专题04 阅读理解D篇（说明文）- 备战2025年高考英语真题题源解密（新高考通用）

专题04 阅读理解D篇（说明文） 考情概览：解读近年命题思路和内容要求，统计真题考查情况。 2024年真题研析：分析命题特点，探寻常考要点，真题分类精讲。 近年真题精选：分类精选近年真题，把握命题趋势。 必备知识速记：归纳串联解题必备知识，总结易错易混点。 名校模拟探源：精选适量名校模拟题，发掘高考命题之源。 【考查要点】 试卷所选阅读语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题语境。所选阅读素材，考查整体阅读与深度阅读的能力，需要从头到尾理解文章，而不单单从字面搜寻信息。2024年新课标I卷阅读D篇说明文，主题语境为人与自然。语篇内容是介绍有关地球物种的数据非常丰富，但新研究指出这些数据存在偏差。研究者建议应用程序帮助公民科学家改变采样方式，从而纠止这种偏差。引导学生辩证地看待科技发展带来的海量数据，设法让数据更好地反映现实。2024年新课标II卷阅读D篇说明文，主题语境为人与社会。语篇内容是科学技术，Catriona Campbell 的A by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence 文章强调了理解和应对人工智能未来影响的重要性，敦促科技公司和世界领导人采取行动，确保控制并防止人工智能的发展可能对人类造成的负面影响。引导学生对人工智能技术的快速发展进行辩证思考，强调在享受人工智能带来的便利的同时，重视其对人类可能造成的负面影响，并呼吁人们共同努力，确保人类能够控制人工智能的发展。 【课标链接】 依据新课程标准阅读理解部分试题考查的就是对语篇重要细节信息和关键信息的理解和推断能力。高考阅读四大题型（细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨要义）均有涉及，但D篇细节理解题减少，侧重推理判断题。需指出的是虽然D篇阅读素材比较难，涉及到了很多长难句和专业词汇，但题目设置还是符合高考命题形式的，这就要求我们要加强英语思维的能力，重视推理判断题，平时要多加训练。此外，2024年高考卷也出现了一些高难度的词汇，如outnumber v.在数量上胜过；coverage n.覆盖范围；dataset n.数据集；oversampled ad.过度采样的；likelihood n.可能性；be sidelined 被边缘化；on the same page 意见一致；tipping point 临界点;转折点；panout 以一定方式发展；downfall n.衰落;哀败等。这些是新高考阅读近几年的重大突破及变化趋势，这就要求学生在平时的备考中多关注合成词的运用以及熟词生义。 命题分析 2024年新课标I卷阅读D篇题型分布较为稳定，以推理判断题这种高阶思维题为主；细节理解题2道小题，推理判断题2道。2024年新课标II卷阅读D篇，主要考查学生细节理解能力和推理判断能力、把握主旨大意能力。词义猜测题1道，细节理解题1道小题，推理判断题2道。 试题精讲 （2024·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇） In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 语篇解读 主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲了在记录生态多样性方面，大部分记录都是以照片，视频，或者其他电子媒介的方式记录，他们相比实体标本来说真的靠谱吗？答案是否定的。本文仔细剖析了这些电子记录不靠谱的原因和弥补方案。 原文出处 节选自斯坦福大学网站 2023 年 年 5 月 月 1 日名为 Comparison of specimens and field observations reveals biases in biodiversity data 的文章 语言知识 重难单词 document v [ 学术词] 记录，记载；detect v [ 学术词] 发现； shift n [ 学术词] 改变；variety n 多样性；application n 应用程序（缩写为 app ）；primary adj [ 学术词] 原始的，最初的；investigate v [ 学术词] 研究；reveal v [ 学术词] 揭示；favor v 更倾向于；device n [ 学术词] 设备；encounter n [ 学术词] 相遇；feature n [ 学术词] 特征 重难词块 go extinct 灭绝；citizen scientist 民间科学家；in the form of 以 …… 的形式； with the rise of 随着 ……的兴起；with the aid of 借助于 ……；lead author 第一作者；assistant professor 助理教授；respond to 对 …… 作出反应； tend to do sth 易于做某事；make sense 说得通 ，有道理； inform sb of sth 告知某人某事；be limited in number 数量有限 长难句分析 These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? 句意为： 现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自 实物 标本的原始数据，而由于 我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗? 本句是一个并列句，前半句中的that 作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data；后半句中的 since 引导原因状语从句，how 引导宾语从句作 investigate 的宾语。 Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested howwell these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 句意为：Daru 和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 Using a global dataset ... 为分词短语作状语，how 引导宾语从句作 test 的宾语。 This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 句意为：这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过 移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。 because 引导原因，状语从句，who 引导定语从句修饰先行词 the people，recording ... nearby 为分词短语作后置定语 ，修饰 citizen scientists。 （2024·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 语篇解读 主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了AI by Design是Catriona Campbell所著的关于人工智能未来的实用指南，旨在提高人们对AI潜力和未来发展的认识，强调了人类需要对AI保持控制，以防止被边缘化甚至更糟的后果。 文章评述了 Catriona Campbell 的新书《人工智能设计：与人工智能共生的计划》， 前 分析了当前 AI 的发展趋势和即将到来的 AI 革命，呼吁人们共同面对，技术公司和世界与领袖应与 AI 专家们达成共识、携手共进。 原文出处 选自 Blackpool Gazette 网站名为 Must-read of the week: AI by Design: APlan For Living With Artificial Intelligence by Catriona Campbell 的文章。 语言知识 重难单词 potential n 潜力； pose v 提出；process v [ 名词动化] 处理；power v [ 熟词生义] [ 名词动化] 驱动； academic n 学者； capable adj 有能力的； dominant adj 主导的；essential adj 完全必要的；point n [ 熟词生义] 观点；competent adj 有能力的； feature n 特点；prior adj 先前的； clarify v 阐明；honor v [ 名词动化] 表彰 重难词块 take action 采取行动；artificial intelligence 人工智能； come in 出现； address the challenges 应对挑战； translate ... into ... 将 …… 变为 ……； from a ... angle 从 …… 的角度； make for 促成； by the close 结束时； set out to do sth 着手做 某事； raise awareness 提高意识； keep control of 控制；risk doing sth 冒着 …… 的风险； wake up 唤醒； (be) responsible for 对 ……负责；on the same page 意见一致； pan out 以一定方式发展；global regulation 全球性监管； enable sb to do sth 使某人 能够做某事；be packed with 充满 ……； step-by-step instruction 循序渐进的指导；be intended for sb / sth 为某人/ 某事物而设计的； urge sb to do sth 敦促某人做某事； make joint efforts to do sth 共同努力做某事；keep sth under control 控制住某物； give a brief account of 简要介 绍 She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 句意为：她从商业人士（而非学者）的实用角度出发，使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富，读完之后，你会觉得自己几乎和人工智：能一样聪明。 句子主干是：She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic；making for ... as AI 是非谓语短语作伴随状语，其中嵌入两个which 引导的定语从句，都修饰先行词 guide。 【1】（2023·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇） On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【2】（2023·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 【3】（2022·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇） Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 【4】（2022·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. 34. What does Levine’s research find? A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. 【5】（2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 【6】（2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage. Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick. Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets. 32. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry? A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers. C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability. 33. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do? A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle. C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes. 34. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle? A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better. C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life. 35. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey? A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor. C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen. 分析近几年的高考试题，可以发现阅读理解D篇都是考查说明文，，如：2023年新课标I卷阅读D篇介绍“群体智慧效应”，（wisdom of crowds）题型分布较为稳定，以推理判断题和主旨大意题这种高阶思维题为主；涉及到了组织行为学，心理学和社会学的概念，提及到了实验模型，以及群体实验中，人们犯错被高估、低估以及错误足够多回归均值的规律。还分析了实验结果与样本容量以及群体特点之间的关系。2023年新课标II卷阅读D篇说明文，随着城市化进程的发展，人们与自然接触的机会越来越少。研究发现，城市中自然场所的存在对居民的健康至关重要，研究人员也正试图创建一种“语言”，帮助人们更好地与自然互动。该语篇旨在引导学生形成爱护自然、热衷环保的生态理念。2022·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇，2022·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇，文章2021·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇，2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇，对于2025年高考D篇预测，很可能仍然会是说明文，话题可能涉及到哲学、心理学、经济学等前沿领域，需重点关注这些方面内容信息。 【1】【全国天域名校协作体2023-2024学年高三下学期3月联考英语试题】 With the fast development of astronomy, astronomers are eager to find a hint of the familiar: planets that resemble Earth. By pushing technology to the limits, astronomers are rapidly approaching the day when they can find another Earth. The most direct approach is to take a picture of it with a telescope. However, a more effective way is to use “the Doppler technique”. This involves analyzing starlight for evidence that the star’s movement is affected by the gravitational pull of a planet. Nowadays, astronomers can tell when a planet is pulling its star by only one meter a second — about human walking speed. That’s enough to detect a giant planet in a big orbit, or a small planet if it’s close to its star. Another approach is to watch a star for a slight dip in its brightness. This occurs when an orbiting planet passes in front of the star and blocks part of its light. At most, a tenth of all planetary systems are oriented so that these mini-eclipses (日食，月食) — called transits (凌日) — are visible from Earth. So, astronomers have to monitor a lot of stars to capture just a few transits. The dream of astronomers is to discover a rocky planet roughly the size of Earth orbiting in a habitable zone, one that is neither too hot nor too cold to support life. If they succeed, they will have found what biologists believe could be a promising residence for life. The best places to look may be dwarf stars. Smaller than the sun, dwarf stars are plentiful; seven of the ten stars nearest to Earth are dwarf stars. They also provide a steady supply of sunlight to any life-bearing planets within their habitable zone. Additionally, dwarf stars are dim, so the habitable zone lies closer in. If the planet is closer to the star, it’s easier for astronomers to detect a transit observation. A close-in planet also has a stronger pull on its star. That makes it easier to detect with the Doppler method. 32. According to paragraph two, astronomers analyze starlight with the aim of finding ________. A. where we can detect a giant orbit B. why a small planet is close to its stars C. whether the motion of the stars is changed D. how strong the power of the gravitational pull is 33. Why do astronomers have to monitor a lot of stars to capture transits? A. Transits last a very short period of time. B. Most planetary systems don’t have transits. C. Transits only occur for a small number of stars. D. No more than 10% planetary systems have visible transits from Earth. 