衔接点07 被动语态（初高考点差异及衔接）-2024年初升高英语无忧衔接（通用版）

衔接点07 被动语态（初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 主要学习一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、含有情态动词用法 高中要求 一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、过去将来时、过去将来完成时、将来进行时、各种完成进行时的被动语态 【初中被动语态考点聚焦】 时态 被动语态结构 例句 一般现在时 am/is/are+done The classroom is cleaned every day. 一般过去时 was/were+done The kite was made by him. 一般将来时 will/shall be+done或者am/is/are + going to be +done Trees will be planted tomorrow. 含有情态动词 情态动词+be+done Anything here can't be touched. 1.Sand turns to glass when it 　　　by lightning.  A.hits　　　　 B.is hit C.is hitting　　　　 D.will be hit 答案　B　考查一般现在时的被动语态。分析句子结构可知，从句主语it 指代主句中的Sand， 和动词hit之间存在被动关系，所以要用被动语态;本句说的是一种自然现象，应用一般现在时，故选B。 2.Now teenagers 　　　to do voluntary work for their local communities.  A.are encouraged　 B.were encouraged C.have encouraged　 D.are encouraging 答案　A　考查一般现在时的被动语态。主语teenagers和encourage之间是被动关系，故排除C、D两项。根据时间状语Now和语境可知，时态为一般现在时，故选A。 3.Luckily， many traditional art forms like Wuxi Opera 　　　　　(pass) on and stay alive.  答案　are passed　主语many traditional art forms与动词短语pass on之间是被动关系，故应用被动语态，根据空后的stay alive可知，此处应用一般现在时的被动语态，主语为复数，be动词应用are。故填are passed。 4.—I hear that you took part in a forest clean⁃up activity last Sunday. —Yes， it 　　　by our school green club to protect forests.  A.organizes　　　　 B.organized C.was organized　　 D.will be organized 答案　C　考查一般过去时的被动语态。根据last Sunday可知句子时态是一般过去时，it指代的是a forest clean⁃up activity，与organize之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动语态，故选C。 5.It’s a long time! I can’t remember when this picture 　　　in Jinshan Park.  A.was taken　　　　 B.takes　　　　 C.is taken　　　　 D.took 答案　A　考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意:很长时间了!我不记得这张照片是何时在金山公园拍摄的。this picture和take之间是被动关系，所以排除B、D两项。根据“It’s a long time!”可知，照片是很久之前拍摄的，用一般过去时，所以填was taken。故选A。 6.To make the environment much better， more trees 　　　next year.  A.plant　　　　 B.will plant C.are planted　　　　 D.will be planted 答案　D　考查一般将来时的被动语态。分析题干可知，句子的主语more trees是plant这个动作的承受者，两者为被动关系，所以用被动语态;由时间状语next year可知，句子时态用一般将来时。故选D。 7.—How exciting! The 19th Asian Games 　　　in Hangzhou in September 2023.  —Yes， I can’t wait to watch the Games. A.holds　　　　 B.is holding C.was held　　　　 D.will be held 答案　D　考查一般将来时的被动语态。根据“I can’t wait to watch the Games”可知，亚运会还未开始，要用一般将来时，The 19th Asian Games与hold之间是被动关系，因此应用一般将来时的被动语态。故选D。 8.The plan they paid much attention to 　　　　　(discuss) at tomorrow’s meeting.  答案　will be discussed　分析句子可知，“they paid much attention to”是修饰The plan的定语从句，主语The plan和动词discuss之间是被动关系，且时间状语为at tomorrow’s meeting，所以应用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be discussed。 9.During the Tang dynasty(唐朝), nearly everything produced in the world 　　　 on the streets of Chang'an.   A.is found　　　 B.has been found C.will be found　　　 D.could be found 答案　D　考查一般过去时的被动语态。主语nearly everything produced in the world与find之间是被动关系,结合句子的时间状语During the Tang dynasty可知,此处应用一般过去时的被动语态,故选D。 10.A lot of teenagers think as they are older and wiser, they　　　to make their own decisions.  A.should allow　　 B.shouldn’t allow C.should be allowed　 D.shouldn’t be allowed 答案　C　本题考查被动语态。含情态动词的被动语态的结构是“情态动词+be+动词的过去分词”,且根据语境“很多青少年认为随着他们长大而且更聪明了”可知,此处表达“他们应该被允许自己做决定”。 【高中名词考点聚焦】 考纲解读 语态是动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态——主动语态和被动语态。在主动语态中，主语是动作的执行者；在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者。主动语态变为被动语态时，谓语部分要做相应的变化。 考点清单 被动语态 典型例句：主动句 1.The slaves built the Great Pyramids long time ago.奴隶们在很久以前修建了大金字塔。 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 典型例句：被动句 2.The Great Pyramids were built (by the slaves) long time ago. 主语（原宾语） 谓语（形式变化） by+执行者（原主语） 状语（不变） 大金字塔在很久以前被（奴隶们）修建。 1.主动语态转换为被动语态 如果想熟练地将主动句转换为被动句，首先必须了解主动句的结构，清楚句子的成分，然后遵循下列步骤进行转换。 ①原主动语态中的宾语→转换为被动语态的主语 ②原主动语态中的动词→改为被动形式，即“be+过去分词” 说明：第一步容易出错，要特别注意。这时be动词的人称和数要随着新的主语（原主动句中的宾语）而变。在第二步中，be动词的时态要与原来主动句的时态保持一致。be动词后面的过去分词就是原来主动句中的动词的过去分词。 ③原主动语态中的主语→如果需要，就放在by后面 原主动语态中的主语，如有需要，就放在by后面，以宾格形式出现以指明动作的执行者（因为by是介词，后需跟宾格作宾语）。