衔接点09 非谓语动词1（不定式）（初高考点差异及衔接）-2024年初升高英语无忧衔接（通用版）

衔接点09 非谓语动词1（不定式）（初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 动词不定式基本形式由“to do”构成。它的否定形式“not to do”。有时可以省略to 高中要求 不定式的定义、形式和用法；不定式在句中可作的成分；不定式省去to的情况；不定式的时态和语态。 【初中不定式考点聚焦】 形式：动词不定式基本形式由“to do”构成。它的否定形式“not to do”。有时可以省略to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义。help sb.(to) do sth. make sb. do sth. 功能 例句 说明 主语 To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。 作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。 表语 My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。 宾语 —What sports does he like to play?他喜欢什么动？ —He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。 只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。 宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time. 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。 定语 Have you got anything to say? 你有要说的吗？ 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。 状语 I'm sorry to trouble you.（表原因） I went to the library to study English.（表目的） 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。 1.I would be interested to see the pandas in the Wolong Panda Reserve, because it allows people 　　　closer to them.   A.get　　　 B.to get C.getting　　　 D.got 2.　　　 the online shopping, my grandma bought a smart phone.  A.Enjoyed　　　 B.Enjoying C.Enjoy　　　 D.To enjoy 3.The doctors and nurses managed 　　　the lives of patients, though they didn't have enough medicine.  A.save　　　 B.saving C.to save　　　 D.to saving 4.—I have less homework than before! —Me, too. Now, we have enough time 　　　sports.   A.do　　　　 B.doing　　　　 C.to do 5.In many countries, people put their fingers up to their mouths　　　silence.  A.ask for　　　　 B.asking for C.to ask for　　 D.asked for 6.When I was young, my parents taught me 　　　older people kindly.  A.treats　　　　 B.to treat C.treated　　　　 D.treat 7.With the improvement in transportation, students in some small villages no longer go on ropeways　　　(cross) rivers to schools.   8.I dropped some bread and soon it began　　　(eat).   个分句的谓语动词是began,根据短语begin doing或begin to do可知答案是eating 或to eat。 9.Teachers expect all their students　　　(make) progress day by day.   10.They hope　　　(win) the basketball match.   【高中不定式考点聚焦】 考纲解读 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种。非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当句子谓语的动词形式。动词不定式有及物和不及物之分，有时态和语态的变化。本章首先聚焦学习不定式的定义、形式和用法；然后逐一细致地讲解不定式在句中可作的成分；接着总结不定式省去to的情况；最后着重介绍不定式的时态和语态。 典型例句：1.He likes to swim in summer.他夏天喜欢游泳。 2.I have a lot of homework to do.我有很多作业要写。 3.It’s easy to get up early for me.早起对我来说很容易。 考点清单 一.不定式概述 1.不定式的定义 动词不定式与动词-ing形式、过去分词一样，是动词的非谓语形式。它与动词原形同行，但它的前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”，我们为了把这个“to”与介词“to”区别开来，叫它小品词。动词不定式存在不带to的情况。 2.不定式的形式 不定式的形式有六种（以动词give为例）： 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to+动词原形 （to give） to be+过去分词 （to be given） 完成式 to have+过去分词 （to have given） to have been+过去分词 （to have been given） 进行式 to be+现在分词 （to be giving） — 完成进行式 to have been+现在分词 （to have been giving） — 二.不定式的用法 动词不定式可以作除了谓语外其他任何句子成分，包括主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。它可以在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。 1.概述 动词不定式在句子中的作用有时和名词相同，可以作主语、表语、宾语或宾语补足语。但是同时，动词不定式还保留了许多动词的特点。 ①For him to draw such a picture is not easy.（作主语） （不定式+宾语）对于他来说，画这样的一张画是不容易的。 ②His job is to clean all the windows.（作表语） （不定式+宾语）他的工作就是擦所有这些窗户。 ③He likes to go mountain climbing.（作宾语） （不定式+宾语）他喜欢去爬山。 ④The guard ordered me to show him my passport immediately.（作宾补） （不定式+间接宾语+直接宾语+修饰语）守卫命令我立刻向他出示通行证。 2.不定式作主语 1.不定式作主语时，有时可用it作形式主语 ①To live in the city is very expensive.在这座城市居住是非常昂贵的。 ②To look after the safety of the community is his responsibility.保卫这个社区的安全是他的责任。 ③To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 当作主语的不定式短语（即不定式带有自己的宾语、状语或逻辑上的主语）较长时，常用it作形式主语而将真正的主语（即不定式短语）放在谓语之后。 ①可改为：It is very expensive to live tin the city. ②可改为：It is his responsibility to look after the safety of the community. 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用it作形式主语。 ③不可改为：It is to believe to see. 2.带形式主语it的常见句型 句型一：It is+形容词+（for/of sb.）+to do sth.（做某事） 句型二：It is+a pleasure/a pity/an honour...+to do sth.（做某事很高兴/可惜/荣幸……） 句型三：It takes (sb.)+时间+to do sth.（某人花费了多长时间去做某事。） It is easy for me to learn how to drive.对于我来说，学习如何驾驶是很容易的。 It is important for us to express our opinions.对于我们来说，表达我们的意见是很重要的。 It is clever of him to leave that company.对于他来说，离开那家公司是聪明的。 It was wise of your father to make an investment in property years ago.你父亲早几年投资房地产真是明智。 总结不定式作主语典型用法 要点精讲 1.不定式作主语表具体行为，表特指(对比：动名词作主语表泛指，是抽象行为) 。 2.不定式作主语三情况：直接作主语；It作形式主语；wh-to do短语作主语(谓语用单数)。 3.常考句型It is+ adj. +of / for sb to do sth 结构；It takes sb. time to do sth.等。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. It took years of work _____________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. 2. It’s important for the figures _____________(update) regularly. 3. When and where to start the programs ____________(remain) unknown. 4. On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take __________ (get)there. 3.不定式作表语 1.不定式作表语时常见的动词 不定式作表语时，一般紧紧跟在系动词后面，如be，seem，remain，appear，get等，用来说明主语的内容。 A use of the computer network is to send e-mails.计算机网络的一种作用是发送电子邮件。 Mary doesn’t seem to like the idea.玛丽似乎不喜欢这个主意。 2.不定式作表语时常见的主语 当dream，business，wish，idea，plan，job，work，task，duty等作主语时，及what sb. wants to do等作主语时，常用不定式作表语。 My wish is to be a doctor.我的愿望是成为一名医生。 What Joe wants to do seems to tell you something.乔想要做的似乎就是要告诉你一些事情。 比较：“主语（事物）+be+不定式（作表语）”，表示主语的具体内容。 His plan is to clean the room.他的计划是打扫房间。 “主语（人）+be+不定式（作表语）”，表示将来时，为“即将”之意。 He is to clean the room.他即将去打扫房间。 总结不定式作表语典型用法 要点精讲：不定式作表语起解释说明作用。主语有实义动词do,作表语的不定式可省to。 If you are wrong, the least thing you can do is (to) apologize. 如果你做错了，你可以做的至少是道歉。 The only thing that he can do now is (to) abandon the plan. 现在他唯一能做的事情是放弃这个计划。 1. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____(see) whether they will enjoy it. 2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____________(not, make) it more difficult. 4.不定式作宾语 1.不定式作动词宾语 A.不定式用在及物动词后作宾语，常用的及物动词有下列这些： He decided to invite all of his classmates to attend the holiday at the beach. 他决定邀请他所有的同学到海滨度假。 He promised not to tell anyone about it.他答应不把这件事情告诉任何人。 The worker happened to know the place where we wanted to go.He promised us to be our tour guide.这位工人碰巧知道我们想要去的地方。他答应我们当我们的导游。 B.如果宾语有自己的补语，则常用it作形式宾语，而把真正作宾语的不定式放到后面。常带有形式宾语的动词有下列这些：believe（相信）、consider（认为）、feel（感觉）、find（发现）、know（知道）、make（使得）、regard（认为）。 句型：主语+及物动词+it+宾语补足语+to do （正）We think it important to obey the laws. （误）We think to obey the laws is important. 我们认为遵守法律是十分重要的。 I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.我知道在一天中完成这么多的作业是不可能的。 I don’t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.我认为不花费大量时间去记忆，要掌握一门外语是不可能的。 2.不定式作介词宾语 A.当介词but，except，besides前面有行为动词do及其各种形式时，介词后面的不定式可以省去to；而若前面是其他动词时，介词后接带to的不定式。 句型：but/except/besides+(to) do sth. What do you like to do besides play football?除了踢足球外，你还喜欢做什么？ We have no choice but to wait.除了等待，我们没有其他选择。 B.除but，except，besides外，个别介词可用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。 The boy has his own idea of how to finish it.这个男孩对怎样完成这项工作有他自己的想法。 3.名词或代词+不定式（to+不及物动词）+介词 如果作定语用的不定式是不及物动词，就要在这个不及物动词后面加上介词，使被修饰的这个词成为这个介词的逻辑宾语。 He is looking for a room to live in.（不及物动词+介词）他正在找一个住的房间。 不定式中的live是不及物动词，需要加上一个适当的介词in，使被修饰的名词room成为介词in的逻辑宾语（介词宾语），即to live in a room。 4.名词或代词（地点、工具等）+不定式+介词 另外，有时不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面也应该有必要的介词。此时，被修饰的名词或代词是介词的逻辑宾语。 Please pass me some paper to write on.请递给我一些写字用的纸。 paper作介词on的逻辑宾语，即write on some paper。虽然write可以作及物动词，但paper不能作write的逻辑宾语，to write some paper是错误的。 Please lend me something to write with.请借给我一些写字用的东西。 something作介词with的逻辑宾语，to write with something可以理解为用某东西（铅笔、钢笔、粉笔等供写字用的笔）写。如果没有with，意思就不同了，变成了：to write something写某种东西（文章、故事、报告等）。 5.关于介词的省略 上述不定式后加介词时，一般不能省略介词，但不定式修饰place，time，way时，其后介词可省略。 He has no money and no place to live.他没有钱，也没有地方住。 The time to arrive is seven o’clock.到达的时间是7点。 I think the best way to travel is on foot.我认为旅行的最好方式是步行。 6.主谓关系的一般情况 主谓关系的一般情况是指不定式所修饰的名词或代词是它的逻辑主语。 A factory to produce electricity will be set up next year.一座发电厂明年将要建起来。 这句话的意思还可以用一个定语从句来表达，即：A factory that/which is to produce electricity will be set up next year.句子中的that/which指代的是工厂，所以可以理解为factory是动词不定式to produce electricity的逻辑主语。 7.主谓关系的特殊情况 在主谓关系中，当不定式所修饰的是序数词或是形容词最高级所修饰的名词时，或者这个名词被省略时，这个名词和不定式之间也是逻辑上的主谓关系。 Li Ming was the first (person) to arrive.李明是第一个到达的人。 8.不定式修饰something，anything和nothing 当不定式修饰something，anything和nothing时，也要放在这些词后面作后置定语；如果有形容词修饰上述三个词，则形容词应该放在它们的后面；如果既有形容词又有不定式修饰上述三个词时，则语序如下： 句型：something/anything/nothing+形容词+不定式 Do you have anything interesting to read?你有什么有趣的读物吗？ 比较：不定式与something，anything和nothing语序不同时，不定式语法功能不同，译文也不同。 I want something to read.我想要点儿可读的东西。 （不定式to read起形容词作用，在句子中作定语修饰something。） I want to read something.我想读点儿东西。 （不定式to read起名词作用，在句子中作what的宾语，而something作不定式to read的宾语。） 