专题05 阅读理解D篇（2024年新课标I卷） (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式) -2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升

《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》 专题05 阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）原卷版 (专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式) 目录 一、原题呈现 P2 二、答案解析 P3 三、专家评价 P3 四、全文翻译 P3 五、词汇变式 P4 (一)考纲词汇词形转换 P4 (二)考纲词汇识词知意 P4 (三)高频短语积少成多 P5 (四)阅读理解单句填空变式 P5 (五)长难句分析 P6 六、三年真题 P7 (一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P7 (二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P8 (三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P9 七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文） P10 八、阅读理解变式 P12 变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇 P12 变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类）6篇 P20 ( 一 原题呈现 ) 阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性; 科学探究精神;科学素养 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. ( 二答案解析 ) ( 三专家评价 ) 考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展 2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇选取的语篇探究生物样本数据的可用性，指出实证研究发现的问题并提出提高数据质量的措施，试题循着“了解现状—聚焦问题—分析原因—提出建议”的逻辑进行设计，考查学生对每个环节关键内容的准确理解，引导学生培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。2024年新课标I卷完形填空通过细腻的个人经历叙述，不仅促使学生深刻反思个人目标设定的主观性和个体间差异，还微妙地引导他们在遭遇挑战之际，学会灵活调整策略，培养积极向上的思维模式，以更好地适应个人成长与社会变迁的需求。尤为重要的是，文中作者最终达成的“不盲从、不跟风”的认知结论，鲜明地彰显了命题人旨在培养新一代青年学子独立思考、理性判断的教育导向，鼓励他们在多元化信息时代中坚守自我，坚持走自己的路。 【中国考试·教育部教育考试院】 ( 四全文翻译 ) 在地球上物种灭绝前的记录竞赛中，研究人员和公民科学家收集了数十亿份记录。如今，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们有助于检测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种类型的记录并不完美。 “+随着技术的兴起，人们很容易借助移动应用程序对不同物种进行观察,”该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授Barnabas•Daru说。“这些观测结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道:它们可用吗?” Daru和他的团队使用19亿份植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 Daru 说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索采样中容易对数据产生偏差的方面，比如市民科学家拍摄开花植物照片的可能性更大，而不是旁边的草。”。 他们的研究表明，大量仅观察记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率。此外，这些数据是有偏见的，有利于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得生物多样性观测数据的人往往是记录他们在附近地区与物种相遇的市民科学家。这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引力或引人注目特征的物种。我们能如何处理不完善的生物多样性数据集? “相当多,”达鲁解释道。“生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果告知用户过度采样的区域，并将他们带到采样不好的地方，甚至物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性软件还可以鼓励用户让专家确认上传图像的身份。” ( 五词汇变式 ) 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 一、考纲词汇词形转换 1. observe vt 观察→ n 观察（observe + -ation）； 2. observation n 观察→ adj 观察的（observation + -al）； 3. use vt 可用→ adj 可用的，适用的（use + -able）； 4. sample vt 取样→ n（选取的有代表性的）样本（sample + -ing）； 5. likely adj可能的→ n 可能（性）（likely + -hood）； 6. flower vt开花→ adj 开花的，有花的（flower + -ing）； 7. cover vt 覆盖→ n 覆盖范围（cover + -age）； 8. perfect adj 完美的→ adj 不完美的（im- + perfect）； 9. sampled adj被采样的→ adj过度采样的（over- + sample + -ed）； 10. identify vt 辨认，识别→ n 身份（identify + -ication）； 11. upload vt 上传→ adj 已上传的（upload+ -ed）； 12. outdate vt 使过时→ adj 过时的（out- + date + -ed）； 13. threatened vt威胁→ adj 受到威胁的，感到危险的（threaten + -ed）； 14. proper adj 适当的→ adj 不当的，错误的（im- + proper）； 15. reliable adj.可靠的→ adj 不可靠的（un- + reliable）； 16. guide vt. 指导→ n 指导（guide+ -ance） 二、考纲词汇识词知意 第一组：高频单词 1. document v [学术词] ； 2. detect v [学术词] ； 3. shift n [学术词] ； 4. variety n多样性； 5. application n （缩写为app）； 6. primary adj [学术词] ； 7. investigate v [学术词] ； 8. reveal v [学术词] ； 9. favor v ； 10. device n [学术词] ； 11. encounter n [学术词] ； 12. feature n [学术词] 第二组：低频单词 13. dataset n （data + set）； 14. eye-catching adj （eye + catch + -ing）； 15. well-sampled adj （well + sample + -ed） 16. biodiversity n （bio- + diversity）； 17. humanity n ； 18. outnumber v ； 19. mobile adj. 20. bias n. 三、高频短语积少成多 1. go extinct ； 2. citizen scientist ； 3. in the form of ； 4.with the rise of ； 5. with the aid of ； 6. lead author ； 7. assistant professor ； 8. respond to ； 9. tend to do sth ； 10.make sense ； 11.inform sb of sth ； 12.be limited in number 13.lead to 四、核心考点单句填空 1. In the race ___________(document) the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of ___________(record). 2. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in ___________ form of ___________(photo), videos, and other digital records. 3. Though they are useful for ___________(detect) shifts in the number and ___________(vary) of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. 4. “___________ the rise of technology it is easy for people ___________(make) observations of different species ___________ the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, ___________ is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. 5. These observations now outnumber the primary data ___________ comes from physical specimens (标本). 6. And since we are ___________(increasing) using ___________(observation) data to investigate how species are responding ___________ global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? 7. ___________(use) a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 8. “We were ___________(particular) interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, ___________ the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. 9. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global ___________(cover). 10. Moreover, these data are biased ___________ favor certain regions, time periods, and species. 11. This ___________(make) sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists ___________(record) their encounters with species in areas nearby. 12. These data are also biased toward certain species with ___________(attract) or eye-catching features. 13. ___________ can we do with the ___________(perfect) datasets of biodiversity? 14. “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results ___________(inform) users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species –___________ are not well-sampled.” 15. ___________(improve) the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users ___________(have) an expert confirm the___________(identify) of their uploaded image. 五、长难句分析 1. These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? 【翻译】现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗? 【分析】本句是一个并列句，前半句中的that 作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data；后半句中的since 引导原因状语从句，how 引导宾语从句作investigate 的宾语。 2. Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 【翻译】Daru 和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 【分析】Using a global dataset ... 为分词短语作状语，how 引导宾语从句作test 的宾语。 3. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 【翻译】这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。 【分析】because 引导原因状语从句，who 引导定语从句修饰先行词the people，recording ... nearby 为分词短语作后置定语，修饰citizen scientists。 ( 六三年真题 ) 【2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 14. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】 As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. 34. What does Levine’s research find? A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. 【2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. ( 七满分策略 ) 阅读理解说明文满分策略 一、细读文章重点 关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。 二、明确说明对象 通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。 三、弄清说明顺序 在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。 四、把握作者态度 说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。 五、吃透长难句子 学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 六、学会适当放弃 无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。 说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？ 1.话题较陌生。 这些文章从专业的角度解释说明一个现象或一项研究结果，和考生的实际生活有一定的距离。 2.专业术语多。 高考说明文含有一定量的专业术语。2019年北京高考卷D篇就包含多个专业术语：marine microorganism，concentration，give off oxygen，nutrients，make conditions riper，food chain，phytoplankton，carbon dioxide，regulate，climate model，food web，statistically。这些和生物、环境等相关的词汇，如海底微生物、浓度、释放氧气、营养物质、食物链等，都是日常生活交流中不常涉及的。 3.长难句子多。 因为文章直接取材于期刊文章或者研究报告，所以说明文的另外一个特点是长难句子多。如2017年北京高考卷C篇的句子：This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work. 这句话主干是一个简短的主系表结构，但后边附加了which引导的非限定性定语从句，而这个从句中又包含一个who引导的限定性定语从句，后面的介词短语中也包含了who引导的限定性定语从句。在有限的考试时间内，复杂的句子结构给考生准确理解句意带来了困难。 4.词汇有新义。 每一篇说明文中都会包含一些考生熟悉的词汇，但在新的语境中它们变换了含义。2019年北京高考卷有句话中包含一个简单的词语project：Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. project被大家熟知的意思是“项目”，但在这句话中变成了动词，表示“预测，推想”。如果考生对project的理解还停留在“项目”上，就不能很好地理解句意了。 阅读理解说明文答题策略 1.把握介绍或阐述的主体。 通过文章第一段迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。英语文章，尤其是说明文和议论文，最大的特点就是开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点铺平直叙出来。 2. 关注每一段的段首句。 关注每一段的段首句，确认段落的主旨大意。就像文章的开篇段落告诉读者文章的主旨大意一样，第一段落的第一句话通常也起到同样的作用。 3.关注每一段的段尾句。 前两项策略已经被大多数考生广泛应用在阅读中。但除了关注篇首段落和段首句子之外，也不能忽视段尾句。一个段落由三个部分组成：topic sentence（主旨句），supporting details （支撑细节），和concluding sentence（总结句）。在段落结尾，作者会用不同的表达方式重申主旨句，但从篇章整体来看，在每个段落结尾出现的句子还起到承上启下的作用，作者会借助这个句子引出下文。 4.关注文章中出现的问题。 说明文的本质是对一个事物进行阐述，但在平铺直叙的语言中，还会有问句出现。这些问句不仅仅是简单的疑问句，而是作者有意为之，答案就出现在后文。 阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息： A. 说明的对象 B. 说明对象的特征 C. 说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法） ①例证法 这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。 ②定义法 下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。 ③分类法： 分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。 ④因果关系法 事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括由果推因(由结果去推测原因)和由因推果(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if...then, the reason is that...等表示因果关系。 ⑤比较对照法： 有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫做比较;指出其不同点,叫做对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。 ⑥过程分析法 过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是What happens;因果关系研究的对象是Why it happens,而过程分析研究的对象是How it happens。 ( 八话题变式-名校好题再练 ) 变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展 01（2024·广西贵港·模拟预测） There is widespread agreement that climate change threatens our existence. But in our rush to address this challenge, our efforts mustn’t heighten another, more immediate one: the global decline of biodiversity. We are losing species at 1,000 times the natural rate. If we stay on this track, we risk losing up to half of them by the middle of the century. Sadly, the singular focus on solving climate change has led to people ignoring biodiversity. The alarming result is that many climate efforts unintentionally quicken nature’s destruction. Take the huge need for solar farms for an example. If not located properly, they’ll impact ecosystems and habitats. In Virginia, for example, more than half of solar facilities are being built on forested land rather than areas such as rooftops or parking lots. The state’s push for solar development could lead to the deforestation of nearly 30,000 acres annually. There is a real risk that badly planned renewable infrastructure (基础设施) will have a greater impact on biodiversity than existing fossil fuel infrastructure. Thus, we need to chart a path that doesn’t address one environmental challenge by creating others. Indeed, with practical choices, we can do the opposite, using nature to address climate change. Consider carbon removal. Research shows between 2001 and 2019, forests around the world seized more than twice the amount of carbon dioxide that they emitted (排放) — absorbing more than the combined annual emissions of the US and UK. Nature is also critical in setting the adaptation necessary to prepare for increasingly severe weather shocks, such as the role of mangroves (a kind of tree) in absorbing floods. Governments must think differently, employing better infrastructure planning at all levels. A report from The Nature Conservancy shows careful siting can reduce the effects of the clean energy infrastructure by 70%compared with siting as usual practices. For instance, solar farms can be put on already degraded land. It would be a tragic irony if, in our efforts to tackle climate change, we end upbringing a big and immediate crisis in the natural world. 