如没有必要，可省略。 ④原主动语态中的其他成分，如定语、状语→保持不变 主动句：Thomas Edison invented the light bulb in 1879. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 托马斯·爱迪生在1879年发明了电灯泡。 被动句：The light bulb was invented (by Thomas Edison) in 1879. 主语（原宾语）谓语（形式变化）by+执行者（原主语）状语（不变） 电灯泡由托马斯·爱迪生发明于1879年。 ①原主动句中的宾语the light bulb变为被动句中的主语。 ②谓语动词的时态不变，均为一般过去时，它的形式由invented变为was invented。 ③原主动句中的主语，即动作invented的执行者Thomas Edison，在被动句中可以由介词by引出，也可以省略。 ④状语in 1879的位置不变。 主动句：Mr.Wang delivered this speech.王先生做了演讲。 主语 谓语 宾语 被动句：This speech was delivered by Mr.Wang.这个演讲是王先生做的。 主语（原宾语）谓语（形式变化）by+执行者（原主语） 主动句：The ancient Greeks held the first Olympic Games 2790 years ago. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 古希腊人于2790年前举办了第一届奥运会。 被动句：The first Olympic Games were held (by the ancient Greeks) 2790 years ago. 主语（原宾语）谓语（形式变化）by+执行者（原主语）状语（不变） 第一届奥运会（由古希腊人）举办于2790年前。 2.被动语态的形式 1.被动语态的一般形式 被动语态的一般形式是“助动词be+过去分词”。人称、数、时态的变化，大都体现在第一个助动词上。主动语态与被动语态的时态比较见下表。 时态 语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 动词原形或动词第三人称单数 am/is/are+过去分词 一般过去时 动词过去式 was/were+过去分词 一般将来时 shall/will+动词原形 shall/will be+过去分词 现在进行时 am/is/are+现在分词 am/is/are being+过去分词 过去进行时 was/were+现在分词 was/were being+过去分词 现在完成时 has/have+过去分词 has/have been+过去分词 过去完成时 had+过去分词 had been+过去分词 将来完成时 shall/will have+过去分词 shall/will have been+过去分词 过去将来时 should/would+动词原形 should/would be+过去分词 过去将来完成时 should/would have+过去分词 should/would have been+过去分词 将来进行时 shall/will be+现在分词 — 各种完成进行时 has/have been+现在分词 had been+现在分词 shall/will have been+现在分词 — 一.一般现在时的被动语态 一般时态被动句中的be动词变化，应按被动句中新主语的人称和数变化。被动句的时态应与主动句的时态保持一致。 主动句：Helen tidies up her room every day.海伦每天整理她的房间。 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 被动句： （肯定句）Helen’s room is tidied up (by Helen) every day.海伦的房间每天被（她自己）整理。 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 （否定句）Helen’s room isn’t tidied up every day. （疑问句）A:Is Helen’s room tidied up every day? B:Yes,it is./No,it isn’t. 1. Peer pressure can happen when we____________ (influence) to do something. 2.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ____________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise. 1. are influenced。这里介绍客观事实，应用一般现在时；结合语境又是被动语态。故答案是are influenced。 2. is regarded。句中有标志性副词Nowadays；同时结合语境应用被动语态；还应考虑主语与along with 二.一般过去时的被动语态 主动句：The workers made the printer I bought yesterday last month. 主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 我昨天买的那台打印机是工人们上个月生产的。 被动句： （肯定句）The printer I bought yesterday was made (by the workers) last month. 主语 定语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 我昨天买的那台打印机是（由工人们）上个月生产的。 （否定句）The printer I bought yesterday wasn’t made last month. （疑问句）A:Was the printer I bought yesterday made last month? B:Yes,it was./No,it wasn’t. 说明：比较一下主动句和被动句，被动句的表现形式更好一些。 1.The famous musician, as well as his students, _____________(invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. was invited。句子有明显时间状语at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo，应用一般过去时。故答案是was invited。 2.I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but _____________ (hold) back thankfully by the shop window. was held。hold back表示“阻止，隐瞒”，结合语境应用被动语态。故答案是was held。 3.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it look as if it _____________ (break). were broken。it look as if…表示“看起来好像……”，从句与现在事实相反，应用一般过去时；结合语境应用被动语态。故答案是were broken。 三.一般将来时的被动语态 主动句：A repairman will repair his car tomorrow morning. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 一个修理工明天上午将会来修理他的汽车。 比较：will+do用于表示“将做，会做”。be going to+do用于表示“（将来）准备做，打算做”。 被动句： （肯定句）His car will be repaired (by a repairman) tomorrow morning. 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 他的汽车明天上午将会被（一个修理工）修理。 （否定句）His car will not/won’t be repaired tomorrow morning. （疑问句）A:Will his car be repaired tomorrow morning? B:Yes,it will./No,it won’t. 主动句：They are going to visit the China Millennium Monument.他们打算参观中华世纪坛。 主语 谓语 宾语 被动句： （肯定句）The China Millennium Monument is going to be visited (by them). 