总结不定式作宾语两种典型用法 要点精讲1：只接to do作宾语的动词:妙记--mecarfipsd霉咖啡不是的 manage, expect, choose, afford/ agree/ attempt, refuse, fail, intend, plan/pretend/promise, seem, decide/desire/determine 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. They failed _____________(grasp) the importance of his words. 2. She never seemed ________(care) what the rest of us thought about her. 3. One study in America found that students' grades improved a little after the school introduced uniforms. But some students didn't want __________ (wear) the uniform. 要点精讲2：接to do/doing意义不同的动词：妙记--frogshmt青蛙聪明 forget, remember/regret, go on, stop, can’t help, mean, try。该考点非常重要，必须重视。 forget to do 忘记要去做某事（未做） forget doing 忘记已经做过某事（已做） remember to do 记得将要做某事（未做） remember doing 记得已经做过某事（已做） regret to do 遗憾去做某事（未做） regret doing 后悔做过某事（已做） go on to do 继续做另一件事 （对象变了） go on doing 继续做正在做的事 （对象不变） stop to do 停下来去做另一件事 （对象变了） stop doing 停止做某事 （对象不变） can’t help to do 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing 情不自禁做某事 mean to do 打算做某事（未做） mean doing 意味着做某事 （解释作用） try to do 努力做某事（不一定成功） try doing 尝试做某事 （强调尝试和行动） 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. If you think that treating a woman well means always ________(get) her permission for things, think again. 2. --Look! The window is open. --I’m sorry. I forgot ____________ (close) it. 3. I remembered _________(lock) the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. 4. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _________(live) alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home. 5.不定式作定语时 用主动语态表示被动含义的情形 A.在There is something to do...句型中，用主动语态表示被动含义。 There is a letter to write.有一封信要写。=There is a letter to be written.（不常用） 说明：不定式所修饰的名词是动作的承受者，即“信要被写”。相当于：There is a letter (for sb.) to write.省略了for sb.，所以用主动语态。 There is something to pay attention to.有一件需要注意的事情。 B.当不定式修饰want，have等动词的宾语，而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动语态表示被动含义。 · We have no homework to do.（S+V+O+定语）我们没什么作业可做。 （划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、不定式的逻辑主语、不定式） we是不定式to do的逻辑主语，可以理解为“We do no homework.”，所以用主动语态表示。 · Mary has three babies to look after.（S+V+O+定语）玛丽要照看3个孩子。 （划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、不定式的逻辑主语、不定式） Mary是不定式to look after的逻辑主语，可以理解为“Mary looks after three babies.”，所以用主动语态表示。 补充：如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语，那么不定式就需要用被动语态来表示。 · I’m going to the post office,for I have a letter to post.（主动语态）我要到邮局去，因为我有封信要寄。 Thank you.But I have no letters to be posted now.（被动语态）谢谢，我现在没什么信要寄了。 C.当不定式修饰buy，get和give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动语态表示被动含义。 Please buy me some newspapers to read.（V+间宾+直宾+定语）请给我买几张报纸看。 （me为不定式的逻辑主语，to read为不定式） me是不定式to read的逻辑主语，即“我看报纸”，所以不定式要用主动语态。 I’ll give you some novels to read on the journey.（V+间宾+直宾+定语） 我给你几本小说供你在旅途中阅读。（you为不定式的逻辑主语，to read为不定式） you是不定式to read的逻辑主语，即“你来看小说”，所以不定式要用主动语态。 总结不定式作定语典型用法 要点精讲：1.不定式作定语修饰名词，多表示一个主动的将要发生的动作。 2.不定式与名词之间是主谓关系或动宾关系。 3.若不定式是不及物动词，后边应加上适当的介词。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The meeting___________(hold)now/_______(hold)yesterday/_________(hold)tomorrow is very important. 2. The airport _____________(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 3. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the boy, saying that he was not the one (blame). 4. Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology ________ (change) lives. 6.不定式作状语 不定式在句子中的作用有时和副词相同，可以作状语，表示原因、目的、结果。另外，不定式也可以修饰形容词。不定式紧跟在及物动词之后，作宾语；不定式紧跟在不及物动词之后，则作状语。 1.不定式作副词表示原因 I’m sorry to hear that.听到这件事我很难过。 Li Ming seemed willing to do that.李明似乎很愿意做那件事。 The house is very comfortable to live in.这是一座住起来很舒服的房子。 We found him easy to get along with.我们发现他是个很好相处的人。 2.不定式作副词表示目的 A.不定式置于句尾 The local government has adopted new measures to deal with air pollution.当地政府采取了新的措施来治理空气污染。 B.不定式置于句首 有时为加强语气，可把作目的状语的不定式提到句首来。 To preserve those buildings,only a few people are admitted each day.为了保护那些建筑，每天只有几个人被允许进去参观。 C.为加强语气，还可在不定式前加in order或so as。 I have brought along three objects to illustrate my talk. =In order to illustrate my talk,I have brought along three objects. =I have brought along three objects so as to illustrate my talk. 为了举例说明，我随身带来了3件物品。 比较：in order to do sth.和so as to do sth.的区别 in order to引出的目的状语既可以放在句首又可以放在句尾。so as to引出的目的状语不能放在句首。 In order not to be late,she took a bus.=She took a bus in order not to be late. =She took a bus so as not to be late.她乘坐公共汽车以免迟到。 so as to除了表目的，也可表结果、程度，即“so...as to+do”。 They started early so as to catch the first bus.（表目的）他们很早就出发了，以便能赶上头班车。 They started so early as to catch the first bus.（表结果）他们动身很早，所以/结果赶上头班车了。 He was so angry as to be unable to speak.（表程度）他气得连话都说不出来了。 3.不定式作副词表示结果 不定式经常和only，never连用，强调结果和失望的情绪。 I hurried to get there only to find him out.我匆匆忙忙地赶到那儿，（没想到）他出去了。 They were separated that day,never to see each other again.那天他们被分开之后，再也没见过面。 4.不定式作副词的其他用法 1.too+形容词/副词+（for sb.）+to do sth.的用法 A.不定式在句子中作结果状语。“too...to...”表示“太……而不能……”，具有否定含义。 She is too young to go to school. =She is so young that she can’t go to school.她太小了，不能上学。 This problem is too difficult (for us) to work out. 注意：用too...to句型时，不定式work out不能再加上it指代problem；用so...that复合句时，则必须用it。 句子主语可作不定式宾语（即work out this problem）时，不定式一般用主动式。 =This problem is so difficult that we can’t work it out.这道题太难了，我们根本算不出来。 We are never too old to learn.我们要活到老，学到老。 说明：用never too...to否定之否定，译文的意思就成为肯定的了。 B.不定式在句子中作原因状语，too具有肯定意义。 还要说明的一点是，too除了我们常见的上述例句中当“more than enough（过分）”讲外，有时还当作“十分”，“非常”，“极其”等带有肯定色彩的意义讲，但此时形容词一般用eager，anxious等。 She is too eager to see her sister.（不定式作原因状语。）她非常渴望见到她的姐姐。 The students are too anxious to know the result of the exam.（不定式作原因状语。） 学生们急于知道考试成绩。 C.too前加only或but（相当于really）以加强语气。 The girl is only too glad to come here.这个女孩子真的很高兴来这儿。 I’m but too happy to see you again.我真的很高兴能再次见到你。 D.too...to结构中经常省略后面的不定式。 The shoes are too big for me (to wear). 这句话要表达的是“这双鞋对于我来说太大了，以至于我不能穿”。 =The shoes are much too big.这双鞋我穿着太大了。 The rice is too hot for the baby (to eat).这米饭太烫了，孩子吃不了。 E.有时句末的不定式还可用一个介词短语来代替。 He is driving too fast to be safe.（不定式） =He is driving too fast for safety.（介词短语）他开车太快，怕不安全。 必背：“too...not to...”是双重否定，意思是“非常……，不能不……”。 She is too wise not to see that.她很聪明，不会不懂得那一点。 2.不定式修饰副词enough的用法 He is old enough to go to school. =He is so old that he can go to school.他已经到了上学的年龄了。 He is not old enough to go to school. =He is so young that he can’t go to school. =He is too young to go to school.他还不到上学的年龄。 3.不定式在句中作独立成分的用法 有时不定式在句子中作为独立结构出现，用来说明说话人的态度。一般来讲，人们已经把这些不定式作为固定词组或固定搭配来运用。 To tell you the truth,I don’t think the film is good.说句老实话，我认为这部电影并不好。 To be fair,it is not all his fault.说句公道话，这不全是他的错。 It is a good idea,to be sure,but it is hard to practise.的确，这是个好主意，但是难以实行。 To make matters worse,it began to turn dark.更糟的是，天开始变黑了。 总结不定式作状语三种典型用法 要点精讲1：不定式作目的状语，多用于to do, so as to do, in order to do结构。注意逻辑主语一致性，位于句末前边不能有逗号。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The local government has done everything it can __________(save) the buried miners. 2. _______(accept) as an Olympic event, a sport must be played in at least 75 countries on at least 4 continents. 3. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there (train) for a space flight. 4.The local government doesn't have to sacrifice environmental protection _________ (promote) economic growth. 要点精讲2：不定式作结果状语，多用于too…to, enough to do, only to do, so…as to, such as to等结构。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. He hurried to the station, only ____________(inform/find/tell) that the train had left. 2. Would you be so kind as_____________ (carry) the luggage for me? 3. Now I’m brave enough ____________(stand) up and answer the question. 要点精讲3：不定式用于be+ adj+to do构成的反射不定式，不定式主动形式表示被动意义。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _________ (breathe). 2.Modem methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive __________ (perform) consistently over a large area. 7.不定式作补足语 不定式作宾语补足语，是用来补充宾语的意义的，一般着重说明宾语的行为、状态、特征。能用不定式作宾语补足语的情况很多，主要有以下几种情形。 1.带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语 The doctor advised me to stop smoking.医生建议我戒烟。 She doesn’t allow us to smoke here,but she allows her husband to smoke here. 她不允许我们在这儿吸烟，但允许她丈夫在这儿吸烟。 My parents forbade me to watch TV except on Sundays.我的父母禁止我看电视，除了周日以外。 Their boss forced them to work overtime.老板强迫他们加班。 The policeman permitted him to park there.警察允许他在那里停车。 I always wish myself to study and live in New York some day.我一直希望有朝一日自己能在纽约学习、生活。 B.下列动词后不定式作宾语补足语时常用to be结构。 I consider him to be an honest man.=I consider him honest.我认为他是一个诚实的人。 The teacher thought the answer (to be) quite right.老师认为这个答案相当正确。 补充：think，consider，find等后若不用to be结构，也可直接用形容词。 2.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语 不定式在某些感官动词，如feel，hear，listen to，watch，look at，notice，observe等，以及使役动词let，have，make等后作宾语补足语时，要省去to，但在被动语态中to不可省去。 They made the workers work day and night. →The workers were made to work day and night.（在被动语态中，省去的to必须加上。） 工人们被迫日日夜夜地干活。 The PLA men noticed the spy steal some papers.解放军战士们注意到这个间谍偷了一些文件。 Let me hear you play the piano!