34. Dwarf stars may be good places to spot Earth-like planets because ______. A. dwarf stars are limited in number B. their planets are close to the Earth C. the closeness of the habitable zone to dwarf stars aids detection D. the brightness of dwarf stars to Earth improves their visibility 35. What is the author’s attitude to the discovery of Earth-like planets? A. Confident. B. Suspicious. C. Ambiguous. D. Unconcerned. 【2】【浙江省四校联盟2023-2024学年高三上学期12月联考英语试题】 Earlier studies suggested that fatigue from virtual meetings stems from mental overload, but new research from Aalto University shows that sleepiness during virtual meetings might actually be a result of mental underload and boredom. “I expected to find that people get stressed in remote meetings. But the result was the opposite —— especially those who were not engaged in their work quickly became drowsy during remote meetings, “says Assistant Professor Niina Nurmi, who led the study. The researchers measured heart rate variability during virtual meetings and face-to-face meetings,examining different types of fatigue experiences among 44 knowledge workers across nearly 400 meetings. The team at Aalto collaborated with researchers at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health,where stress and recovery are studied using heart rate monitors. “We shadowed each subject for two workdays, recording all events with time stamps, to find out the sources of human physiological responses,”Nurmi says. The study also included a questionnaire to identify people’s general attitude and work engagement. ”The format of a meeting had little effect on people who were highly engaged and enthusiastic about their work. They were able to stay active even during virtual meetings. On the other hand, workers whose work engagement was low and who were not very enthusiastic about their work found virtual meetings very tiring. “ It’s easier to maintain focus in face-to-face meetings than virtual ones, as the latter have limited cognitive cues and sensory input. “Especially when cameras are off, the participant is left under-stimulated and may start to compensate by multitasking,” Nurmi explains. Although an appropriate level of stimulation is generally beneficial for the brain, multitasking during virtual meetings is problematic. Only highly automated tasks, such as walking, can be properly carried out during a virtual meeting. “Walking and other automated activities can boost your energy levels and help you to concentrate on the meeting. But if you’re trying to focus on two things that require cognitive attention simultaneously, you can’t hear if something important is happening in the meeting. Alternatively, you have to constantly switch between tasks. It’s really taxing for the brain,”Nurmi says. 32. How does Niina Nurmi feel about the result of the research? A. Confused. B. Confident. C. Surprised. D. Optimistic. 33. What does the underlined word “shadowed ”in paragraph 3 mean? A. Observed. B. Interviewed. C. Employed. D. Analyzed. 34. What can be learned from the last two paragraphs? A. Limited sensory input increases stimulation. B. Turning off cameras boosts task switching. C. Automated tasks stimulate constant switches. D. Too little stimulation can cause multitasking. 35. What is the text mainly about? A. How remote meetings differ from face-to-face ones. B. Why cognitive attention in virtual meetings decreases. C. What role a person’s personality plays in remote meetings. D. Where the problem with the present meeting formats lies. 【3】【重庆市名校联盟2023-2024学年度第二期第一次联考】 When driving, Clara-Marina Martinez takes down any unusual behaviour she sees on the road. She then feeds these into machine-learning algorithms (算法), a form of AI, which are intended to produce a system reliable enough for a car to drive itself without any disturbance from the driver, and cope with all situations on the road. But this proving hard to achieve, carmakers choose to scale back many attempts to do so. Last year, for instance, Uber, a ride-hailing service, sold off its unit developing self-driving cars at a low price. Autonomous vehicles are boasted as being not just convenient but potentially safer. However, just as people take time to learn how to drive safely, machines are no exception. The RAND Corporation, an American think-tank, calculates that to develop a system 20% safer than a human driver, a fleet of 100 self-driving cars would have to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and cover 14 billion kilometres. At average road speeds, that would take about 400 years. Carmakers such as Porsche therefore accelerate the development process using simulators (模拟器). These teach software about danger only rarely encountered in reality. Dr Martinez and her colleagues employ “game engines”, the programs that generate photo realistic images in computer games, to do this. These are used to create virtual worlds through which the software can drive. How quickly, if ever, all this will translate into reality remains to be seen. Both regulators and customers will need to overcome doubt that a software driver really can be safer than human. From Porsche’s point of view, though, there is one other relevant question. Given that much of the reason for owning a sports car is for owners to show off what they regard as their driving skills, just how big a market will there be for a version where software takes those boasting rights away? 12. What do the underlined words “scale back” mean in Paragraph 1? A. Make B. Overlook. C. Encourage. D. Reduce. 13. The learning process of autonomous vehicles’ safe driving can be described as___________. A. time-consuming B. fast-paced C. thought-provoking D. well-designed 14. What challenge do autonomous vehicles bring to Porsche? A. Ensuring the pleasure of driving B. Making their sports cars affordable. C. Removing public doubts about safety. D. Integrating game engines into their vehicles. 15. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Porsche: Sports Cars at Risk B. Self-driving Cars: Still Some Way to Go C. Simulators: The Core of Autonomous Vehicles D. Machine Learning Algorithms: The Arrival of Al 【4】【山东省部分知名高中2023-2024学年高三下学期开年大联考（中昇大联考）英语试题】 Lia Thomas, a student at the University of Pennsylvania, is an excellent swimmer. She often beats her rivals by tens of seconds, breaking records. Her success is based on three things. One is natural talent. Another is relentless training. And the third is biology. Although she identifies as a woman, Ms Thomas was born male. On the eve of her biggest competition, Ms Thomas finds herself at the centre of the bad-tempered debate about whether trans women—males who identify as women—should compete in women’s sports. That, in turn, is part of a broader argument: should biological facts sometimes override people’s deeply held feelings about their identities? This newspaper believes it is almost always unfair to allow transgender women to compete in women’s sports.The advantages bestowed by male puberty (青春期) are so big that no amount of training or talent can enable female athletes to overcome them. Florence Griffith Joyner’s 100-metres world sprinting record has stood for three decades. A male matching it would not even make it to the Olympics, let alone the final. Much of the male advantage is granted by testosterone (睾酮，睾丸素), a powerful anabolism steroid (合成类胆固醇) whose levels rise sharply in male puberty.For many years many sporting bodies, following the lead of the International Olympic Committee, hoped to cope with the issue by allowing trans-women to compete in women’s events provided they took testosterone- suppressing drugs. But the science suggests this does not level the playing field. Suppressing testosterone in adults, it seems, does little to undo the advantages granted by a male adolescence. Sports must therefore choose between inclusion and fairness; and they should choose fair play. That does not mean that trans-women would be barred from all sport. One way to make that clear would be to replace the “men’s” and “women’s” categories with “open” and “female” ones. The first would be open to all comers. The second would be restricted on the basis of biology. Sport is public, and results can be measured objectively. That means the argument that the material facts of biology should sometimes outrank a person’s subjective sense of identity is easier to make. But it applies in other areas, too. 8. What is the text talking about? A. Men has many advantages over women. B. Fairness should be guaranteed in sport. C. Whether trans women-males should be allowed to compete in women sports. D. How to dismiss the unfairness between trans women-males and women. 