1. What is the effect of building solar farms on forested land in Virginia? A. It damages the forest. B. It boosts local economy. C. It reduces human’s living space. D. It protects the environment. 2. What strategy does the text suggest? A. Increasing funds for clean energy. B. Using technology to remove carbon. C. Locating clean energy projects carefully. D. Prioritizing renewable energy totally. 3. The“tragic irony”in the last paragraph refers to the possibility that ______. A. climate change will contribute to more severe issues B. focus on climate change makes people ignore land use C. efforts to solve climate change speed up biodiversity loss D. the development of clean energy quickens climate change 4. What is the overall tone of the text? A. Pessimistic and critical. B. Factual and concerned. C. Subjective and dismissive. D. Humorous and optimistic. 02（2024·浙江·三模） An ancient, interdependent relationship that contributes to food systems and ecosystem stability across the globe could be changing. Many flowering plants can self-pollinate (自花传粉), or transfer pollen between their own blossoms for seed generation and reproduction, but most of these plants have relied on pollinators such as butterflies and bees to reproduce. Now — during declines reported in many pollinator populations — a new study on the evolution of one flower species’ mating system has revealed a remarkable change that could worsen the challenges faced by the plants’ insect partners. The flowers reproductive evolution may be linked to environmental changes such as habitat destruction and rapid ongoing decreases in pollinator biodiversity, according to Samson Acoca-Pidolle, who led the study published December 19 in the journal New Phytologist. Comparing seeds of wild field pansies (三色堇) collected decades ago in France with the plants’ modern descendants. Acoca-Pidolle and his colleagues discovered that today’s flowers are smaller and produce less nectar (花蜜) as a result of increased self-pollination, which has direct impacts on pollinator behavior.The pansies of the past self-fertilized less and attracted far more pollinators than those of the present, according to the study. “It seems that it’s only traits (特性) that are involved in plant-pollinator interaction that are evolving, ” said Acoca-Pidolle. The changes could restrict the plants’ ability to adapt to future environmental changes and have implications for “all of floral biodiversity” — potentially decreasing flowering plants’ genetic, species and ecosystem variation. “This may increase the pollinator decline and cause a negative feedback cycle,” study coauthor Pierre-Olivier Cheptou told CNN.” If plants produce less nectar, there will be less food available to pollinators, which will in turn accelerate the rate at which the animals’ numbers decrease“, he explained. “The major message is that we are currently seeing the evolutionary breakdown of plant pollinators in the wild,” said Cheptou, an evolutionary ecologist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research and professor at the University of Montpellier. 5. Which of the following may contribute to the flowers’ reproductive evolution? A. Changed behaviour of pollinators. B. Severe pollution to the habitats. C. Continuing decline in pollinator biodiversity. D. Increased plant-pollinator interaction. 6. Why were pansies in the past larger and produced more nectar? A. They self-pollinated less. B. They had a better mating system. C. They attracted less pollinators. D. They were fertilized by themselves. 7. What is the result of the changes in the flowers’ reproductive evolution? A. The flowering plants may have more variations. B. The evolution of wild plant pollinators is collapsing. C. The numbers of the animals will increase more rapidly. D. The plants will adapt to the environmental changes better. 8. Which is the best title for the text? A. Pollinator Populations: Declining. B. Flowering Plants: Selfing. C. Interdependent Relationship: Maintaining. D. Floral Diversity: Increasing. 03（2024·辽宁丹东·二模） Food waste across the globe continues to fuel climate change, nature loss and pollution while hurting the global economy according to the UNEP Food Waste Index Report 2024, which says it is important for countries to connect the fight against hunger and the three global crisis of climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss. The report, whose findings revealed that the total food loss on the global economy is estimated at roughly $1 trillion, emphasized that reducing food waste is an opportunity to reduce costs and tackle some of the biggest environmental and social issues of our time: climate change and food insecurity. While making opening remarks at the conference that launched the report, Dechen Tsering, acting director of the climate change division at the UNEP, said government polices, such as tax rebates (退税) and waste collection fees, could be used to stimulate changes in business practices and consumer behavior. In addition, better data on the cost of food waste and the environmental, economic, and social benefits of limiting food waste could help influence investors and consumers. According to the report, as of 2022, only 21 countries had included food loss and waste reduction in their national climate plans, including China, Namibia, Sierra Leone, etc. Meanwhile, the number of people who are food insecure and in urgent need of humanitarian assistance in the Greater Horn of Africa rose to 74 million at the end of February, according to another report released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other agencies. The international agencies said that the 2023 El Nino rains contributed to the rise in the number of people in need of humanitarian assistance in the region. With wetter-than-normal conditions forecast in most parts of African countries during the 2024 March-May rainfall season, the situation may not improve. 9. What does the Report 2024 indicate? A. Food loss is the biggest problem to tackle. B. Serious pollution can cause food insecurity. C. Food waste worsens the environmental situation. D. Many countries are cooperating to fight against hunger. 10. Which of the following may Dechen agree with? A. Effective measures should be taken by government. B. Unnecessary costs in climate lead to development problems. C. Data make no sense to consumer behavior and investors’ decision. D. Avoiding waste collection fees is beneficial to limiting food waste. 11. What can we infer from the last two paragraphs? A. Humanitarian assistance is the only way to help African people. B. Food insecurity is still a big challenge to many African countries. C. The situation of food waste in Africa becomes more and more severe. D. The number of people needing help is increasing mainly due to bad weather. 12. What is the purpose of the passage? A. To reveal the urgent financial situation in Africa. B. To stress the necessity of food waste prevention. C. To call for the joint efforts of governments in climate. D. To raise the awareness of environmental conservation. 04（2024·重庆沙坪坝·模拟预测） There’s a site in Cornwall, in southern England, called Woodland Valley Farm. Here, farmer Chris Jones allows beavers (河狸) to wander in an enclosed five-acre plot. Their natural dams, he says, have helped control repeated flooding of the downstream village. Centuries after beavers were hunted to extinction in Britain, efforts are now underway by environmentalists to reintroduce the creature. “Sometimes they can really be annoying; they can mess everything up,” says Christof Angst, an official consultant of be aver management. “But if you look at it on the whole, the positive impact of this species is huge.” Some of the benefits of beavers’ work on a landscape include a boost to biodiversity, drought resistance, and improvement of water quality by moving pollutants. Yet, as the animals’ return becomes increasingly widespread, the debate is shifting from whether to bring them back to a question of how to manage them once they start appearing in waterways. The consequences of bringing beavers back are not all positive, the most common one being the flooding they can cause, rather than reduce. In addition, critics point to the high costs of beaver-felled trees and be aver reintroduction programs.“Who’s going to pick up the cost, who’s going to do the repairs, who’s going to cover crop loss?”asks Richard Bramley, a farmer from the York area.“There’s no plan.” To avoid conflicts, organizers have fenced in beaver-related projects. The beavers are not permitted to wander freely beyond the fences. The government has also put together a beaver management strategy framework, which advises communication and listening, in an effort to clear up misunderstandings and concerns. When beavers do cause issues, available options will be provided, including modifying the dams, reducing water levels, or relocating the animals. “What we want to direct people towards is coexistence with wildlife and nature,” saysEva Bishop, head of communications and education at the Beaver Trust. “We need to encourage people to give space for nature to function.” 13. What do we know about Woodland Valley Farm? A. It keeps beavers for research. B. It is funded by the government. C. It builds dams to control flooding. D. It restricts beavers to a certain area. 14. What is Richard Bramley’s attitude toward be aver projects? A. Critical. B. Appreciative. C. Neutral. D. Tolerant. 15. What does the underlined word “concerns” in paragraph 4 refer to? A. Worries about related costs. B. Doubts about beavers’ safety. C. Fears for species extinction. D. Anxieties over river pollution. 16. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Increasing Beavers Raise the Alarm B. Conflicts with Beavers Keep Arising C. Wildlife Conservation Sees a Policy Shift D. Beaver Projects Offer Coexistence Lessons 05（2024·山东威海·二模） As a child, I was keen on collecting moths（飞蛾）and butterflies. By adulthood, I could identify about 700 species by sight, recognizing the stripes, dots and colors on their wings and bodies. In 1972, I moved to Australia and continued collecting. But I started to struggle: identifying them quickly became an impossible task. The species there were so different from those at home, and there was no space in my mind to recognize them all. My crisis soon increased. Throughout the 1970s, I led expeditions to Papua New Guinea to collect moths. One night, we could collect more than twice as many as those I had memorized in my childhood. Identifying them felt overwhelming. I gave up and stopped working on moths. But my instinct to identify them never went away. Two decades later, I was in a supermarket and an idea started to develop in my mind: what if a part of DNA could be used to differentiate between species Just 13 lines on. the supermarket barcodes（条形码）were being used to identify products What if we could identify species in the same way? To test the idea, I began collecting the moths again. Each sample had to donate a leg to science. I believed that COI（a single segment of a rapidly evolving gene）present in almost all animals could be used to tell species. With their legs, we used the PCR method to focus in on their section of COI. One by one, it became clear: every single moth could be sorted using a tiny slice of their genome（基因组）DNA barcoding was 100% successful on its first test. In our study paper, we claimed that we had discovered a reliable, inexpensive and accessible solution to identifying the millions of animal species waiting to be discovered. I believe DNA barcoding is humanity’s first shot at finally discovering all life on Earth. This technique has helped conservationists to fight against wildlife crime and monitor the impact of mining on bıodiversity. One day, I am confident it will form part of a system to monitor the biosphere the Same way we monitor the weather. 