college (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。 ②This is the college where I studied three years ago.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。 ①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。 ②I’ll never forget the day when I got married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。 考点归纳三、关系副词where典型用法归纳 要点精讲： 1.where用作关系副词，在定语从句作地点状语。注意定语从句可能是主谓结构或主谓宾结构。 2.先行词既可以是具体地点名词，如school, museum, centre。 3.还可以是抽象名词，如point, case, situation, stage, race, position, job等（热点，须牢记）。 This is the city where I grew up. 这就是我长大的城市。（定语从句是主谓结构，不缺少宾语） The shop where I bought this shirt is not far from here.我买这件衬衫的商店离这里不远。（定语从句是主谓宾结构，不缺少宾语） This is the house where he lived last year. 这是他去年住过的房子。（先行词house是具体地点） We have reached the point where a change is needed. 我们已经到了需要改变的地步。（先行词point是抽象地点） I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。（先行词job是抽象地点） It's put me in a position where I can't afford to take a job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。（先行词position是抽象地点） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. We’re just trying to reach a point _________ both sides will sit down together and talk. 2. Remember that there is still one point _______ we must make clear tomorrow. 3. Today, we’ll discuss some cases _____ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 4. He wrote a letter __________ he explained what had happened in the accident. 5. Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 考点归纳四、关系副词when典型用法归纳 要点精讲： 1.when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状。 2.先行词是具体时间名词，如day, month, year。 3.还可以是抽象名词，如age, stay, occasion等。 Do you remember the day when we first met? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？（定语从句是主谓结构，不缺少宾语） There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。（先行词occasions是典型时间名词） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. I will never forget the months ________I spent with my cousin in Beijing. 2. People are living in an age ________many jobs are done on computer. 3. The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 4. She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who went missing two years before. 考点归纳五、关系副词why 典型用法归纳 要点精讲： 1.why用作关系副词，在定语从句作原因状。 2.why还可以用于The reason why…is that…句型。注意如果定语从句谓语动词是及物动词，则应用关系代词。 I don’t know the reason why he came so late. 我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。（定语从句是主谓结构） The reason why he is late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。 The reason that he gave for being late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他给出迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. Do you know the reason _______Jim failed to come today? 2. The reason _________Jim failed to come was ________he was seriously ill. 考点归纳六、如何区分先行词作状语还是宾语 要点精讲：先行词是地点名词，关系词不一定用where；先行词是时间名词，关系词不一定用when；先行词是原因名词，关系词不一定用why；窍门：学会分析句子成分，原句含有主谓宾或者不缺少宾语才能用关系副词；原句缺少主语或 宾语才能用关系代词。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. Do you still remember the days________ we studied together? 2. Do you still remember the days________ we spent together? 3. Is this the museum ______ you once worked? 4. Is this the museum ______ you once visited? 5. Is this the reason _______he was absent from school yesterday? 6. Is this the reason _______he gave for absence from school yesterday? 7. Anyway, that evening, ______I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place. 5.as引导的定语从句 as作为关系代词既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。 1.as引导的限定性定语从句 1.such...as...和the same...as...的用法 such...as...意为“像……一样的，像……之类”；the same...as...意为“和……同样的”。在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词（或代词）是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as在从句中作主语）我们找到了（像）他们厂里用的那种材料。 I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out.我从来不会给我的学生出这样一道他们不能解决的难题。（as在从句中作宾语） The result is not the same as they had expected.（as在从句中作宾语）结果和他们预想的不一样。 比较：the same...that...和the same...as... 两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个，as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。 He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday.他看的书就是你昨天买的那本。 He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.他看的书和你昨天买的书是一样的。 （指同一本书；指同一种书，但并不是你买的那一本） This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。 This is the same (kind/type/sort of) pen as I lost.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。 （指同一支笔；指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支） 2.such as...的用法 such as...中的such为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。 This book is not such as I expect.这不是一本我所盼望的书。 He told me of his experience such as I had never had before.他给我讲了他的经验，我从来没有那种经验。 I have not many,but I will send you such as I have.我有的不多，但我愿把我所有的都送给你。 补充：such as还可以表示“诸如，例如，像……那样的”的意思，此时其后跟名词或名词短语等，如：They bought a lot of fruit,such as apples,oranges,etc.他们买了许多水果，如苹果、橘子等。 2.as引导的非限定性定语从句 as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。 as we know正如我们所知 as is often the case像通常那样 as has been said before如上所述 as is reported正如报道的那样 as is well known众所周知 as was expected正如预料的那样 She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。 As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。 比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别 as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。 He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。 which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。 As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress. =Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress. 正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。 考点归纳七、关系代词as典型用法归纳 要点精讲1： 1. 用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句，作从句的主语、宾语； 2. 用于such…as…, so…as…, the same…as…句型。注意区分定语从句和状语从句关键在于从句是否完整。 3. 注意the same…as…强调“和……是同一类”；the same…that…强调“和……是同一个”。 I never heard such stories as he tells．我从未听过像他讲的那种故事。 They have never read so many books as I read last year. 他们从来都没有读过像我去年读过的那些书。 This is the same dictionary as I lost yesterday. 这本词典和我昨天丢的那本一样。（不是同一本词典） He is the same boy that helped me yesterday.  他是昨天帮过我的那个男孩。（指同一个男孩） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. Los Angeles is such an attractive place _______everyone likes to visit. 2. Los Angeles is such an attractive place _______everyone likes to visit it. 3. This is ______difficult a problem _____no one can work out. 4. This is ______difficult a problem _____no one can work it out. 5. My pen is missing. I’d like to buy the same pen _______I lost. 6. Jenny is so happy, for she has found the same pen ______ she lost yesterday. 要点精讲2： 1. as用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从。 2. 位于主句的前、中、后，强调前后逻辑一致，表示“正如……。 3. 从句多含有see, know, expect, tell, report等动词； 4. which和as用法区别： ①位置上：which从句只能位于主句之后，as从句位于主句的前、中、后； ②逻辑上：which强调前后不一；as强调前后逻辑一致，“正如”； ③句式上：which多用于“which+动词+宾语”句型；as多用于as we all know/see, as is often the case with sb等句型。 As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼儿离不开水。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句首） The famous magician Liu Qian, as we all know, is from Taiwan. 众所周知，著名魔术师刘谦是台湾人。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句中） She has married again, as was expected. 不出所料，她又结婚了。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句末） As is often the case, girls like dolls while boys like guns. 女孩子喜欢玩具而男孩子喜欢枪，这是常见的情况。 He sold his new car, which made me surprised. 他把车卖掉，这让我很吃惊。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. He failed in the driving test again, _________surprised us all. 2. He failed in the driving test again, _________we had expected. 3. _________ is often the case with Jim, he was fined for speeding. 4. The air quality in the city, ______ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. 6.使用定语从句需注意的事项 1.定语从句中的主谓一致 A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。 Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？ B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。 As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。 Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。 C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。 Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class. 弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。 D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years. 他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。 考点归纳八、定语从句中的主谓一致典型用法 要点精讲1：先行词作主语，that/which/who从句谓语动词和主语保持一致。 Anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 任何违反法律的人都将受到惩罚。 Those who are for the plan, raise your hand please. 同意这个计划的人，请举手。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Anyone who ___________(want) to see the film should put up your hands. 2. I, who __________(be) your friend, can understand you. 要点精讲2：先行词是one of…结构，定语从句谓语用复数；先行词是the only /very one of…，定语从句谓语用单数。 He is one of the students who have read the book. 他是看过这本书的学生中的一位。 She is the only one of the girls who knows English. 她是那些女孩中唯一一位懂英语的。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. He is one of the students who ________ (praise) at yesterday’s meeting. 2. He is the only one of the students who ______________(praise) at yesterday’s meeting. 2.what和how不能用于定语从句中 A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。 （正）Tell me anything (that) you know. （正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。 说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。 （误）Tell me anything what you know. B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。 （正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem. （正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句） （误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem.这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。 3.介词+关系代词 句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词 简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。 简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely. 我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词 那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。 简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。 合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词 我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。 考点归纳九、定语从句“介词+关系代词”结构 要点精讲： 1.先行词指人关系代词用whom，指物关系代词用which； 2.介词选择的原则：一看先行词特殊搭配，如to a degree；二看从句谓语动词搭配，如learn from；三看整个语境逻辑。特殊结构如in which case, with whose help等。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。（介词+关系代词中，先行词指人用whom） This is the camera with which he often takes photos. 这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。（介词+关系代词中，先行词指物用which） I don’t know the reason for which he was late for school. 我不知道他为何上学迟到。（定语从句先行词reason多与介词for连用） Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 这是你花大价钱买的车吗？（定语从句谓语动词pay for是固定搭配） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. Do you remember the day we first met? 2. Do you remember the month we first met? 3. This is the skirt she paid $100. 4. This is the skirt she spent $100. 5. This is my English teacher, I’ve learned a lot. 6. This is my English teacher, help I couldn’t have made such rapid progress. 4.关系代词和关系副词的省略 1.关系代词的省略 A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。 Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year.简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。 Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略） C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。 （正）This is the government building in which my father works. （正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in. （误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。 D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。 There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。 2.关系副词的省略 A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。 She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese. 她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。 B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。 This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。 He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。 补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。 Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。 七.定语从句和同位语从句的区别 1.根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定 that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。 The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任told的宾语。） The news that the leader will come here is not true.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。） 2.根据意思来判断 在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。 The news that you told me last week is not true. →（误）The news is that you told me last week.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （因为the news不能等于you told me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。） The news that the leader will come here is not true. →（正）The news is that the leader will come here.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （句子成立，所以是同位语从句。） 3.根据that前的名词判断 同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，information，order，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。 考点归纳十、分割型定语从句及强调句型、名词性从句变式考查 要点精讲： 1.先行词与定语从句被谓语动词或介词短语分隔开构成“分割型”定语从句; 2.定语从句与强调句型相结合构成“It is/was+被强调部分+定语从句+that…”句式。 3.定语从句与同位语从句区别：前者起限制作用，后者起解释说明作用，且连接词不能省略。 Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 我有时间和孩子们度过一天的场合很罕见。（分割性定语从句） It is in the factory which you are visiting that this kind of computer is made. 这种电脑是在你们正在参观的工厂里生产出来的。（强调句型和定语从句混合考查） The news that our team won the game made us excited. 我们队获胜的消息令我们很激动。（that引导同位语从句，且that不作句子成分） The news that he told us just now made us very excited. 他刚才告诉我们的消息令我们很激动。（that引导定语从句，且that不作从句的宾语） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. The village has developed a lot __________ we learned farming two years ago. 2. It was in the backyard ________ my father planted many vegetables ________ he dug up a statue. 3. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. 4. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _______ were translated into foreign languages. 5. A new school will be built in _________was a wasteland a few years ago. 1.Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way __3___ will make them the most money. 2.Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 3.______ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.” Carson uses a simple, direct style common to fable. In fact, her style and tone（口吻）are seemingly directed at children. “There was once a town in the heart of America, 4.______ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” 3.But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place 3.______ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life 4.Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, 8 thousands were attending a water conference. 5.On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___2___ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province. 6.The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species _____10_____ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 7.That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____8____ are only good for one use. 8.Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___1___ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. 9.I decided that if I learned of a company____4____ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back. 10.BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 2 gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. 11.When you sleep,your brain sorts through everything ____2____ happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories. 12.Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 3 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 13.In ancient China lived an artist 1 paintings were almost lifelike. 14.The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum 4 opened in 1759. 15.The Digital World is a set of volumes 5 aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts. 16.Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， 2 she opened with her late husband Les. 17.They were well trained by their masters 4 had great experience with caring for these animals. 18.The students benefiting most from college are those 9 are totally engaged（参与）in academic life. 19.On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ____3____gives off light in the dark. 20.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 6 showed a mere five to 10 minutes 21.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program 9. gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 22.Like many things in life, it's 1 ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, 2 means you'll just keep getting better and better. 23.Many westerners 2 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 24.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 10 is not good for the health. 