让我听听你弹钢琴吧！ Don’t look at other people dance.不要看别人跳舞。 We have let him go.我们已经让他走了。 注意：在动词help后，to可以省略，也可以不省略。 I will help him (to) clean the room.我将要帮他打扫这间屋子。 3.不定式作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。动词不定式作主语补足语要符合下面三个条件：①句子的谓语动词是被动语态。②句子的主语必须是动词不定式逻辑上的主语。③动词不定式在主动句中作宾语补足语。 The room was said to have been cleaned.据说这个房间已被打扫过了。 （划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、被动语态、主语补足语） He was told to be quiet.（被动语态） （划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、被动语态、主语补足语） →The teacher told him to be quiet.他被（老师）告知要保持安静。 （to be quiet为不定式作宾语补足语） 总结不定式作宾语补足语四种典型用法 要点精讲1：see类动词(不定式作宾补省to，但在被动语态中to应加上): 巧记--注意让迈克听听看看这块表有啥感觉 notice, let, make, hear, listen to, see, observe, watch, have, feel 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. With the world changing fast, we have something new (deal) with by ourselves every day. 2. He was observed ________________(enter) the office silently. 3. When I came in I saw him ______________(listen) to music. 要点精讲2：warn类动词(只接to do后作宾补) warn, tell, ask, persuade, expect等。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Passengers are permitted ___________(carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. 2. Energy drinks are not allowed ____________(make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. 3. Once his message was delivered, he allowed me________(stay)and watch. 4. They are required ________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. 5. The median (中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected____________(increase) to 42 by 2050. 要点精讲3：用于“with+名词+不定式”，表示一个主动的、将要发生的动作。省略with后构成的“名词/代词+不定式” 构成独立主格结构。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. With a lot of difficult problems ___________(solve), the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 2. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest __________(follow) in a year. 3. With a lot of homework ___________(do), I decided not to watch the performance with you. 要点精讲4：be said类动词：be said/believed/reported/known to do类句型，可以转化为It is said that…。不定式根据语境还可能用进行式、被动式或完成式。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Robert is said _____________(study) abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. 2. Police are searching for a woman who is reported to _____________(miss) since the flood hit the area. 8.不定式的省略 当不定式出现在句中时，一般会有两种省略形式：一是省去to，只留下动词原形；二是省去动词，只留下to来代替整个不定式。以下将对这两种省略形式作详细讲解。 1.在感官动词和使役动词之后时 当感官动词及使役动词用于主动语态时，作其宾语补足语的不定式前不用to。 感官动词 feel，hear，see，watch，notice，observe，listen to，look at等 使役动词 let，make，have等 We always hear him sing in the next room.我们经常听到他在隔壁唱歌。 The engineer made the robot clean the windows of the high building.那位工程师使用机器人来清洗这栋高楼的窗户。 Will you have Mark come over tonight?今晚你能不能让马克来一下？ 注意：make和have只在作使役动词且用于主动语态时，才可省去不定式作宾补时的小品词to，否则不可以省去to。 They made a lot of paper flowers to decorate the room.他们制作了许多纸花装饰这个房间。 （这里的made不当使役动词，没有“使得”这一意思，因此不能省去to。） The robot was made to clean the windows of the high building.机器人被用来清洗这栋高楼的窗户。 （这里的made当使役动词，但是用于被动语态，因此不能省去to。） Next month we’ll have a lot of meetings to attend.下个月我们要参加许多会议。 （这里的have不当使役动词，不能省去to。） 2.有两个以上的不定式并列时 A.当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起，尤其是用连词and或or连接时，第二个不定式符号to可省略。 I promised to finish my homework and hand it in on time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。 The guard hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.卫兵简直哭笑不得。 B.如果用逗号代替了连词and，or的位置，第二个动词不定式符号to一般要保留，有时也可省略。 I promised to finish my homework,(to) hand it in on time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。 The boy likes to stay with his brothers,(to) play basketball.这个男孩子愿意和他的兄弟们呆在一起，打篮球。 注意：在对照的场合，to不可以被省略掉。 It’s better to laugh than to cry.笑比哭好。 I haven’t decided to watch the football game or to stay at home this evening. 今天晚上是看足球赛还是呆在家里，我还没决定下来。 3.but，except，besides之前有行为动词do时 当but，except，besides之前有行为动词do时，后面可以跟不带to的动词不定式。若but，except，besides之前无行为动词do，其后的不定式一般带to。 The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender. =The enemy had nothing to choose but/except to surrender.敌人除了投降之外，别无选择。 4.在下列固定句型中时 · 句型：had better/had best+(not) do sth. 最好（不）做某事 You’d better/best turn the bottle upside down to empty out the oil.你最好把瓶子倒过来，把瓶里的油控干净。 · 句型：had/would rather+(not) do sth. 宁愿（不）做某事 I would rather go by car.我还是愿意坐小汽车去。 I’m tired.I’d rather not go out this evening,if you don’t mind.我累了。若你不介意，今晚我宁愿不出去。 补充：would rather后面的句子若用过去时，不表示时态，而只是一种虚拟语气。意为“要做……；建议做……”。 A:Shall I stay here?我可以呆在这儿吗？ B:I’d rather you came with us.你还是和我们一起来吧。 · 句型：had/would rather/sooner+do sth.+than+do sth.（宁愿做某事而不愿意做某事） I’d rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.今天晚上我宁愿呆在家里也不愿意看电影。 He would sooner look after the baby than do his homework.他宁愿看管这个婴儿也不愿意做作业。 · 句型：prefer+to do sth.+rather than+do sth.（宁愿做某事而不愿意做某事） She prefers to travel rather than attend the wedding. =She prefers traveling to attending the wedding.她宁愿去旅行也不愿意参加这个婚礼。 补充：prefer的用法 prefer和like，love一样，后面可以跟不定式或动名词。 I don’t like cities.I prefer to live in the countryside. =I don’t like cities.I prefer living in the countryside.我不喜欢城市。我愿意/喜欢住在乡村。 “prefer+名词/动名词+to+名词/动名词”表示“喜欢……而不喜欢……；宁愿……而不愿……” I prefer meat to fish.我喜欢肉而不喜欢鱼。 He prefers listening to music to playing football. 他喜欢听音乐而不喜欢踢足球。/他宁愿听音乐，也不踢足球。 总结不定式的三种典型省略用法 要点精讲1：感官动词和使役动词接不定式作宾补时省略to（注意被动语态中to应加上）； 单句改错或用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The librarian will let you to know when the book has been returned. 改错 2. The young girl was observed ________________(enter) the office silently. 要点精讲2：下列句型常省略to： may as well do sth 最好还是做…… had better do 最好做某事 do nothing but do sth 别无选择只好做某事 can’t help but do sth. 禁不住做某事 Why not do sth? 何不做某事？ prefer to do…rather than do sth, 宁愿做……而不愿做…… would rather do…than do… 宁愿做……而不愿做…… 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空或单句改错。 1. Rather than ______(ride) on a crowded bus, he always prefers　_______(ride) a bicycle. 2.--- I usually go there by train.- --Why not ____________(try, go) by boat for a change? 3. I lost my keys in the office so I could do nothing but to wait for my mother. 改错 要点精讲3：在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。注意，不定式后面是动词be时，be应保留。 单句改错。 1. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to do. 2. As we all know, China is no longer the country it used to. 9.不定式的否定形式和“疑问词+不定式” 1.不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式由“not/never+动词不定式”构成。学习不定式时，要注意不定式的否定形式在间接引语和直接引语中的变换。 He warned his younger brother not to open the door.他警告他的弟弟不要开门。 The doctor told me not to eat too much sweet food.医生告诉我不要吃太多的甜食。 My father told me never to see her again.我父亲告诉我不要再去看她。 2.“疑问式+不定式” 动词不定式可以和疑问词what，which，how，where，when等连用，构成动词不定式短语。它在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语等。 What to do next hasn’t been discussed.（主语）下一步做什么还没讨论呢。 The biggest problem is how to deal with the waste paper.（表语）最大的问题是如何处理这些废纸。 Last summer I took a course on how to make dresses.（介宾）去年夏天，我选了一门讲如何做衣服的教程。 Mr.Li taught us how to work out the difficult problem.（动宾）李老师教我们如何解答这道难题。 Have you decided whether to go or not?（动宾）你决定了吗？走还是不走？ Please tell me when to start.（动宾）请告诉我何时出发。 10.不定式的时态 不定式虽没有人称和数的变化，但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后顺序，即不定式仍有自己的时态。不定式的时态包括一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。在以下内容中我们将对其作具体的讲解。 1.不定式的一般式 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语所表示的动作或状态几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。我们前面所使用的都是不定式的一般式。 I am glad to see you.见到你我很高兴。（看到你的同时，我很高兴。） He has decided to give her some money.他已决定要给她一些钱。（给钱这个动作发生在决定之后。） I’ll borrow some books to read during the holidays.我要借些书在假期中读。（读书这个动作发生在借书之后。） 2.不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示的动作是与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行的。 Mr.White and his wife happened to be quarreling when I passed by.当我路过的时候，怀特先生和他的妻子碰巧在吵架。 Some dogs were found to be looking for food around.一些狗被发现正在四处寻找食物。 He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him.当他的老板经过他那儿时，他假装努力地在干活儿。 3.不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式通常可以表示发生在主要动作之前的动作，也可以表示过去没有实现的期待或计划等，下面将对几种主要情况进行分析。 A.不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前。appear，seem，happen，be said，be reported，be believed，be known，be thought，be sorry，be likely等常接不定式的完成式。 They seemed to have known each other for a long time.他们似乎彼此已经认识很久了。 She is said to have learned four foreign languages.据说她已经学了4种外语。 The president is reported to have started his visit to Asia.据报道这位总统已经开始了对亚洲的访问。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting. =I am sorry that I have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。 B.表示过去没有实现的期待或计划 句型：hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/planned+to+have+过去分词 He wanted to have met you at the airport,but he didn’t get there in time.（没接成）他原想去机场接你，但他没及时赶到那儿。 比较：He wants to meet you at the airport.他想去机场接你。 这个句子表示事情还没有发生，人还没有到，meet这一动作发生在want后。 We planned to have done good deeds for the poor people last month.