17. How did the author recognize moth species in his childhood? A. By turning to books. B. By using lab equipment. C. By obseiving their behavior. D. By distinguishing their appearance. 18. What does the underlined “My crisis” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. The loss of interest in studying moths. B. The impossibility of recognizing moths. C. The pressure of discovering new moth species. D. The challenge of collecting as many moth samples. 19. What inspired the author to use DNA for species identification? A. The ease of using PCR to focus on COI. B. The simplicity of supermarket barcodes. C. The success of DNA barcoding on moths. D. The availability of COI in almost all animals. 20. What might DNA barcoding be used for in the future according to the text? A. Protecting wildlife habitats. B. Tracking wildlife population. C. Assisting in monitoring biodiversity. D. Updating weather monitoring systems. 06（2024·江西·模拟预测） Samarkand in Uzbekistan hosted an important intergovernmental conference on how to stop the slow spread of degraded (退化) land. Between 2015 and 2019, the world lost at least 100 million hectares of healthy and productive land a year, according to an analysis for the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Human activities—including destroying forests and agricultural practices — and climate change are among the main causes. 115 countries reported ahead of the meeting on three measures for restoring degraded land and soil: protecting the area used for agriculture or covered by forests or wetlands; increasing the ability of land to support and sustain life, retaining above-and below-ground stocks of carbon. Reaching the target of “land degradation neutrality (土地退化中性)” by 2030 means reversing a negative trend: the global share of land that is degraded increased from 14.7% in 2015 to 18. 9% in 2019. Yet there are some important signs of hope amid a mostly bleak prospect. The analysis enables countries to understand land degradation at a more granular (细致的) level than before. And the UNCCD’s science teams helped to train researchers in some of the most-affected countries, so that local scientists and policymakers could do the work themselves. And some countries are moving in the right direction. In Ecuador, for example, the area of land classed as degraded went from 21.9% to 12.8% between 2015 and 2019. Land degradation is not a priority on the world’s environmental agenda. Although the UNCCD has the same status as the UN conventions on climate change and biodiversity, unlike them it does not have an autonomous body that provides independent scientific advice. Restoration projects also receive much less international funding. This funding gap illustrates just how little priority is given to restoring land and preventing further countries are providing data. These nations, especially high-income countries, should start reporting degradation. Yet the latest analysis shows what can be done even with limited resources. But not all their plans and actions, to raise the profile of land degradation. 21. Which of the measures is mentioned before the conference? A. Developing more forests or wetlands. B. Increasing industrial productivity. C. Making people support their life. D. Keeping the stocks of carbon. 22. What does the underlined word “bleak” mean in paragraph 3? A. Dark. B. Interesting. C. Wonderful. D. Reasonable. 23. What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A. The land degradation is serious nowadays. B. Land degradation isn’t sufficiently prioritized. C. The biodiversity deserves more attention. D. More funds are obtained for the restoration project. 24. What can rich countries do about the land degradation? A. Provide funding to support relevant projects. B. Help other countries to collect and analyze data. C. Start reporting their own schedules and actions. D. Stop land degradation in their countries completely. 变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类） 01（2024·浙江·高考真题） The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 1．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A．Take an examination alone. B．Share their treats with others. C．Delay eating for fifteen minutes. D．Show respect for the researchers. 2．According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______. A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit D．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains 3．What does the author suggest readers do? A．Be selective information consumers. B．Absorb new information readily. C．Use diverse information sources. D．Protect the information environment. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Later, the Better C．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans 02（2023·全国·高考真题） The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. 5．What is the book aimed at? A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device. 6．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over. 7．What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods. C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses. 8．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends. C．Evaluate their effects. D．Identify the ideas behind them. 03（2022·全国·高考真题） As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 9．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A．The right way of exercising. B．The causes of a heart attack. C．The difficulty of keeping fit. D．The aging process of the heart. 10．In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A．Diet plan. B．Professional background. C．Exercise type. D．Previous physical condition. 11．What does Levine’s research find? A．Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B．High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C．It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D．The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 12．What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A．Making use of the findings. B．Interviewing the study participants. C．Conducting further research. D．Clarifying the purpose of the study. 04（2022·全国·高考真题） Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D．C．, which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says. 13．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A．We pay little attention to food waste. B．We waste food unintentionally at times. C．We waste more vegetables than meat. D．We have good reasons for wasting food. 14．What is a consequence of food waste according to the test? A．Moral decline. B．Environmental harm. C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation. 15．What does Curtin’s company do? A．It produces kitchen equipment. B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C．It helps local farmers grow fruits. D．It makes meals out of unwanted food. 16．What does Curtin suggest people do? A．Buy only what is needed. B．Reduce food consumption. C．Go shopping once a week. D．Eat in restaurants less often. 05（2020·浙江·高考真题） I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the short play. Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright(剧作家) hopes to get across through dialogue and action. A few characters are used to create a single impression growing out of the theme. It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright. However, a variety of types is represented here. These include comedy, satire, poignant drama, historical and regional drama. To show the versatility(多面性) of the short play, I have included a guidance play, a radio play and a television play. Among the writers of the plays in this collection, Paul Green, Susan Glaspell, Maxwell Anderson, Thornton Wilder, William Saroyan, and Tennessee Williams have all received Pulitzer Prizes for their contributions to the theater. More information about the playwrights will be found at the end of this book. To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience. The houselights dim(变暗). The curtains are about to open, and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story. 17．What do we know about the author from the first paragraph? A．He has written dozens of plays. B．He has a deep love for the theater. C．He is a professional stage actor. D．He likes reading short plays to others. 18．What does the author avoid doing in his work? A．Stating the plays’ central ideas. B．Selecting works by famous playwrights. C．Including various types of plays. D．Offering information on the playwrights. 19．What does the author suggest readers do while reading the plays? A．Control their feelings. B．Apply their acting skills. C．Use their imagination. D．Keep their audience in mind. 20．What is this text? A．A short story. B．An introduction to a book. C．A play review. D．An advertisement for a theater. 06（2020·全国·高考真题） Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem. Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour. However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step. As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice. 21．Why are race walkers conditioned athletes? A．They must run long distances. B．They are qualified for the marathon. C．They have to follow special rules. D．They are good at swinging their legs. 22．What advantage does race walking have over running? A．It’s more popular at the Olympics. B．It’s less challenging physically. C．It’s more effective in body building. D．It’s less likely to cause knee injuries. 23．What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking? A．Getting experts’ opinions. B．Having a medical checkup. C．Hiring an experienced coach. D．Doing regular exercises. 24．Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking? A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Tolerant. D．Conservative. $$《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》 专题05 阅读理解D篇（新课标I卷）解析版 (专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式) 目录 一、原题呈现 P2 二、答案解析 P3 三、专家评价 P3 四、全文翻译 P4 五、词汇变式 P4 (一)考纲词汇词形转换 P4 (二)考纲词汇识词知意 P5 (三)高频短语积少成多 P5 (四)阅读理解单句填空变式 P6 (五)长难句分析 P7 六、三年真题 P7 (一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P7 (二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P9 (三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇 P12 七、满分策略（阅读理解说明文） P12 八、阅读理解变式 P14 变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇 P14 变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类）6篇 P25 ( 一 原题呈现 ) 阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性; 科学探究精神;科学素养 In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. “With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?” Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. “We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features. What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity? “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.” 32. What do we know about the records of species collected now? A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form. C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition. 33. What does Daru’s study focus on? A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens. C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications. 34. What has led to the biases according to the study? A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures. C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices. 35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps? A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records. C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists. ( 二答案解析 ) 【答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. D 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了斯坦福大学的一项研究发现，数字生物多样性记录存在偏见，建议应用程序引导公民科学家获取更好的数据。 