主语 谓语 中华世纪坛将被（他们）参观。 重要：be动词的人称和数要随着新主语的变化而变化。 （否定句）The China Millennium Monument isn’t going to be visited (by them). （疑问句）A:Is the China Millennium Monument going to be visited (by them)? B:Yes,it is./No,it isn’t. 1. More efforts, as reported, ___________(make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform. will be made。in the years ahead表示“未来几年”，暗示用将来时；同时又是被三一。故答案是will be made。 2.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _____________ (reward) with success in the end. will be rewarded。结合语境应用被动语态，同时又是将来行为。故答案是will be rewarded。 四.现在进行时的被动语态 进行时的被动语态的谓语部分与一般时的被动语态谓语部分不同，应为“be+being+过去分词（将主动语态中的现在分词改为过去分词）”。be动词要随着新主语的人称、数变化，时态跟主动句保持一致，采用现在进行时。 主动句：The teacher is telling Snow White now.老师正在讲《白雪公主》。 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 被动句： （肯定句）Snow White is being told (by the teacher) now.《白雪公主》正被（老师）讲。 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 （否定句）Snow White isn’t being told now. （疑问句）A:Is Snow White being told now? B:Yes,it is./No,it isn’t. 1. Look! The man ________________(question) by the police. 2. Would you please keep silent? The weather report _________________(broadcast)and I want to listen. 3. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house ____________(rebuild). 4.My washing machine ___________(repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. 【答案与解析】 1. is being questioned。本句有关键性单词Look!。因此后面应用现在进行时；同时结合语境应用被动语态。故答案是is being questioned。 2. is being broadcast/broadcasted。结合前一句“Would you please keep silent?”，得知天气预报正在被播送；故应用现在进行时的被动语态。故答案是is being broadcast/broadcasted。 3. is being rebuilt。结合语境这里表示一个现阶段正在进行的动作“房屋被重建”，且正在进行，故答案是is being rebuilt。 4. is being repaired。结合语境这里表示一个现阶段正在进行的动作“房屋被维修”，且正在进行，故答案是is being repaired。 五.过去进行时的被动语态 主动句：The teacher was telling Snow White when I got there. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 当我到那里时，老师正在讲《白雪公主》。 被动句： （肯定句）Snow White was being told (by the teacher) when I got there. 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 当我到那里时，《白雪公主》正在被（老师）讲。 （否定句）Snow White wasn’t being told when I got there. （疑问句）A:Was Snow White being told when I got there? B:Yes,it was./No,it wasn’t. 六.现在完成时的被动语态 完成时的被动语态与一般时的被动语态原则大致相同，只有谓语部分不同。谓语是由“have/has+been+过去分词（即原主动句中的过去分词）”所组成。have，has的采用则视被动句中新主语的人称、数而定。 主动句：An unknown virus has just attacked my computer. 主语 谓语 状语 宾语 一种不知名的病毒刚刚侵袭了我的计算机。 被动句： （肯定句）My computer has just been attacked (by an unknown virus). 主语 谓语 状语 by+执行者 我的计算机刚刚被（一种不知名的病毒）侵袭了。 （否定句）My computer hasn’t just been attacked. （疑问句）A:Has your computer just been attacked? B:Yes,it has./No,it hasn’t. 1.So far more than one friend ____________ (invite) to my birthday party to be held tomorrow. has been invited。so far常与现在完成时连用；more than one接单数名词，谓语也用单数；语境暗示 2.Zhong Nanshan is the most distinguished doctor in China that ___________(recognize) internationally. has been recognized。在It/This is the best/worst… + 名词+定语从句中，从句常用现在完成时；同时语境暗示被动语态。故答案是has been recognized。 3.Large quantities of information, as well as timely help_____________(offer) to us over the past 2 years. have been offered。根据后文“over the past 2 years”可知用现在完成时，主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，用现在完成时的被动语态；as well as连接并列主语，谓语动词应根据其前面部分主语的人称和数来确定，主语“Large quantities of+不可数名词”是复数意义，助动词用have。故答案是have been offered。 七.过去完成时的被动语态 主动句：They had built fifteen bridges by 2007.截至2007年，他们已经建成了15座大桥。 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 被动句： （肯定句）Fifteen bridges had been built (by them) by 2007. 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 说明：by them和by 2007意思不同，by 2007是时间状语，不可以省略。 截至2007年，15座大桥已经（被他们）建立起来了。 （否定句）Fifteen bridges hadn’t been built by 2007. （疑问句）A:Had fifteen bridges been built by 2007? B:Yes,they had./No,they hadn’t. 1. In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones __________ (not invent) yet. hadn’t been invented。结合语境应用过去完成时表示“过去的过去”；又是被动含义。故答案是hadn’t been invented。 八.过去将来时的被动语态 主动句：Mother said she would punish the naughty boy this evening. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 母亲说她今晚将惩罚那个淘气的男孩。 说明：本句是将宾语从句she would punish the naughty boy this evening变为被动语态。 被动句： （肯定句）Mother said the naughty boy would be punished this evening (by her). 主语 谓语 宾语 by+执行者 母亲说那个淘气的男孩今晚将被（她）惩罚。 （否定句）Mother said the naughty boy wouldn’t be punished this evening. 1. We went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it _____________ (decorate). was being decorated。结合语境表示该段时间内一直进行的动作---装修图书馆。故答案是was being decorated。 2.During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _____________(always warn) not to touch any unattended bag. were always being warned。always与过去进行时连用，表示过去某段时间内一直进行的动作（被频繁提醒）；又是被动含义。故答案是were always being warned。 九.将来完成时的被动语态 主动句：We shall/will have made ten thousand DVDs by the end of this month. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 截至这个月底，我们将生产出一万台DVD。 被动句： （肯定句）Ten thousand DVDs will have been made (by us) by the end of this month. 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 截至这个月底，一万台DVD将被（我们）生产出来。 （否定句）Ten thousand DVDs won’t have been made by the end of this month. （疑问句）A:Will ten thousand DVDs have been made by the end of this month? B:Yes,they will./No,they won’t. On the next birthday, Ann _____________ (marry) for twenty years. will have been married。On the next birthday暗示用将来时，结合语境“到明年生日，安妮将已经结婚20年”，be married表示“已婚”状态。故答案是will have been married。 十.过去将来完成时的被动语态 主动句：He said he would have learned many words by 2012. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 他说到2012年时他将要学会许多单词。 被动句：He said many words would have been learned (by him) by 2012. 主语 谓语 状语 他说到2012年时，许多单词将被（他）学会。 十一.不可用被动语态的时态 完成进行时态和将来进行时态一般都没有被动语态，如果要用这两种时态表达被动语态的意思，则可以用完成时态或一般时态。 1.完成进行时变为被动语态时，要用完成时表示 主动句：现在完成进行时 The builders have been building this skyscraper for two months. 主语 谓语 宾格 状语 建筑工人修建这幢摩天大楼已两个月了。 被动句：现在完成时 This skyscraper has been built for two months.这幢摩天大楼一直修建有两个月了。 主语 谓语 状语 注意：由于be，being和been三个词中的任何两个词都不可以用在一起，因此将来进行时（shall/will be doing）和各种完成进行时（have/has/had been doing，shall/will have been doing）的被动语态几乎是不能用的。 主动句：将来完成进行时 We will have been using this book for three years by next June. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 到明年6月，我们用这本书已经3年了。 被动句：将来完成时 The book will have been used for three years by next June. 主语 谓语 状语 到明年6月，这本书就用了3年了。 2.将来进行时变为被动语态时，要用一般将来时表示 主动句：将来进行时 You will be doing the experiment here at this time next Monday. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 下周一的这个时候，你将正在这儿做实验。 被动句：一般将来时 The experiment will be done here at this time next Monday. 主语 谓语 状语 这个实验下周一的这个时候将在这儿做。 十二.情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的句子变为被动语态时，在情态动词后面直接加上be动词即可。 其被动语态句型如下： 肯定句：主语+情态动词+be+过去分词…… 否定句：主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词…… 疑问句：情态动词+主语+be+过去分词……？ 主动句：We can design objects in 3D on the computer very easily. 我们可以非常方便地在电脑上设计三维物体。 被动句： （肯定句）Objects in 3D can be designed on the computer very easily. （否定句）Objects in 3D can’t be designed on the computer very easily. （疑问句）A:Can objects in 3D be designed on the computer very easily? B:Yes,they can./No,they can’t. 主动句：You must hand in your homework this afternoon. 今天下午你必须交作业。 被动句： （肯定句）Your homework must be handed in this afternoon. （否定句）Your homework needn’t be handed in this afternoon. （疑问句）A:Must my homework be handed in this afternoon? B:Yes,it must./No,it needn’t. 主动句：I have to do the job myself.我不得不自己做这份工作。 被动句： （肯定句）The job has to be done by myself. （否定句）The job hasn’t to be done by myself. （疑问句）A:Has the job to be done by myself? B:Yes,it has to./No,it hasn’t to. 注意：对这句话的回答不能写为：（误）B:Yes,it has.（误）B:No,it hasn’t. 主动句：All of us ought to obey the rule.我们所有的人都应该遵守这项制度。 被动句： （肯定句）The rule ought to be obeyed (by all of us). （否定句）The rule ought not be obeyed (by all of us). （疑问句）A:Ought the rule to be obeyed (by all of us)? B:Yes,it ought to./No,it oughtn’t to. 1.Bad customs and laws ought to ____________(abandon), since they are inappropriate for the development of the society. be abandoned。