25.But Sarah, 4 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 26.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 9 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. 27.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 5 I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 28.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C．, influenced the development of chopsticks. 29.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4 are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 30.Thinking about his children's clothes，he started growing cotton too.When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market 9 people from the towns met regularly. 31.Maybe you have a habit 7 is driving your family crazy. 32.The next day, my brother and I went to the beach 9 we watched some people play volleyball. although store unexpected stop wrong wave silent save come through see they big wrong climb protect An underwater volcano in Tonga caused a bad tsunami (海啸)and nearly destroyed (摧毁)the nation. Five days later, the 1 of a man was known to people around the world. Lisala Folau, 57, managed to swim back to safety“ after being washed away", 2 he is disabled. 3 started coming at about 7 pm on Saturday. Folau first 4 a tree to escape the tsunami with his family members, but they came down when they thought it was safe. They were 5 “My elder brother shouted out to us. I just turned and looked at the shocking wave—it was 6 than the six-meter wave that destroyed our house. My niece and I were swept out to sea." said Folau. 7 floated(漂浮) at sea， just calling out to each other. It was dark and they could not 8 each other. Very soon Folau could not hear his niece calling any more, but he could hear his son calling. He didn't reply to him, hoping to 9 him. “No son can give up his father.” Folau said. "As a father, I kept 10 .for if I answered him, he would have jumped in and tried to 11 me.” Finally at about 10 pm on Sunday, some 27hours after he was swept out to sea, Folau made it to the main island and 12 a car for help. It was not clear whether Folau's niece and other family members survived(幸存) the disaster. In an interview. Folau said it was "so 13 that I. as a disabled man, was able to survive” and he 14 thanks to the people from his island as well as the country as a whole. “I know you prayed(祈祷)for me when I 15 the difficult time.” 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 衔接点14 定语从句 （初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用 高中要求 高中学习包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用，及由as引导的定语从句， 【初中定语从句考点聚焦】 一．选择题 1.Agatha Christie was a female writer 　　　is considered the queen of crime novels.  A.what　　　　 B.whose　　　　 C.who　　　　 D.which 答案　C　考查定语从句。根据句子的语法结构可知，此处填的是定语从句的关系词。先行词是a female writer，指人，在定语从句中作主语，所以此处使用关系代词who或者that。故选C。 2.—Do you know the boy 　　　is talking to Mr Zhang?  —Yes. He is our monitor. A.which　　　　 B.who　　　　 C.whose　　　　 D.whom 答案　B　考查定语从句。which指代事物，在从句中作主语或宾语;who指代人，在从句中作主语或宾语;whose在从句中作定语;whom指代人，在从句中作宾语。先行词为the boy，并且定语从句中缺少主语，故选B项。 3.He showed me the photos 　　　 he took at his graduation ceremony.  A.that　　　 B.who　　　 C.what 答案　A　考查定语从句的关系词。先行词是the photos,指物,关系词在从句中作宾语,可以用that或which。故选A。 4.Rome is an ancient city 　　　 is full of places of interest.   A.where　　　 B.which　　　 C.who 答案　B　考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子成分可知,该空引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,先行词city指物,应用关系代词which或that引导定语从句。故选B。 二．单句填空 1.There is no central heating, but there's a wood-burner and solar panels(太阳能电池板) on the top 　　　　 can provide power for lighting, music and computing.  答案　which/that　考查定语从句。句意:没有中央供暖系统,但是有一个烧木柴的炉子,顶部还有一个可以为照明、音乐和计算提供电力的太阳能电池板。此处引导定语从句,先行词为solar panels,且在从句中作主语,故填关系代词which/that。 2.Here are some simple tips 　　　　　　 can help you and your family become food-waste “fighters”.  答案　that/which　此处是定语从句,先行词tips指物,且关系词在从句中作主语,用that或which引导定语从句。故填that/which。 3.Have you heard about a new song Lonely Warrior 　　　 many teenagers are talking about these days.  答案　that/which　考查定语从句的关系词。设空处引导定语从句,在从句中作宾语,先行词是一首歌,指物,故填that或which。 【高中定语从句考点聚焦】 考纲解读 定语从句包括限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句两种。定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的作用，是把作定语的从句和主句中被修饰的先行词连接在一起，而且在从句中充当一个句子成分。在本章中，将先讲述定语从句的定义，种类及各种关系代词的用法，之后讲解各种关系副词的用法以及由as引导的定语从句，最后总结使用定语从句需注意的事项，进一步帮助学生们学会正确使用定语从句。 典型例句：1.This is the teacher who often tells jokes.这就是那个常讲笑话的老师。 2.Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here.想去长城的人在这里签名。 3.Water,which is a liquid,has many uses.水是一种液体，有很多用途。 考点清单 1.定语从句的定义 在复合句中，用于修饰名词或代词的从句称为定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。引导定语从句的词称为关系词。关系词包括关系代词who（宾格whom，所有格whose），that，which和关系副词where，when，why等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought an iPod yesterday. 穿着黑色外套的男孩昨天买了一个iPod. The noodles that/which my mother cooked were delicious.我妈妈煮的面条很好吃。 The school where I learned judo was very large.我学习柔道的学校非常大。 I remember the day when our band was formed.我记得我们乐队成立的日子。 I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 我不知道她今天早上为什么那么生气。 说明：这几个例子中，先行词分别是boy，noodles，school，day，reason。 加下划线的部分为定语从句。 处在先行词和定语从句之间的who，that和which是关系代词，where，when和why是关系副词。 2.定语从句的种类 定语从句可以为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。学习时要明确两者的意义和区别。 1.限定性定语从句 限定性定语从句又称为限制性定语从句，它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的主语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或者就完全失去意义。限定性定语从句和主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。 Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识刚才进来的那个女孩吗？ Shanghai is a city (that) I’ve always wanted to visit.上海是一座我一直想要去游览的城市。 Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane.她的姐姐嫁给了一个她在飞机上认识的人。 The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life. 第一次见到怀特先生的时候，我正处于一生中非常艰难的时期。 2.非限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句又称为非限制性定语从句，它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚、完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that引导，关系词不可以省略。 The old woman,who lives on her own,has a cat for company.那位老妇人一个人住，有一只猫作伴。 Lori is going to marry Mark,whom she does not love.罗丽准备嫁给马克，可她并不爱他。 Beijing,which is the capital of China,is a very beautiful city.中国的首都北京是一座非常美丽的城市。 3.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 ○表示限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 〇表示非限定性定语从句中关系代词的使用情形 关系代词 代表人 代表物 代表主句或部分主句的内容 主格 宾格 所有格 主格 宾格 所有格 who ○○ ○○ whom ○○ which ○○ ○○ ○ whose ○○ ○○ as ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ of which ○○ that ○ ○ ○ ○ 4.限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句的区别 限定性定语从句 非限定性定语从句 与先行词关系密切 （删掉后影响整个意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切 （是一种补充说明，删掉后不影响整个意思的表达） 不用逗号隔开 一般使用逗号隔开 可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that 关系代词可以省略 （that，who，which在从句中担任宾语时可以省略） 关系代词不可以省略 关系代词可以替代 （whom作宾语可用who或that替代） 关系代词不能替代 读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调 只可以修饰先行词，不可以修饰主句或主句的一部分。 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时一定有逗号分开，只能由which或as引导。 2.关系代词的用法 在定语从句中，关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语 指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose 指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which 1.关系代词who和whom的用法 两者都用于指代人，但在用法上存在差别。 1.基本用法 who可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中可以担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom。但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”。 Johnny is a person who always has novel ideas.约翰尼是一个经常会有新奇想法的人。（关系代词who在从句中作主语） The girl who won the first prize is from Zhejiang.获得一等奖的女孩来自浙江。 She is the girl who/whom I will go to Shanghai with.她就是要和我一起去上海的那个女孩。（关系代词在从句中作宾语，who可以替whom） The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr.Depp. =The person to whom you just talked is Mr.Depp.刚刚和你谈话的人是德普先生。 说明：因为把介词to提到宾语从句的句首，所以只能用whom，而不能用who。 We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients,most of whom are children.我们要去医院看病人，这些病人大多数都是儿童。 2.只用who而不用that的情况 在定语从句中who和that指代人时可以通用，但在下列情况下只能用who，而不能用that。 A.先行词是one，ones和anyone时，宜用who。 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.一个无所畏惧的人敢于说实话。 The ones who flatter me don’t please me.那些奉承我的人并不能取悦于我。 Anyone who laughs last laughs best.笑到最后的人是笑得最好的人。 Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.任何不能完成指定任务的人，都应受到批评。 B.先行词是those时，宜用who。 No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. 