32. B 事实细节题根据第一段第二句Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records.可知，现在大多数生物多样性的记录都是以照片、视频和其他电子形式存在的。 33. C 推理判断题根据第二段第二句“These observations now outnumber ...Are they usable? ”和第三段可知，Daru 的研究重点是这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性。所以他的研究聚焦的是“样本数据”。 34. C 推理判断题根据第四段中的... like the greater likelihood scientist ...right next to it 和第五段可知，收集生物采样数据的人，对于采样区域、采样时段以及采样物种的选择有一定的主观性，这些不当的采样方式会导致收集到的数据产生偏差。 35. D 推理判断题根据最后一段可知，Daru 认为biodiversity apps 可以根据研究结果引导采样人员关注样本采集不足的地区和物种，鼓励他们让专家确认上传样本图片中的物种名称。因此，Daru 建议biodiversity apps 提供给采样人员一些指导意见。 ( 三专家评价 ) 考查关键能力，促进思维品质发展 2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新，优化试题设问角度和方式，增强试题的开放性和灵活性，引导学生进行独立思考和判断，培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。新课标Ⅰ卷阅读D篇选取的语篇探究生物样本数据的可用性，指出实证研究发现的问题并提出提高数据质量的措施，试题循着“了解现状—聚焦问题—分析原因—提出建议”的逻辑进行设计，考查学生对每个环节关键内容的准确理解，引导学生培养科学探究精神，提升发现问题、分析问题、解决问题的能力。2024年新课标I卷完形填空通过细腻的个人经历叙述，不仅促使学生深刻反思个人目标设定的主观性和个体间差异，还微妙地引导他们在遭遇挑战之际，学会灵活调整策略，培养积极向上的思维模式，以更好地适应个人成长与社会变迁的需求。尤为重要的是，文中作者最终达成的“不盲从、不跟风”的认知结论，鲜明地彰显了命题人旨在培养新一代青年学子独立思考、理性判断的教育导向，鼓励他们在多元化信息时代中坚守自我，坚持走自己的路。 【中国考试·教育部教育考试院】 ( 四全文翻译 ) 在地球上物种灭绝前的记录竞赛中，研究人员和公民科学家收集了数十亿份记录。如今，大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们有助于检测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化，但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现，这种类型的记录并不完美。 “+随着技术的兴起，人们很容易借助移动应用程序对不同物种进行观察,”该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文与科学学院生物学助理教授Barnabas•Daru说。“这些观测结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据，由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道:它们可用吗?” Daru和他的团队使用19亿份植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 Daru 说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索采样中容易对数据产生偏差的方面，比如市民科学家拍摄开花植物照片的可能性更大，而不是旁边的草。”。 他们的研究表明，大量仅观察记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率。此外，这些数据是有偏见的，有利于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的，因为在移动设备上获得生物多样性观测数据的人往往是记录他们在附近地区与物种相遇的市民科学家。这些数据也偏向于某些具有吸引力或引人注目特征的物种。我们能如何处理不完善的生物多样性数据集? “相当多,”达鲁解释道。“生物多样性应用程序可以利用我们的研究结果告知用户过度采样的区域，并将他们带到采样不好的地方，甚至物种。为了提高观测数据的质量，生物多样性软件还可以鼓励用户让专家确认上传图像的身份。” ( 五词汇变式 ) 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！ 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 一、考纲词汇词形转换 1. observe vt 观察→observation n 观察（observe + -ation）； 2. observation n 观察→observational adj 观察的（observation + -al）； 3. use vt 可用→usable adj 可用的，适用的（use + -able）； 4. sample vt 取样→sampling n（选取的有代表性的）样本（sample + -ing）； 5. likely adj可能的→likelihood n 可能（性）（likely + -hood）； 6. flower vt开花→flowering adj 开花的，有花的（flower + -ing）； 7. cover vt 覆盖→coverage n 覆盖范围（cover + -age）； 8. perfect adj 完美的→imperfect adj 不完美的（im- + perfect）； 9. sampled adj被采样的→oversampled adj过度采样的（over- + sample + -ed）； 10. identify vt 辨认，识别→identification n 身份（identify + -ication）； 11. upload vt 上传→uploaded adj 已上传的（upload+ -ed）； 12. outdate vt 使过时→outdated adj 过时的（out- + date + -ed）； 13. threatened vt威胁→threatened adj 受到威胁的，感到危险的（threaten + -ed）； 14. proper adj 适当的→improper adj 不当的，错误的（im- + proper）； 15. reliable adj.可靠的→unreliable adj 不可靠的（un- + reliable）； 16. guide vt. 指导→guidance n 指导（guide+ -ance） 二、考纲词汇识词知意 第一组：高频单词 1. document v [学术词] 记录，记载； 2. detect v [学术词] 发现； 3. shift n [学术词] 改变； 4. variety n 多样性； 5. application n 应用程序（缩写为app）； 6. primary adj [学术词] 原始的，最初的； 7. investigate v [学术词] 研究； 8. reveal v [学术词] 揭示； 9. favor v 更倾向于； 10. device n [学术词] 设备； 11. encounter n [学术词] 相遇； 12. feature n [学术词] 特征 第二组：低频单词 13. dataset n 数据集（data + set）； 14. eye-catching adj 抢眼的，引人注目的（eye + catch + -ing）； 15. well-sampled adj 充分采样的（well + sample + -ed） 16. biodiversity n 生物多样性（bio- + diversity）； 17. humanity n 人类，仁慈，善良； 18. outnumber v 比……多； 19. mobile adj.移动的 20. bias n. 偏见 三、高频短语积少成多 1. go extinct 灭绝； 2. citizen scientist 民间科学家； 3. in the form of 以……的形式； 4.with the rise of 随着……的兴起； 5. with the aid of 借助于……； 6. lead author 第一作者； 7. assistant professor 助理教授； 8. respond to 对……作出反应； 9. tend to do sth 易于做某事； 10.make sense 说得通，有道理； 11.inform sb of sth 告知某人某事； 12.be limited in number 数量有限 13.lead to 导致；通往 四、核心考点单句填空 1. In the race ___________(document) the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of ___________(record). 2. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in ___________ form of ___________(photo), videos, and other digital records. 3. Though they are useful for ___________(detect) shifts in the number and ___________(vary) of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect. 4. “___________ the rise of technology it is easy for people ___________(make) observations of different species ___________ the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, ___________ is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. 5. These observations now outnumber the primary data ___________ comes from physical specimens (标本). 6. And since we are ___________(increasing) using ___________(observation) data to investigate how species are responding ___________ global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? 7. ___________(use) a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 8. “We were ___________(particular) interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, ___________ the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru. 9. Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global ___________(cover). 10. Moreover, these data are biased ___________ favor certain regions, time periods, and species. 11. This ___________(make) sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists ___________(record) their encounters with species in areas nearby. 12. These data are also biased toward certain species with ___________(attract) or eye-catching features. 13. ___________ can we do with the ___________(perfect) datasets of biodiversity? 14. “Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results ___________(inform) users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species –___________ are not well-sampled.” 15. ___________(improve) the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users ___________(have) an expert confirm the___________(identify) of their uploaded image. 【参考答案】 1. to document, records 2. the, photos 3. detecting, variety 4. With, to make, with, who 5. that/which 6. increasingly, observational, to 7. Using 8. particularly, like 9. coverage 10. and 11. makes, recording 12. attractive 13. What, imperfect 14. to inform, that. which 15. To improve, to have, identification 五、长难句分析 1. These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens, and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable? 【翻译】现在，这些观察结果的数量超过了来自实物标本的原始数据，而由于我们越来越多地使用观察数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化，我想知道：这些观察数据可靠吗? 【分析】本句是一个并列句，前半句中的that 作关系代词引导定语从句，修饰先行词the primary data；后半句中的since 引导原因状语从句，how 引导宾语从句作investigate 的宾语。 2. Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns. 【翻译】Daru 和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集，测试这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。 【分析】Using a global dataset ... 为分词短语作状语，how 引导宾语从句作test 的宾语。 3. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 【翻译】这是有道理的，因为民间科学家经常通过移动设备获取生物多样性观察数据，他们记录的是在附近地区接触到的物种。 【分析】because 引导原因状语从句，who 引导定语从句修饰先行词the people，recording ... nearby 为分词短语作后置定语，修饰citizen scientists。 ( 六三年真题 ) 【2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】 On March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate. This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down. But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals. In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous. 12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about? A. The methods of estimation. B. The underlying logic of the effect. C. The causes of people’s errors. D. The design of Galton’s experiment. 13. Navajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________. A. the crowds were relatively small B. there were occasional underestimates C. individuals did not communicate D. estimates were not fully independent 14. What did the follow-up study focus on? A. The size of the groups. B. The dominant members. C. The discussion process. D. The individual estimates. 15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies? A. Unclear. B. Dismissive. C. Doubtful. D. Approving. 【答案】12. B13. D14. C15. D 【解析】 【导语】本文是说明文。没有人是一座孤岛，文章陈述了“群体智慧”效应。实验表明，在某些情况下大量独立估计的平均值可能是相当准确的。 12.主旨大意题。根据第二段内容“This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and come to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.(这种效应利用了这样一个事实，即当人们犯错误时，这些错误并不总是相同的。有些人常常会高估，或者低估。当这些误差中有足够多的误差被平均在一起时，它们会相互抵消，从而产生更准确的估计。如果相似的人倾向于犯同样的错误，那么他们的错误不会相互抵消。从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。如果由于任何原因，人们的错误变得相关或依赖，估计的准确性就会下降。)”可知，本段阐述了人们所犯的错误不总是相同的，各不相同的误差平均在一起，相互抵消就会产生更准确的估计，讨论了独立估计的平均如何由于误差的消除而导致更准确的预测。因此本段主要解释了“群体智慧”效应这一现象的基本逻辑。故选B。 13.细节理解题。根据第二段的“In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.(从更专业的角度来说，群众的智慧要求人们的估计是独立的。)”和第三段的“The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.(这项研究的关键发现是，当人群被进一步划分为允许进行讨论的小组时，这些小组的平均值比同等数量的独立个体的平均值更准确。例如，从四个五人讨论组的估计中获得的平均值明显比从20个独立个体获得的平均值更准确。)”可知，人们在没有独立的情况下，分成更小群体，平均值是更准确的，说明即使在估计数字并非完全独立的情况下，准确率提高也是可以做到的。故选D。 14.推理判断题。根据第四段的“In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? (在一项针对100名大学生的后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中的实际行为。他们是否倾向于选择那些对自己的估计最有信心的人？他们追随那些最不愿意改变主意的人吗？)”可知，在后续研究中，研究人员试图更好地了解小组成员在讨论中实际做了什么。结合两个问题，因此可知后续研究的重点是小组内的讨论过程。故选C。 15.推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain, the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.(尽管Navajas领导的研究有局限性，仍存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响是巨大的。)”可知，作者认为虽然Navajas领导的研究有局限性也存在许多问题，但对小组讨论和决策的潜在影响巨大。因此推断作者对于Navajas的研究表示一定的赞许和支持。故选D。 【2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】 As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A. The right way of exercising. B. The causes of a heart attack. C. The difficulty of keeping fit. D. The aging process of the heart. 33. In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A. Diet plan. B. Professional background. C. Exercise type. D. Previous physical condition. 34. What does Levine’s research find? A. Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B. High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C. It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D. The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 35. What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A. Making use of the findings. B. Interviewing the study participants. C. Conducting further research. D. Clarifying the purpose of the study. 【答案】32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。 32. D。推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。 33. C。推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。 34. A。细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。 35. C。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。 【2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇】 Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence. We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person. Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life. Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction. 32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence? A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person's mind. C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities. 33. Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2? A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept. C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction. 