9. What does the underlined word “suppressing” in para.3 mean? A. dampen B. balance C. increase D. encourage 10. Which one is not true according to the text? A. A man who doesn’t make it to the Olympic may set a record in women sport. B. Transgenders should not be allowed in sports. C. Fairness matters more than inclusion in the sport. D. Many advantages of males are due to testosterone. 11. What will be talked about in the continuous part? A. How to deal with the unfairness between transgenders and females. B. Other factors that cause trans women-males’ performances to override women’s. C. Other fields that is suitable for the argument that the material facts of biology should sometimes outrank a person’s subjective sense of identity. D. Other authorities’ attitude to the fairness in sport. 【5】【江苏省南通市名校联盟2023-2024学年高三上学期12月学业质量联合监测试题】 Curiosity is a familiar feeling among people. But as soon as we examine that feeling, curiosity reveals itself to be a complex emotion indeed. Just ask yourself: Is curiosity a positive feeling or a negative feeling? Is it more like frustration(挫败)or more like hope? Is it a painful reminder of what we don’t(yet)know, or an exciting signal towards what we might soon discover? Actually, curiosity can be all of these things. But the object of curiosity’s desire is information. Of course, not all feelings of curiosity are the same. Curiosity can be more or less pleasurable, more or less aggravating. So what accounts for this variation (变化)? Once we recognize that curiosity has many faces, we can consider what affects the nature of our experience in a given case. The paper by Noordewier does just this for the dimension of time. The researchers ask: Is the experience of curiosity more likely to be positive when we expect that our curiosity will be satisfied sooner rather than later? To answer this question, the researchers conducted three studies with over 200 participants. In each study, the researchers first stimulated (刺激) a state of curiosity by telling people that they would later watch a video that contained “something with different shades of brown.” Half the people were told they would watch the video after a short delay of only one minute, and half were told that there would first be a 30-minute delay during which they would complete other tasks. The key finding was that while both groups reported equal levels of curiosity, the curiosity was accompanied by more negative feelings for those participants facing a long versus a short delay. The finding cast light on the two faces of curiosity. When our curiosity will not be satisfied anytime soon, we focus on not knowing, on the information gap itself, which is largely sick. But when our curiosity is about to be satisfied, we focus on almost knowing, or the expected settlement, which is a more positive experience. On this view, the two faces of curiosity reflect different mixtures of not knowing versus almost knowing. 12. Why do people have curiosity? A. To get pleasure. B. To become positive. C. To get information. D. To become hopeful. 13. What does the underlined word “aggravating” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Joyful. B. Unpleasant. C. Exciting. D. Frightening. 14. Why did researchers conduct the experiment? A. To satisfy the curiosity of the public. B. To prove their previous assumptions. C. To recognize the different faces of curiosity. D. To study how time affects curiosity experience. 15. What is the main idea of the text? A. Curiosity is a common emotion. B. Curiosity is a positive motivator. C. Curiosity can be a positive or negative feeling. D. Curiosity can be satisfied by completing tasks. 【教学启示】 阅读知识面的广度常常与学生思维的开阔程度与灵活性之间存在紧密联系。这种扩大学生知识面的过程可以和语言能力训练、思维品质培养等手段紧密结合，来达到更好的效果。例如，在阅读理解教学中，教师可以通过学生互相用英语提问的方式来激发学生的语言能力和思维品质，让学生逐渐学会在阅读过程中提出好问题，掌握文章的要旨和主旨，汲取其中的精华，从而不断扩大他们的知识面，以提高他们的语言表达和思维能力。 万变不离其宗，即使是2023新高考全国I卷D篇阅读，在试题的设置上也没有脱离高考命题规则，有的学生会发现，虽然文章看不懂，但是题目能做对。这就是对试题的解题技巧有较高的要求。学生需要多注重细节理解的定位和总结归纳能力的培养。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！6 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 专题04 阅读理解D篇（说明文） 考情概览：解读近年命题思路和内容要求，统计真题考查情况。 2024年真题研析：分析命题特点，探寻常考要点，真题分类精讲。 近年真题精选：分类精选近年真题，把握命题趋势。 必备知识速记：归纳串联解题必备知识，总结易错易混点。 名校模拟探源：精选适量名校模拟题，发掘高考命题之源。 【考查要点】 试卷所选阅读语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题语境。所选阅读素材，考查整体阅读与深度阅读的能力，需要从头到尾理解文章，而不单单从字面搜寻信息。2024年新课标I卷阅读D篇说明文，主题语境为人与自然。语篇内容是介绍有关地球物种的数据非常丰富，但新研究指出这些数据存在偏差。研究者建议应用程序帮助公民科学家改变采样方式，从而纠止这种偏差。引导学生辩证地看待科技发展带来的海量数据，设法让数据更好地反映现实。2024年新课标II卷阅读D篇说明文，主题语境为人与社会。语篇内容是科学技术，Catriona Campbell 的A by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence 文章强调了理解和应对人工智能未来影响的重要性，敦促科技公司和世界领导人采取行动，确保控制并防止人工智能的发展可能对人类造成的负面影响。引导学生对人工智能技术的快速发展进行辩证思考，强调在享受人工智能带来的便利的同时，重视其对人类可能造成的负面影响，并呼吁人们共同努力，确保人类能够控制人工智能的发展。 【课标链接】 依据新课程标准阅读理解部分试题考查的就是对语篇重要细节信息和关键信息的理解和推断能力。高考阅读四大题型（细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测、主旨要义）均有涉及，但D篇细节理解题减少，侧重推理判断题。需指出的是虽然D篇阅读素材比较难，涉及到了很多长难句和专业词汇，但题目设置还是符合高考命题形式的，这就要求我们要加强英语思维的能力，重视推理判断题，平时要多加训练。此外，2024年高考卷也出现了一些高难度的词汇，如outnumber v.在数量上胜过；coverage n.覆盖范围；dataset n.数据集；oversampled ad.过度采样的；likelihood n.可能性；be sidelined 被边缘化；on the same page 意见一致；tipping point 临界点;转折点；panout 以一定方式发展；downfall n.衰落;哀败等。这些是新高考阅读近几年的重大突破及变化趋势，这就要求学生在平时的备考中多关注合成词的运用以及熟词生义。 命题分析 2024年新课标I卷阅读D篇题型分布较为稳定，以推理判断题这种高阶思维题为主；细节理解题2道小题，推理判断题2道。2024年新课标II卷阅读D篇，主要考查学生细节理解能力和推理判断能力、把握主旨大意能力。词义猜测题1道，细节理解题1道小题，推理判断题2道。 试题精讲 （2024·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇） In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. 语篇解读 主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲了在记录生态多样性方面，大部分记录都是以照片，视频，或者其他电子媒介的方式记录，他们相比实体标本来说真的靠谱吗？答案是否定的。本文仔细剖析了这些电子记录不靠谱的原因和弥补方案。 原文出处 节选自斯坦福大学网站 2023 年 年 5 月 月 1 日名为 Comparison of specimens and field observations reveals biases in biodiversity data 的文章 语言知识 重难单词 document v [ 学术词] 记录，记载；detect v [ 学术词] 发现； shift n [ 学术词] 改变；variety n 多样性；application n 应用程序（缩写为 app ）；primary adj [ 学术词] 原始的，最初的；investigate v [ 学术词] 研究；reveal v [ 学术词] 揭示；favor v 更倾向于；device n [ 学术词] 设备；encounter n [ 学术词] 相遇；feature n [ 学术词] 特征 重难词块 go extinct 灭绝；citizen scientist 民间科学家；in the form of 以 …… 的形式； with the rise of 随着 ……的兴起；with the aid of 借助于 ……；lead author 第一作者；assistant professor 助理教授；respond to 对 …… 作出反应； tend to do sth 易于做某事；make sense 说得通 ，有道理； inform sb of sth 告知某人某事；be limited in number 数量有限 长难句分析 These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? 句意为： 现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自 实物 标本的原始数据，而由于 我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗? 本句是一个并列句，前半句中的that 作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data；后半句中的 since 引导原因状语从句，how 引导宾语从句作 investigate 的宾语。 Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants,insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested howwell these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 句意为：Daru 和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 Using a global dataset ... 为分词短语作状语，how 引导宾语从句作 test 的宾语。 This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 句意为：这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过 移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。 because 引导原因，状语从句，who 引导定语从句修饰先行词 the people，recording ... nearby 为分词短语作后置定语 ，修饰 citizen scientists。 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段“Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. (今天，大多数生物多样性的记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。)”可知，现在收集的物种记录大多是以电子形式存在的。故选B。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? (这些观察结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，而且由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：它们有用吗?)”和第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”可知，Daru的研究聚焦于观察数据，即人们通过移动应用记录的物种观察数据。故选C。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段““We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. (Daru说“我们特别感兴趣的是探索取样容易产生数据偏差的方面，比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片，而不是它旁边的草。”)”以及第五段“This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby.( 这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得观察生物多样性数据的人通常是公民科学家，他们记录了他们在附近地区与物种的接触。)”可知，导致数据偏差的原因是采样方式的不当。故选C。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image. (生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果来告知用户样本过多的地区，并将他们引导到样本不足的地方，甚至是物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性应用程序还可以鼓励用户让专家确认他们上传的图像的身份。)”可知，Daru 建议生物多样性应用应该给公民科学家提供指导。故选D。 （2024·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革). In the wrong hands, such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. As we soon come to learn from AI by Design, AI is already super-smart and will become more capable, moving from the current generation of “narrow-AI” to Artificial General Intelligence. From there, Campbell says, will come Artificial Dominant Intelligence. This is why Campbell has set out to raise awareness of AI and its future now — several decades before these developments are expected to take place. She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. Campbell’s point is to wake up those responsible for AI-the technology companies and world leaders-so they are on the same page as all the experts currently developing it. She explains we are at a “tipping point” in history and must act now to prevent an extinction-level event for humanity. We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. 