（没做成）我们原计划在上个月为贫困的人们做些好事。 C.在should/would like后面表示未能实现的愿望。 I should/would like to have given her the gift.（没送成）我本想把此礼物送给她。 比较：I should/would like to give her the gift.我想把此礼物送给她。 此句表示礼物实际还没送。 He would like to have played the violin at the concert.（实际上没演奏成）他本想在音乐会上演奏小提琴的。 4.不定式的完成进行式 不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动作之前已开始进行的行为，到谓语动作发生时可能停止，也可能会持续下去。 Tom appeared to have been sleeping.汤姆好像一直在睡觉。 Mark seemed to have been watching TV.马克好像一直在看电视。 11.不定式的语态 不定式有两种语态：不定式的主动语态和不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的对象时（或是动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的主动式有多种时态，而不定式的被动式只有两种时态：一般式的被动式和完成式的被动式。详见下表： 时态 语态 主动式 被动式 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing — 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing — 不定式的一般式的被动式通常表示将来的动作。不定式的完成式的被动式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 It is an honour for me to be invited to attend the meeting.我很荣幸能够被邀请参加这个会议。 说明：me（我）是不定式的逻辑主语，me（我）是被邀请，是被动形式。 It is necessary for oceans to be protected from pollution.有必要保护海洋免受污染。 Books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room.书籍不允许带出阅览室。 The room seems to have been cleaned already.这个房间似乎已经整理过了。 总结动词不定式的复杂形式 不定式的否定式、完成式和被动式 （以动词find为例） 内容 主动语态 被动语态 否定式 一般式 to find to be found not to find 完成式 to have found to have been found not to have found 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The boy pretended _____________(read) the book when the teacher came in. 2. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ___________(hear). 3. He got up early this morning so as _____________(miss)the early train. 4. The engine just won't start. Something seems __________(go) wrong with it. 一、语法填空 Most people today are only worried about 　1　(get)good jobs to make lots of money. In their free time, they think about what 　2　(do) for fun. However, few people think about what they can do　3　(help) others.   There are many people who are less lucky than us. 　4　(volunteer) our time to help these people is a good way to spend our free time. For example, we can make plans to visit sick children in the hospital or raise money for homeless people. Some people even stop　5　(do) their jobs for a few months to move to another place, like one of the countries in Africa, and help people there.   1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　  二、语篇填空 Darrius was born with three fingers on his right hand and one on his left hand. He had to work hard 　1　 (do) things that were easy for others. Every time his classmates tried　2　 (help), he would say, “Thanks, but I can do it myself.” He learned to use the four fingers to do different things.  When Darrius was 10, he told his father that he liked piano(钢琴) music very much. “It􀆳s too bad you can􀆳t play,” his father said. But the boy took that as a challenge(挑战). “I will show people that I can,” he said to himself. Months later, a neighbour gave him an old piano when she moved away. He taught himself　3　(play) the piano and practised for hours a day.  Darrius􀆳s favourite piano music is River Flows in You by Yiruma, a Korean musician. It took Darrius a year 　4　(learn)it. “I have to come up with my own way with only 4 fingers,”he said. When he succeeded, he felt so proud. Later he was lucky enough to play the music together with Yiruma at a famous concert hall!Yiruma encouraged Darrius to follow his dream of playing his own music. Darrius has made it. And his music is popular today.  The disability 　5　 (hold) me back from anything will never disturb me.  1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　  Johanna Mazibuko,a mother of seven, was from Jouberton, South Africa. She passed away at her home on March 3,2023,just two months before her 129th birthday, according to local reports. Her caregiver(护理人)and daughter-in-law Thandiwe Wesinyana believes that she may have died from a stroke(中风).“A wound has opened and I'm in extreme sorrow. The community is saddened by her death. We've all lost a mother," she said. Mazibuko grew up on a farm and never went to school and could not read or write. According to those close to her there are ID documents that show she was born on May 11, 1894. She went on to have seven children, five of whom have died, and over 50 grandchildren and many great-grandchildren. On her 128th birthday last year, Mazibuko reflected on her age, and was pretty surprised at reaching this milestone(里程碑). “I am amazed at why I am still here after so many years. Why am I still here? People around me have been dying," she said.“ When will I die? What's the point of being alive? The world has tired me because I am just sitting here doing nothing.” Though claims(断言) of Mazibuko being the oldest person in the world are unverified(未经证实的），the community has been trying to get her recognized by the Guinness Book of Records. Now.116-year-old Maria Brany as Morera from the US has been named the world's oldest person by Guinness World Records. 1.The underlined word “sorrow” in Paragraph 2 probably means“___” A. 感动 B. 热心 C.心痛 D. 愉悦 2.Which of the following is TRUE about Mazibuko? A. She grew up on a farm. B. She used to live a hard life. C. She went to school and could read or write. D. She was born into a big family. 3.What did Mazibuko think of her long life? A. Attractive B. Meaningless. C. Stressful D. Invaluable. 4.What can we learn from the last paragraph? A. Morera lives longer than Mazibuko. B. According to the Guinness World Records, Morera is now the oldest person. C. It is claimed that humans can live to the age of 150 under certain conditions. D. The community has succeeded in getting Mazibuko recognized as the oldest person. 5.Where is the passage probably from? A. A storybook. B. A diary. C. A newspaper. D. A sports magazine. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 衔接点09 非谓语动词1（不定式）（初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 动词不定式基本形式由“to do”构成。它的否定形式“not to do”。有时可以省略to 高中要求 不定式的定义、形式和用法；不定式在句中可作的成分；不定式省去to的情况；不定式的时态和语态。 【初中不定式考点聚焦】 形式：动词不定式基本形式由“to do”构成。它的否定形式“not to do”。有时可以省略to，这里的to 是不定式符号，本身无词义。help sb.(to) do sth. make sb. do sth. 功能 例句 说明 主语 To speak English is not easy for us=It is not easy for us to speak English. 讲英语对我们来说不容易。 作主语用的不定式，常常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在后面。 表语 My work is to clean the room everyday.=To clean the room every day is my work. 多数情况下，不定式作表语，可转换作为主语。 宾语 —What sports does he like to play?他喜欢什么动？ —He likes to play basketball.他喜欢打篮球。 只能做某些动词的宾语，一般不作介词的宾语。 宾补 My mother made me play the piano all the time. 我妈妈让我一直弹钢琴。 在make，let，see，hear，watch等使役、感官动词后，不定式省略to。 定语 Have you got anything to say? 你有要说的吗？ 不定式作定语，要放在所修饰词的后面。 状语 I'm sorry to trouble you.（表原因） I went to the library to study English.（表目的） 不定式作状语，其逻辑主语要和句子的主语一致。 1.I would be interested to see the pandas in the Wolong Panda Reserve, because it allows people 　　　closer to them.   A.get　　　 B.to get C.getting　　　 D.got 答案　B　本题考查非谓语动词。allow sb. to do sth.允许某人做某事,故本题选B。 2.　　　 the online shopping, my grandma bought a smart phone.  A.Enjoyed　　　 B.Enjoying C.Enjoy　　　 D.To enjoy 答案　D　本题考查非谓语动词。本空应该用动词不定式表目的。故答案为D。 3.The doctors and nurses managed 　　　the lives of patients, though they didn't have enough medicine.  A.save　　　 B.saving C.to save　　　 D.to saving 答案　C　本题考查非谓语动词。manage to do sth.设法做成某事。故选C项。 4.—I have less homework than before! —Me, too. Now, we have enough time 　　　sports.   A.do　　　　 B.doing　　　　 C.to do 答案　C　考查非谓语动词。have enough time to do sth.“有足够的时间做某事”。设空处应用不定式作后置定语。故选C。 5.In many countries, people put their fingers up to their mouths　　　silence.  A.ask for　　　　 B.asking for C.to ask for　　 D.asked for 答案　C　句意:在许多国家,人们把手指抬到嘴边来要求安静。本题考查非谓语动词。由句意可知本空应用动词不定式作目的状语。故答案为C。 6.When I was young, my parents taught me 　　　older people kindly.  A.treats　　　　 B.to treat C.treated　　　　 D.treat 答案　B　本题考查动词不定式。teach sb. to do sth.教某人做某事,不定式作宾语补足语。故选B。 7.With the improvement in transportation, students in some small villages no longer go on ropeways　　　(cross) rivers to schools.   答案　to cross　句意:随着交通的改善,一些小村庄的学生不再走索道过河上学了。本题考查非谓语动词。在本句中,动词不定式to cross作目的状语。 8.I dropped some bread and soon it began　　　(eat).   答案　eating/to eat　句意:我丢了一些面包,很快它开始吃了起来。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语的用法。第二个分句的谓语动词是began,根据短语begin doing或begin to do可知答案是eating 或to eat。 9.Teachers expect all their students　　　(make) progress day by day.   答案　to make　句意:老师们期望他们所有的学生每天都进步。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语的用法。固定搭配expect sb. to do sth.意为“期望某人做某事”。 10.They hope　　　(win) the basketball match.   答案　to win　句意:他们希望能赢得那场篮球赛。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语的用法。hope to do sth.希望做某事。 【高中不定式考点聚焦】 考纲解读 动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种。非谓语动词是指那些在句中不能单独充当句子谓语的动词形式。动词不定式有及物和不及物之分，有时态和语态的变化。本章首先聚焦学习不定式的定义、形式和用法；然后逐一细致地讲解不定式在句中可作的成分；接着总结不定式省去to的情况；最后着重介绍不定式的时态和语态。 典型例句：1.He likes to swim in summer.他夏天喜欢游泳。 2.I have a lot of homework to do.我有很多作业要写。 3.It’s easy to get up early for me.