分析句子可知，ought to do为固定搭配，意为“应该做某事”，to后跟动词原形。且abandon与主语Bad customs and laws之间是动宾关系，应使用被动语态be abandoned。故答案是be abandoned。 十三.被动语态的使用场合 1.动作执行者不明显、不重要或不愿说出时 当不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或由于某些原因不愿意说出动作的执行者时，需要用被动语态。 The toy are intended for children aged six and up.那些玩具是为6岁及6岁以上的儿童设计的。 Nobody is allowed to enter the stadium without a ticket.没有票任何人都不允许进入体育馆。 Construction of the bridge was completed in 2007.这座桥于2007年建成。 Mike has been in the workshop for three years,he was taught all the skills of sculpture.迈克在这个作坊里呆了3年，他被传授了所有的雕刻技能。 Such sign can be seen in many places on freeway.在高速公路上许多地方都可以看到这样的标志。 When he was asked to have a rest,he always smiled and said,“Thank you,but I’m not tired.” 当人们请他休息的时候，他总是笑笑说：“我并不累，谢谢。” Mr.Hu is said to be very good at Spanish,but he is never heard to speak a word of it.据说胡先生西班牙语说得非常好，但从来没有人听他说过西班牙语。 It’s said there will be a basketball match this afternoon.据说今天下午有一场篮球赛。 It’s reported that scientists have completed studies into natural plastic.据报导科学家已经完成对天然塑胶的研究。 必背： 特殊的被动语态的固定句式 It is believed that...（大家相信） It has been decided that...（经决定） It is known that...（众所周知） It must be pointed out that...（必须指出） It is thought that...（大家认为） It is taken for granted that...（被视为理所当然的） It’s said that...（据说） It is reported that...（据报导） 2.突出或强调动作的承受者时 汉语句子中常常出现“被；为……所；受……”等表示被动的词语，这些词语主要用来突出或强调动作的承受者，此时需要用被动语态。 A bit of important information was stolen.一些重要的资料被盗了。 A new village for the athletes will be built to the east of London.一个为运动员建的新村将建在伦敦的东面。 With hard working,all the difficulties can be overcome.只要努力奋斗，所有的困难都能被克服。 Headsets and gloves will be offered to you in the cinema.在这家电影院，耳机和手套将会被提供给你们。 补充：“动词+双宾语”变为被动语态时，直接宾语和间接宾语均可用作被动句中的主语。故此句还可表达为：You will be offered headsets and gloves in the cinema. This matter was often talked about.这件事被多次谈到。 必背： 在“动词+介词”构成的搭配中，若介词的宾语成为被动句的主语（如上例中的matter）时，介词（如上例中的about）要保留在动词（如上例中的talk）之后。此类搭配还有： act on/upon（对……起作用） attend to（照料） break into（破门而入） deal with（应付） keep to（坚持） listen to（倾听） look after（照顾） see through（看穿） speak to（对……说话） 十四.被动语态和系表结构的区别 1.综述 被动语态和系表结构都由“be+过去分词”构成，所以在运用时应注意它们的区别。被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作。系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。 并非所有动词的过去分词都可以用作表语。在表示主语所处的状态或特点时，只有那些形容词特征显著的过去分词才能作表语。 以下是一些具有形容词特征的过去分词： amused（觉得有趣的） astonished（惊愕的） broken（坏了的） closed（关着的） completed（完成的） confused（迷惑的） crowded（拥挤的） delighted（高兴的） divorced（离了婚的） drunk（喝醉的） educated（受过教育的） excited（兴奋的，激动的） finished（完成的） frightened（害怕的） injured（受伤的） interested（感兴趣的） known（出名的） married（已婚的） painted（油漆了的） pleased（高兴的） retired（退休的） satisfied（满意的） shut（关闭的） surprised（惊讶的） tired（累的） worried（担心的） wounded（受伤的） 我们可以通过以下几种情况来判断句子是被动语态，还是系表结构。 2.根据状语来区别被动语态和系表结构 A.有时间状语和方式状语的，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。 The back is closed at 5:30 p.m.银行下午5：30关门。（表动作，因为有时间状语at 5:30 p.m.，是被动语态） The back is closed/shut.银行关门了。（表状态，是系表结构） The report was written with great care.那篇报告是非常用心地写出来的。（有方式状语with great care，是被动语态） The report is well written.那篇报告写得好。（表特点，是系表结构） B.句末有“by+名词/代词”时，句子为被动语态，其中的名词或代词就是被动句动作的执行者。反之，系表结构中不能跟“by+名词/代词”，但可与其他介词短语连用。 The problem was settled by the engineer.这个难题被这位工程师解决了。（有by+表示人的名词，所以是被动语态） He was surprised by the noise.吵闹声令他感到吃惊。（有by+抽象名词，所以是被动语态） Scott was much agitated by the news.斯科特听到消息后很焦虑。（有by+抽象名词，所以是被动语态） I am interested in baking bread.我对烤面包很感兴趣。（系表结构） 当有相应的形容词能说明状态时，不用分词而用形容词表示。 （正）The drawer is open.抽屉是开着的。（误）The drawer is opened. （正）The drawer is closed.抽屉是关着的。（误）The drawer is close. open可作形容词或动词。close作形容词只作“亲密的”讲，不表示“关着的”，只能用过去分词closed表示“关着的”。 3.根据时态来区别被动语态和系表结构 A.如果是被动语态的句子，它的时态一般要与它相应的主动语态的句子一致（即主动语态和被动语态互换时，保持原来的时态不变）。如果句子是系表结构，就不需要考虑时态是否一致。 The bowl is broken.这只碗是破的。（一般现在时的系表结构） →The bowl was broken by Allen.这只碗是艾伦打破的。（一般过去时的被动语态，表示动作） →Allen broke the bowl.艾伦打破了这只碗。（一般过去时的主动语态） B.一般情况下，系表结构只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时，不能用于其他时态。