34. What is the author's attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence? A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear. 35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence? A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies. C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives. 【答案】322-35 DBAB 【导读】本文是一篇议论文。主要论述了什么是情商以及情商普及的优势，并表达了作者自己的观点，同时提出了对情商研究的未来期望。 32. D。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and ‘people skills’.”可知，许多人误把情商理解为一个人的性格中无法被智商测试所衡量的几乎可取的一切，也就是指一个人的积极的品质。 33. B。推理判断题。第二段首句“We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes.”是介绍情商的概念。由此推断出提到的“医生”和“骗子”是对这一概念的解释。 34. A。推理判断题。根据题干中的“the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence”可定位到第三段。根据第三段的首句“Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.”可知，作者认为情商普及利大于弊。又根据“The most positive aspect of this popularization...”和“The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped...”可知，作者对于情商普及是赞成的。 35. B。主旨大意题。根据最后一段中的“Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.”可知，虽然情商的持续流行吸引力是可取的，但我们希望这种关注能引起人们对情感的科学研究和学术研究的更大的兴趣。又根据下文的“It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives.”可知，我们希望在未来的数十年后，科学的进步提供新的视角来研究人们如何管理他们的生活。由此可知，这些是对未来研究的期望。 ( 七满分策略 ) 阅读理解说明文满分策略 一、细读文章重点 关注文章结构；文章主题句；各段首末句；体现作者观点态度的词句。 二、明确说明对象 通读全文，明确作者是针对哪一个说明对象从不同的角度和侧面对其加以说明的。在阅读过程中要概括、总结每一段说明的侧重点，理清各段之间的逻辑联系，加深对说明对象的理解。 三、弄清说明顺序 在说明的过程中作者会选择合理的说明顺序对说明对象进行有条不紊的解说。把握了说明顺序，就能准确把握文章的脉络，加深对整篇文章的理解。 四、把握作者态度 说明文的首段一般借用生活中的某个场景事件引入说明的事物。一般穿插人们对被说明事物的看法和观点，要仔细体会观点的倾向性和情感色彩，来对比作者态度和写作情感。 五、吃透长难句子 学会运用括号法分析长难句，把影响考生理解的各种从句、非谓语动词短语以及复杂介词短语括起来，从而达到“去枝叶，留主干”的目的，进而准确理解句子含义。 六、学会适当放弃 无关大局的生僻词汇阅读中经常会遇到一些生词，如果这些生词对理解全文没有影响或影响不大就可略过。较长的人名、地名有许多较长的表示人名、地名等的专有名词，阅读时可一扫而过或干脆用其首字母代替，不必试图把整个专有名词读出来。 说明文阅读试题的特点有哪些？ 1.话题较陌生。 这些文章从专业的角度解释说明一个现象或一项研究结果，和考生的实际生活有一定的距离。 2.专业术语多。 高考说明文含有一定量的专业术语。2019年北京高考卷D篇就包含多个专业术语：marine microorganism，concentration，give off oxygen，nutrients，make conditions riper，food chain，phytoplankton，carbon dioxide，regulate，climate model，food web，statistically。这些和生物、环境等相关的词汇，如海底微生物、浓度、释放氧气、营养物质、食物链等，都是日常生活交流中不常涉及的。 3.长难句子多。 因为文章直接取材于期刊文章或者研究报告，所以说明文的另外一个特点是长难句子多。如2017年北京高考卷C篇的句子：This is called “herd immunity”, which protects the people who get hurt easily, including those who can’t be vaccinated for medical reasons, babies too young to get vaccinated and people on whom the vaccine doesn’t work. 这句话主干是一个简短的主系表结构，但后边附加了which引导的非限定性定语从句，而这个从句中又包含一个who引导的限定性定语从句，后面的介词短语中也包含了who引导的限定性定语从句。在有限的考试时间内，复杂的句子结构给考生准确理解句意带来了困难。 4.词汇有新义。 每一篇说明文中都会包含一些考生熟悉的词汇，但在新的语境中它们变换了含义。2019年北京高考卷有句话中包含一个简单的词语project：Stephanie Dutkiewicz, a scientist in MIT’s Center for Global Change Science, built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. project被大家熟知的意思是“项目”，但在这句话中变成了动词，表示“预测，推想”。如果考生对project的理解还停留在“项目”上，就不能很好地理解句意了。 阅读理解说明文答题策略 1.把握介绍或阐述的主体。 通过文章第一段迅速找出说明文介绍或阐述的事物。英语文章，尤其是说明文和议论文，最大的特点就是开门见山，作者会在文章开篇就把要介绍的事物或表达的观点铺平直叙出来。 2. 关注每一段的段首句。 关注每一段的段首句，确认段落的主旨大意。就像文章的开篇段落告诉读者文章的主旨大意一样，第一段落的第一句话通常也起到同样的作用。 3.关注每一段的段尾句。 前两项策略已经被大多数考生广泛应用在阅读中。但除了关注篇首段落和段首句子之外，也不能忽视段尾句。一个段落由三个部分组成：topic sentence（主旨句），supporting details （支撑细节），和concluding sentence（总结句）。在段落结尾，作者会用不同的表达方式重申主旨句，但从篇章整体来看，在每个段落结尾出现的句子还起到承上启下的作用，作者会借助这个句子引出下文。 4.关注文章中出现的问题。 说明文的本质是对一个事物进行阐述，但在平铺直叙的语言中，还会有问句出现。这些问句不仅仅是简单的疑问句，而是作者有意为之，答案就出现在后文。 阅读说明文体裁的文章时应首先抓住下面的重要信息： A. 说明的对象 B. 说明对象的特征 C. 说明的方法（例证法；定义法；分类法；因果关系法；比较对照法；过程分析法） ①例证法 这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。 ②定义法 下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。 ③分类法： 分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。 ④因果关系法 事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括由果推因(由结果去推测原因)和由因推果(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if...then, the reason is that...等表示因果关系。 ⑤比较对照法： 有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫做比较;指出其不同点,叫做对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。 ⑥过程分析法 过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是What happens;因果关系研究的对象是Why it happens,而过程分析研究的对象是How it happens。 ( 八话题变式-名校好题再练 ) 变式一：生物多样性研究、发现、进展 01（2024·广西贵港·模拟预测） There is widespread agreement that climate change threatens our existence. But in our rush to address this challenge, our efforts mustn’t heighten another, more immediate one: the global decline of biodiversity. We are losing species at 1,000 times the natural rate. If we stay on this track, we risk losing up to half of them by the middle of the century. Sadly, the singular focus on solving climate change has led to people ignoring biodiversity. The alarming result is that many climate efforts unintentionally quicken nature’s destruction. Take the huge need for solar farms for an example. If not located properly, they’ll impact ecosystems and habitats. In Virginia, for example, more than half of solar facilities are being built on forested land rather than areas such as rooftops or parking lots. The state’s push for solar development could lead to the deforestation of nearly 30,000 acres annually. There is a real risk that badly planned renewable infrastructure (基础设施) will have a greater impact on biodiversity than existing fossil fuel infrastructure. Thus, we need to chart a path that doesn’t address one environmental challenge by creating others. Indeed, with practical choices, we can do the opposite, using nature to address climate change. Consider carbon removal. Research shows between 2001 and 2019, forests around the world seized more than twice the amount of carbon dioxide that they emitted (排放) — absorbing more than the combined annual emissions of the US and UK. Nature is also critical in setting the adaptation necessary to prepare for increasingly severe weather shocks, such as the role of mangroves (a kind of tree) in absorbing floods. Governments must think differently, employing better infrastructure planning at all levels. A report from The Nature Conservancy shows careful siting can reduce the effects of the clean energy infrastructure by 70%compared with siting as usual practices. For instance, solar farms can be put on already degraded land. It would be a tragic irony if, in our efforts to tackle climate change, we end upbringing a big and immediate crisis in the natural world. 1. What is the effect of building solar farms on forested land in Virginia? A. It damages the forest. B. It boosts local economy. C. It reduces human’s living space. D. It protects the environment. 2. What strategy does the text suggest? A. Increasing funds for clean energy. B. Using technology to remove carbon. C. Locating clean energy projects carefully. D. Prioritizing renewable energy totally. 3. The“tragic irony”in the last paragraph refers to the possibility that ______. A. climate change will contribute to more severe issues B. focus on climate change makes people ignore land use C. efforts to solve climate change speed up biodiversity loss D. the development of clean energy quickens climate change 4. What is the overall tone of the text? A. Pessimistic and critical. B. Factual and concerned. C. Subjective and dismissive. D. Humorous and optimistic. 【答案】1. A 2. C 3. C 4. B 【导语】本文是说明文。文章指出当前应对气候变化的努力引起了生物多样性减少的问题，并提出相关建议。 1. 细节理解题。根据第二段“The state’s push for solar development could lead to the deforestation of nearly 30,000 acres annually.(该州对太阳能开发的推动可能导致每年近3万英亩的森林被砍伐)”可知，在弗吉尼亚州的森林土地上建造太阳能农场会破坏了森林。故选A项。 2. 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Governments must think differently, employing better infrastructure planning at all levels. A report from The Nature Conservancy shows careful siting can reduce the effects of the clean energy infrastructure by 70%compared with siting as usual practices. For instance, solar farms can be put on already degraded land.(政府必须换一种思路，在各级实施更好的基础设施规划。大自然保护协会的一份报告显示，与通常的选址方式相比，谨慎的选址可以将清洁能源基础设施的影响减少70%。例如，太阳能农场可以建在已经退化的土地上)”可知，文章建议仔细定位清洁能源项目。故选C项。 3. 推理判断题。根据第一段“There is widespread agreement that climate change threatens our existence. But in our rush to address this challenge, our efforts mustn’t heighten another, more immediate one: the global decline of biodiversity. We are losing species at 1,000 times the natural rate. If we stay on this track, we risk losing up to half of them by the middle of the century.(人们普遍认为气候变化威胁着我们的生存。但在我们急于应对这一挑战的同时，我们的努力绝不能加剧另一个更紧迫的挑战：全球生物多样性的减少。物种的流失速度是自然速度的1000倍。如果我们继续沿着这条道路走下去，到本世纪中叶，我们可能会失去多达一半的动物)”可知，最后一段的“悲剧性讽刺”指的是应对气候变化的努力加速了生物多样性的丧失。故选C项。 4. 推理判断题。根据第四段“Research shows between 2001 and 2019, forests around the world seized more than twice the amount of carbon dioxide that they emitted (排放) —absorbing more than the combined annual emissions of the US and UK.(研究表明，2001年至2019年期间，世界各地的森林吸收的二氧化碳是其排放量的两倍多，吸收的二氧化碳超过了美国和英国的年排放量总和)”可知，作者引用研究数据，所以是讲事实的，根据倒数第二段“Governments must think differently, employing better infrastructure planning at all levels. A report from The Nature Conservancy shows careful siting can reduce the effects of the clean energy infrastructure by 70%compared with siting as usual practices. For instance, solar farms can be put on already degraded land.(政府必须换一种思路，在各级实施更好的基础设施规划。大自然保护协会的一份报告显示，与通常的选址方式相比，谨慎的选址可以将清洁能源基础设施的影响减少70%。例如，太阳能农场可以建在已经退化的土地上)”可知，对现状提出建议，说明作者是关心的，所以本文的基调是事实和关心。故选B项。 02（2024·浙江·三模） An ancient, interdependent relationship that contributes to food systems and ecosystem stability across the globe could be changing. Many flowering plants can self-pollinate (自花传粉), or transfer pollen between their own blossoms for seed generation and reproduction, but most of these plants have relied on pollinators such as butterflies and bees to reproduce. Now — during declines reported in many pollinator populations — a new study on the evolution of one flower species’ mating system has revealed a remarkable change that could worsen the challenges faced by the plants’ insect partners. The flowers reproductive evolution may be linked to environmental changes such as habitat destruction and rapid ongoing decreases in pollinator biodiversity, according to Samson Acoca-Pidolle, who led the study published December 19 in the journal New Phytologist. Comparing seeds of wild field pansies (三色堇) collected decades ago in France with the plants’ modern descendants. Acoca-Pidolle and his colleagues discovered that today’s flowers are smaller and produce less nectar (花蜜) as a result of increased self-pollination, which has direct impacts on pollinator behavior.The pansies of the past self-fertilized less and attracted far more pollinators than those of the present, according to the study. “It seems that it’s only traits (特性) that are involved in plant-pollinator interaction that are evolving, ” said Acoca-Pidolle. The changes could restrict the plants’ ability to adapt to future environmental changes and have implications for “all of floral biodiversity” — potentially decreasing flowering plants’ genetic, species and ecosystem variation. “This may increase the pollinator decline and cause a negative feedback cycle,” study coauthor Pierre-Olivier Cheptou told CNN.” If plants produce less nectar, there will be less food available to pollinators, which will in turn accelerate the rate at which the animals’ numbers decrease“, he explained. “The major message is that we are currently seeing the evolutionary breakdown of plant pollinators in the wild,” said Cheptou, an evolutionary ecologist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research and professor at the University of Montpellier. 5. Which of the following may contribute to the flowers’ reproductive evolution? A. Changed behaviour of pollinators. B. Severe pollution to the habitats. C. Continuing decline in pollinator biodiversity. D. Increased plant-pollinator interaction. 6. Why were pansies in the past larger and produced more nectar? A. They self-pollinated less. B. They had a better mating system. C. They attracted less pollinators. D. They were fertilized by themselves. 