早起对我来说很容易。 考点清单 一.不定式概述 1.不定式的定义 动词不定式与动词-ing形式、过去分词一样，是动词的非谓语形式。它与动词原形同行，但它的前面一般要带有一个不定式的符号“to”，我们为了把这个“to”与介词“to”区别开来，叫它小品词。动词不定式存在不带to的情况。 2.不定式的形式 不定式的形式有六种（以动词give为例）： 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 to+动词原形 （to give） to be+过去分词 （to be given） 完成式 to have+过去分词 （to have given） to have been+过去分词 （to have been given） 进行式 to be+现在分词 （to be giving） — 完成进行式 to have been+现在分词 （to have been giving） — 二.不定式的用法 动词不定式可以作除了谓语外其他任何句子成分，包括主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和宾语补足语。它可以在句子中起名词、形容词和副词的作用。 1.概述 动词不定式在句子中的作用有时和名词相同，可以作主语、表语、宾语或宾语补足语。但是同时，动词不定式还保留了许多动词的特点。 ①For him to draw such a picture is not easy.（作主语） （不定式+宾语）对于他来说，画这样的一张画是不容易的。 ②His job is to clean all the windows.（作表语） （不定式+宾语）他的工作就是擦所有这些窗户。 ③He likes to go mountain climbing.（作宾语） （不定式+宾语）他喜欢去爬山。 ④The guard ordered me to show him my passport immediately.（作宾补） （不定式+间接宾语+直接宾语+修饰语）守卫命令我立刻向他出示通行证。 2.不定式作主语 1.不定式作主语时，有时可用it作形式主语 ①To live in the city is very expensive.在这座城市居住是非常昂贵的。 ②To look after the safety of the community is his responsibility.保卫这个社区的安全是他的责任。 ③To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 当作主语的不定式短语（即不定式带有自己的宾语、状语或逻辑上的主语）较长时，常用it作形式主语而将真正的主语（即不定式短语）放在谓语之后。 ①可改为：It is very expensive to live tin the city. ②可改为：It is his responsibility to look after the safety of the community. 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用it作形式主语。 ③不可改为：It is to believe to see. 2.带形式主语it的常见句型 句型一：It is+形容词+（for/of sb.）+to do sth.（做某事） 句型二：It is+a pleasure/a pity/an honour...+to do sth.（做某事很高兴/可惜/荣幸……） 句型三：It takes (sb.)+时间+to do sth.（某人花费了多长时间去做某事。） It is easy for me to learn how to drive.对于我来说，学习如何驾驶是很容易的。 It is important for us to express our opinions.对于我们来说，表达我们的意见是很重要的。 It is clever of him to leave that company.对于他来说，离开那家公司是聪明的。 It was wise of your father to make an investment in property years ago.你父亲早几年投资房地产真是明智。 总结不定式作主语典型用法 要点精讲 1.不定式作主语表具体行为，表特指(对比：动名词作主语表泛指，是抽象行为) 。 2.不定式作主语三情况：直接作主语；It作形式主语；wh-to do短语作主语(谓语用单数)。 3.常考句型It is+ adj. +of / for sb to do sth 结构；It takes sb. time to do sth.等。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. It took years of work _____________(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. 2. It’s important for the figures _____________(update) regularly. 3. When and where to start the programs ____________(remain) unknown. 4. On our way to the house, it was raining so hard that we couldn't help wondering how long it would take __________ (get)there. 【答案与解析】 1. to reduce。It takes sb. time to do sth.是常用句型，不定式短语作真正主语。故答案是to reduce。 2. to be updated。定期更新数据很重要，数据是被更新的，故答案是to be updated。 3. remains。wh-to do短语作主语，谓语用单数。故答案是remains。 4. to get。这是It takes sb time to do sth.句型，it是形式主语，不定式是真正的主语。故答案是to get。 3.不定式作表语 1.不定式作表语时常见的动词 不定式作表语时，一般紧紧跟在系动词后面，如be，seem，remain，appear，get等，用来说明主语的内容。 A use of the computer network is to send e-mails.计算机网络的一种作用是发送电子邮件。 Mary doesn’t seem to like the idea.玛丽似乎不喜欢这个主意。 2.不定式作表语时常见的主语 当dream，business，wish，idea，plan，job，work，task，duty等作主语时，及what sb. wants to do等作主语时，常用不定式作表语。 My wish is to be a doctor.我的愿望是成为一名医生。 What Joe wants to do seems to tell you something.乔想要做的似乎就是要告诉你一些事情。 比较：“主语（事物）+be+不定式（作表语）”，表示主语的具体内容。 His plan is to clean the room.他的计划是打扫房间。 “主语（人）+be+不定式（作表语）”，表示将来时，为“即将”之意。 He is to clean the room.他即将去打扫房间。 总结不定式作表语典型用法 要点精讲：不定式作表语起解释说明作用。主语有实义动词do,作表语的不定式可省to。 If you are wrong, the least thing you can do is (to) apologize. 如果你做错了，你可以做的至少是道歉。 The only thing that he can do now is (to) abandon the plan. 现在他唯一能做的事情是放弃这个计划。 1. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____(see) whether they will enjoy it. 2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____________(not, make) it more difficult. 【答案与解析】 1. to be seen。It remains to be seen whether….是固定句型，表示“是否……有待观察”，故答案是to be seen。 2. not to make。这里不定式短语作表语，但是为了对比，不定式to不能省略，故答案是not to make。 4.不定式作宾语 1.不定式作动词宾语 A.不定式用在及物动词后作宾语，常用的及物动词有下列这些： He decided to invite all of his classmates to attend the holiday at the beach. 他决定邀请他所有的同学到海滨度假。 He promised not to tell anyone about it.他答应不把这件事情告诉任何人。 The worker happened to know the place where we wanted to go.He promised us to be our tour guide.这位工人碰巧知道我们想要去的地方。他答应我们当我们的导游。 B.如果宾语有自己的补语，则常用it作形式宾语，而把真正作宾语的不定式放到后面。常带有形式宾语的动词有下列这些：believe（相信）、consider（认为）、feel（感觉）、find（发现）、know（知道）、make（使得）、regard（认为）。 句型：主语+及物动词+it+宾语补足语+to do （正）We think it important to obey the laws. （误）We think to obey the laws is important. 我们认为遵守法律是十分重要的。 I know it impossible to finish so much homework in a day.我知道在一天中完成这么多的作业是不可能的。 I don’t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.我认为不花费大量时间去记忆，要掌握一门外语是不可能的。 2.不定式作介词宾语 A.当介词but，except，besides前面有行为动词do及其各种形式时，介词后面的不定式可以省去to；而若前面是其他动词时，介词后接带to的不定式。 句型：but/except/besides+(to) do sth. What do you like to do besides play football?除了踢足球外，你还喜欢做什么？ We have no choice but to wait.除了等待，我们没有其他选择。 B.除but，except，besides外，个别介词可用“疑问词+不定式”作宾语。 The boy has his own idea of how to finish it.这个男孩对怎样完成这项工作有他自己的想法。 3.名词或代词+不定式（to+不及物动词）+介词 如果作定语用的不定式是不及物动词，就要在这个不及物动词后面加上介词，使被修饰的这个词成为这个介词的逻辑宾语。 He is looking for a room to live in.（不及物动词+介词）他正在找一个住的房间。 不定式中的live是不及物动词，需要加上一个适当的介词in，使被修饰的名词room成为介词in的逻辑宾语（介词宾语），即to live in a room。 4.名词或代词（地点、工具等）+不定式+介词 另外，有时不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面也应该有必要的介词。此时，被修饰的名词或代词是介词的逻辑宾语。 Please pass me some paper to write on.请递给我一些写字用的纸。 paper作介词on的逻辑宾语，即write on some paper。虽然write可以作及物动词，但paper不能作write的逻辑宾语，to write some paper是错误的。 Please lend me something to write with.请借给我一些写字用的东西。 something作介词with的逻辑宾语，to write with something可以理解为用某东西（铅笔、钢笔、粉笔等供写字用的笔）写。如果没有with，意思就不同了，变成了：to write something写某种东西（文章、故事、报告等）。 5.关于介词的省略 上述不定式后加介词时，一般不能省略介词，但不定式修饰place，time，way时，其后介词可省略。 He has no money and no place to live.他没有钱，也没有地方住。 The time to arrive is seven o’clock.到达的时间是7点。 I think the best way to travel is on foot.我认为旅行的最好方式是步行。 6.主谓关系的一般情况 主谓关系的一般情况是指不定式所修饰的名词或代词是它的逻辑主语。 A factory to produce electricity will be set up next year.一座发电厂明年将要建起来。 这句话的意思还可以用一个定语从句来表达，即：A factory that/which is to produce electricity will be set up next year.句子中的that/which指代的是工厂，所以可以理解为factory是动词不定式to produce electricity的逻辑主语。 7.主谓关系的特殊情况 在主谓关系中，当不定式所修饰的是序数词或是形容词最高级所修饰的名词时，或者这个名词被省略时，这个名词和不定式之间也是逻辑上的主谓关系。 Li Ming was the first (person) to arrive.李明是第一个到达的人。 8.不定式修饰something，anything和nothing 当不定式修饰something，anything和nothing时，也要放在这些词后面作后置定语；如果有形容词修饰上述三个词，则形容词应该放在它们的后面；如果既有形容词又有不定式修饰上述三个词时，则语序如下： 句型：something/anything/nothing+形容词+不定式 Do you have anything interesting to read?你有什么有趣的读物吗？ 比较：不定式与something，anything和nothing语序不同时，不定式语法功能不同，译文也不同。 I want something to read.我想要点儿可读的东西。 （不定式to read起形容词作用，在句子中作定语修饰something。） I want to read something.我想读点儿东西。 （不定式to read起名词作用，在句子中作what的宾语，而something作不定式to read的宾语。） 总结不定式作宾语两种典型用法 要点精讲1：只接to do作宾语的动词:妙记--mecarfipsd霉咖啡不是的 manage, expect, choose, afford/ agree/ attempt, refuse, fail, intend, plan/pretend/promise, seem, decide/desire/determine 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. They failed _____________(grasp) the importance of his words. 2. She never seemed ________(care) what the rest of us thought about her. 3. One study in America found that students' grades improved a little after the school introduced uniforms. But some students didn't want __________ (wear) the uniform. 【答案与解析】 1. to grasp。fail to do未能做某事。故答案是to grasp。 2. to care。seem to do好像做某事。故答案是to care。 3. to wear。want to do sth表示“想做某事”。故答案是to wear。 要点精讲2：接to do/doing意义不同的动词：妙记--frogshmt青蛙聪明 forget, remember/regret, go on, stop, can’t help, mean, try。该考点非常重要，必须重视。 forget to do 忘记要去做某事（未做） forget doing 忘记已经做过某事（已做） remember to do 记得将要做某事（未做） remember doing 记得已经做过某事（已做） regret to do 遗憾去做某事（未做） regret doing 后悔做过某事（已做） go on to do 继续做另一件事 （对象变了） go on doing 继续做正在做的事 （对象不变） stop to do 停下来去做另一件事 （对象变了） stop doing 停止做某事 （对象不变） can’t help to do 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing 情不自禁做某事 mean to do 打算做某事（未做） mean doing 意味着做某事 （解释作用） try to do 努力做某事（不一定成功） try doing 尝试做某事 （强调尝试和行动） 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. If you think that treating a woman well means always ________(get) her permission for things, think again. 2. --Look! The window is open. --I’m sorry. I forgot ____________ (close) it. 3. I remembered _________(lock) the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights. 4. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _________(live) alone, but she didn’t like it and moved back home. 【答案与解析】 1. getting。这里应用mean doing表示“意味着”。故答案是getting。 2. to close。这里应用forget to do表示“忘记做某事”，强调未做，故答案是to close。 3. to lock。remember to do表示“记住去做某事”，和后面“忘记去关灯”呼应，故答案是to lock。 4. living。try doing强调“尝试着做了某事”，符合语境要求，故答案是living。 5.不定式作定语时 用主动语态表示被动含义的情形 A.在There is something to do...句型中，用主动语态表示被动含义。 There is a letter to write.有一封信要写。=There is a letter to be written.（不常用） 说明：不定式所修饰的名词是动作的承受者，即“信要被写”。相当于：There is a letter (for sb.) to write.省略了for sb.，所以用主动语态。 There is something to pay attention to.有一件需要注意的事情。 B.当不定式修饰want，have等动词的宾语，而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动语态表示被动含义。 · We have no homework to do.（S+V+O+定语）我们没什么作业可做。 （划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、不定式的逻辑主语、不定式） we是不定式to do的逻辑主语，可以理解为“We do no homework.”，所以用主动语态表示。 · Mary has three babies to look after.（S+V+O+定语）玛丽要照看3个孩子。 （划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、不定式的逻辑主语、不定式） Mary是不定式to look after的逻辑主语，可以理解为“Mary looks after three babies.”，所以用主动语态表示。 补充：如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语，那么不定式就需要用被动语态来表示。 · I’m going to the post office,for I have a letter to post.（主动语态）我要到邮局去，因为我有封信要寄。 Thank you.But I have no letters to be posted now.（被动语态）谢谢，我现在没什么信要寄了。 C.当不定式修饰buy，get和give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时，用主动语态表示被动含义。 Please buy me some newspapers to read.（V+间宾+直宾+定语）请给我买几张报纸看。 （me为不定式的逻辑主语，to read为不定式） me是不定式to read的逻辑主语，即“我看报纸”，所以不定式要用主动语态。 I’ll give you some novels to read on the journey.（V+间宾+直宾+定语） 我给你几本小说供你在旅途中阅读。（you为不定式的逻辑主语，to read为不定式） you是不定式to read的逻辑主语，即“你来看小说”，所以不定式要用主动语态。 总结不定式作定语典型用法 要点精讲：1.不定式作定语修饰名词，多表示一个主动的将要发生的动作。 2.不定式与名词之间是主谓关系或动宾关系。 3.若不定式是不及物动词，后边应加上适当的介词。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The meeting___________(hold)now/_______(hold)yesterday/_________(hold)tomorrow is very important. 2. The airport _____________(complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area. 3. Mr. Green stood up in defence of the boy, saying that he was not the one (blame). 4. Agriculture gave people their first experience of the power of technology ________ (change) lives. 1. being; held; to be held。现在分词作定语，表示一个正在进行的动作；过去分词短语作定语表示一个被动的、已发生动作。不定式作定语则多表示一个将要发生的动作。故答案是being; held; to be held。 2. to be completed。不定式作定语则多表示一个将要发生的动作；结合语境应用被动形式，故答案是to be completed。 3. to blame。(be) to blame表示“该受到责备”，主动形式表示被动意义，故答案是to blame。 4. to change。结合语境应用单词不定式作定语。故答案是to change。 6.不定式作状语 不定式在句子中的作用有时和副词相同，可以作状语，表示原因、目的、结果。另外，不定式也可以修饰形容词。不定式紧跟在及物动词之后，作宾语；不定式紧跟在不及物动词之后，则作状语。 1.不定式作副词表示原因 I’m sorry to hear that.听到这件事我很难过。 Li Ming seemed willing to do that.李明似乎很愿意做那件事。 The house is very comfortable to live in.这是一座住起来很舒服的房子。 We found him easy to get along with.我们发现他是个很好相处的人。 2.不定式作副词表示目的 A.不定式置于句尾 The local government has adopted new measures to deal with air pollution.当地政府采取了新的措施来治理空气污染。 B.不定式置于句首 有时为加强语气，可把作目的状语的不定式提到句首来。 To preserve those buildings,only a few people are admitted each day.为了保护那些建筑，每天只有几个人被允许进去参观。 C.为加强语气，还可在不定式前加in order或so as。 I have brought along three objects to illustrate my talk. =In order to illustrate my talk,I have brought along three objects. =I have brought along three objects so as to illustrate my talk. 为了举例说明，我随身带来了3件物品。 比较：in order to do sth.和so as to do sth.的区别 in order to引出的目的状语既可以放在句首又可以放在句尾。so as to引出的目的状语不能放在句首。 In order not to be late,she took a bus.=She took a bus in order not to be late. =She took a bus so as not to be late.她乘坐公共汽车以免迟到。 so as to除了表目的，也可表结果、程度，即“so...as to+do”。 They started early so as to catch the first bus.（表目的）他们很早就出发了，以便能赶上头班车。 They started so early as to catch the first bus.（表结果）他们动身很早，所以/结果赶上头班车了。 He was so angry as to be unable to speak.（表程度）他气得连话都说不出来了。 3.不定式作副词表示结果 不定式经常和only，never连用，强调结果和失望的情绪。 I hurried to get there only to find him out.我匆匆忙忙地赶到那儿，（没想到）他出去了。 They were separated that day,never to see each other again.那天他们被分开之后，再也没见过面。 4.不定式作副词的其他用法 1.too+形容词/副词+（for sb.）+to do sth.的用法 A.不定式在句子中作结果状语。“too...to...”表示“太……而不能……”，具有否定含义。 She is too young to go to school. =She is so young that she can’t go to school.她太小了，不能上学。 This problem is too difficult (for us) to work out. 注意：用too...to句型时，不定式work out不能再加上it指代problem；用so...that复合句时，则必须用it。 句子主语可作不定式宾语（即work out this problem）时，不定式一般用主动式。 =This problem is so difficult that we can’t work it out.这道题太难了，我们根本算不出来。 We are never too old to learn.我们要活到老，学到老。 说明：用never too...to否定之否定，译文的意思就成为肯定的了。 B.不定式在句子中作原因状语，too具有肯定意义。 还要说明的一点是，too除了我们常见的上述例句中当“more than enough（过分）”讲外，有时还当作“十分”，“非常”，“极其”等带有肯定色彩的意义讲，但此时形容词一般用eager，anxious等。 She is too eager to see her sister.（不定式作原因状语。）她非常渴望见到她的姐姐。 The students are too anxious to know the result of the exam.（不定式作原因状语。） 学生们急于知道考试成绩。 C.too前加only或but（相当于really）以加强语气。 The girl is only too glad to come here.这个女孩子真的很高兴来这儿。 I’m but too happy to see you again.我真的很高兴能再次见到你。 D.too...to结构中经常省略后面的不定式。 The shoes are too big for me (to wear). 这句话要表达的是“这双鞋对于我来说太大了，以至于我不能穿”。 =The shoes are much too big.这双鞋我穿着太大了。 The rice is too hot for the baby (to eat).这米饭太烫了，孩子吃不了。 E.有时句末的不定式还可用一个介词短语来代替。 He is driving too fast to be safe.（不定式） =He is driving too fast for safety.（介词短语）他开车太快，怕不安全。 必背：“too...not to...”是双重否定，意思是“非常……，不能不……”。 She is too wise not to see that.她很聪明，不会不懂得那一点。 2.不定式修饰副词enough的用法 He is old enough to go to school. =He is so old that he can go to school.他已经到了上学的年龄了。 He is not old enough to go to school. =He is so young that he can’t go to school. =He is too young to go to school.他还不到上学的年龄。 3.不定式在句中作独立成分的用法 有时不定式在句子中作为独立结构出现，用来说明说话人的态度。一般来讲，人们已经把这些不定式作为固定词组或固定搭配来运用。 To tell you the truth,I don’t think the film is good.说句老实话，我认为这部电影并不好。 To be fair,it is not all his fault.说句公道话，这不全是他的错。 It is a good idea,to be sure,but it is hard to practise.的确，这是个好主意，但是难以实行。 To make matters worse,it began to turn dark.更糟的是，天开始变黑了。 总结不定式作状语三种典型用法 要点精讲1：不定式作目的状语，多用于to do, so as to do, in order to do结构。注意逻辑主语一致性，位于句末前边不能有逗号。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The local government has done everything it can __________(save) the buried miners. 2. _______(accept) as an Olympic event, a sport must be played in at least 75 countries on at least 4 continents. 3. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there (train) for a space flight. 4.The local government doesn't have to sacrifice environmental protection _________ (promote) economic growth. 【答案与解析】 1. to save。it can是定语从句that it can do的省略，故应用不定式作目的状语，故答案是to save。 2. To be accepted。不定式作目的状语，且是被动含义，故答案是To be accepted。 3. to be trained。不定式作目的状语，且是被动含义，故答案是to be trained。 4. to promote。不定式作目的状语，故答案是to promote。 要点精讲2：不定式作结果状语，多用于too…to, enough to do, only to do, so…as to, such as to等结构。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. He hurried to the station, only ____________(inform/find/tell) that the train had left. 2. Would you be so kind as_____________ (carry) the luggage for me? 3. Now I’m brave enough ____________(stand) up and answer the question. 【答案与解析】 1. to be informed/to find/to be told。only to do常表示出乎预料的结果，本句含有被动意义,故答案是to be informed/to find/to be told。 2. to carry。so…as to do引导不定式作结果状语，故答案是to carry。 3. to stand。…enough to do是不定式短语作结果状语，故答案是to stand。 要点精讲3：不定式用于be+ adj+to do构成的反射不定式，不定式主动形式表示被动意义。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good _________ (breathe). 2.Modem methods of tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid-1980s, and are expensive __________ (perform) consistently over a large area. 【答案与解析】 1. to breathe。不定式用于be+ adj+to do构成的反射不定式，不定式主动形式表示被动意义。故答案是to breathe。 2. to perform。本句是形容词短语作宾语补足语，暗含be+ adj+to do构成的反射不定式，故答案是to perform。 7.不定式作补足语 不定式作宾语补足语，是用来补充宾语的意义的，一般着重说明宾语的行为、状态、特征。能用不定式作宾语补足语的情况很多，主要有以下几种情形。 1.带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语 The doctor advised me to stop smoking.医生建议我戒烟。 She doesn’t allow us to smoke here,but she allows her husband to smoke here. 她不允许我们在这儿吸烟，但允许她丈夫在这儿吸烟。 My parents forbade me to watch TV except on Sundays.我的父母禁止我看电视，除了周日以外。 Their boss forced them to work overtime.老板强迫他们加班。 The policeman permitted him to park there.警察允许他在那里停车。 I always wish myself to study and live in New York some day.我一直希望有朝一日自己能在纽约学习、生活。 B.下列动词后不定式作宾语补足语时常用to be结构。 I consider him to be an honest man.=I consider him honest.我认为他是一个诚实的人。 The teacher thought the answer (to be) quite right.老师认为这个答案相当正确。 补充：think，consider，find等后若不用to be结构，也可直接用形容词。 2.不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语 不定式在某些感官动词，如feel，hear，listen to，watch，look at，notice，observe等，以及使役动词let，have，make等后作宾语补足语时，要省去to，但在被动语态中to不可省去。 They made the workers work day and night. →The workers were made to work day and night.（在被动语态中，省去的to必须加上。） 工人们被迫日日夜夜地干活。 The PLA men noticed the spy steal some papers.解放军战士们注意到这个间谍偷了一些文件。 Let me hear you play the piano!让我听听你弹钢琴吧！ Don’t look at other people dance.不要看别人跳舞。 We have let him go.我们已经让他走了。 注意：在动词help后，to可以省略，也可以不省略。 I will help him (to) clean the room.我将要帮他打扫这间屋子。 3.不定式作主语补足语 不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。动词不定式作主语补足语要符合下面三个条件：①句子的谓语动词是被动语态。②句子的主语必须是动词不定式逻辑上的主语。③动词不定式在主动句中作宾语补足语。 The room was said to have been cleaned.据说这个房间已被打扫过了。 （划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、被动语态、主语补足语） He was told to be quiet.（被动语态） （划线的部分分别为不定式的逻辑主语、被动语态、主语补足语） →The teacher told him to be quiet.他被（老师）告知要保持安静。 （to be quiet为不定式作宾语补足语） 总结不定式作宾语补足语四种典型用法 要点精讲1：see类动词(不定式作宾补省to，但在被动语态中to应加上): 巧记--注意让迈克听听看看这块表有啥感觉 notice, let, make, hear, listen to, see, observe, watch, have, feel 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. With the world changing fast, we have something new (deal) with by ourselves every day. 2. He was observed ________________(enter) the office silently. 