对于那些在地震中为营救生还者而辛苦工作的人，任何言语都无法表达我们的感激之情。 C.当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew uup in western Yunnan province. 昨天我在街上遇到一个在云南西部长大的女孩。 D.一个句子中带有两个定语从句时， 其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个宜用who。 The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. 昨晚你遇见的那个男孩是个学习非常努力的组长。 E.在there be开头的句子中，宜用who。 There is a young man who wants to see your father.有个年轻人想要见你父亲。 There are many old men who are against this plan.有许多老人反对这个计划。 There was a king who was kind to his people.有一位国王，他对他的臣民很仁慈。 2.关系代词whose的用法 关系代词whose是关系代词who的所有格形式，它既可以指代人，也可以指代物。当whose指代物时，相当于of which。whose引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? =Do you know Peter?His father happens to be working in your company. 你认识彼得吗？他的父亲恰巧正在你们公司工作。 The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room.The room’s window faces south.这位游客想要预订一间窗户朝南的房间。 We went to see our teacher Miss Styles,whose husband lost his life in the earthquake.我们去看望了我们的老师斯泰尔斯小姐，她的丈夫在地震中丧生了。 Xi’an,whose walls remain as good as before,is one of the few cities with city walls.西安是少数几座有城墙的城市之一，它的城墙保持得和以前一样好。 3.关系代词that和which的用法 两者都可用于指代物，但使用场合存在差别。 1.在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which和that一般可以通用 The new house that/which I have just bought is about six miles away.我新买的房子在大约6英里以外。 They planted some trees that/which didn’t need much water.他们种了一些不需要太多水的树。 2.限定性定语从句中只用that而不用which的情况 A.主句已有疑问句who或which时 Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you?旅馆前面的小汽车中哪辆属于你？ Who is the man that is sitting by the lake?坐在湖边的男人是谁？ B.先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.他谈到了他访问过的学校和老师。 The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.撞倒一位老人的那辆自行车和骑车人都被送到了警察局。 C.先行词为all，much，few，little，something，everything，anything，nothing，none等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair.All that you need is a hammer and some nails.做修理很容易。你所需要的全部东西是一把锤子和一些钉子。 We haven’t got much that we can offer you.我们没有太多能向你们提供的东西。 I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.我想告诉你一件会使你感到惊奇的事。 D.先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是用来防止污染的最好的办法。 Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.波莉是我所见到的最直爽的年轻女性。 E.先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met.这是他们第三次见面。 The first time that Lester saw the film,he made up his mind to become a director.莱特斯第一次观看那部电影时，就下定决心要成为一名导演。 F.先行词有the very，the only，the same，any，few，little，no，all，one of等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening.这正是我那天晚上睡过的房间。 Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.李明是惟一一个想当老师的人。 The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.我们惟一能够做的，就是给你一些钱。 G.有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. 爱迪生建了一家工厂，生产过去从未见到过的东西。 3.只用which而不用that的情况 A.引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that （正）The fish,which I bought this morning,is very fresh. （误）The fish,that I bought this morning,is very fresh.我今天早上买的鱼很新鲜。 My house,which I bought two years ago,has got a lovely garden.我两年前买的那幢房子，带一座漂亮的花园。 Jim passed the driving test,which surprised everybody in the office.吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使得办公室里的每一个人都很惊讶。 注意：在非限定性定语从句中，有时关系代词是指代整个句子，而不是指代一个单词，本句中which指代“吉姆通过了驾驶考试”这件事。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others,which,of course,made the others envy him.海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多，这当然使得其他孩子嫉妒他。 说明：本句中，which指代“海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他孩子好得多”这件事。 The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,most of which are sold abroad.这家工厂每年生产50万双鞋，大都销往国外。 补充：which前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰。London,which is the capital of the UK,is a very beautiful city. 英国的首都伦敦是一座非常美丽的城市。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.我被置于一个要被迫接受低人一等现实的境地。 This is the hotel in which you will stay. =This is the hotel (which/that) you will stay in.这就是你将要住的旅馆。 说明：在这句话中，介词in放在了句子的后面，那么关系代词既可以用which，也可以用that，还可以省略。 C.在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that，那么另一句的关系词就需用which Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open. 让我给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的小说。 4.关系代词which和that的用法总结 which和that在定语从句中作关系代词的主要区别 which ①可用于非限定性定语从句中，代替物、整个句子或主句中的一部分 ②可用于介词之后，构成“介词+which” that 不能用于上述两种情况 考点归纳一、关系代词that和which典型用法对比 要点精讲1： 1. that用作关系代词，先行词指人或物；在句中作主语、宾语，有时作表语； 2. that用作关系副词，作方式状语（相当于in which，可以省略），先行词是the way。 I don’t like the way that/in which you speak to your mum. 我不喜欢你对妈妈说话的方式。（the way在定语从句充当方式状语） 3. 只用that不用which的场合： 只用关系代词that场合 典型示例 先行词既为人又为物时 Do you know the things and persons that they’re talking about? 你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗? 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film (that) I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 The only thing that matters is to find our way home.唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。 先行词是everything, nothing, anything, all, much, little等不定代词时 I have read all the books (that) you gave me.你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。 Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 最后，这个小偷将他所盗窃的所有东西都交予了警方。 先行词被only, very, little, all等限定词修饰时 This is the very book that I was looking for.这正是我当时在寻找的书。 This train is the first train that will go to Suzhou.这是去苏州的第一趟火车。 用关系代词that或which填空。 1. I don’t like the way _______you speak to her. 2. He is the only man __________ I can find for the work. 3. He is no longer the man _________he was five years ago. 4. The first English novel __________ I read was Gone With Wind. 5. This is one of the most exciting football games _______ I have ever seen. 6. John told his parents about the cities and the people _________ he had visited. 7.Maybe you leave a habit ________is driving your family crazy. 8.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River _________are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 9. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program ___ ___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers---and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 10.Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation. （短文改错） 【答案与解析】 1. that。the way在定语从句作方式状语，故填that。注意此时that可以省略。故答案是that。 2. that。限定词only是关键。故答案是that。 3. that。本句中that在定语从句充当表语。关系代词which不能指人。故答案是that。 4. that。先行词被序数词修饰只能用that不用which。故答案是to reduce。 5. that。先行词被形容词最高级修饰只能用that不用which。故答案是that。 6. that。先行词既为人又为物时，只能用that不用which。故答案是that。 9. that/which。没有特别限定，二者都可以，在定语从句作主语。故答案是that/which。 7. that/which。考查定语从句。本句是一个定语从句，先行词是a habit，定语从句中使用关系代词that/which指代先行词，在句做主语，不能省略。故填which/that。 8. that/which。解析：考查定语从句。先行词为Li River，从句中缺少主语，用关系代词。句意：漓江被许多艺术家所绘画。故用that/which。 10. what改成that。这里含有一个定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，可用that或which，先行词被all所修饰，只能使用that，不能使用which，且what不能引导定语从句，所以what改成that。 要点精讲2： 1. which用作关系代词，先行词只能指物；在句中作主语、宾语； 2. 只用which不用that的场合： 只用关系代词which场合 典型示例 引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句或主句一部分，标志为前边的逗号。 This is the English book, which I bought yesterday. 这就是我昨天买的那本英语书。 He passed the driving test, which made him very excited. 他通过了驾照考试,这使他很兴奋。 用于“介词+关系代词”结构，如in which, both of which等。标志为介词。 The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop. 过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。 You've made great progress in English, of which I’m greatly proud. 你在英语方面取得了巨大的进步,为此我感到很骄傲。 用关系代词that或which填空。 11. Mr. Crossett will never forget the day ________ he spent with his students. 12. But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 13.She and her family bicycle to work, _________ helps them keep fit. 14. Many lessons are now available online, from __________ students can choose for free. 15.Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy. 【答案与解析】 11. that/which。空处引导限制性定语从句，先行词是day，从句缺少宾语，应用关系代词which/that引导；关系代词作宾语可省略。故填that/which。 12. who。逗号表明这是非限制性定语从句；先行词指人，作主语，不能用that或which。故答案是who。 13. which。which引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是整个主句，前边有逗号为标志。故答案是which。 14. which。choose from表示“从……选择”；先行词是Many lessons，故用which。故答案是which。 15. what改为which。逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，that不能引导非限制性定语从句。故将what改为which。 考点归纳二、关系代词whose, who, whom典型用法归纳 要点精讲1：关系代词whose的用法 1. whose用作关系代词，在定语从句中作定语，先行词指人或物； 2. 有时用于“介词+whose+名词”结构； 3. whose+名词=the +名词+of whom/which=of whom/which+ the +名词。 Once there was a wise king whose name was Alfred. 从前有一个叫阿尔弗雷德的英国国王。（先行词是king，指人） The girl lives in the house, whose windows face south. 