7. What is the result of the changes in the flowers’ reproductive evolution? A. The flowering plants may have more variations. B. The evolution of wild plant pollinators is collapsing. C. The numbers of the animals will increase more rapidly. D. The plants will adapt to the environmental changes better. 8. Which is the best title for the text? A. Pollinator Populations: Declining. B. Flowering Plants: Selfing. C. Interdependent Relationship: Maintaining. D. Floral Diversity: Increasing. 【答案】5. C 6. A 7. B 8. B 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了由于环境变化如栖息地破坏和传粉者多样性的快速减少，一种花种的繁殖系统进化可能导致花朵变得更小，花蜜产量减少，从而更多地自我授粉，这对传粉者行为产生了直接影响。这种进化可能会限制植物对环境变化的适应能力，并可能加剧传粉者种群的下降，形成恶性循环，揭示植物与传粉者之间生态关系的潜在演变及其可能带来的生态影响。 5. 推理判断题。根据第三段“The flowers reproductive evolution may be linked to environmental changes such as habitat destruction and rapid ongoing decreases in pollinator biodiversity, according to Samson Acoca-Pidolle, who led the study published December 19 in the journal New Phytologist. (12月19日发表在《新植物学家》（New Phytologist）杂志上的这项研究的萨姆森•阿科卡-皮多尔（Samson Acoca-Pidolle）表示，花的生殖进化可能与环境变化有关，例如栖息地破坏和传粉媒介生物多样性的快速持续下降。)”可知，传粉生物多样性持续下降可能有助于花的生殖进化，故选C项。 6. 推理判断题。根据第四段中“Acoca-Pidolle and his colleagues discovered that today’s flowers are smaller and produce less nectar (花蜜) as a result of increased self-pollination, which has direct impacts on pollinator behavior. (Acoca-Pidolle和他的同事们发现，由于自花授粉的增加，今天的花朵更小，产生的花蜜（花蜜）更少，这对传粉者的行为有直接影响。)”可知，过去的三色堇更大，花蜜很多是因为他们自花授粉少，故选A项。 7. 推理判断题。根据第最后一段““The major message is that we are currently seeing the evolutionary breakdown of plant pollinators in the wild,” said Cheptou, an evolutionary ecologist at the French National Centre for Scientific Research and professor at the University of Montpellier. (“主要的信息是，我们目前看到野生植物传粉媒介的进化崩溃，”法国国家科学研究中心的进化生态学家、蒙彼利埃大学教授切普图说。)”可知，花朵繁殖进化变化导致野生植物传粉者的进化正在崩溃，故选B项。 8. 主旨大意题。根据第三段“The flowers reproductive evolution may be linked to environmental changes such as habitat destruction and rapid ongoing decreases in pollinator biodiversity, according to Samson Acoca-Pidolle, who led the study published December 19 in the journal New Phytologist.(这项研究发表在12月19日的《新植物学家》(New phyologist)杂志上，该研究的负责人Samson Acoca-Pidolle表示，这种花的生殖进化可能与环境变化有关，比如栖息地的破坏和传粉媒介生物多样性的迅速减少。”并通读全文可知，由于环境变化如栖息地破坏和传粉者多样性的快速减少，开花植物正在更多地自我授粉，这是由于传粉者种群减少和环境变化导致的，“开花植物:自我授粉”适合作标题。故选B项。 03（2024·辽宁丹东·二模） Food waste across the globe continues to fuel climate change, nature loss and pollution while hurting the global economy according to the UNEP Food Waste Index Report 2024, which says it is important for countries to connect the fight against hunger and the three global crisis of climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss. The report, whose findings revealed that the total food loss on the global economy is estimated at roughly $1 trillion, emphasized that reducing food waste is an opportunity to reduce costs and tackle some of the biggest environmental and social issues of our time: climate change and food insecurity. While making opening remarks at the conference that launched the report, Dechen Tsering, acting director of the climate change division at the UNEP, said government polices, such as tax rebates (退税) and waste collection fees, could be used to stimulate changes in business practices and consumer behavior. In addition, better data on the cost of food waste and the environmental, economic, and social benefits of limiting food waste could help influence investors and consumers. According to the report, as of 2022, only 21 countries had included food loss and waste reduction in their national climate plans, including China, Namibia, Sierra Leone, etc. Meanwhile, the number of people who are food insecure and in urgent need of humanitarian assistance in the Greater Horn of Africa rose to 74 million at the end of February, according to another report released by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and other agencies. The international agencies said that the 2023 El Nino rains contributed to the rise in the number of people in need of humanitarian assistance in the region. With wetter-than-normal conditions forecast in most parts of African countries during the 2024 March-May rainfall season, the situation may not improve. 9. What does the Report 2024 indicate? A. Food loss is the biggest problem to tackle. B. Serious pollution can cause food insecurity. C. Food waste worsens the environmental situation. D. Many countries are cooperating to fight against hunger. 10. Which of the following may Dechen agree with? A. Effective measures should be taken by government. B. Unnecessary costs in climate lead to development problems. C. Data make no sense to consumer behavior and investors’ decision. D. Avoiding waste collection fees is beneficial to limiting food waste. 11. What can we infer from the last two paragraphs? A. Humanitarian assistance is the only way to help African people. B. Food insecurity is still a big challenge to many African countries. C. The situation of food waste in Africa becomes more and more severe. D. The number of people needing help is increasing mainly due to bad weather. 12. What is the purpose of the passage? A. To reveal the urgent financial situation in Africa. B. To stress the necessity of food waste prevention. C. To call for the joint efforts of governments in climate. D. To raise the awareness of environmental conservation. 【答案】9. C 10. A 11. B 12. B 【导语】这是一篇说明文，联合国环境规划署《2024年食物浪费指数报告》发现，食物浪费加剧了气候变化。 9. 细节理解题。根据第一段中“Food waste across the globe continues to fuel climate change, nature loss and pollution while hurting the global economy according to the UNEP Food Waste Index Report 2024(根据联合国环境规划署《2024年食物浪费指数报告》，全球范围内的食物浪费继续加剧气候变化、自然损失和污染，同时损害全球经济)”可知，该报告表明食物浪费使环境状况恶化。故选C。 10. 细节理解题。根据第三段“While making opening remarks at the conference that launched the report, Dechen Tsering, acting director of the climate change division at the UNEP, said government polices, such as tax rebates (退税) and waste collection fees, could be used to stimulate changes in business practices and consumer behavior. In addition, better data on the cost of food waste and the environmental, economic, and social benefits of limiting food waste could help influence investors and consumers.(联合国环境规划署气候变化部门代理主任Dechen Tsering在发布报告的会议上致开幕词时说，退税和废物收集费等政府政策可以用来刺激商业惯例和消费者行为的变化。此外，更好地了解食物浪费的成本以及限制食物浪费所带来的环境、经济和社会效益，可能有助于影响投资者和消费者)”可知，在Dechen Tsering看来政府应该采取有效的措施。故选A。 11. 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“the number of people who are food insecure and in urgent need of humanitarian assistance in the Greater Horn of Africa rose to 74 million at the end of February(截至2月底，大非洲之角粮食不安全、急需人道主义援助的人数已上升至7400万人)”和最后一段中“With wetter-than-normal conditions forecast in most parts of African countries during the 2024 March-May rainfall season, the situation may not improve.(预计在2024年3月至5月的降雨季节，非洲大部分国家将比正常情况更潮湿，这种情况可能不会改善)”可知，粮食不安全仍然是许多非洲国家面临的一大挑战。故选B。 12. 推理判断题。根据全文内容，结合第一段中“it is important for countries to connect the fight against hunger and the three global crisis of climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss(各国必须将抗击饥饿与气候变化、污染和生物多样性丧失这三大全球危机联系起来)”可知，文章主要讲述联合国环境规划署《2024年食物浪费指数报告》发现，食物浪费加剧了气候变化，目的是强调阻止食物浪费的必要性，故选B。 04（2024·重庆沙坪坝·模拟预测） There’s a site in Cornwall, in southern England, called Woodland Valley Farm. Here, farmer Chris Jones allows beavers (河狸) to wander in an enclosed five-acre plot. Their natural dams, he says, have helped control repeated flooding of the downstream village. Centuries after beavers were hunted to extinction in Britain, efforts are now underway by environmentalists to reintroduce the creature. “Sometimes they can really be annoying; they can mess everything up,” says Christof Angst, an official consultant of be aver management. “But if you look at it on the whole, the positive impact of this species is huge.” Some of the benefits of beavers’ work on a landscape include a boost to biodiversity, drought resistance, and improvement of water quality by moving pollutants. Yet, as the animals’ return becomes increasingly widespread, the debate is shifting from whether to bring them back to a question of how to manage them once they start appearing in waterways. The consequences of bringing beavers back are not all positive, the most common one being the flooding they can cause, rather than reduce. In addition, critics point to the high costs of beaver-felled trees and be aver reintroduction programs.“Who’s going to pick up the cost, who’s going to do the repairs, who’s going to cover crop loss?”asks Richard Bramley, a farmer from the York area.“There’s no plan.” To avoid conflicts, organizers have fenced in beaver-related projects. The beavers are not permitted to wander freely beyond the fences. The government has also put together a beaver management strategy framework, which advises communication and listening, in an effort to clear up misunderstandings and concerns. When beavers do cause issues, available options will be provided, including modifying the dams, reducing water levels, or relocating the animals. “What we want to direct people towards is coexistence with wildlife and nature,” saysEva Bishop, head of communications and education at the Beaver Trust. “We need to encourage people to give space for nature to function.” 13. What do we know about Woodland Valley Farm? A. It keeps beavers for research. B. It is funded by the government. C. It builds dams to control flooding. D. It restricts beavers to a certain area. 14. What is Richard Bramley’s attitude toward be aver projects? A. Critical. B. Appreciative. C. Neutral. D. Tolerant. 15. What does the underlined word “concerns” in paragraph 4 refer to? A. Worries about related costs. B. Doubts about beavers’ safety. C. Fears for species extinction. D. Anxieties over river pollution. 16. What can be a suitable title for the text? A. Increasing Beavers Raise the Alarm B. Conflicts with Beavers Keep Arising C. Wildlife Conservation Sees a Policy Shift D. Beaver Projects Offer Coexistence Lessons 【答案】13. D 14. A 15. A 16. D 【导语】本文是说明文。讲述了在英国重新引入河狸并探讨如何管理它们。 13. 细节理解题。根据第一段“Here, farmer Chris Jones allows beavers (河狸) to wander in an enclosed five-acre plot. Their natural dams, he says, have helped control repeated flooding of the downstream village.(在这里，农民克里斯·琼斯允许河狸在一个封闭的五英亩土地上游荡。他们的天然水坝，他说，帮助控制了下游村庄反复发生的洪水)”可知，河狸只能在一个封闭区域内活动。故选D项。 14. 推理判断题。根据第三段““Who’s going to pick up the cost, who’s going to do the repairs, who’s going to cover crop loss?”asks Richard Bramley, a farmer from the York area.“There’s no plan.”(“谁来承担成本，谁来维修，谁来赔偿作物损失?”来自约克地区的农民理查德·布拉姆利(Richard Bramley)问道。“没有计划。”)”可知，理查德·布拉姆利认为没有计划，所以对河狸项目持批评态度。故选A项。 15. 词句猜测题。根据第三段“The consequences of bringing beavers back are not all positive, the most common one being the flooding they can cause, rather than reduce. In addition, critics point to the high costs of beaver-felled trees and be aver reintroduction programs.(把河狸带回来的后果并不都是积极的，最常见的是它们可能引起洪水，而不是减少洪水。此外，批评人士指出，砍伐河狸的树木和重新引入河狸的项目成本高昂)”可知，由于河狸项目的负面影响和高额成本，河狸和人之间会产生冲突，再根据第四段“To avoid conflicts, organizers have fenced in beaver-related projects. The beavers are not permitted to wander freely beyond the fences.(为了避免冲突，组织者将与河狸有关的项目围了起来)”可知，组织者采取了一系列措施来避免冲突，消除人们的误解和担心。由此可以推断，这种担心是指对河狸可能造成的相关损失的担心。故选A项。 16. 主旨大意题。根据第一段“There’s a site in Cornwall, in southern England, called Woodland Valley Farm. Here, farmer Chris Jones allows beavers (河狸) to wander in an enclosed five-acre plot. Their natural dams, he says, have helped control repeated flooding of the downstream village.(在英格兰南部的康沃尔郡有一个地方，叫做伍德兰山谷农场。在这里，农民克里斯·琼斯允许河狸在一个封闭的五英亩土地上游荡。他们的天然水坝，他说，帮助控制了下游村庄反复发生的洪水)”以及纵观全文可知，全文主要介绍了英国的河狸项目，包括项目带来的好处以及应对风险的措施，所以D项“Beaver Projects Offer Coexistence Lessons(河狸项目提供了共存经验)”是本文最好的标题。故选D项。 