3. When I came in I saw him ______________(listen) to music. 【答案与解析】 1. to deal。本句不是have sb do sth句式，而是have sth to do 表示“有某事要做”，不定式短语作定语，故答案是to deal。 2. to enter。observe sb do sth是固定句型，省略to的不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动语态中to应加上。故答案是to enter。 3. listening。结合语境这里应用see sb doing sth…表示“看见某人正在做某事”。故答案是listening。 要点精讲2：warn类动词(只接to do后作宾补) warn, tell, ask, persuade, expect等。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Passengers are permitted ___________(carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane. 2. Energy drinks are not allowed ____________(make) in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand. 3. Once his message was delivered, he allowed me________(stay)and watch. 4. They are required ________ (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. 5. The median (中位数的) age of an American in 1950 was 30—today it is 41 and is expected____________(increase) to 42 by 2050. 【答案与解析】 1. to carry。permit sb to do sth允许某人做事，故答案是to carry。 2. to be made。allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事，故答案是to be made。 3. to stay。本句考查allow sb to do sth表示“允许某人做某事”。故答案是to stay。 4. to process。本题考查require sb to do sth表示“要求某人做某事”。故答案是to process。 5. to increase。本题考查expect sb to do sth表示“期待某人做某事”，故答案是to increase。 要点精讲3：用于“with+名词+不定式”，表示一个主动的、将要发生的动作。省略with后构成的“名词/代词+不定式” 构成独立主格结构。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. With a lot of difficult problems ___________(solve), the newly-elected president is having a hard time. 2. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest __________(follow) in a year. 3. With a lot of homework ___________(do), I decided not to watch the performance with you. 【答案与解析】 1. to solve。with sth to do是with复合宾语结构，不定式强调将要发生的动作，故答案是to solve。 2. to follow。本句是省略with后构成的“名词/代词+不定式” 构成独立主格结构。故答案是to follow。 3. to do。with sth to do是with复合宾语结构，不定式强调将要发生的动作，故答案是to do。 要点精讲4：be said类动词：be said/believed/reported/known to do类句型，可以转化为It is said that…。不定式根据语境还可能用进行式、被动式或完成式。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Robert is said _____________(study) abroad, but I don't know what country he studied in. 2. Police are searching for a woman who is reported to _____________(miss) since the flood hit the area. 【答案与解析】 1. to have studied。be said to do表示“据说做某事”；what country he studied in暗示该动作已结束，故答案是to have studied。 2. have been missing。since the flood hit the area暗示应用不定式完成式；结合语境又是一种“失踪”状态，故答案是have been missing。 8.不定式的省略 当不定式出现在句中时，一般会有两种省略形式：一是省去to，只留下动词原形；二是省去动词，只留下to来代替整个不定式。以下将对这两种省略形式作详细讲解。 1.在感官动词和使役动词之后时 当感官动词及使役动词用于主动语态时，作其宾语补足语的不定式前不用to。 感官动词 feel，hear，see，watch，notice，observe，listen to，look at等 使役动词 let，make，have等 We always hear him sing in the next room.我们经常听到他在隔壁唱歌。 The engineer made the robot clean the windows of the high building.那位工程师使用机器人来清洗这栋高楼的窗户。 Will you have Mark come over tonight?今晚你能不能让马克来一下？ 注意：make和have只在作使役动词且用于主动语态时，才可省去不定式作宾补时的小品词to，否则不可以省去to。 They made a lot of paper flowers to decorate the room.他们制作了许多纸花装饰这个房间。 （这里的made不当使役动词，没有“使得”这一意思，因此不能省去to。） The robot was made to clean the windows of the high building.机器人被用来清洗这栋高楼的窗户。 （这里的made当使役动词，但是用于被动语态，因此不能省去to。） Next month we’ll have a lot of meetings to attend.下个月我们要参加许多会议。 （这里的have不当使役动词，不能省去to。） 2.有两个以上的不定式并列时 A.当两个或两个以上的不定式并列在一起，尤其是用连词and或or连接时，第二个不定式符号to可省略。 I promised to finish my homework and hand it in on time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。 The guard hardly knew whether to laugh or cry.卫兵简直哭笑不得。 B.如果用逗号代替了连词and，or的位置，第二个动词不定式符号to一般要保留，有时也可省略。 I promised to finish my homework,(to) hand it in on time.我答应完成作业并按时交上。 The boy likes to stay with his brothers,(to) play basketball.这个男孩子愿意和他的兄弟们呆在一起，打篮球。 注意：在对照的场合，to不可以被省略掉。 It’s better to laugh than to cry.笑比哭好。 I haven’t decided to watch the football game or to stay at home this evening. 今天晚上是看足球赛还是呆在家里，我还没决定下来。 3.but，except，besides之前有行为动词do时 当but，except，besides之前有行为动词do时，后面可以跟不带to的动词不定式。若but，except，besides之前无行为动词do，其后的不定式一般带to。 The enemy can do nothing but/except surrender. =The enemy had nothing to choose but/except to surrender.敌人除了投降之外，别无选择。 4.在下列固定句型中时 · 句型：had better/had best+(not) do sth. 最好（不）做某事 You’d better/best turn the bottle upside down to empty out the oil.你最好把瓶子倒过来，把瓶里的油控干净。 · 句型：had/would rather+(not) do sth. 宁愿（不）做某事 I would rather go by car.我还是愿意坐小汽车去。 I’m tired.I’d rather not go out this evening,if you don’t mind.我累了。若你不介意，今晚我宁愿不出去。 补充：would rather后面的句子若用过去时，不表示时态，而只是一种虚拟语气。意为“要做……；建议做……”。 A:Shall I stay here?我可以呆在这儿吗？ B:I’d rather you came with us.你还是和我们一起来吧。 · 句型：had/would rather/sooner+do sth.+than+do sth.（宁愿做某事而不愿意做某事） I’d rather stay at home tonight than go to the cinema.今天晚上我宁愿呆在家里也不愿意看电影。 He would sooner look after the baby than do his homework.他宁愿看管这个婴儿也不愿意做作业。 · 句型：prefer+to do sth.+rather than+do sth.（宁愿做某事而不愿意做某事） She prefers to travel rather than attend the wedding. =She prefers traveling to attending the wedding.她宁愿去旅行也不愿意参加这个婚礼。 补充：prefer的用法 prefer和like，love一样，后面可以跟不定式或动名词。 I don’t like cities.I prefer to live in the countryside. =I don’t like cities.I prefer living in the countryside.我不喜欢城市。我愿意/喜欢住在乡村。 “prefer+名词/动名词+to+名词/动名词”表示“喜欢……而不喜欢……；宁愿……而不愿……” I prefer meat to fish.我喜欢肉而不喜欢鱼。 He prefers listening to music to playing football. 他喜欢听音乐而不喜欢踢足球。/他宁愿听音乐，也不踢足球。 总结不定式的三种典型省略用法 要点精讲1：感官动词和使役动词接不定式作宾补时省略to（注意被动语态中to应加上）； 单句改错或用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The librarian will let you to know when the book has been returned. 改错 2. The young girl was observed ________________(enter) the office silently. 【答案与解析】 3. 去掉to。let sb do sth让某人做事，故答案是去掉to。 4. to enter。感官动词接不定式作宾补时省略to，被动语态中to应加上，故答案是to enter。 要点精讲2：下列句型常省略to： may as well do sth 最好还是做…… had better do 最好做某事 do nothing but do sth 别无选择只好做某事 can’t help but do sth. 禁不住做某事 Why not do sth? 何不做某事？ prefer to do…rather than do sth, 宁愿做……而不愿做…… would rather do…than do… 宁愿做……而不愿做…… 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空或单句改错。 1. Rather than ______(ride) on a crowded bus, he always prefers　_______(ride) a bicycle. 2.--- I usually go there by train.- --Why not ____________(try, go) by boat for a change? 3. I lost my keys in the office so I could do nothing but to wait for my mother. 改错 【答案与解析】 1. ride; to ride。prefer to do sth rather than do sth表示“宁愿做……不愿做……”，故答案是ride; to ride。 2. try going。Why not do…? 是固定句型；try doing强调“尝试着做”。故答案是try going。 3. 去掉to。do nothing but do是固定句型，表示“不得不做某事”，故答案是去掉to。 要点精讲3：在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。注意，不定式后面是动词be时，be应保留。 单句改错。 1. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to do. 2. As we all know, China is no longer the country it used to. 【答案与解析】 1. 去掉do。在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。故答案是去掉do。 2. to后加be。在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，不定式后面是动词be时，to be应保留。故答案是to后加be。 9.不定式的否定形式和“疑问词+不定式” 1.不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式由“not/never+动词不定式”构成。学习不定式时，要注意不定式的否定形式在间接引语和直接引语中的变换。 He warned his younger brother not to open the door.他警告他的弟弟不要开门。 The doctor told me not to eat too much sweet food.医生告诉我不要吃太多的甜食。 My father told me never to see her again.我父亲告诉我不要再去看她。 2.“疑问式+不定式” 动词不定式可以和疑问词what，which，how，where，when等连用，构成动词不定式短语。它在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语等。 What to do next hasn’t been discussed.（主语）下一步做什么还没讨论呢。 The biggest problem is how to deal with the waste paper.（表语）最大的问题是如何处理这些废纸。 Last summer I took a course on how to make dresses.（介宾）去年夏天，我选了一门讲如何做衣服的教程。 Mr.Li taught us how to work out the difficult problem.（动宾）李老师教我们如何解答这道难题。 Have you decided whether to go or not?（动宾）你决定了吗？走还是不走？ Please tell me when to start.（动宾）请告诉我何时出发。 10.不定式的时态 不定式虽没有人称和数的变化，但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后顺序，即不定式仍有自己的时态。不定式的时态包括一般式、进行式、完成式和完成进行式。在以下内容中我们将对其作具体的讲解。 1.不定式的一般式 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语所表示的动作或状态几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。我们前面所使用的都是不定式的一般式。 I am glad to see you.见到你我很高兴。（看到你的同时，我很高兴。） He has decided to give her some money.他已决定要给她一些钱。（给钱这个动作发生在决定之后。） I’ll borrow some books to read during the holidays.我要借些书在假期中读。（读书这个动作发生在借书之后。） 2.不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示的动作是与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行的。 Mr.White and his wife happened to be quarreling when I passed by.当我路过的时候，怀特先生和他的妻子碰巧在吵架。 Some dogs were found to be looking for food around.一些狗被发现正在四处寻找食物。 He pretended to be working hard when his boss passed him.当他的老板经过他那儿时，他假装努力地在干活儿。 3.不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式通常可以表示发生在主要动作之前的动作，也可以表示过去没有实现的期待或计划等，下面将对几种主要情况进行分析。 A.不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作或状态之前。appear，seem，happen，be said，be reported，be believed，be known，be thought，be sorry，be likely等常接不定式的完成式。 They seemed to have known each other for a long time.他们似乎彼此已经认识很久了。 She is said to have learned four foreign languages.据说她已经学了4种外语。 The president is reported to have started his visit to Asia.据报道这位总统已经开始了对亚洲的访问。