12. What does the phrase “In the wrong hands” in paragraph 2 probably mean? A. If read by someone poorly educated. B. If reviewed by someone ill-intentioned. C. If written by someone less competent. D. If translated by someone unacademic. 13. What is a feature of AI by Design according to the text? A. It is packed with complex codes. B. It adopts a down-to-earth writing style. C. It provides step-by-step instructions. D. It is intended for AI professionals. 14. What does Campbell urge people to do regarding AI development? A. Observe existing regulations on it. B. Reconsider expert opinions about it. C. Make joint efforts to keep it under control. D. Learn from prior experience to slow it down. 15. What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A. To recommend a book on AI. B. To give a brief account of AI history. C. To clarify the definition of AI. D. To honor an outstanding AI expert. 语篇解读 主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文，主要讲述了AI by Design是Catriona Campbell所著的关于人工智能未来的实用指南，旨在提高人们对AI潜力和未来发展的认识，强调了人类需要对AI保持控制，以防止被边缘化甚至更糟的后果。 文章评述了 Catriona Campbell 的新书《人工智能设计：与人工智能共生的计划》， 前 分析了当前 AI 的发展趋势和即将到来的 AI 革命，呼吁人们共同面对，技术公司和世界与领袖应与 AI 专家们达成共识、携手共进。 原文出处 选自 Blackpool Gazette 网站名为 Must-read of the week: AI by Design: APlan For Living With Artificial Intelligence by Catriona Campbell 的文章。 语言知识 重难单词 potential n 潜力； pose v 提出；process v [ 名词动化] 处理；power v [ 熟词生义] [ 名词动化] 驱动； academic n 学者； capable adj 有能力的； dominant adj 主导的；essential adj 完全必要的；point n [ 熟词生义] 观点；competent adj 有能力的； feature n 特点；prior adj 先前的； clarify v 阐明；honor v [ 名词动化] 表彰 重难词块 take action 采取行动；artificial intelligence 人工智能； come in 出现； address the challenges 应对挑战； translate ... into ... 将 …… 变为 ……； from a ... angle 从 …… 的角度； make for 促成； by the close 结束时； set out to do sth 着手做 某事； raise awareness 提高意识； keep control of 控制；risk doing sth 冒着 …… 的风险； wake up 唤醒； (be) responsible for 对 ……负责；on the same page 意见一致； pan out 以一定方式发展；global regulation 全球性监管； enable sb to do sth 使某人 能够做某事；be packed with 充满 ……； step-by-step instruction 循序渐进的指导；be intended for sb / sth 为某人/ 某事物而设计的； urge sb to do sth 敦促某人做某事； make joint efforts to do sth 共同努力做某事；keep sth under control 控制住某物； give a brief account of 简要介 绍 She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. 句意为：她从商业人士（而非学者）的实用角度出发，使得这本指南通俗易懂、内容丰富，读完之后，你会觉得自己几乎和人工智：能一样聪明。 句子主干是：She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic；making for ... as AI 是非谓语短语作伴随状语，其中嵌入两个which 引导的定语从句，都修饰先行词 guide。 【答案】12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书。该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机。 【12题详解】 词句猜测题。根据文章第二段“such a book could prove as complicated to process as the computer code (代码) that powers AI but, thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades' professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI. (这样一本书可能会像驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂，但值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔撰写的这本书是通俗易懂的，如果别人写这本书的话可能就不是这样了，推测划线短语表示 “如果是由能力较差的人写的”。故选C项。 【13题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第二段“thankfully, Campbell has more than two decades’ professional experience translating the heady into the understandable. She writes from the practical angle of a business person rather than as an academic, making for a guide which is highly accessible and informative and which, by the close, will make you feel almost as smart as AI.(值得庆幸的是，坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，可以将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容。她从商业人士的实际角度而不是学者的角度出发，撰写了一本非常通俗易懂、内容丰富的指南，读完后会让你觉得自己几乎和人工智能一样聪明)”可知，坎贝尔在书中将令人兴奋的内容转化为可理解的内容，这本书的特点是通俗易懂，推测它采用了接地气的写作风格。故选B项。 【14题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“She says it is essential that we keep control of artificial intelligence, or risk being sidelined and perhaps even worse. (她说，我们必须保持对人工智能的控制，否则就有被边缘化甚至更糟的风险)”和文章最后一段“We need to consider how we want our future with AI to pan out. Such structured thinking, followed by global regulation, will enable us to achieve greatness rather than our downfall. (我们需要考虑我们希望人工智能的未来如何发展。这种结构化的思维，加上全球监管，将使我们走向伟大，而不是走向衰败)”可知，坎贝尔敦促人们保持对人工智能的控制，考虑人工智能的未来应如何发展，所以关于人工智能的发展，坎贝尔敦促人们共同努力将其控制住。故选C项。 【15题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Given the astonishing potential of AI to transform our lives, we all need to take action to deal with our AI-powered future, and this is where AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence comes in. This absorbing new book by Catriona Campbell is a practical roadmap addressing the challenges posed by the forthcoming AI revolution (变革).  (考虑到人工智能改变我们生活的惊人潜力，我们都需要采取行动来应对人工智能驱动的未来，这正是AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence的用武之地。卡特里奥娜·坎贝尔撰写的这本引人入胜的新书是一本实用的路线图，旨在应对即将到来的人工智能革命带来的挑战)”和文章最后一段“AI will affect us all, and if you only read one book on the subject, this is it. (人工智能将影响我们所有人，如果你只读一本关于这个主题的书，那就是这本书)”可知，本文主要介绍了Catriona Campbell所著AI by Design: A Plan for Living with Artificial Intelligence一书，该书作为应对AI革命挑战的实用指南，以商业视角阐述AI发展现状与前景，强调控制AI的重要性，呼吁各界协同确保人工智能安全发展，以防潜在危机，所以作者写这篇文章的目的是推荐一本关于人工智能的书。故选A 项。 【1】（2023·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇） On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 32. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 33. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 34. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 35. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 语篇解读 主旨概要 本文是一篇说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 原文出处 https://www.npr.org/sections/13.7/2018/03/12/592868569/no-man-is-an-island-the-wisdom-of-deliberating-crowds 语言知识 词汇默写 1. statistician 2. illustrate 3. estimation 4. accurate 5. capitalize 6. overestimate 7. underestimate 8. Averaged 9. correlate 10. phenomenon 11. obtain 12. significantly 13. dominant 14. reason 15. limitation 16. potential 17. implication 18. enormous 词汇答案 1. statistician n. 统计学家；统计员 2. illustrate vt. 说明；（为书）作插图；图解vi. 举例说明；发亮 3. estimation n. 判断；估计；尊重 4. accurate adj. 准确的；精确的 5. capitalize vt. 以大写字母写；使 ... 资本化；估价vi. 利用 6. overestimate v. 过高估计；过高出价n. 估计过高；评价过高；出价过高 7. underestimate n. 低估v. 低估 8. averaged adj. 平均的；中和的 9. correlate vt. 使相互关联vi. 关联n. 相关物 10. phenomenon n. 现象；奇人；奇事 11. obtain vt. 获得；得到vi. 流行；通用；存在 12. significantly adv. 意味深长地；意义深远地；重要地；较大地 13. dominant adj. 主要的；占优势的；显性的n. 主宰者；显性基因 14. reason n. 原因；理由；理智；理性v. 理论；论证；推理；劝说 15. limitation n. 限制；限度；缺点 16. potential adj. 潜在的；可能的n. 潜力；潜能n. 电位；电势 17. implication n. 牵连；含意；暗示；卷入 18. enormous adj. 巨大的；庞大的 重点短语 1. tend to 倾向于 2. result in 导致 3. for whatever reasons 不论理由是什么 长难句分析 1. On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. 句意为：1907年3月7日，英国统计学家弗朗西斯•高尔顿(Francis Galton)发表了一篇论文，阐述了所谓的“群体智慧”效应。 句型分析：该句为复合句，主干为“the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper”，其中定语从句“which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect”修饰名词paper，在定语从句中，包含了一个由what引导的宾语从句“what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect”，作illustrated的宾语。 2. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. 句意为：他进行的估计实验表明，在某些情况下，大量独立估计的平均值可以相当准确。 句型分析：该句式复合句，句子主干为“The experiment of estimation showed that”，其中定语从句“he conducted”省略引导词that，修饰前面的名词experiment，宾语从句“that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate”作showed的宾语。 3. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. 句意为：这种效应利用了这样一个事实: 当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。 句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“This effect capitalizes on the fact”，其中同位语从句“when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same”作fact的同位语，对其进行解释说明。 4. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. 句意为：这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步分成允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。 句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“The key finding of the study was”，其中表语从句“that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.”，在表语从句中，定语从句“that were allowed to have a discussion”修饰前面的名词groups。 5. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 句意为：虽然纳瓦哈斯领导的研究有局限性，仍然存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。 句型分析：该句为复合句，句子主干为“the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous”，由although引导的让步状语从句“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain”，其中非谓语结构“led by Navajas”作后置定语修饰前面代名词studies。 【答案】 32. B 33. D 34.C 35. D 【32题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时， 这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时， 它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互 抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得 相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差 平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确 的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划 分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五 人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的 情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也 是可以做到的。故选D。