那个女孩住在这所房子里，房子的窗户是朝南开的。（先行词是house, 指物） Look at the building, whose roof=the roof of which=of which the roof is white. 看那栋楼,楼顶的颜色是白的。 【即时训练】在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 16. The building _________ doors are white is an office building. 17. He lives in the room, ________ window faces the south/ _____ ________ the window faces the south. 18. This is Mr Green, with ___________ help I’ve made great progress in English. 19. In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. 20. Kae, _________sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia. 【答案与解析】 16. whose。句意：门是白色的那座建筑是一座办公楼。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是the building，指物，关系词在定语从句中作定语，表示所属关系，意为“……的”。故填whose。 17. whose; of which。whose window=the window of which。故答案是whose; of which。 18. with whose。With one’s help表示“在……帮助下”。故答案是with whose。 19. whose。whose用作关系代词，在定语从句中作定语，先行词指人。故答案是whose。 20. whose。whose用作关系代词，在定语从句中作定语，先行词指物。故答案是whose。 考点精讲2：关系代词who 和whom的用法 1. who用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。 2. whom用作关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，先行词指人，可以与that替换。注意whom作宾语，可以省略。 Anybody who breaks the laws will be punished. 任何违反法律的人都将受到惩罚。 The girl whom I saw just now is Susan. 我刚才见到的那个人是苏珊。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 21.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, __________lived from roughly 551 to 479 B.C., influenced the development of chopsticks. 21. who。句中有逗号，说明是非限制性定语从句，先行词是Confucius孔子，定语从句缺少主语，且指人，故填who。 22.Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 22. who/that。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。 3.关系副词的用法 关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用：在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。 先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的句子成分 指地点 where 地点状语 指时间 when 时间状语 指原因 why 原因状语 1.关系副词where的用法 由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building，city，room等，where在从句中作地点状语。 ①The hotel was very clean.那家旅馆很干净。 ②We stayed there/at the hotel.我呆在那儿/那家旅馆。 ③=①+②The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们呆过的那家旅馆很干净。 先行词 定语从句 （where在从句中代替there或at the hotel，作地点状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述 The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean. =The hotel at which we stayed was very clean. I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more. =I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more. =I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.我已经到了无法应付的阶段。 This is the house where I was born.这就是我出生的那所房子。 2.关系副词when的用法 由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time，day，date等，when在从句中作时间状语。 I’ll never forget the time when we first met.我永远不会忘记我们第一次相遇时的情景。 先行词 定语从句 （when在从句中代替during the time，作时间状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：I’ll never forget the time during which we first met. The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th. 他加入南非国民议会青年同盟的日期是8月5日。 注意：从语法来讲，这个句子中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that代替when，也可以省略。 3.关系副词why的用法 由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。 The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.我获得一份工作的原因是我工作努力。 先行词 定语从句 （why在从句中代替reason，作原因状语） 补充：可以用关系代词表述：The reason (that/for) which I got a job was that I worked hard. The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane. =The reason (that) she was late was that she missed her plane. 注意：一般来讲，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason，它的关系副词就是why；和when一样，在口语中，关系副词why常被that代替，也可以省略。 =The reason for which she was late was that she missed her plane.她迟到的原因是她错过了班机。 Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason why she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason (that) she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise,but this wasn’t the main reason for which she left. 艾米没有获得加薪，但是这并不是她离开的主要原因。 The reason why I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason (that) I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. =The reason for which I’m calling you is to invite you to a party. 我给你打电话的原因是想邀请你参加一个聚会。 补充：带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型 定语从句“The reason why/that...”或“...the reason why/that...” I know the reason why she studies so well.我知道她学习好的原因。 表语从句“The reason is that...”（不能用why，否则就重复了） The reason is that he is always careless in his work.原因是他在工作中总是粗心大意。 4.关系代词和关系副词的选用 对于同一个先行词，要想确定是用关系代词还是用关系副词，关键是要弄清楚关系词在定语从句中担任什么成分。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词作状语，就是关系副词，口语用法除外。 ①This is the college (that/which) I visited.这就是我参观过的学院。 ②This is the college where I studied three years ago.这就是我3年前在那儿学习过的学院。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the college，但关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词visited的宾语。②用关系副词where，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于there或in the college。 ①I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.我永远忘不了我们一起度过的那一天。 ②I’ll never forget the day when I got married.我永远忘不了我结婚的那一天。 说明：两句中的先行词都是the day，但是它们的关系词不一样。①用关系代词that/which，因为它在从句中作及物动词spent的宾语。②用关系副词when，因为它在从句中作状语，相当于介词短语on the way。 考点归纳三、关系副词where典型用法归纳 要点精讲： 1.where用作关系副词，在定语从句作地点状语。注意定语从句可能是主谓结构或主谓宾结构。 2.先行词既可以是具体地点名词，如school, museum, centre。 3.还可以是抽象名词，如point, case, situation, stage, race, position, job等（热点，须牢记）。 This is the city where I grew up. 这就是我长大的城市。（定语从句是主谓结构，不缺少宾语） The shop where I bought this shirt is not far from here.我买这件衬衫的商店离这里不远。（定语从句是主谓宾结构，不缺少宾语） This is the house where he lived last year. 这是他去年住过的房子。（先行词house是具体地点） We have reached the point where a change is needed. 我们已经到了需要改变的地步。（先行词point是抽象地点） I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。（先行词job是抽象地点） It's put me in a position where I can't afford to take a job. 这使我陷入一种不能接受此工作的境地。（先行词position是抽象地点） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. We’re just trying to reach a point _________ both sides will sit down together and talk. 2. Remember that there is still one point _______ we must make clear tomorrow. 3. Today, we’ll discuss some cases _____ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 4. He wrote a letter __________ he explained what had happened in the accident. 5. Self-driving is an area _______ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 【答案与解析】 1. where。先行词是抽象名词point，定语从句不缺少主语和宾语，应作状语。故答案是where。 2. that/which。定语从句含有make…clear结构，因此从句缺少宾语。故答案是that/which。 3. where。先行词是抽象名词cases，定语从句不缺少主语和宾语，应作状语。故答案是where。 4. where。先行词是名词letter，定语从句不缺少主语和宾语，应作状语，相当于in which。故答案是where。 5. where。先行词an area在定语从句充当地点状语，故答案是where。 考点归纳四、关系副词when典型用法归纳 要点精讲： 1.when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状。 2.先行词是具体时间名词，如day, month, year。 3.还可以是抽象名词，如age, stay, occasion等。 Do you remember the day when we first met? 你还记得我们第一次见面的那一天吗？（定语从句是主谓结构，不缺少宾语） There are occasions when one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。（先行词occasions是典型时间名词） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. I will never forget the months ________I spent with my cousin in Beijing. 2. People are living in an age ________many jobs are done on computer. 3. The days are gone ________ physical strength was all you needed to make a living. 4. She’ll never forget her stay there ________ she found her son who went missing two years before. 【答案与解析】 1. that/which。没有特别限定，二者都可以，时间名词在定语从句作宾语。故答案是that/which。 2. when。when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。故答案是when。 3. when。when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。注意本句先行词The days和定语从句没有紧挨在一起，而是被谓语are gone分隔开，形成分割定语从句。故答案是when。 4. when。when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。故答案是when。 考点归纳五、关系副词why 典型用法归纳 要点精讲： 1.why用作关系副词，在定语从句作原因状。 2.why还可以用于The reason why…is that…句型。注意如果定语从句谓语动词是及物动词，则应用关系代词。 I don’t know the reason why he came so late. 我不知道他来得那么晚的原因。（定语从句是主谓结构） The reason why he is late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。 The reason that he gave for being late is that he failed to catch the first bus. 他给出迟到的原因是他没能赶上第一班公共汽车。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. Do you know the reason _______Jim failed to come today? 2. The reason _________Jim failed to come was ________he was seriously ill. 【答案与解析】 1. why。why用作关系副词，在定语从句作原因状语。故答案是why。 2. why; that。The reason why…is that…是固定句型，表示“之所以……是因为……”。故答案是why; that。 考点归纳六、如何区分先行词作状语还是宾语 要点精讲：先行词是地点名词，关系词不一定用where；先行词是时间名词，关系词不一定用when；先行词是原因名词，关系词不一定用why；窍门：学会分析句子成分，原句含有主谓宾或者不缺少宾语才能用关系副词；原句缺少主语或 宾语才能用关系代词。