而被动语态除了不用于完成进行时和将来进行时外，可用于其他任何时态。 A new building is being built in our city.我们的城市正在盖一座新大楼。（时态为现在进行时，所以不可能是系表结构，而是被动语态。） The flowers will be planted next week.下周种花。（时态为一般将来时，所以是被动语态。） 4.根据动词的种类来区分被动语态和系表结构 A.不及物动词没有被动语态，除非它后面跟介词或副词，所以“be+不及物动词的过去分词”，一般不是被动语态，而是系表结构。 a.表示状态的动词 be gone消失了 be returned回来了 be risen升起了 be retired退休了 be fallen落下了 Our little dog is returned.我们的小狗回来了。 The moon is risen.月亮升起来了。 补充：有些动词的过去分词实际上已变成了形容词，常用作表语，表示状态。这些动词有gone，lost，known等。 b.表示智力活动结果的动词 be known有名的 be learned（有学问的，博学的） be educated（受过教育的） be mistaken弄错的 c.表示心情、感觉的动词 be ashamed觉得惭愧 be astonished觉得惊讶 be interested（有兴趣的） be excited兴奋的 You should be ashamed.你应该觉得羞愧。 Why are you so pleased?你为什么这么高兴？ B.大部分及物动词都有被动语态，所以“be+及物动词的过去分词”一般不表示系表结构，而是被动语态。 be admired受到崇拜 be encouraged受到鼓励，受到鼓舞 be loved被爱戴，被喜爱 be praised受到表扬 Napolon was admired by his soldiers.拿破仑被他的士兵所崇拜。 The cute girl is loved by all her friends.这个可爱的女孩受到她所有朋友的喜爱。 He was praised by his English teacher.他受到了他的英语老师的表扬。 例外：并非所有的及物动词都可用于被动语态，下列及物动词就不可用于被动语态： catch赶上 hold容纳 kill(time)消磨（时光） lack缺少 meet遇见 suit/fit适合 （正）The moon can hold about twenty people.这个房间可以容纳约20个人。 （误）About twenty people can be held by the room. 5.学习被动语态的注意事项 1.主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况 1.当宾语是反身代词或相互代词时 He made himself a cup of coffee.他给自己煮了杯咖啡。 They help each other.他们互相帮助。 2.当谓语动词是表示状态的及物动词时 The salary can last him only a week.这工资只能维持他一周的生活。 Does the pair of shoes suit you?这双鞋子适合你吗？ You should possess courage.你应该有勇气。 3.当宾语是不定式或动名词时 We all want to be teachers.我们都想当老师。 They enjoy playing cards in the evening.他们喜欢晚上玩牌。 4.当某些动词表示状态或结果时 The newcomer smiled his thanks.新来的人微笑表示感谢。 The milk tastes slightly sour.这牛奶味道有点儿酸了。 They remained good friends even though they entered different high schools. 他们虽进入不同的高中就读，但仍保持很好的朋友关系。 补充：表示状态或结果的动词：smile（以微笑表示，微笑着说），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），look（看起来），seem（似乎），remain（仍然是），prove（证明），appear（显得），fall（掉落） 5.当宾语表示数量、重量、大小、程度时 The jade weights one ton.这块玉石重一吨。 The coat cost fifty dollars in all.这件外套花了50美元。 6.不能变为被动语态的句型 句型“主语+have/get+宾语+过去分词”不能变为被动语态，因其本身具有被动含义。 （正）I had my tooth pulled yesterday.昨天我拔了一颗牙。/昨天我的一颗牙被拔了。 （暗指牙是被别人拔的） （误）I had my tooth to be pulled yesterday. 重要：由“动词+名词”构成的不可分割的动词短语也不能变为被动语态，如： keep one’s word履行诺言 lost heart灰心 make a face做鬼脸 2.主动语态表示被动含义的用法 1.主动语态表示被动含义的几个固定句型 句型：be worth+doing sth. The novel is well worth reading.这篇小说很值得一读。 句型：have/get+sth./sb.+过去分词 have作使役动词，没有被动语态，但是可以用“have+宾语+过去分词”表示“被动经验”和“使役”。还需注意get与have的区别，get是出自本身的意愿，而have则是出于无奈或自愿。 I will have/get my bike repaired.我去修自行车。（表示出于自愿，所以have和get都可以用。） I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。（表示出于无奈，只可用had，不可以用got。） 句型：主语+want/nee/require+doing 这个句型相当于“主语+want/need/require+to be done”。 The baby wants/needs/requires examining.这个婴儿需要体检。 （这句话还可以表述为The baby wants/needs/requires to be examined.） The room needs/wants/requires cleaning.这间屋子需要打扫。 （这句话还可以表述为The room needs/wants/requires to be cleaned.） The machine wants/needs/requires repairing.这台机器需要修理。 （这句话还可以表述为The machine wants/needs/requires to be repaired.） 句型：be+under/in+抽象名词 The car is under/in repair.那辆车正在被修理。（这句话还可以表述为The car is being repaired now.） This kind of computer is in use.这种类型的计算机正在被使用。（这句话还可以表述为This kind o computer is being used.） 2.用主动形式表示被动含义的常用不及物动词 以下是一些用主动形式表示被动含义的动词。 clean（清洁） break（折断） burn（烧） cook（烹饪） cut（切） drive（驾驶） feel（摸起来） keep（保持） last（持续） lock（锁） photograph（呈现在照片上） pull（拉） read（读） sell（卖） strike（打） tear（撕碎） translate（翻译） wash（洗） wear（穿） write（写） 这些动词作谓语时句子的主语一般是物，而且这些动词常和表示行为方式的状语连用，如well，easily等。 Potatoes cook slowly.马铃薯煮起来很慢。 The door doesn’t lock.这门锁不上。 The silk feels very soft.丝绸摸起来很滑。 This kind of printer sells well in Beijing.这种打印机在北京卖得好。 The cloth washes well.这种布耐洗。 The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来顺畅。 比较：含这类动词的句子也可以写成被动语态的句子，但含义不同。主动语态的句子表示现状，被动语态的句子则侧重于某一动作的发生。 This essay doesn’t translate well.这篇文章不好译。（指这篇文章本身不好翻译。） This essay was not translated well.这篇文章译得不好。