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? ( 在一项针对100名大学生的后 续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估 计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了 解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研 究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas 领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的 研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 【2】（2023·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild. Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being. The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.” Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. “We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. 32. What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities. C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature. 33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories? A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists. C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries. 34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature. B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature. C. The same nature experience takes different forms. D. The nature language enhances work performance. 35. What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn? A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation. C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication. 全文大意 随着城市的扩大，居住在城市地区的人们越来越难以找到接近大自然的机会。如果你幸运的话，可能会有一个附近的小型公园，但在城市中找到相对原始的地方是不太常见的。 过去的研究发现，接触大自然对人类的健康和福祉有益，但一项新研究表明，在城市地区，野生环境对人类的福祉非常重要。 研究团队专注于一个大型城市公园。他们对几百名公园游客进行了调查，要求他们在线上提交与公园中大自然的有意义互动的书面摘要。然后研究人员对这些提交进行了分析，将经验编码为不同的类别。例如，一个参与者的经历“我们坐在海滩上听了一会儿海浪声”被归类为“坐在海滩上”和“聆听海浪声”。 在这320份提交中，研究人员发现了一种被称为“自然语言”的类别模式逐渐浮现。在对所有提交进行编码后，有六个类别最常被认为对游客来说最重要。其中包括遇到野生动物、沿水边行走以及沿着已建好的小径行走。 给每个自然体验命名创造了一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识并参与对他们来说最令人满意和有意义的活动。例如，沿水边行走的体验对于一个周末在公园远足的年轻职业人士来说可能是令人满意的。在工作日的市区，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，体验更具家居感的互动形式。 “我们正在努力创造一种语言，帮助将人与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活。为了实现这一点，我们还需要保护自然，以便我们可以与之互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩表示。 语言知识 词汇默写 1. balloon 2. access 3. relatively 4.urban 5.survey 6. park-goer 7. code 8. category 9.participant 10.submission 11. emerge 12. note 13.encounter 14. edge 15.establish 16. usable 17. satisfying 18. professional 19. domestic 20.interaction 21.fountain 22.generate 23.senior 词汇答案 1. N气球; V 膨胀2. N 机会，权利，通道 V 访问 进入 使用 3.相对地 4.城市的 5.调查 6.逛公园的人 7. N代码 V 归类 8.类别 9.参与者 10.提交 11.出现 12. 标记，注意 13.遇到 14.边缘 15.建立 16.可用的 17.满意的 18.专业的 19.家庭的 20.互动 21.喷泉 22.生成 23.高级 重点短语 1. take part in 参与 2. be meaningful to sb 对...有意义 3. pocket park 袖珍公园 4. focus on 集中于，聚焦于5. the edge of•••的边缘 6 lunch break 午休 7.interact with 与⋯⋯相处8. gain / get access (to sth） 进入（某地），见到（某人或某物） 9.environmental conservation 环境保护 长难句分析 1. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. 句意为：他们对几百名公园游客进行了调查，要求他们在线上提交与公园中大自然的有意义互动的书面摘要。 句型分析：这是一个主谓宾结构的简单句，主谓宾分别为they;surveyed;park-goers。Asking为非谓语动词做伴随状语的用法，该伴随状语的主干为：ask them to submit。A summary 做to submit的宾语。Of a meaningful interaction做summary的后置定语。They had 是省略关系词which和that的定语从句。 2. Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. 句意为：为每种自然体验命名可以创造出一个可用的语言，它有助于帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。 句子成分：主语Naming each nature experience 谓语 creates 宾语a usable language; which 引导定语从句，先行词为 language，定语从句中还包含另一个定语从向that are most satisfying and meaningful to them，先行词为activities。 【答案】32. B 33. A 34. C 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。城市化让人们越来越难以接触到自然，但一项新研究发现城市中的野生自然对人类健康和幸福感具有重要影响。研究团队对一座大型城市公园的游客进行调查，发现与野生自然的互动可以创造出一种可用的语言，帮助人们认识和参与最令人满意和有意义的活动。该研究呼吁保护城市中的野生自然。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第一段内容“As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.(随着城市的飞速发展，生活在城市地区的人们越来越难以接近大自然。如果你幸运的话，你住的地方附近可能会有一个袖珍公园，但在城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)”可知，文章开头作者讲述了一种现象，在城市里，人们很难找到野生的自然。故选B。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段的“They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding (编码) experiences into different categories. (他们调查了数百名公园游客，要求他们在网上提交一份书面总结，描述他们在公园里与大自然有意义的互动。然后，研究人员检查了这些提交的信息，将体验分为不同的类别)”可知，研究人员按照公园游客提交的在公园里与大自然互动的活动把游客分类，再根据第四段“Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. (在这320份提交的作品中，一种被研究人员称为“自然语言”的分类模式开始出现。在对所有提交的内容进行编码后，有六个类别被认为对游客最重要)”可推断，给游客分类是为了区分不同的游客类别。故选A。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据第五段内容“Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break. (命名每一种自然体验创造了一种可用的语言，这有助于人们认识并参与到对他们来说最满意和最有意义的活动中。例如，沿着水边散步的经历可能会让一个年轻的专业人士在周末去公园徒步旅行时感到满意。在工作日回到市中心，他们可以在午休时沿着喷泉散步，享受一种更居家的互动方式)”可知，本段讲述了自然体验创造一种可用的语言，有助于人们识别并参与对自己来说最满意最有意义的活动，接下来以一个年轻的专业人士参与自然的方式举例说明，去公园时沿着水边散步让他感到满意，回到市中心工作时他可以通过沿着喷泉散步获得满足。因此推知，从第五段的例子中我们可以知道一样的自然体验可以呈现不同的形式。故选C。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段““We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it,” said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study. (“我们正试图创造一种语言，帮助将人类与自然的互动带回我们的日常生活中。要做到这一点，我们还需要保护自然，这样我们才能与它互动，”该研究的资深作者彼得·卡恩说。)”可推断，彼得·卡恩认为在我们与大自然互动之前我们应该先要保护自然。故选B。 【3】（2022·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇） Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages. More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose. They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds. The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large. Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. ”The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,“ said Steven Moran, a member of the research team. 32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi’s research focus on? A. Its variety. B. Its distribution. C. Its quantity. D. Its development. 33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? A. They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth. B. They could not open and close their lips easily. C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured. D. Their lower front teeth were not large enough. 34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? A. Supporting evidence for the research results. B. Potential application of the research findings. C. A further explanation of the research methods. D. A reasonable doubt about the research process. 35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? A. It is key to effective communication. B. It contributes much to cultural diversity. C. It is a complex and dynamic system. D. It drives the evolution of human beings. 【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C 【解析】 【导语】本篇是一篇说明文。主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damian Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.（30多年前，学者Charles Hockett注意到，被称为唇齿音的语音，如“f”和“v”，在吃软食物的社会的语言中更常见。现在，瑞士苏黎世大学的Damian Blasi领导的一组研究人员发现了这一趋势产生的方式和原因。）”可知Damian Blasi的研究重点是在语言的演变上。故选D项。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned，making it hard to produce labiodentals，which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure , making it easier to produce such sounds.（他们发现，古人类的上门牙和下门牙是对齐的，因此很难产生唇齿音，唇齿音是通过下唇接触上牙齿而形成的。后来，我们的下颚变成了覆盖咬合结构，更容易发出这样的声音）”可知，因为古代成年人的下颚结构使他们很难发出唇齿音。故选C项。 【34题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第五段中的“Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the so Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v”increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.（对语言数据库的分析也证实，在新石器时代之后，世界语言的发音发生了全球性的变化，在过去几千年里，“f”和“v”的使用显著增加。这些声音在今天许多狩猎采集者的语言中仍然没有发现）”可知，第五段主要是通过列明数据分析结果来进一步证明研究结果。故选A项。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,” said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.（研究小组成员Steven Moran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，Steven Moran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。 【4】（2022·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. 34. What does Levine’s research find? A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. 【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C 【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。 【5】（2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. B 【解析】 【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。通过文章第一段“Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities (研究表明，情商技巧可能有助于这些品质的形成)”可知，情商指的并不是一个人的积极品质。故选D项。 【33题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章第二段“The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. (医生可能利用这种准确理解他人感受的能力来找到最好的帮助病人的方法，而骗子可能利用这种能力来控制潜在的受害者)”可推知，作者在文章第二段中提到“医生”和“骗子”是举例子来阐明下文的观点——情商高并不一定能使一个人成为有道德的人。故选B项。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章第三段“the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. …The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers (宣传的总体效果一直是利大于弊。这种普及最积极的方面是雇主、教育者和其他对促进社会福利感兴趣的人对情感进行了新的、迫切需要的强调。情商的普及帮助了公众和研究人员)”可推知，作者认为情商普及是对人们有利的。故选A项。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives from which to study how people manage their lives. (我们希望这种关注将激发人们对情感科学和学术研究的更大兴趣。我们希望在未来的几十年里，科学的进步将为研究人们如何管理自己的生活提供新的视角)”可推知，本段主要谈了对未来关于情商研究的期望。故选B项。 【6】（2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇） An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage. Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes. Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes. For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick. Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets. 32. What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry? A. Soil pollution. B. Lack of workers. C. Aging machines. D. Low profitability. 33. What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do? A. Monitor the quality of grass. B. Cure the diseased cattle. C. Move cattle to another field. D. Predict weather changes. 34. Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle? A. He wants to help them earn a living. B. He thinks men can do the job better. C. He is inexperienced in using robots. D. He enjoys the traditional way of life. 35. How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey? A. Increase the value of cattle. B. Bring down the cost of labor. C. Make the job more appealing. D. Keep cattle from being stolen. 【答案】32. B 33. A 34. B 35. D 【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第一段“An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.（澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况，这一开发可能会给畜牧业带来重大变化。几十年来，畜牧业主要依靠低技术手段，但目前正面临劳动力短缺的问题。）”可知，畜牧产业面临劳动力短缺的问题。故选B。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass.（通过监测草的形状、颜色和质地来跟踪草地的质量。）”可知，Sukkarieh的机器人可以监测草的质量。故选A。 【34题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第四段“But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse.（但邦兹认为机器人并不适合这份工作。多年的行业经验——以及使用技术的失败尝试——使他确信，检查牛的最好方法是让一名男子骑在马上。）”可知，皮特·邦兹仍然雇佣牛仔看牛是因为他认为人能做得更好。故选B。 【35题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft.（俄克拉荷马州养牛人协会副会长迈克尔·凯尔西·帕里斯说，鉴于人们对偷牛的担忧不断上升，机器人可能会非常有用。）”可知，机器人帮助照看牛，可以防止牛被偷。故选D。 分析近几年的高考试题，可以发现阅读理解D篇都是考查说明文，话题涉猎广泛，如：2023年新课标I卷阅读D篇介绍“群体智慧效应”，（wisdom of crowds）题型分布较为稳定，以推理判断题和主旨大意题这种高阶思维题为主；涉及到了组织行为学，心理学和社会学的概念，提及到了实验模型，以及群体实验中，人们犯错被高估、低估以及错误足够多回归均值的规律。还分析了实验结果与样本容量以及群体特点之间的关系。2023年新课标II卷阅读D篇说明文，随着城市化进程的发展，人们与自然接触的机会越来越少。研究发现，城市中自然场所的存在对居民的健康至关重要，研究人员也正试图创建一种“语言”，帮助人们更好地与自然互动。该语篇旨在引导学生形成爱护自然、热衷环保的生态理念。2022·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇，主要介绍因为饮食的改变导致了现在在世界上一半的语言中发现了新的语音。2022·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇，文章主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。2021·新高考卷I阅读理解D篇，文章介绍了情商的定义以及对有关于情商未来研究的期望。2021·新高考卷II阅读理解D篇，讲述了澳大利亚一名教授正在开发一种机器人，用于监测放牧牛的健康状况。对于2025年高考D篇预测，很可能仍然会是说明文，话题可能涉及到哲学、心理学、经济学等前沿领域，需重点关注这些方面内容信息。 【1】【全国天域名校协作体2023-2024学年高三下学期3月联考英语试题】 With the fast development of astronomy, astronomers are eager to find a hint of the familiar: planets that resemble Earth. By pushing technology to the limits, astronomers are rapidly approaching the day when they can find another Earth. The most direct approach is to take a picture of it with a telescope. However, a more effective way is to use “the Doppler technique”. This involves analyzing starlight for evidence that the star’s movement is affected by the gravitational pull of a planet. Nowadays, astronomers can tell when a planet is pulling its star by only one meter a second — about human walking speed. That’s enough to detect a giant planet in a big orbit, or a small planet if it’s close to its star. Another approach is to watch a star for a slight dip in its brightness. This occurs when an orbiting planet passes in front of the star and blocks part of its light. At most, a tenth of all planetary systems are oriented so that these mini-eclipses (日食，月食) — called transits (凌日) — are visible from Earth. So, astronomers have to monitor a lot of stars to capture just a few transits. The dream of astronomers is to discover a rocky planet roughly the size of Earth orbiting in a habitable zone, one that is neither too hot nor too cold to support life. If they succeed, they will have found what biologists believe could be a promising residence for life. The best places to look may be dwarf stars. Smaller than the sun, dwarf stars are plentiful; seven of the ten stars nearest to Earth are dwarf stars. They also provide a steady supply of sunlight to any life-bearing planets within their habitable zone. Additionally, dwarf stars are dim, so the habitable zone lies closer in. If the planet is closer to the star, it’s easier for astronomers to detect a transit observation. A close-in planet also has a stronger pull on its star. That makes it easier to detect with the Doppler method. 32. According to paragraph two, astronomers analyze starlight with the aim of finding ________. A. where we can detect a giant orbit B. why a small planet is close to its stars C. whether the motion of the stars is changed D. how strong the power of the gravitational pull is 33. Why do astronomers have to monitor a lot of stars to capture transits? A. Transits last a very short period of time. B. Most planetary systems don’t have transits. C. Transits only occur for a small number of stars. D. No more than 10% planetary systems have visible transits from Earth. 34. Dwarf stars may be good places to spot Earth-like planets because ______. A. dwarf stars are limited in number B. their planets are close to the Earth C. the closeness of the habitable zone to dwarf stars aids detection D. the brightness of dwarf stars to Earth improves their visibility 35. What is the author’s attitude to the discovery of Earth-like planets? A. Confident. B. Suspicious. C. Ambiguous. D. Unconcerned. 【答案】32. C 33. D 34. C 35. A 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了天文学家寻找类地行星的方法和目标，科学家们使用望远镜、多普勒技术和监测恒星光度变化等方法来寻找类地行星。 【32题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段中“The most direct approach is to take a picture of it with a telescope. However, a more effective way is to use “the Doppler technique”. This involves analyzing starlight for evidence that the star’s movement is affected by the gravitational pull of a planet. (最直接的方法是用望远镜给它拍照。然而，更有效的方法是使用‘多普勒技术’。这包括分析星光，寻找恒星运动受到行星引力影响的证据。)”可知，科学家利用多普勒技术来分析星光，想要找出恒星的运动是否会受到某个行星引力的影响。故选C。 【33题详解】 细节理解题。根据第三段中“At most, a tenth of all planetary systems are oriented so that these mini-eclipses (日食，月食) — called transits (凌日) — are visible from Earth. So, astronomers have to monitor a lot of stars to capture just a few transits.(最多只有十分之一的行星系统是定向的，这样从地球上就可以看到这些迷你日食，也就是所谓的凌日。所以，天文学家必须监测很多恒星才能捕捉到一些凌日现象。)”可知，天文学家必须监测很多恒星才能捕捉到一些凌日现象，因为从地球上观测到凌日现象的行星系统不超过10%。故选D。 【34题详解】 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Additionally, dwarf stars are dim, so the habitable zone lies closer in. If the planet is closer to the star, it’s easier for astronomers to detect a transit observation. A close-in planet also has a stronger pull on its star. That makes it easier to detect with the Doppler method.(此外，矮星是暗淡的，所以宜居带更靠近。如果行星离恒星更近，天文学家就更容易探测到凌日现象。近距离行星对其恒星的引力也更大。这使得多普勒检测法更容易检测。)”可知，矮星亮度不高，故其生存带近。如生存带内的行星离矮星更近的话，天文学家更容易观察到其凌日现象，这样就更容易发现类地行星的存在，同时离的近的行星对矮星的引力更强，因此更容易通过多普勒方法观测到。故选C。 【35题详解】 推理判断题。根据第一段“With the fast development of astronomy, astronomers are eager to find a hint of the familiar: planets that resemble Earth. By pushing technology to the limits, astronomers are rapidly approaching the day when they can find another Earth.(随着天文学的快速发展，天文学家们渴望找到一个熟悉的线索：类似地球的行星。通过将技术推向极限，天文学家正在迅速接近找到另一个地球的那一天。)”可知，随着天文学的发展，科学家们迫切地想要发现类地行星的踪迹，通过不断地推进前沿科技，科学家们离找到一颗类地行星的日子不远了；再结合下文对两大方法的详细的正向的介绍，科学家们还是很有信心找到类地行星的。故选A。 【2】【浙江省四校联盟2023-2024学年高三上学期12月联考英语试题】 Earlier studies suggested that fatigue from virtual meetings stems from mental overload, but new research from Aalto University shows that sleepiness during virtual meetings might actually be a result of mental underload and boredom. “I expected to find that people get stressed in remote meetings. But the result was the opposite —— especially those who were not engaged in their work quickly became drowsy during remote meetings, “says Assistant Professor Niina Nurmi, who led the study. The researchers measured heart rate variability during virtual meetings and face-to-face meetings,examining different types of fatigue experiences among 44 knowledge workers across nearly 400 meetings. The team at Aalto collaborated with researchers at the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health,where stress and recovery are studied using heart rate monitors. “We shadowed each subject for two workdays, recording all events with time stamps, to find out the sources of human physiological responses,”Nurmi says. The study also included a questionnaire to identify people’s general attitude and work engagement. ”The format of a meeting had little effect on people who were highly engaged and enthusiastic about their work. They were able to stay active even during virtual meetings. On the other hand, workers whose work engagement was low and who were not very enthusiastic about their work found virtual meetings very tiring. “ It’s easier to maintain focus in face-to-face meetings than virtual ones, as the latter have limited cognitive cues and sensory input. “Especially when cameras are off, the participant is left under-stimulated and may start to compensate by multitasking,” Nurmi explains. Although an appropriate level of stimulation is generally beneficial for the brain, multitasking during virtual meetings is problematic. Only highly automated tasks, such as walking, can be properly carried out during a virtual meeting. “Walking and other automated activities can boost your energy levels and help you to concentrate on the meeting. But if you’re trying to focus on two things that require cognitive attention simultaneously, you can’t hear if something important is happening in the meeting. Alternatively, you have to constantly switch between tasks. It’s really taxing for the brain,”Nurmi says. 32. How does Niina Nurmi feel about the result of the research? A. Confused. B. Confident. C. Surprised. D. Optimistic. 