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. Do you still remember the days________ we studied together? 2. Do you still remember the days________ we spent together? 3. Is this the museum ______ you once worked? 4. Is this the museum ______ you once visited? 5. Is this the reason _______he was absent from school yesterday? 6. Is this the reason _______he gave for absence from school yesterday? 7. Anyway, that evening, ______I’ll tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachel’s place. 【答案与解析】 1. when。when用作关系副词，在定语从句作时间状语。故答案是when。 2. that/which。没有特别限定，二者都可以，时间名词在定语从句作宾语。故答案是that/which。 3. where。where用作关系副词，在定语从句作地点状语。故答案是to reduce。 4. that/which。没有特别限定，二者都可以，地点名词在定语从句作宾语。故答案是that/which。 5. why。why用作关系副词，在定语从句作原因状语。故答案是to reduce。 6. that/which。从句谓语动词give是及物动词，从句缺少宾语。故答案是that/which。 7. which。逗号表明这是非限制性定语从句，从句about暗示后面缺少宾语。故答案是which。 5.as引导的定语从句 as作为关系代词既可以引导限定性定语从句，也可以引导非限定性定语从句。 1.as引导的限定性定语从句 1.such...as...和the same...as...的用法 such...as...意为“像……一样的，像……之类”；the same...as...意为“和……同样的”。在这两个句型中，as是关系代词，such和same作定语，修饰主句里的某个名词（或代词），这个名词（或代词）是由as引导的定语从句的先行词，as在从句中可担任主语、宾语或表语。 We have found such materials as are used in their factory.（as在从句中作主语）我们找到了（像）他们厂里用的那种材料。 I seldom give my students such a difficult problem as they cannot work out.我从来不会给我的学生出这样一道他们不能解决的难题。（as在从句中作宾语） The result is not the same as they had expected.（as在从句中作宾语）结果和他们预想的不一样。 比较：the same...that...和the same...as... 两者都引导定语从句。that从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一个，as从句中说明的名词与the same修饰的名词是同一类，而非同一个。 He is reading the same book that you bought yesterday.他看的书就是你昨天买的那本。 He is reading the same book as you bought yesterday.他看的书和你昨天买的书是一样的。 （指同一本书；指同一种书，但并不是你买的那一本） This is the same pen that I lost.这支钢笔就是我丢的那一支。 This is the same (kind/type/sort of) pen as I lost.这支钢笔跟我丢的那支笔一模一样。 （指同一支笔；指同类型的笔，但并不是我丢失的那一支） 2.such as...的用法 such as...中的such为代词，意思为“这样的人或物”，as在从句中作宾语，修饰先行词such。 This book is not such as I expect.这不是一本我所盼望的书。 He told me of his experience such as I had never had before.他给我讲了他的经验，我从来没有那种经验。 I have not many,but I will send you such as I have.我有的不多，但我愿把我所有的都送给你。 补充：such as还可以表示“诸如，例如，像……那样的”的意思，此时其后跟名词或名词短语等，如：They bought a lot of fruit,such as apples,oranges,etc.他们买了许多水果，如苹果、橘子等。 2.as引导的非限定性定语从句 as可以像which一样引导非限定性定语从句，用来代表整个句子的内容，它的先行词可以是名词，也可以是不定式短语或整个句子。as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。此外，有些as引导的定语从句已成为固定用法。 as we know正如我们所知 as is often the case像通常那样 as has been said before如上所述 as is reported正如报道的那样 as is well known众所周知 as was expected正如预料的那样 She is very careful,as her work shows.正如她的工作所展现的那样，她是个细心的人。 As we know,smoking is harmful to one’s health.正如我们所知，吸烟有害健康。 As is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.像通常那样，我们已经制定出了生产计划。 比较：as和which引导的非限定性定语从句的联系和区别 as和which都可以代替整个句子，当定语从句至于主句之后时，as和which可以互换使用。 He didn’t tell me any news,as/which upset me.他没有告诉我任何消息，这使我很不安。 which引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时不能放在主句之前。as引导的定语从句，代表整个主句时可放在主句之前或之后，有时也可放在主语与谓语之间。 As is reported in the newspapers,talks between the two countries are making progress. =Talks between the two countries,as is reported in the newspapers,are making progress. 正如报道的那样，这两个国家之间的会谈正在进展中。 考点归纳七、关系代词as典型用法归纳 要点精讲1： 1. 用作关系代词，引导限制性定语从句，作从句的主语、宾语； 2. 用于such…as…, so…as…, the same…as…句型。注意区分定语从句和状语从句关键在于从句是否完整。 3. 注意the same…as…强调“和……是同一类”；the same…that…强调“和……是同一个”。 I never heard such stories as he tells．我从未听过像他讲的那种故事。 They have never read so many books as I read last year. 他们从来都没有读过像我去年读过的那些书。 This is the same dictionary as I lost yesterday. 这本词典和我昨天丢的那本一样。（不是同一本词典） He is the same boy that helped me yesterday.  他是昨天帮过我的那个男孩。（指同一个男孩） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. Los Angeles is such an attractive place _______everyone likes to visit. 2. Los Angeles is such an attractive place _______everyone likes to visit it. 3. This is ______difficult a problem _____no one can work out. 4. This is ______difficult a problem _____no one can work it out. 5. My pen is missing. I’d like to buy the same pen _______I lost. 6. Jenny is so happy, for she has found the same pen ______ she lost yesterday. 【答案与解析】 1. as。such…as…构成限制性定语从句，从句缺少宾语。故答案是as。 2. that。such…that…构成结果状语从句，从句不缺少成分。故答案是that。 3. so; as。so…as…构成限制性定语从句，从句缺少宾语。故答案是so; as。 4. so; that。so…that…构成结果状语从句，从句不缺少成分。故答案是so; that。 5. as。the same…as…强调“和……是同一类，符合语境要求。故答案是as。 6. that。the same…that…强调“和……是同一个，符合语境要求。故答案是that。 要点精讲2： 1. as用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从。 2. 位于主句的前、中、后，强调前后逻辑一致，表示“正如……。 3. 从句多含有see, know, expect, tell, report等动词； 4. which和as用法区别： ①位置上：which从句只能位于主句之后，as从句位于主句的前、中、后； ②逻辑上：which强调前后不一；as强调前后逻辑一致，“正如”； ③句式上：which多用于“which+动词+宾语”句型；as多用于as we all know/see, as is often the case with sb等句型。 As is known to all, fish can’t live without water. 众所周知，鱼儿离不开水。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句首） The famous magician Liu Qian, as we all know, is from Taiwan. 众所周知，著名魔术师刘谦是台湾人。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句中） She has married again, as was expected. 不出所料，她又结婚了。（as引导非限制性定语从句且位于句末） As is often the case, girls like dolls while boys like guns. 女孩子喜欢玩具而男孩子喜欢枪，这是常见的情况。 He sold his new car, which made me surprised. 他把车卖掉，这让我很吃惊。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. He failed in the driving test again, _________surprised us all. 2. He failed in the driving test again, _________we had expected. 3. _________ is often the case with Jim, he was fined for speeding. 4. The air quality in the city, ______ is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months. 【答案与解析】 1. which。which引导非限制性定语从句，且多用于“which+动词+宾语”句型。故答案是which。 2. as。as引导非限制性定语从句强调前后逻辑一致，“正如”。故答案是as。 3. As。as is often the case with sb引导非限制性定语从句。位于句首或句末。故答案是As。 4. as。as引导的定语从句可以插入到主句中间，如本句。故答案是as。 6.使用定语从句需注意的事项 1.定语从句中的主谓一致 A.定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语要与先行词的人称、数一致。 Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的那个人吗？ B.as，which作主语引导非限定性定语从句，指全句时，从句谓语用单数。 As is usual,he came to school late this morning.像往常一样，他今天早晨上学又迟到了。 Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸气，这叫做蒸发。 C.先行词为“one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。 Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class. 弗雷迪是我们班想当外交官的学生之一。 D.先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词”时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years. 他是惟一一个连续三年获得奖学金的学生。 考点归纳八、定语从句中的主谓一致典型用法 要点精讲1：先行词作主语，that/which/who从句谓语动词和主语保持一致。 Anyone who breaks the law will be punished. 任何违反法律的人都将受到惩罚。 Those who are for the plan, raise your hand please. 同意这个计划的人，请举手。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Anyone who ___________(want) to see the film should put up your hands. 2. I, who __________(be) your friend, can understand you. 【答案与解析】 1. wants。anyone作主语，谓语动词应用单数。故答案是wants。 2. am。定语从句主语是I，对应谓语是am。故答案是am。 要点精讲2：先行词是one of…结构，定语从句谓语用复数；先行词是the only /very one of…，定语从句谓语用单数。 He is one of the students who have read the book. 他是看过这本书的学生中的一位。 She is the only one of the girls who knows English. 她是那些女孩中唯一一位懂英语的。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. He is one of the students who ________ (praise) at yesterday’s meeting. 2. He is the only one of the students who ______________(praise) at yesterday’s meeting. 【答案与解析】 1. were praised。先行词是one of…结构，定语从句谓语用复数。故答案是were praised。 2. was praised。先行词是the only /very one of…，定语从句谓语用单数。故答案是was praised。 2.what和how不能用于定语从句中 A.what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what引导的宾语从句可以与that引导的定语从句互换。 （正）Tell me anything (that) you know. （正）Tell me what you know.告诉我你所知道的一切。 说明：what引导的宾语从句相当于“anything/all+that”引导的定语从句。 （误）Tell me anything what you know. B.how不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句。修饰表示方式的way的定语从句用in which来引导，也可用that或省略。 （正）This is the way (that/in which) that boy worked out the problem. （正）This is how that boy worked out the problem.（how引导表语从句） （误）This is the way how that boy worked out the problem.这就是那个男孩解出这道题的方法。 3.介词+关系代词 句型：名词/代词+介词+关系代词 简单句①The professor gave a lecture to us yesterday.那位教师昨天给我们上了一堂课。 简单句②I couldn’t understand the meaning of the lecture completely. 我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 合成为定语从句③=①+②The professor gave us a lecture yesterday,the meaning of which I couldn’t understand completely. 名词+介词+关系代词 那位教授昨天给我们上了一堂课，我不能完全理解那堂课的意思。 简单句①There are around 400 students in our grade.我们年级大约有400名学生。 简单句②Most of us are from the Xicheng District.