（指出文章译得不好，而不管文章本身是否好译。） 3.用主动形式表示被动含义的一些不定式 A.there be句型中的主语后跟不定式修饰时 There is a lot of housework to do at weekend.周末有许多家务要做。 B.不定式修饰have等动词的宾语，而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时 I have many things to do.我有许多工作要做。 C.easy，hard，difficult等性质形容词后跟不定式与句子的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系时 （正）The maths problem is difficult to work out.这道数学题很难算出来。 （误）The maths problem is hard to be worked out. D.不定式修饰buy，get，give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时 （正）His mother bought him a bike to ride.他妈妈给他买了一辆自行车骑。 （误）His mother bought him a bike to be ridden. 4.少数动词的进行时有时有被动的含义 His works are printing.他的著作正在印刷中。 补充：work这个单词可以用复数形式works来表示“（文学、艺术的）作品，著作”。 Our new school houses are building.我们的新校舍正在修建中。 Common Mistakes（注意！失分陷阱！） 基础题 一．语法填空 In different countries and cultures around the world, free time 1.　　　　　(spend) in different ways.   Several years ago, some surveys of how people spent their free time 2.　　　　　(make) by some researchers. The results showed that reading was the most popular activity in the United States, followed by watching TV. In the UK, watching TV and videos was the most popular, and listening to the radio came second. For Japanese, eating out was their favourite activity in their free time. And they also like driving around.   There were also differences in what people liked to do outdoors among the three countries. The most popular outdoor activity for Americans was gardening while in Japan it only came ninth. For British people, going to the pub was their first choice, followed by visiting the cinema. Though some similar things may 3.　　　　　(do) by people around the world in their free time, their interests are changing. In the US, for example, the interest in computer activities is increasing. More people are spending their free time going online, or playing video games. As reading becomes much easier on the Internet, online reading 4.　　　　　(like) by more and more people in the future.   语篇解读　本文介绍了在不同的国家和不同的文化背景下,人们度过闲暇时光的不同的方式。 1.is spent　分析句子可知,free time和spend之间存在被动关系。又因此处表达的是人们日常度过闲暇时间的方式,所以此处要用一般现在时的被动语态。time为不可数名词,be 动词用is。故填is spent。 2.were made　分析句子可知,some surveys和make之间存在被动关系。根据时间状语Several years ago可知,此处要用一般过去时的被动语态。surveys为复数,be 动词用were。故填were made。 3.be done　分析句子可知,此处表示一些相似的事情被人们做,some similar things和do之间存在被动关系。may为情态动词,be动词保持原形不变。故填be done。 4.will be liked　分析句子可知,online reading和like之间存在被动关系。根据句末的时间状语in the future可知,要用一般将来时的被动语态。故填will be liked。 二.语篇填空 The Dragon Dance is a form of traditional dance in Chinese culture. It 1.　　　　　(spread) all over China and to the whole world so far.  Traditionally， dragons 2.　　　　　(make) of wood. However， in modern times， dragons 3.　　　　　(be) much lighter because they are made of lighter materials like plastics. The length of dragons can be from 25 to 35 meters for acrobatic(杂技的) models， and up to 50 to 70 meters for the larger parade(游行) styles because people believe that the longer the dragon is， the more luck it4.　　　　　 (bring) to the community. A small organization cannot run a very long dragon because it 5.　　　　　(require) great human power， much money and special skills.  The Dragon Dance itself 6.　　　　　(begin) during the Han Dynasty. And it 7.　　　　　(start) by the Chinese who had shown great respect for the dragon. It was already a popular event during the Song Dynasty.  At that time， it 8.　　　　　(become) a popular activity like the Lion Dance. People could often see it during some important festivals. In the Qing Dynasty， the Dragon Dance Team of Fuzhou 9.　　　　　(invite) to put on a show in Beijing. And the emperor 10.　　　　　(speak) highly of it.  1.has spread　考查现在完成时。根据时间状语so far可知，此句应用现在完成时，主语It指Dragon Dance，此处指舞龙已经遍及了中国乃至全世界，故填has spread。 2.were made　考查一般过去时的被动语态。be made of指“由……制成”。根据Traditionally和下文in modern times可知，此处时态为一般过去时，且主语为dragons，故填were made。 3.are　考查一般现在时。根据时间状语in modern times可知，此空用一般现在时，故填are。 4.will bring　考查一般将来时。此句中the longer the dragon is相当于if the dragon is longer的用法，故the more luck it...