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting. =I am sorry that I have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。 B.表示过去没有实现的期待或计划 句型：hoped/promised/wanted/wished/expected/planned+to+have+过去分词 He wanted to have met you at the airport,but he didn’t get there in time.（没接成）他原想去机场接你，但他没及时赶到那儿。 比较：He wants to meet you at the airport.他想去机场接你。 这个句子表示事情还没有发生，人还没有到，meet这一动作发生在want后。 We planned to have done good deeds for the poor people last month.（没做成）我们原计划在上个月为贫困的人们做些好事。 C.在should/would like后面表示未能实现的愿望。 I should/would like to have given her the gift.（没送成）我本想把此礼物送给她。 比较：I should/would like to give her the gift.我想把此礼物送给她。 此句表示礼物实际还没送。 He would like to have played the violin at the concert.（实际上没演奏成）他本想在音乐会上演奏小提琴的。 4.不定式的完成进行式 不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动作之前已开始进行的行为，到谓语动作发生时可能停止，也可能会持续下去。 Tom appeared to have been sleeping.汤姆好像一直在睡觉。 Mark seemed to have been watching TV.马克好像一直在看电视。 11.不定式的语态 不定式有两种语态：不定式的主动语态和不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的对象时（或是动作的承受者时），不定式一般要用被动式。不定式的主动式有多种时态，而不定式的被动式只有两种时态：一般式的被动式和完成式的被动式。详见下表： 时态 语态 主动式 被动式 一般式 to do to be done 进行式 to be doing — 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成进行式 to have been doing — 不定式的一般式的被动式通常表示将来的动作。不定式的完成式的被动式表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 It is an honour for me to be invited to attend the meeting.我很荣幸能够被邀请参加这个会议。 说明：me（我）是不定式的逻辑主语，me（我）是被邀请，是被动形式。 It is necessary for oceans to be protected from pollution.有必要保护海洋免受污染。 Books are not allowed to be taken out of the reading room.书籍不允许带出阅览室。 The room seems to have been cleaned already.这个房间似乎已经整理过了。 总结动词不定式的复杂形式 不定式的否定式、完成式和被动式 （以动词find为例） 内容 主动语态 被动语态 否定式 一般式 to find to be found not to find 完成式 to have found to have been found not to have found 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The boy pretended _____________(read) the book when the teacher came in. 2. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle ___________(hear). 3. He got up early this morning so as _____________(miss)the early train. 4. The engine just won't start. Something seems __________(go) wrong with it. 【答案与解析】 1. to be reading。pretend to be doing假装正在做某事。故答案是to be reading。 2. to be heard。struggle to do努力做某事。故答案是to be heard。 3. not to miss。so as not to do sth为了不做某事。故答案是not to miss。 4. to have gone。结合语境该动作已发生，故答案是to have gone。 一、语法填空 Most people today are only worried about 　1　(get)good jobs to make lots of money. In their free time, they think about what 　2　(do) for fun. However, few people think about what they can do　3　(help) others.   There are many people who are less lucky than us. 　4　(volunteer) our time to help these people is a good way to spend our free time. For example, we can make plans to visit sick children in the hospital or raise money for homeless people. Some people even stop　5　(do) their jobs for a few months to move to another place, like one of the countries in Africa, and help people there.   1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　  语篇解读　 本文是一篇有关志愿工作的文章。 1.getting　本题考查非谓语动词。be worried about 担心,about为介词,后面应该用v.-ing形式,故填getting。 2.to do　本题考查非谓语动词。what to do 做什么,在本句中作动词短语think about的宾语。 3.to help　本题考查非谓语动词。动词不定式表目的。 4.Volunteering　本题考查非谓语动词。在本句中,设空处充当主语,所以要用volunteer的动名词形式,故填Volunteering。 5.doing　本题考查非谓语动词。stop doing sth.停止做某事。stop后也可以接动词不定式,stop to do sth.停下来去做某事。 二、语篇填空 Darrius was born with three fingers on his right hand and one on his left hand. He had to work hard 　1　 (do) things that were easy for others. Every time his classmates tried　2　 (help), he would say, “Thanks, but I can do it myself.” He learned to use the four fingers to do different things.  When Darrius was 10, he told his father that he liked piano(钢琴) music very much. “It􀆳s too bad you can􀆳t play,” his father said. But the boy took that as a challenge(挑战). “I will show people that I can,” he said to himself. Months later, a neighbour gave him an old piano when she moved away. He taught himself　3　(play) the piano and practised for hours a day.  Darrius􀆳s favourite piano music is River Flows in You by Yiruma, a Korean musician. It took Darrius a year 　4　(learn)it. “I have to come up with my own way with only 4 fingers,”he said. When he succeeded, he felt so proud. Later he was lucky enough to play the music together with Yiruma at a famous concert hall!Yiruma encouraged Darrius to follow his dream of playing his own music. Darrius has made it. And his music is popular today.  The disability 　5　 (hold) me back from anything will never disturb me.  1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　  1.to do　根据句意“他不得不努力去做到对于别人来说是简单的事情”,可知此处动词不定式作目的状语。 2.to help　try to do sth.尝试做某事,是固定搭配。此处动词不定式作try的宾语。 3.to play　teach sb. to do sth.教某人做某事,是固定搭配。此处动词不定式作宾语补足语。 4.to learn　本题考查句型It take/took sb.+一段时间+to do sth.,动词不定式作主语,这是常考句型。 5.to hold/holding　根据句意“这种阻止我做任何事情的残疾将永远不会干扰到我”,可知此处非谓语动词作定语。 Johanna Mazibuko,a mother of seven, was from Jouberton, South Africa. She passed away at her home on March 3,2023,just two months before her 129th birthday, according to local reports. Her caregiver(护理人)and daughter-in-law Thandiwe Wesinyana believes that she may have died from a stroke(中风).“A wound has opened and I'm in extreme sorrow. The community is saddened by her death. We've all lost a mother," she said. Mazibuko grew up on a farm and never went to school and could not read or write. According to those close to her there are ID documents that show she was born on May 11, 1894. She went on to have seven children, five of whom have died, and over 50 grandchildren and many great-grandchildren. On her 128th birthday last year, Mazibuko reflected on her age, and was pretty surprised at reaching this milestone(里程碑). “I am amazed at why I am still here after so many years. Why am I still here? People around me have been dying," she said.“ When will I die? What's the point of being alive? The world has tired me because I am just sitting here doing nothing.” Though claims(断言) of Mazibuko being the oldest person in the world are unverified(未经证实的），the community has been trying to get her recognized by the Guinness Book of Records. Now.116-year-old Maria Brany as Morera from the US has been named the world's oldest person by Guinness World Records. 1.The underlined word “sorrow” in Paragraph 2 probably means“___” A. 感动 B. 热心 C.心痛 D. 愉悦 2.Which of the following is TRUE about Mazibuko? A. She grew up on a farm. B. She used to live a hard life. C. She went to school and could read or write. D. She was born into a big family. 3.What did Mazibuko think of her long life? A. Attractive B. Meaningless. C. Stressful D. Invaluable. 4.What can we learn from the last paragraph? A. Morera lives longer than Mazibuko. B. According to the Guinness World Records, Morera is now the oldest person. C. It is claimed that humans can live to the age of 150 under certain conditions. D. The community has succeeded in getting Mazibuko recognized as the oldest person. 5.Where is the passage probably from? A. A storybook. B. A diary. C. A newspaper. D. A sports magazine. 长难句分析 原句：（第三段第二句)According to those close to her, there are ID documents that show she was born on May 11,1894. 译文：据她身边的人说，有身份证件显示她出生于1894年5月11日。 分析：本句是一个复合句。that引导定语从句，修饰先行词 ID documents;该定语从句中的she was born on May 11，1894 为省略了引导词that的宾语从句，作show的宾语。 译文 Johanna Mazibuko来自南非的Jouberton，是一位七个孩子的母亲。据当地报道，她于2023年3月3日在家中去世，离她的129岁生日只有两个月。 Thandiwe Wesinyana 是Mazibuko的儿媳，在家里照顾她。Thandiwe Wesinyana认为她可能死于中风。她说：“一个伤口裂开了，我非常悲痛。整个社区都为她的去世感到难过，我们都失去了一位母亲。” Mazibuko在一个农场长大，从未上过学，不会读书，也不会写字。据她身边的人说，有身份证件显示她出生于1894年5月11日。她接下来生了7个孩子，其中5个已经去世，还有50多个孙子女和许多曾孙子女。 去年她128岁生日时，Mazibuko认真思考了自己的寿命，并对自己活了这么久感到相当惊讶。她说：“我很惊讶，为什么这么多年后我还活着。怎么我还活着？我周围的人慢慢都死了，我什么时候才能死？活着有什么意义呢？这个世界已经让我厌倦了，因为我只是坐在这里什么都不做。” 尽管关于Mazibuko是世界上最老的人的说法未经证实，但社区一直在努力让她得到吉尼斯世界纪录的认可。根据吉尼斯世界纪录,来自美国116岁的 Maria Branyas Morera是目前世界上最长寿的人。 答案详析 1.C 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句的上一句中的“Her caregiver and daughter-in-law Thandiwe Wesinyana”可知,Thandiwe Wesinyana是Mazibuko的儿媳，在家里照顾她。结合画线词前的“A wound has opened”和画线词后的“The community is saddened by her death.”可知，一个伤口裂开了，整个社区都为她的去世感到难过。由此可推知，Thandiwe Wesinyana应该非常伤心，故推测 sorrow意为“心痛”。 2.A细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Mazibuko grew up on a farm"可知，Mazibuko在一个农场长大。 3.B 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“On her 128th birthday last year, Mazibuko reflected on her age”可知，在128岁生日那天，Mazibuko认真思考了自己的寿命。结合本段中的"When will I die? What's the point of being alive? The world has tired me because I am just sitting here doing nothing.”可知，Mazibuko抱怨自己活得太久。由此可推知，她认为自己的长寿是没有意义的。 4.B 细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句"Now116-year-old Maria Branyas Morera from the US has been named the world's oldest person by Guinness World Records.”可知，根据吉尼斯世界纪录,Maria Branyas Morera 是目前世界上最长寿的人。 5.C推理判断题。通读全文可知，本文介绍了南非一位被认为是世界上最长寿的人去世的消息,并简要介绍了这位老人的一生和她生前对自己长寿的看法。由此可推知，文章属于新闻报道，最有可能来自一份报纸。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！2 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$