33. What does the underlined word “shadowed ”in paragraph 3 mean? A. Observed. B. Interviewed. C. Employed. D. Analyzed. 34. What can be learned from the last two paragraphs? A. Limited sensory input increases stimulation. B. Turning off cameras boosts task switching. C. Automated tasks stimulate constant switches. D. Too little stimulation can cause multitasking. 35. What is the text mainly about? A. How remote meetings differ from face-to-face ones. B. Why cognitive attention in virtual meetings decreases. C. What role a person’s personality plays in remote meetings. D. Where the problem with the present meeting formats lies. 【答案】32. C 33. A 34. D 35. B 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。文章主要讲述新研究表明虚拟会议期间的困倦的原因实际上可能是精神负荷不足和无聊的结果 【32题详解】 推理判断题。根据第二段内容““I expected to find that people get stressed in remote meetings. But the result was the opposite —— especially those who were not engaged in their work quickly became drowsy during remote meetings,“says Assistant Professor Niina Nurmi,who led the study.( “我预料到会发现人们在远程会议中感到压力。但结果恰恰相反——尤其是那些没有投入工作的人在远程会议期间很快就会昏昏欲睡，”领导这项研究的助理教授尼娜·努尔米(Niina Nurmi)说。)”可推断，尼娜·努尔米对于研究结果是吃惊的。故选C。 【33题详解】 词句猜测题。根据下文“recording all events with time stamps, to find out the sources of human physiological responses(用时间戳记录所有事件，以找出人类生理反应的来源)”可推断，“我们”观察个体并记录，为了弄清楚他们的生理反应。划线词与A项“观察”意思相近。故选A。 【34题详解】 细节理解题 。根据倒数第二段的“Especially when cameras are off, the participant is left under-stimulated and may start to compensate by multitasking(尤其是当摄像头关闭时，参与者受到的刺激不足，可能会开始用多任务处理来弥补。)”可知，太少的刺激会导致多任务处理。故选D。 【35题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Earlier studies suggested that fatigue from virtual meetings stems from mental overload, but new research from Aalto University shows that sleepiness during virtual meetings might actually be a result of mental underload and boredom.(早期的研究表明，虚拟会议带来的疲劳源于精神负荷过重，但阿尔托大学的新研究表明，虚拟会议期间的困倦实际上可能是精神负荷不足和无聊的结果)”以及通读全文可知，本文主要讲述了虚拟会议期间的困倦的原因实际上可能是精神负荷不足和无聊的结果，分析了虚拟会议期间认真注意力降低的原因。故选B。 【3】【重庆市名校联盟2023-2024学年度第二期第一次联考】 When driving, Clara-Marina Martinez takes down any unusual behaviour she sees on the road. She then feeds these into machine-learning algorithms (算法), a form of AI, which are intended to produce a system reliable enough for a car to drive itself without any disturbance from the driver, and cope with all situations on the road. But this proving hard to achieve, carmakers choose to scale back many attempts to do so. Last year, for instance, Uber, a ride-hailing service, sold off its unit developing self-driving cars at a low price. Autonomous vehicles are boasted as being not just convenient but potentially safer. However, just as people take time to learn how to drive safely, machines are no exception. The RAND Corporation, an American think-tank, calculates that to develop a system 20% safer than a human driver, a fleet of 100 self-driving cars would have to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and cover 14 billion kilometres. At average road speeds, that would take about 400 years. Carmakers such as Porsche therefore accelerate the development process using simulators (模拟器). These teach software about danger only rarely encountered in reality. Dr Martinez and her colleagues employ “game engines”, the programs that generate photo realistic images in computer games, to do this. These are used to create virtual worlds through which the software can drive. How quickly, if ever, all this will translate into reality remains to be seen. Both regulators and customers will need to overcome doubt that a software driver really can be safer than human. From Porsche’s point of view, though, there is one other relevant question. Given that much of the reason for owning a sports car is for owners to show off what they regard as their driving skills, just how big a market will there be for a version where software takes those boasting rights away? 12. What do the underlined words “scale back” mean in Paragraph 1? A. Make B. Overlook. C. Encourage. D. Reduce. 13. The learning process of autonomous vehicles’ safe driving can be described as___________. A. time-consuming B. fast-paced C. thought-provoking D. well-designed 14. What challenge do autonomous vehicles bring to Porsche? A. Ensuring the pleasure of driving B. Making their sports cars affordable. C. Removing public doubts about safety. D. Integrating game engines into their vehicles. 15. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Porsche: Sports Cars at Risk B. Self-driving Cars: Still Some Way to Go C. Simulators: The Core of Autonomous Vehicles D. Machine Learning Algorithms: The Arrival of Al 【答案】12. D 13. A 14. A 15. B 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述开发自动驾驶汽车的问题以及对跑车市场的影响。 【12题详解】 词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Last year, for instance, Uber, a ride-hailing service, sold off its unit developing self-driving cars at a low price.(例如，去年，叫车服务公司优步（Uber）低价出售了开发自动驾驶汽车的部门)”可知，后文低价出售自动驾驶汽车的部门的例子说明汽车制造商选择减少许多这样做的尝试。故划线词意思是“减少”。故选D。 【13题详解】 细节理解题。根据第二段“The RAND Corporation, an American think-tank, calculates that to develop a system 20% safer than a human driver, a fleet of 100 self-driving cars would have to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and cover 14 billion kilometres. At average road speeds, that would take about 400 years.(据美国智库兰德公司(RAND Corporation)计算，要开发一个比人类驾驶员安全20%的系统，100辆自动驾驶汽车的车队必须一年365天，每天24小时运行，行驶140亿公里。按照平均道路速度，这需要大约400年的时间)”可知，自动驾驶汽车安全驾驶的学习过程是非常耗时的。故选A。 【14题详解】 细节理解题。根据最后一段“From Porsche’s point of view, though, there is one other relevant question. Given that much of the reason for owning a sports car is for owners to show off what they regard as their driving skills, just how big a market will there be for a version where software takes those boasting rights away?(不过，从保时捷的角度来看，还有一个相关的问题。考虑到拥有跑车的主要原因是为了炫耀他们认为自己的驾驶技术，那么一个软件夺走了这些炫耀权利的版本会有多大的市场？)”可知，自动驾驶汽车在确保驾驶的乐趣方面会给保时捷带来挑战。故选A。 【15题详解】 主旨大意题。根据第二段“Autonomous vehicles are boasted as being not just convenient but potentially safer. However, just as people take time to learn how to drive safely, machines are no exception. The RAND Corporation, an American think-tank, calculates that to develop a system 20% safer than a human driver, a fleet of 100 self-driving cars would have to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, and cover 14 billion kilometres. At average road speeds, that would take about 400 years.(自动驾驶汽车被吹嘘为不仅方便，而且可能更安全。然而，就像人们花时间学习如何安全驾驶一样，机器也不例外。据美国智库兰德公司(RAND Corporation)计算，要开发一个比人类驾驶员安全20%的系统，100辆自动驾驶汽车的车队必须一年365天，每天24小时运行，行驶140亿公里。按照平均道路速度，这需要大约400年的时间)”结合文章主要讲述开发自动驾驶汽车的问题以及对跑车市场的影响。可知，B选项“自动驾驶汽车：仍有一段路要走”最符合文章标题。故选B。 【4】【山东省部分知名高中2023-2024学年高三下学期开年大联考（中昇大联考）英语试题】 Lia Thomas, a student at the University of Pennsylvania, is an excellent swimmer. She often beats her rivals by tens of seconds, breaking records. Her success is based on three things. One is natural talent. Another is relentless training. And the third is biology. Although she identifies as a woman, Ms Thomas was born male. On the eve of her biggest competition, Ms Thomas finds herself at the centre of the bad-tempered debate about whether trans women—males who identify as women—should compete in women’s sports. That, in turn, is part of a broader argument: should biological facts sometimes override people’s deeply held feelings about their identities? This newspaper believes it is almost always unfair to allow transgender women to compete in women’s sports.The advantages bestowed by male puberty (青春期) are so big that no amount of training or talent can enable female athletes to overcome them. Florence Griffith Joyner’s 100-metres world sprinting record has stood for three decades. A male matching it would not even make it to the Olympics, let alone the final. Much of the male advantage is granted by testosterone (睾酮，睾丸素), a powerful anabolism steroid (合成类胆固醇) whose levels rise sharply in male puberty.For many years many sporting bodies, following the lead of the International Olympic Committee, hoped to cope with the issue by allowing trans-women to compete in women’s events provided they took testosterone- suppressing drugs. But the science suggests this does not level the playing field. Suppressing testosterone in adults, it seems, does little to undo the advantages granted by a male adolescence. Sports must therefore choose between inclusion and fairness; and they should choose fair play. That does not mean that trans-women would be barred from all sport. One way to make that clear would be to replace the “men’s” and “women’s” categories with “open” and “female” ones. The first would be open to all comers. The second would be restricted on the basis of biology. Sport is public, and results can be measured objectively. That means the argument that the material facts of biology should sometimes outrank a person’s subjective sense of identity is easier to make. But it applies in other areas, too. 8. What is the text talking about? A. Men has many advantages over women. B. Fairness should be guaranteed in sport. C. Whether trans women-males should be allowed to compete in women sports. D. How to dismiss the unfairness between trans women-males and women. 