05（2024·山东威海·二模） As a child, I was keen on collecting moths（飞蛾）and butterflies. By adulthood, I could identify about 700 species by sight, recognizing the stripes, dots and colors on their wings and bodies. In 1972, I moved to Australia and continued collecting. But I started to struggle: identifying them quickly became an impossible task. The species there were so different from those at home, and there was no space in my mind to recognize them all. My crisis soon increased. Throughout the 1970s, I led expeditions to Papua New Guinea to collect moths. One night, we could collect more than twice as many as those I had memorized in my childhood. Identifying them felt overwhelming. I gave up and stopped working on moths. But my instinct to identify them never went away. Two decades later, I was in a supermarket and an idea started to develop in my mind: what if a part of DNA could be used to differentiate between species Just 13 lines on. the supermarket barcodes（条形码）were being used to identify products What if we could identify species in the same way? To test the idea, I began collecting the moths again. Each sample had to donate a leg to science. I believed that COI（a single segment of a rapidly evolving gene）present in almost all animals could be used to tell species. With their legs, we used the PCR method to focus in on their section of COI. One by one, it became clear: every single moth could be sorted using a tiny slice of their genome（基因组）DNA barcoding was 100% successful on its first test. In our study paper, we claimed that we had discovered a reliable, inexpensive and accessible solution to identifying the millions of animal species waiting to be discovered. I believe DNA barcoding is humanity’s first shot at finally discovering all life on Earth. This technique has helped conservationists to fight against wildlife crime and monitor the impact of mining on bıodiversity. One day, I am confident it will form part of a system to monitor the biosphere the Same way we monitor the weather. 17. How did the author recognize moth species in his childhood? A. By turning to books. B. By using lab equipment. C. By obseiving their behavior. D. By distinguishing their appearance. 18. What does the underlined “My crisis” in paragraph 3 refer to? A. The loss of interest in studying moths. B. The impossibility of recognizing moths. C. The pressure of discovering new moth species. D. The challenge of collecting as many moth samples. 19. What inspired the author to use DNA for species identification? A. The ease of using PCR to focus on COI. B. The simplicity of supermarket barcodes. C. The success of DNA barcoding on moths. D. The availability of COI in almost all animals. 20. What might DNA barcoding be used for in the future according to the text? A. Protecting wildlife habitats. B. Tracking wildlife population. C. Assisting in monitoring biodiversity. D. Updating weather monitoring systems. 【答案】17. D 18. B 19. B 20. C 【导语】这是一篇记叙文。主要讲述了作者喜欢收集飞蛾和蝴蝶。到成年时，作者可以通过视觉识别大约700种物种，识别它们翅膀和身体上的条纹、点和颜色。二十年后，作者在一家超市里，一个想法开始在作者脑海中浮现：DNA的一部分可以用来区分物种。作者相信DNA条形码是人类最终发现地球上所有生命的第一次尝试。这项技术帮助自然资源保护主义者打击野生动物犯罪，并监测采矿对生物多样性的影响。 17. 细节理解题。根据第一段“As a child, I was keen on collecting moths（飞蛾）and butterflies.  By adulthood, I could identify about 700 species by sight, recognizing the stripes, dots and colors on their wings and bodies.”（小时候，我喜欢收集飞蛾和蝴蝶。到成年时，我可以通过视觉识别大约700种物种，识别它们翅膀和身体上的条纹、点和颜色。）可知，作者小时候是通过区分飞蛾的外表来认识飞蛾种类的。故选D项。 18. 词句猜测题。根据第二段中“But I started to struggle: identifying them quickly became an impossible task. The species there were so different from those at home, and there was no space in my mind to recognize them all.”（但我开始挣扎了：很快，识别它们就成了一项不可能完成的任务。那里的物种和家里的物种太不一样了，我脑子里没有空间把它们都认出来。）由此可知，此处划线短语My crisis指的是“不可能识别飞蛾”。故选B项。 19. 细节理解题。根据第四段“Two decades later, I was in a supermarket and an idea started to develop in my mind: what if a part of DNA could be used to differentiate between species Just 13 lines on. the supermarket barcodes（条形码）were being used to identify products What if we could identify species in the same way?”（二十年后，我在一家超市里，一个想法开始在我脑海中浮现：如果DNA的一部分可以用来区分物种，只要13行。超市的条形码被用来识别产品，如果我们能以同样的方式识别物种呢？）可知，超市条形码的简单性激发了作者使用DNA进行物种鉴定。故选B项。 20. 细节理解题。根据最后一段中“I believe DNA barcoding is humanity’s first shot at finally discovering all life on Earth. This technique has helped conservationists to fight against wildlife crime and monitor the impact of mining on biodiversity.”（我相信DNA条形码是人类最终发现地球上所有生命的第一次尝试。这项技术帮助自然资源保护主义者打击野生动物犯罪，并监测采矿对生物多样性的影响。）可知，DNA条形码将来可能用于协助监测生物多样性。故选C项。 06（2024·江西·模拟预测） Samarkand in Uzbekistan hosted an important intergovernmental conference on how to stop the slow spread of degraded (退化) land. Between 2015 and 2019, the world lost at least 100 million hectares of healthy and productive land a year, according to an analysis for the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). Human activities—including destroying forests and agricultural practices — and climate change are among the main causes. 115 countries reported ahead of the meeting on three measures for restoring degraded land and soil: protecting the area used for agriculture or covered by forests or wetlands; increasing the ability of land to support and sustain life, retaining above-and below-ground stocks of carbon. Reaching the target of “land degradation neutrality (土地退化中性)” by 2030 means reversing a negative trend: the global share of land that is degraded increased from 14.7% in 2015 to 18. 9% in 2019. Yet there are some important signs of hope amid a mostly bleak prospect. The analysis enables countries to understand land degradation at a more granular (细致的) level than before. And the UNCCD’s science teams helped to train researchers in some of the most-affected countries, so that local scientists and policymakers could do the work themselves. And some countries are moving in the right direction. In Ecuador, for example, the area of land classed as degraded went from 21.9% to 12.8% between 2015 and 2019. Land degradation is not a priority on the world’s environmental agenda. Although the UNCCD has the same status as the UN conventions on climate change and biodiversity, unlike them it does not have an autonomous body that provides independent scientific advice. Restoration projects also receive much less international funding. This funding gap illustrates just how little priority is given to restoring land and preventing further countries are providing data. These nations, especially high-income countries, should start reporting degradation. Yet the latest analysis shows what can be done even with limited resources. But not all their plans and actions, to raise the profile of land degradation. 21. Which of the measures is mentioned before the conference? A. Developing more forests or wetlands. B. Increasing industrial productivity. C. Making people support their life. D. Keeping the stocks of carbon. 22. What does the underlined word “bleak” mean in paragraph 3? A. Dark. B. Interesting. C. Wonderful. D. Reasonable. 23. What does paragraph 4 mainly talk about? A. The land degradation is serious nowadays. B. Land degradation isn’t sufficiently prioritized. C. The biodiversity deserves more attention. D. More funds are obtained for the restoration project. 24. What can rich countries do about the land degradation? A. Provide funding to support relevant projects. B. Help other countries to collect and analyze data. C. Start reporting their own schedules and actions. D. Stop land degradation in their countries completely. 【答案】21. D 22. A 23. B 24. C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了土地退化问题的严峻形势，以及各国和国际组织为扭转这一趋势所做的努力。 21. 细节理解题。根据文章第二段“115 countries reported ahead of the meeting on three measures for restoring degraded land and soil: protecting the area used for agriculture or covered by forests or wetlands; increasing the ability of land to support and sustain life, retaining above-and below-ground stocks of carbon. (在会议召开之前，115个国家报告了恢复退化土地和土壤的三项措施：保护用于农业或森林或湿地覆盖的地区；提高土地支持和维持生命的能力，保留地上和地下的碳储量。)”可知，会议之前提到了保持碳储量这一措施。故选D。 22. 词句猜测题。根据文章第一段“Samarkand in Uzbekistan hosted an important intergovernmental conference on how to stop the slow spread of degraded (退化) land.   Between 2015 and 2019, the world lost at least 100 million hectares of healthy and productive land a year, according to an analysis for the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). ( 乌兹别克斯坦的撒马尔罕主办了一次重要的政府间会议，讨论如何阻止土地退化的缓慢蔓延。根据《联合国防治荒漠化公约》(《防治荒漠化公约》)的一项分析，2015年至2019年期间，全球每年至少损失1亿公顷健康和生产性土地。)”可知，第一段提到了土地退化的严重性，结合文章第二段“Reaching the target of “land degradation neutrality (土地退化中性)” by 2030 means reversing a negative trend: the global share of land that is degraded increased from 14.7% in 2015 to 18. 9% in 2019. (到2030年实现“土地退化中性”的目标意味着扭转负面趋势：全球退化土地比例从2015年的14.7%上升到2019年的18.9%。)”可知，划线部分所在句子意思是：然而，在一片黯淡的前景中，仍有一些重要的希望迹象。由此可推知，bleak意为“黑暗的，黯淡的”。故选A。 23. 主旨大意题。根据文章第四段“Land degradation is not a priority on the world’s environmental agenda. Although the UNCCD has the same status as the UN conventions on climate change and biodiversity, unlike them it does not have an autonomous body that provides independent scientific advice. Restoration projects also receive much less international funding.(土地退化不是世界环境议程上的优先事项。尽管UNCCD与联合国关于气候变化和生物多样性的公约具有同样的地位，但与它们不同的是，它没有一个提供独立科学建议的自治机构。修复项目获得的国际资助也少得多。)”可知，第四段主要讲述了土地退化没有得到充分重视。故选B。 24. 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“These nations, especially high-income countries, should start reporting degradation. Yet the latest analysis shows what can be done even with limited resources. But not all their plans and actions, to raise the profile of land degradation. (这些国家，尤其是高收入国家，应该开始报告退化情况。然而，最新的分析表明，即使资源有限，我们也能做些什么。但并不是他们所有的计划和行动，都提高了土地退化的形象。)”可知，富裕国家开始报告他们自己的时间表和行动。故选C。 变式二：阅读理解D篇35题变式（科普研究建议类） 01（2024·浙江·高考真题） The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connection between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success. As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value — a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat. A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively. 1．What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test? A．Take an examination alone. B．Share their treats with others. C．Delay eating for fifteen minutes. D．Show respect for the researchers. 2．According to Paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______. A．the calorie-poor world and our good appetites B．the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needs C．the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit D．the rich food supply and our unchanged brains 3．What does the author suggest readers do? A．Be selective information consumers. B．Absorb new information readily. C．Use diverse information sources. D．Protect the information environment. 4．Which of the following is the best title for the text? A．Eat Less, Read More B．The Later, the Better C．The Marshmallow Test for Grownups D．The Bitter Truth about Early Humans 【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．C 【导语】这是一篇说明文。在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”，文章对此进行了介绍。 1．细节理解题。根据第一段“Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat.(每个孩子都被告知，如果他们在吃之前等待15分钟，他们将得到第二次奖励)”可知，在米歇尔的测试中，孩子们需要在吃之前等待15分钟才能得到第二次奖励。故选C。 2．细节理解题。根据第三段“But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.(但是，当我们重塑了我们周围的世界，大大减少了获取卡路里的成本和努力时，我们的大脑仍然和几千年前一样，这种不匹配是我们这么多人努力抵抗我们知道不应该吃的诱人食物的核心原因)”可知，丰富的食物供应和我们不曾改变的大脑之间存在不匹配。故选D。 3．细节理解题。根据最后一段“Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.(因此，就像我们需要更仔细地考虑我们的热量消耗一样，我们也需要更仔细地考虑我们的信息消耗，抵制精神“垃圾食品”的诱惑，以便最有效地管理我们的时间)”可知，作者建议读者做有选择性的信息消费者。故选A。 4．主旨大意题。根据第二段“As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’re not tempted by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.(作为成年人，我们每天都要面对棉花糖测试。诱惑我们的不是甜食，而是我们的电脑、手机和平板电脑——所有这些将我们与全球信息传递系统连接起来的设备，它们对我们的作用就像棉花糖对学龄前儿童的作用一样)”结合文章主要是讲在信息化时代我们作为成年人每天都在面对棉花糖测试，信息轰炸让我们摄入了太多精神“垃圾食品”。由此可知，C选项“成人棉花糖测试”最符合文章标题。故选C。 