我们中的大多数人都来自西城区。 合成为定语从句③=①+②There are around 400 students in our grade,most of whom are from the Xicheng District. 代词+介词+关系代词 我们年级大约有400名学生，其中大多数都来自西城区。 考点归纳九、定语从句“介词+关系代词”结构 要点精讲： 1.先行词指人关系代词用whom，指物关系代词用which； 2.介词选择的原则：一看先行词特殊搭配，如to a degree；二看从句谓语动词搭配，如learn from；三看整个语境逻辑。特殊结构如in which case, with whose help等。 This is the pilot by whom my son was saved. 这就是救了我儿子的那位飞行员。（介词+关系代词中，先行词指人用whom） This is the camera with which he often takes photos. 这就是他经常用来拍照的相机。（介词+关系代词中，先行词指物用which） I don’t know the reason for which he was late for school. 我不知道他为何上学迟到。（定语从句先行词reason多与介词for连用） Is this the car for which you paid a high price? 这是你花大价钱买的车吗？（定语从句谓语动词pay for是固定搭配） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. Do you remember the day we first met? 2. Do you remember the month we first met? 3. This is the skirt she paid $100. 4. This is the skirt she spent $100. 5. This is my English teacher, I’ve learned a lot. 6. This is my English teacher, help I couldn’t have made such rapid progress. 【答案与解析】 1. on which。“在某一天”介词用on。故答案是on which。 2. in which。“在某一月”介词用in。故答案是in which。 3. for which。pay…for…是固定词组。故答案是for which。 4. on which。spend money/time on…是固定词组。故答案是on which。 5. from whom。从句谓语含有learn from短语。故答案是from whom。 6. without whose。with one’s help表示“在某人帮助下”，结合语境应用否定形式。故答案是without whose。 4.关系代词和关系副词的省略 1.关系代词的省略 A.在非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不可以省略。 Jane Hasek,who was my former English teacher,retired last year.简·哈塞克今天退休了，他曾经是我的英语老师。 B.在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可以省略。 Sorry,I forget to bring the magazine (which/that) you want.对不起，我忘了把你要的杂志带过来。（which和that代替magazine，作动词want的宾语，可以省略） C.关系代词作介词宾语，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句的句末，关系代词可以省略。 （正）This is the government building in which my father works. （正）This is the government building (which/that) my father works in. （误）This is the government building in my father works.这是我父亲工作的政府大楼。 D.there be句型之后的定语从句中，作主语或宾语的关系代词常可以省略。 There’s nothing (that) I can do about it.对此我毫无办法。 2.关系副词的省略 A.非限定性定语从句中关系副词不可以省略。 She lived in Nagoya for a couple of years,where she taught Chinese. 她在名古屋住了几年，在那儿教中文。 B.限定性定语从句中，若在口语和非正式语体中，某些表示地点、时间的名词后的关系副词可以省略。先行词the reason后面的关系副词why也可以省略。 This is the plane (where) we first met two years ago.这就是我们两年前初次见面的地方。 He still remembers the time (when) he studied in Berlin.他还记得他在柏林学习的那些日子。 补充：可以省略关系副词when的时间名词有the time，every time，each time，the moment等。 Tell me the reason (why) your brother was absent yesterday.告诉我你哥哥昨天缺席的原因。 七.定语从句和同位语从句的区别 1.根据that在从句中是否作成分来判定 that在定语从句中担任句子成分，而在同位语从句中不作成分。 The news (that) you told me last week is not true.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （that引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news，that在从句中担任told的宾语。） The news that the leader will come here is not true.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （that引导的同位语从句，说明news的具体内容，that在从句中不担任任何成分。） 2.根据意思来判断 在引导词前加is后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是，还是以上面两个例句为例。 The news that you told me last week is not true. →（误）The news is that you told me last week.你上周告诉我的消息不是真的。 （因为the news不能等于you told me last week，所以句子不成立，不是同位语从句，而是定语从句。） The news that the leader will come here is not true. →（正）The news is that the leader will come here.领导将要来这儿的消息不是真的。 （句子成立，所以是同位语从句。） 3.根据that前的名词判断 同位语从句中that前的名词必须是表示事实的抽象名词，如fact，news，information，order，belief，reply，answer，saying等，而定语从句前的先行词没有这个限制，但这一点不是决定因素，主要还要依前面所述的两点来判断。 考点归纳十、分割型定语从句及强调句型、名词性从句变式考查 要点精讲： 1.先行词与定语从句被谓语动词或介词短语分隔开构成“分割型”定语从句; 2.定语从句与强调句型相结合构成“It is/was+被强调部分+定语从句+that…”句式。 3.定语从句与同位语从句区别：前者起限制作用，后者起解释说明作用，且连接词不能省略。 Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids. 我有时间和孩子们度过一天的场合很罕见。（分割性定语从句） It is in the factory which you are visiting that this kind of computer is made. 这种电脑是在你们正在参观的工厂里生产出来的。（强调句型和定语从句混合考查） The news that our team won the game made us excited. 我们队获胜的消息令我们很激动。（that引导同位语从句，且that不作句子成分） The news that he told us just now made us very excited. 他刚才告诉我们的消息令我们很激动。（that引导定语从句，且that不作从句的宾语） 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. The village has developed a lot __________ we learned farming two years ago. 2. It was in the backyard ________ my father planted many vegetables ________ he dug up a statue. 3. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages. 4. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _______ were translated into foreign languages. 5. A new school will be built in _________was a wasteland a few years ago. 【答案与解析】 1. where。本句是分割定语从句，先行词是the village，定语从句被谓语部分分隔开。故答案是when。 2. where; that。________ my father planted many vegetables是定语从句修饰先行词backyard；后面才是强调句型。故答案是where; that。 3. which。这是“介词+关系代词”结构。故答案是which。 4. them。and是解题关键，表明这是一个并列句。故答案是them。 5. what。介词in后面接一个宾语，该从句缺少引导词和主语，故答案是what。 1.Of course, shops are not charities — they price goods in the way __3___ will make them the most money. 【答案】that/which 2.Yet, the form of the fable still has values today, 3.______ Rachel Carson says in “A Fable for Tomorrow.” Carson uses a simple, direct style common to fable. In fact, her style and tone（口吻）are seemingly directed at children. “There was once a town in the heart of America, 4.______ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful existence with its surroundings,” 【答案】 as where 【解析】 句意：然而，正如雷切尔·卡森在《明日寓言》中所说，寓言的形式在今天仍然具有价值。引导非限定性定语从句，且有“正如”之意，用关系代词as引导。故填as。 考查定语从句where。句意：“从前，在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里所有的生命似乎都和周围的环境一起享受着和平的生活，”她的寓言是这样开头的，借用了许多古老寓言中的一些熟悉的词。句中先行词为town，在非限定性定语从句作地点状语，所以用关系副词where引导。故填where。 3.But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place 3.______ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life 【答案】which/that 【解析】句意：但是，除了古建筑，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方，21世纪的建筑奇迹与过去的历史建筑并存。这里为定语从句的关系代词，先行词为“a place”，在定语从句中担当主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填which/that。 4.Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, 8 thousands were attending a water conference. 【答案】where 【解析】句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥结束了长达一年的系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一个水会议。非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Chicago，在从句中作地点状语，故填where。 5.On the 1,100 kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___2___ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province. 【答案】who 【解析】句意：在1100公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿过了三个省的40个城市和县。此处是非限制性定语从句，先行词为the man，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。 6.The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species _____10_____ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area. 【答案】that 【解析】句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。文体句子可知，空处考查引导限制性定语从句的关系词，指代先行词species，指物，在从句中作主语，且先行词前有all修饰，故只能用关系代词that。故填that。 7.That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ____8____ are only good for one use. 【答案】which 【解析】句意：这包括杯子、瓶子和袋子，其中大多数（东西）只能使用一次。文体可知，most of ______are only good for one use在句中为非限制性定语从句；先行词为cups, bottles, and bags，在从句中作介词of的宾语，所以此处用关系代词which。故填which。 8.Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics ___1___ are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. 【答案】who/that 【解析】句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填that/who。 9.I decided that if I learned of a company____4____ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back. 【答案】which/that 【解析】句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。文体句子结构， 　　4　　 used a lot of plastic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或that引导该从句，所以填which或that。 10.BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 2 gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight. 【答案】that/which 【解析】句意：BMI是一种国际公认的测量工具，它可以显示一个人的体重是否健康。文体句子结构可知，设空处引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词tool，且在从句中做主语，故填that/which。 11.When you sleep,your brain sorts through everything ____2____ happened during the day，trying to link new experiences to old memories. 【答案】that 【解析】句意：当你睡觉时，你的大脑会整理白天发生的一切，试图将新经历与旧记忆联系起来。文体句子结构可知，空处需用连接词引导定语从句，先行词是不定代词everything，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以此处需用关系代词that引导定语从句。故填that。 12.Because the moon’s body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 3 it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. 【答案】where 【解析】句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。