9. What does the underlined word “suppressing” in para.3 mean? A. dampen B. balance C. increase D. encourage 10. Which one is not true according to the text? A. A man who doesn’t make it to the Olympic may set a record in women sport. B. Transgenders should not be allowed in sports. C. Fairness matters more than inclusion in the sport. D. Many advantages of males are due to testosterone. 11. What will be talked about in the continuous part? A. How to deal with the unfairness between transgenders and females. B. Other factors that cause trans women-males’ performances to override women’s. C. Other fields that is suitable for the argument that the material facts of biology should sometimes outrank a person’s subjective sense of identity. D. Other authorities’ attitude to the fairness in sport. 【答案】8. C 9. A 10. B 11. C 【解析】 【导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要讨论了是否应该允许变性女性参加女子体育比赛。 【8题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“On the eve of her biggest competition, Ms Thomas finds herself at the centre of the bad-tempered debate about whether trans women—males who identify as women—should compete in women’s sports.(在她最大的比赛前夕，托马斯女士发现自己处于激烈争论的中心，争论的焦点是变性女性——那些认为自己是女性的男性——是否应该参加女子运动。)”可知，文章主要讨论了是否应该允许变性女性参加女子体育比赛。故选C。 【9题详解】 词句猜测题。根据文章第三段“Much of the male advantage is granted by testosterone (睾酮，睾丸素), a powerful anabolic steroid (合成类胆固醇) whose levels rise sharply in male puberty.(男性的优势主要来自睾酮，这是一种强大的合成代谢类固醇，其水平在男性青春期急剧上升。)”可知，男性的优势来自于青春期急剧增长的睾丸素。所以下一句“...hoped to cope with the issue by allowing trans-women to compete in women’s events provided they took testosterone-suppressing drugs.(……希望通过允许变性女性在服用睾丸激素抑制药物的情况下参加女子项目来解决这个问题。)”中所说的应对方式应该是“抑制”睾丸素，由此可以推断出划线词所在句子意思应为“似乎抑制成年人的睾丸素对消除男性的优势没太有作用。”另外，“undo”(消除...的影响）也是关键的提示词。故选A。 【10题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“That does not mean that trans-women would be barred from all sport. One way to make that clear would be to replace the “men’s” and “women’s” categories with “open” and “female” ones. The first would be open to all comers. The second would be restricted on the basis of biology.(这并不意味着变性女性将被禁止参加所有体育运动。明确这一点的一种方法是将“男性”和“女性”类别替换为“开放”和“女性”类别。第一个将对所有人开放。第二种将受到生物学的限制。)”可知，变性者并不是被禁止参加所有体育比赛，可以参加开放性别的比赛。故选B。 【11题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Sport is public, and results can be measured objectively. That means the argument that the material facts of biology should sometimes outrank a person’s subjective sense of identity is easier to make. But it applies in other areas, too.(体育是公开的，结果是可以客观衡量的。这意味着，生物学的物质事实有时应该高于一个人的主观认同感的论点更容易成立。但它也适用于其他领域。)”可知，体育是公开的，结果可以客观地衡量。这意味着，我们更容易提出这样一个论点，生物学的物质事实有时应该高于一个人的主观身份感。但它也适用于其他领域。由此可知，接下来要讲这一论点在其他领域的应用了。故选C。 【5】【江苏省南通市名校联盟2023-2024学年高三上学期12月学业质量联合监测试题】 Curiosity is a familiar feeling among people. But as soon as we examine that feeling, curiosity reveals itself to be a complex emotion indeed. Just ask yourself: Is curiosity a positive feeling or a negative feeling? Is it more like frustration(挫败)or more like hope? Is it a painful reminder of what we don’t(yet)know, or an exciting signal towards what we might soon discover? Actually, curiosity can be all of these things. But the object of curiosity’s desire is information. Of course, not all feelings of curiosity are the same. Curiosity can be more or less pleasurable, more or less aggravating. So what accounts for this variation (变化)? Once we recognize that curiosity has many faces, we can consider what affects the nature of our experience in a given case. The paper by Noordewier does just this for the dimension of time. The researchers ask: Is the experience of curiosity more likely to be positive when we expect that our curiosity will be satisfied sooner rather than later? To answer this question, the researchers conducted three studies with over 200 participants. In each study, the researchers first stimulated (刺激) a state of curiosity by telling people that they would later watch a video that contained “something with different shades of brown.” Half the people were told they would watch the video after a short delay of only one minute, and half were told that there would first be a 30-minute delay during which they would complete other tasks. The key finding was that while both groups reported equal levels of curiosity, the curiosity was accompanied by more negative feelings for those participants facing a long versus a short delay. The finding cast light on the two faces of curiosity. When our curiosity will not be satisfied anytime soon, we focus on not knowing, on the information gap itself, which is largely sick. But when our curiosity is about to be satisfied, we focus on almost knowing, or the expected settlement, which is a more positive experience. On this view, the two faces of curiosity reflect different mixtures of not knowing versus almost knowing. 12. Why do people have curiosity? A. To get pleasure. B. To become positive. C. To get information. D. To become hopeful. 13. What does the underlined word “aggravating” in paragraph 2 mean? A. Joyful. B. Unpleasant. C. Exciting. D. Frightening. 14. Why did researchers conduct the experiment? A. To satisfy the curiosity of the public. B. To prove their previous assumptions. C. To recognize the different faces of curiosity. D. To study how time affects curiosity experience. 15. What is the main idea of the text? A. Curiosity is a common emotion. B. Curiosity is a positive motivator. C. Curiosity can be a positive or negative feeling. D. Curiosity can be satisfied by completing tasks. 【答案】12. C 13. B 14. D 15. C 【解析】 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要探讨好奇心对人们情绪的影响，研究发现好奇心具有两面性，可引发积极或负面情绪。 【12题详解】 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“Actually, curiosity can be all of these things. But the object of curiosity’s desire is information. (实际上，好奇心可以是所有这些东西。但好奇心的目标是获取信息。)”可知，人们之所以有好奇心是源于人们想要获得信息。故选C。 【13题详解】 词义猜测题。根据划线单词上一句“Curiosity can be more or less pleasurable (好奇心或多或少会使人愉快)”以及下一句“So what accounts for this variation(变化)?(那么是什么导致了这种变化呢？)”可推测，好奇心或多或少会使人愉快，或多或少会使人不适。划线单词和“pleasurable”词义相反。选项A“Joyful (开心的)”；选项B“Unpleasant (令人不适的)”；选项C“Exciting (令人激动的)”；选项D“Frightening (令人害怕的)”。故选B。 【14题详解】 推理判断题。根据文章第三段“The paper by Noordewier does just this for the dimension of time. The researchers ask: Is the experience of curiosity more likely to be positive when we expect that our curiosity will be satisfied sooner rather than later? ( Noordewier的论文对时间维度就是这样做的。研究人员问道：当我们期望自己的好奇心很快就会得到满足时，好奇心的体验是否更有可能是积极的？)”以及第四段“To answer this question, the researchers conducted three studies with over 200 participants. (为了回答这个问题，研究人员对200多名参与者进行了三项研究。)”可知，研究人员进行这个实验是为了研究时间是如何影响好奇心体验的。故选D。 【15题详解】 主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Curiosity is a familiar feeling among people. But as soon as we examine that feeling, curiosity reveals itself to be a complex emotion indeed. Just ask yourself: Is curiosity a positive feeling or a negative feeling? Is it more like frustration(挫败)or more like hope? Is it a painful reminder of what we don’t(yet)know, or an exciting signal towards what we might soon discover? (好奇心是人们所熟悉的一种感情。但一旦我们审视这种感觉，好奇心就会显示出它本身确实是一种复杂的情感。问问你自己：好奇心是一种积极的感觉还是一种消极的感觉？是更像是沮丧，还是更像是希望？它是一个痛苦的提醒，提醒我们(还)不知道的东西，还是一个令人兴奋的信号，预示着我们即将发现的东西？)”以及最后一段“The key finding was that while both groups reported equal levels of curiosity, the curiosity was accompanied by more negative feelings for those participants facing a long versus a short delay. The finding cast light on the two faces of curiosity. When our curiosity will not be satisfied anytime soon, we focus on not knowing, on the information gap itself, which is largely sick. But when our curiosity is about to be satisfied, we focus on almost knowıng, or the expected settlement, which is a more positive experience. (关键的发现是，虽然两组参与者的好奇心水平相同，但面对长时间延迟和短时间延迟的参与者，好奇心伴随着更多的负面情绪。这一发现揭示了好奇心的两个方面。当我们的好奇心无法很快得到满足时，我们就会关注未知，关注信息鸿沟本身，这在很大程度上是病态的。但当我们的好奇心即将得到满足时，我们关注的是几乎知道，或者预期的解决方案，这是一种更积极的体验。)”可知，文章主要探讨了好奇心，研究发现好奇心具有两面性，可引发积极或负面情绪。故选C。 【教学启示】 1.扩大阅读广度。阅读知识面的广度常常与学生思维的开阔程度与灵活性之间存在紧密联系。这种扩大学生知识面的过程可以和语言能力训练、思维品质培养等手段紧密结合，来达到更好的效果。例如，在阅读理解教学中，教师可以通过学生互相用英语提问的方式来激发学生的语言能力和思维品质，让学生逐渐学会在阅读过程中提出好问题，掌握文章的要旨和主旨，汲取其中的精华，从而不断扩大他们的知识面，以提高他们的语言表达和思维能力。 2. 注重阅读解题思路的培养。万变不离其宗，即使是2023新高考全国I卷D篇阅读，在试题的设置上也没有脱离高考命题规则，有的学生会发现，虽然文章看不懂，但是题目能做对。这就是对试题的解题技巧有较高的要求。学生需要多注重细节理解的定位和总结归纳能力的培养。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！20 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$