02（2023·全国·高考真题） The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy. Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid. The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spent on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that works for your particular circumstances. 5．What is the book aimed at? A．Teaching critical thinking skills. B．Advocating a simple digital lifestyle. C．Solving philosophical problems. D．Promoting the use of a digital device. 6．What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean? A．Clear-up. B．Add-on. C．Check-in. D．Take-over. 7．What is presented in the final chapter of part one? A．Theoretical models. B．Statistical methods. C．Practical examples. D．Historical analyses. 8．What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two? A．Use them as needed. B．Recommend them to friends. C．Evaluate their effects. D．Identify the ideas behind them. 【答案】5．B 6．A 7．C 8．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了数字极简主义生活方式的优点，倡导简单的数字生活方式。 5．细节理解题。根据文章第一段“The goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you. (这本书的目标是为数字极简主义辩护，包括详细探索它的要求和为什么有效，然后如果你认为它适合你，教你如何采用这种哲学)”可知，这本书的目的是倡导简单的数字生活方式。故选B。 6．词句猜测题。根据画线词下文“This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value. (这个过程要求你在30天内远离可选的在线活动。在30天结束的时候，你再加上一些你认为会给你所看重的东西带来巨大好处的精心挑选的在线活动)”可推知，画线词“declutter”的意思是“清理”，对在线活动进行清理和挑选。故选A。 7．推理判断题。通过文章第四段“In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. (在第一部分的最后一章中，我将指导您进行自己的数字清理。在这样做的过程中，我将借鉴我在2018年进行的一项实验，在该实验中，1600多人同意进行数字清理)”可推知，第一部分的最后一章介绍了实验与数字清理的实际例子。故选C。 8．推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances. (你可以将这些实践视为一个工具箱，旨在帮助你建立一种适合自己特定情况的极简主义生活方式)”可推知，作者建议读者根据需要与实际情况使用第二部分中提及的实践。故选A。 03（2022·全国·高考真题） As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner. “Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart. Levine and his research team selected volunteers aged between 45 and 64 who did not exercise much but were otherwise healthy. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic (无氧) exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health. “We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine. “And the reason they got so much stronger and fitter was that their hearts could now fill a lot better and pump (泵送) a lot more blood during exercise.” But the hearts of those who participated in less intense exercise didn’t change, he says. “The sweet spot in life to start exercising, if you haven’t already, is in late middle age when the heart still has flexibility,” Levine says. “We put healthy 70-year-olds through a yearlong exercise training program, and nothing happened to them at all.” Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a spokeswoman for the American Heart Association, says Levine’s findings are a great start. But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference. 9．What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band? A．The right way of exercising. B．The causes of a heart attack. C．The difficulty of keeping fit. D．The aging process of the heart. 10．In which aspect were the two groups different in terms of research design? A．Diet plan. B．Professional background. C．Exercise type. D．Previous physical condition. 11．What does Levine’s research find? A．Middle-aged hearts get younger with aerobic exercise. B．High-intensity exercise is more suitable for the young. C．It is never too late for people to start taking exercise. D．The more exercise we do, the stronger our hearts get. 12．What does Dr. Nieca Goldberg suggest? A．Making use of the findings. B．Interviewing the study participants. C．Conducting further research. D．Clarifying the purpose of the study. 【答案】9．D 10．C 11．A 12．C 【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是锻炼对于心脏的好处。 9．推理判断题。根据第二段的““Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart.(“想想橡皮筋。一开始，它是灵活的，但把它放在抽屉里20年，它就会变得干燥，很容易破碎，”德克萨斯大学的心脏专家本·莱文博士说。这就是心脏的变化。)”可知，莱文想通过提到橡皮筋来解释心脏的老化过程，故选D。 10．推理判断题。根据第三段的“The first group participated in a program of nonaerobic exercise—balance training and weight training—three times a week. The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week.(第一组每周参加三次非有氧运动——平衡训练和重量训练。第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。)”可知，两组在研究设计上的不同在于运动类型的不同，故选C。 11．细节理解题。根据第三段的“The second group did high-intensity aerobic exercise under the guidance of a trainer for four or more days a week. After two years, the second group saw remarkable improvements in heart health.(第二组在教练的指导下每周进行4天或更多的高强度有氧运动。两年后，第二组的心脏健康状况有了显著改善。)”和第四段的““We took these 50-year-old hearts and turned the clock back to 30-or 35-year-old hearts,” says Levine.(莱文说:“我们把这些50岁的心脏的时钟拨回30或35岁的心脏。”)”可知，莱文的研究发现了通过有氧运动，中年人的心脏会变得更年轻，故选A。 12．推理判断题。根据最后一段的“But the study was small and needs to be repeated with far larger groups of people to determine exactly which aspects of an exercise routine make the biggest difference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。 04（2022·全国·高考真题） Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜)was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out. In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, “food waste goes against the moral grain,” as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month’s cover story. It’s jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from “ugly” (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans. Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.” If that’s hard to understand, let’s keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 bones of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D．C．, which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road. Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don’t think. “Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says. 13．What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? A．We pay little attention to food waste. B．We waste food unintentionally at times. C．We waste more vegetables than meat. D．We have good reasons for wasting food. 14．What is a consequence of food waste according to the test? A．Moral decline. B．Environmental harm. C．Energy shortage. D．Worldwide starvation. 15．What does Curtin’s company do? A．It produces kitchen equipment. B．It turns rotten arugula into clean fuel. C．It helps local farmers grow fruits. D．It makes meals out of unwanted food. 16．What does Curtin suggest people do? A．Buy only what is needed. B．Reduce food consumption. C．Go shopping once a week. D．Eat in restaurants less often. 【答案】13．B 14．B 15．D 16．A 【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了我们日常生活中的食物浪费现象以及华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官科廷为解决食物浪费而采取的努力。 13．推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste.(像我们大多数人一样，我努力关注那些被浪费的食物)”及“But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.(但随着时间的推移，芝麻菜变坏了。更糟糕的是，我不假思索地买了太多东西；我扔掉的东西可以做六份沙拉)”可推知，作者想通过讲述芝麻菜的故事来表明我们有时会无意间浪费食物。故选B项。 14．细节理解题。根据第三段“Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other, resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem. In fact, Royte writes, “if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world.”(生产没人吃的食物会浪费用于种植食物的水、燃料和其他资源。这使得食物浪费成为一个环境问题。事实上，罗伊特写道，“如果食物浪费是一个国家，它将是世界上第三大温室气体排放国。”)”可知，浪费食物的一个后果是对环境的危害。故选B项。 15．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington. D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals. Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce, that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.(科廷是华盛顿DC中央厨房的首席执行官，该公司把食物复原，变成健康的食物。去年，该组织通过接受捐赠和收集有瑕疵的农产品，收回了超过807500磅的食物，否则这些农产品就会在地里腐烂。草莓呢？志愿者们将清洗、切割、冷冻或干燥它们，以便在路上的餐食中使用)”可知，科廷的公司用人们不想要的食物重新制作食物。故选D项。 16．细节理解题。根据最后一段中的““Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won’t eat,” Curtin says.(“每个人都可以在减少浪费方面发挥作用，无论是在每周的购物中不购买不必要的食物，还是要求餐馆不包括你不吃的配菜，”科廷说)”可知，科廷建议人们只买需要的东西来避免浪费食物。故选A项。 05（2020·浙江·高考真题） I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the short play. Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright(剧作家) hopes to get across through dialogue and action. A few characters are used to create a single impression growing out of the theme. It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright. However, a variety of types is represented here. These include comedy, satire, poignant drama, historical and regional drama. To show the versatility(多面性) of the short play, I have included a guidance play, a radio play and a television play. Among the writers of the plays in this collection, Paul Green, Susan Glaspell, Maxwell Anderson, Thornton Wilder, William Saroyan, and Tennessee Williams have all received Pulitzer Prizes for their contributions to the theater. More information about the playwrights will be found at the end of this book. To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience. The houselights dim(变暗). The curtains are about to open, and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story. 17．What do we know about the author from the first paragraph? A．He has written dozens of plays. B．He has a deep love for the theater. C．He is a professional stage actor. D．He likes reading short plays to others. 18．What does the author avoid doing in his work? A．Stating the plays’ central ideas. B．Selecting works by famous playwrights. C．Including various types of plays. D．Offering information on the playwrights. 19．What does the author suggest readers do while reading the plays? A．Control their feelings. B．Apply their acting skills. C．Use their imagination. D．Keep their audience in mind. 20．What is this text? A．A short story. B．An introduction to a book. C．A play review. D．An advertisement for a theater. 【答案】17．B 18．A 19．C 20．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者的书籍的序言部分，包括其编写目的，书籍内容主体，以及如何实现有乐趣的阅读本书的建议。 17．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“…and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others”可知，作者编辑这本书的最好的原因是希望与他人分享对戏剧的热情，因此可知作者对于戏剧饱含热情。故选B项。 18．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright.”可知，作者并不想指出这本书中每一部戏剧的中心主题，因为那样确实会破坏阅读、讨论和思考戏剧以及剧作家的有效性的乐趣。A项“Stating the plays”central ideas(陈述戏剧的中心思想)”与原文表达信息一致。故选A项。 19．细节理解题。根据文章末尾段内容“To get the most out of the reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience.”可知，作者建议读者试着想象戏剧在舞台上上演，不再是读者而是成为观众，才能实现最佳的阅读乐趣。C项“Use their imagination”与原文“try to picture the play on the stage”表达信息一致。故选C项。 20．推理判断题。根据文章首段内容“I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others”可知，该句内容应是书籍的“自序”内容，且结合末尾“To get the most out of the reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience.”可知，在讲述如何更好地实现阅读乐趣，再结合全文内容可推知，作者通过该文章介绍自己的一本书。故选B项。 06（2020·全国·高考真题） Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem. Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour. However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step. As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice. 21．Why are race walkers conditioned athletes? A．They must run long distances. B．They are qualified for the marathon. C．They have to follow special rules. D．They are good at swinging their legs. 22．What advantage does race walking have over running? A．It’s more popular at the Olympics. B．It’s less challenging physically. C．It’s more effective in body building. D．It’s less likely to cause knee injuries. 23．What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking? A．Getting experts’ opinions. B．Having a medical checkup. C．Hiring an experienced coach. D．Doing regular exercises. 24．Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking? A．Skeptical. B．Objective. C．Tolerant. D．Conservative. 【答案】21．C 22．D 23．A 24．B 【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。 21．细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。 22．细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。 23．细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。 24．推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。 $$