文体句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot，关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。 13.In ancient China lived an artist 1 paintings were almost lifelike. 【答案】whose 【解析】句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。 14.The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum 4 opened in 1759. 【答案】which/that 【解析】句意:例如，汉斯•斯隆爵士的8万件藏品构成了1759年开馆的大英博物馆的核心藏品。此处是限定性定语从句，先行词是the British Museum，关系词在从句中做主语，应使用关系代词which/that引导。故填which/that。 15.The Digital World is a set of volumes 5 aim to describe how digital systems influence society and help readers understand the nature of digital systems and their many interacting parts. 【答案】that/which 【解析】句意：《数字世界》是一套旨在描述数字系统如何影响社会并帮助读者理解数字系统的本质及其众多交互部分的丛书。句中先行词为volumes，在定语从句中作主语，所以用关系代词which或that引导。故填that/which。 16.Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield， 2 she opened with her late husband Les. 【答案】which 【解析】句意：现在，艾琳·阿斯特伯里每天从早上9点工作到下午5点，在麦克格斯菲尔德的一家宠物店工作，这家店是她和已故的丈夫莱斯一起开的。文体句子结构可知，先行词为the pet shop，在非限制性定语从句中作opened的宾语，故填which。 17.They were well trained by their masters 4 had great experience with caring for these animals. 【答案】who 【解析】句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方面很有经验。先行词为masters（主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。 18.The students benefiting most from college are those 9 are totally engaged（参与）in academic life. 【答案】who 【解析】句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。　　3　　 are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句，修饰先行词those，空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who。 19.On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ____3____gives off light in the dark. 【答案】that/which 【解析】这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth，指物，从句中缺少主语，因此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/which。 20.Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 6 showed a mere five to 10 minutes 【答案】that \which 【解析】此处a study是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that或which。 21.The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil-testing program 9. gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. 【答案】that/which 【解析】根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program并且引导后面的句子。指物用that/which，故填that或者which。 22.Like many things in life, it's 1 ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, 2 means you'll just keep getting better and better. 【答案】which 【解析】句意：通过文体句子结构可知，_______means you'll just keep getting better and better.是定语从句，空白处所填的词指代逗号前的there’s enough room for improvement，which在句中为关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，并在句中作主语。故填which。 23.Many westerners 2 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out. 【答案】who/that 【解析】句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句中做主语，用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/that。 24.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 10 is not good for the health. 【答案】which 【解析】句意：很可能摄入过多的脂肪和盐，那对健康没有好处。分析可知，___is not good for the health为非限制性定语从句，先行词是前面的整句话，在定语从句中作主语。所以用关系代词which。故填which。 25.But Sarah, 4 has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty. 【答案】who 【解析】句意：但是和顶级模特一起参加时装秀的莎拉想要证明自己不仅漂亮，而且有头脑。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词Sarah，指人，在定语从句中作主语，需用关系代词who引导。故填who。 26.Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 9 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. 【答案】where 【解析】句意：Pahlsson和她的丈夫现在认为戒指可能和一堆厨房垃圾被扫到花园中，在那里直到胡萝卜意外地发芽使戒指通过绿叶又被找到。前后两句很完整，由句意可知，后半句是对花园进行了进一步的解释说明。故后半句是定语从句，先行词是garden，在定语从句作地点状语，关系词用where，故填where。 27.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s, 5 I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. 【答案】when 【解析】分析句子结构可知，空格处所在的句子是定语从句，定语从句修饰前面的the mid1980s，且从句缺少时间状语，故用when引导该定语从句。故填when。 28.Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, 7 lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C．, influenced the development of chopsticks. 【答案】who 【解析】句意：有些人认为，大约生活在公元前551年至479年的中国伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展。空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Confucius，指代人，用关系代词who引导从句，在从 句中作主语。故填who。 29.I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4 are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings. 【答案】that/which 【解析】本句包含定语从句，先行词为Li River，在从句中作主语。故填that/which。 30.Thinking about his children's clothes，he started growing cotton too.When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables and cotton in the market 9 people from the towns met regularly. 【答案】where 【解析】本题定语从句的先行词是the market，关系代词where引导定语从句，并在句中充当地点状语。故填where。 31.Maybe you have a habit 7 is driving your family crazy. 【答案】that/which 【解析】本句是一个定语从句，先行词是a habit，定语从句中使用关系代词that/which指代先行词，在句做主语，不能省略。故填which / that。 32.The next day, my brother and I went to the beach 9 we watched some people play volleyball. 【答案】where 【解析】Beach是一个描述地点的单词，后面作为一个修饰beach的成分故要用where作为连接词。故填where。 although store unexpected stop wrong wave silent save come through see they big wrong climb protect An underwater volcano in Tonga caused a bad tsunami (海啸)and nearly destroyed (摧毁)the nation. Five days later, the 1 of a man was known to people around the world. Lisala Folau, 57, managed to swim back to safety“ after being washed away", 2 he is disabled. 3 started coming at about 7 pm on Saturday. Folau first 4 a tree to escape the tsunami with his family members, but they came down when they thought it was safe. They were 5 “My elder brother shouted out to us. I just turned and looked at the shocking wave—it was 6 than the six-meter wave that destroyed our house. My niece and I were swept out to sea." said Folau. 7 floated(漂浮) at sea， just calling out to each other. It was dark and they could not 8 each other. Very soon Folau could not hear his niece calling any more, but he could hear his son calling. He didn't reply to him, hoping to 9 him. “No son can give up his father.” Folau said. "As a father, I kept 10 .for if I answered him, he would have jumped in and tried to 11 me.” Finally at about 10 pm on Sunday, some 27hours after he was swept out to sea, Folau made it to the main island and 12 a car for help. It was not clear whether Folau's niece and other family members survived(幸存) the disaster. In an interview. Folau said it was "so 13 that I. as a disabled man, was able to survive” and he 14 thanks to the people from his island as well as the country as a whole. “I know you prayed(祈祷)for me when I 15 the difficult time.” 长难句分析 原句：（倒数第二段最后一句)It was not clear whether Folau's niece and other family members survived the disaster. 译文：尚不清楚Folau的侄女和其他家庭成员是否在灾难中幸存了下来。 分析：这是一个复合句。it为形式主语，whether...the disaster是whether引导的主语从句，也是句子真正的主语。 译文 汤加的一座海底火山引发了一场严重的海啸，它几乎摧毁了这个国家。五天后，一个人的故事被全世界的人们所知。57岁的Lisala Folau在“被冲走后”，成功地游回了安全地带，尽管他身有残疾。 海浪在周六晚上7点左右涌来。为了躲避海啸，Folau先是和他的家人爬上了一棵树，但是，他们在自以为安全的时候下了树。 他们错了。 “我哥哥朝我们大喊。我转过身，看着那惊人的海浪一—它比冲毁我们房子的六米海浪还大。我侄女和我被冲到进了海里。”Folau说。 他们漂浮在海上，呼唤彼此。天很黑，他们看不到对方。很快，Folau再也听不到他侄女的呼唤了，但他能听到他儿子的呼唤。他没有回答，希望能保护儿子。“没有儿子能放弃自己的父亲，”Folau说，“作为父亲，我保持了沉默，因为如果我回答他，他就会跳下来，尽力救我。” 终于，周日晚10点左右，在Folau被冲入海中约27个小时后，他成功登上主岛，并拦下一辆汽车求助。尚不清楚Folau的侄女和其他家庭成员是否在灾难中幸存了下来。 Folau在一次采访中说：“非常意外，我这样一个残疾人竟能活下来。”他主动向自己岛上的人和全国的人表示了感谢。“我知道，在我经历困难时，你们为我祈祷。” 答案详析 1.story 根据语境可知，此处指全世界的人们都知道了一个人的故事。 2.although 根据空前的内容可知，57岁的Folau被海浪冲走以后成功地游到安全处；再根据空后的内容可知，他身体残疾，空前后的内容为让步关系，故选although。 3.waves根据4空后的“to escape the tsunami with his family members”可知，海啸来了，故此处指海浪在周六下午7点左右来了。下文中的 the shocking wave 和the six- meter wave 也为提示信息。 4.climbed根据空后的“they came down when they thought it was safe”可知，他们认为已经安全了，所以就下来了：再结合空后的a tree 可知，Folau和家人先是一起爬到树上躲避海啸。 5.wrong 根据下一段中的“I just turned and looked at the shocking wave"可知，一波令人震惊的海浪涌了上来，故他们认为安全了，并从树上下来的做法是错误的。 6.bigger 根据空前的the shocking wave 可知，这是一波令人震惊的海浪，故它比冲毁房子的六米高的海浪更大。 7.They根据上一段中的“My niece and I were swept out to sea"可知，Folau 和他侄女被冲进了海里;再结合空后的“calling out to each other”可知，此处指他们漂浮在海上，呼喊彼此。 8.see 根据空前的It was dark 可知，天色黑暗，故他们看不到对方。 9.protect 根据10空后的“if I answered him，he would have jumped in"可知，如果他回答儿子，儿子就会跳下来，故他不回答是为了保护儿子。 10.silent 根据9空前的“He didn't reply to him”可知，Folau没有回答儿子，故他保持了沉默。 11saved根据上文中Folau 说的话“No son can give up his father”可知，没有儿子会放弃自己的父亲，故此处指如果他回答了儿子，他儿子就会跳下来救他。 12.stopped根据语境可知，他成功地到达岛上并且拦住了一辆汽车求助。 13.unexpected通读全文可知，Folau作为一名残疾人，被海啸卷走后大难不死，终于在大约27小时后游到岛上并获救，这是他自己都没有想到的事情。 14.offered 根据下文中的“I know you prayed for me”可知，人们为Folau祈祷，故他主动对人们说谢谢。offer意为“主动提出；自愿给予”。 15. came through 根据上文可知，Folau 被海啸卷走了，故此处指在Folau经历困难时，人们为他祈祷。come through“经历。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$