用一般将来时，此处指人们相信龙越长，它就会带来越多的好运。故填will bring。 5.requires　考查一般现在时。根据语境及cannot run可知，时态为一般现在时，且从句主语是it，故填requires。 6.began　考查一般过去时。根据during the Han Dynasty可知，此处用一般过去时，故填began。 7.was started　考查一般过去时的被动语态。根据by the Chinese who had shown great respect for the dragon可知此处用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为it，故填was started。 8.became　考查一般过去时。根据时间状语At that time可知，此处用一般过去时，故填became。 9.was invited　考查一般过去时的被动语态。根据时间状语In the Qing Dynasty可知，此句用一般过去时，福州舞龙队是被邀去北京表演，故填was invited。 10.spoke　考查一般过去时。根据语境可知，此句时态为一般过去时，故填spoke。speak highly of...高度评价……。 提高题 一．单句语法填空 1．Right now more than 9，800 companies are providing such services, of which over 1，800 ________ (establish) last year. were established　动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。over 1，800 (companies)与动词establish之间为被动关系，且前者表示复数概念，又根据后面的时间状语last year可知此处应用一般过去时。故填were established。 2．Nowadays, tofu ________ (serve) in a modern way. In many fine dining restaurants, the tasting menu is designed around its textures. is served　动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语Nowadays并结合句意可知，此处陈述的是现在的情况，应用一般现在时；句子的主语tofu与serve之间为被动关系，应用被动语态；因为主语tofu为不可数名词，谓语动词应用单数形式。故填is served。 3．The concept ________ (spread) into the worlds of music, dance and TV dramas so far. has been spread　考查时态和语态。分析句子可知，空格处为句子的谓语，根据时间状语so far可知，此处时态用现在完成时，由句意可知，动词spread与主语the concept之间为被动关系，故填has been spread。 4．The exam questions should focus on basic knowledge and skills, and the number of questions focusing on rote (死记硬背的) learning should ________ (reduce), the notice said. be reduced　考查被动语态。句意：考试题目要集中在基础知识和技能上，减少死记硬背的题目数量。分析句子结构可知，主语questions与谓语动词reduce之间是逻辑上的被动关系，应用被动语态，且情态动词should后接动词原形，故填be reduced。 5.It ___________ (design) to respond in a natural, intuitive way and has numerous potential uses. is designed 考查动词时态和语态。句意：它被设计成以一种自然、直观的方式做出反应，并具有许多潜在的用途。陈述可知事实，用一般现在时。主语It为单数，与design之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填is designed。 6.The performance The Journey of a Legendary Landscape Painting, a high-tech exploration of an ancient Chinese blue-and-green landscape painting, ___________ (broadcast) during CCTV’s 2022 Spring Festival Gala. was broadcast/was broadcasted 考查动词时态和语态。句意：《传奇山水画之旅》这一高科技探索中国古代青绿山水画的节目在2022年央视春晚期间播出。分析句子可知，空格处为句子的谓语，根据时间状语 during CCTV’s 2022 Spring Festival Gala(在2022年央视春晚期间)可知，时态用一般过去时，由句意可知，动词broadcast与主语The performance之间为被动关系，应用一般过去时的被动式was/were done，主语The performance为单数，be动词用was，broadcast的过去分词为broadcast和broadcasted。故填was broadcast或was broadcasted。 7.From dancers waving long green sticks like freshly sprouting grass to six ice hockey players slapping pucks (冰球) toward the Olympic rings, the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games ___________ (intend) to represent unity and a new beginning. was intended 考查时态和主谓一致。句意：从舞蹈演员挥舞着绿色的长棍，就像刚发芽的小草，到六名冰球运动员向奥运五环击掌，北京2022年冬季奥运会的开幕式象征着团结和新的开始。固定短语be intended to意图，是用来……，陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。主语是the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games，所以谓语动词用单数形式。故填was intended。 8.Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that ___________ (make) up of 17 syllables (音节). And of course there are Tang poems from China which you may enjoy in particular. is made 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：俳句是日本的一种诗歌形式，由17个音节组成。分析句子结构可知，that引导定语从句，从句作主语，指代 a Japanese form of poetry，make是从句谓语动词，此处为客观陈述且a Japanese form of poetry与make之间为被动语态，所以应用一般现在时的被动语态，且 9.Their initial training ___________ (follow) by eight hours of nighttime sleep or wakefulness or daytime wakefulness. was followed 考查动词时态和语态。句意：他们最初的训练之后是8小时的夜间睡眠或清醒或白天清醒。陈述过去事情，用一般过去时。主语training与follow之间为被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填was followed。 10.Actually, Bing Dwen Dwen ___________ (select) to be the mascot of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics in 2019 from more than 5,800 entries submitted from 35 countries. was selected 考查时态语态。句意：事实上，“冰墩墩”从35个国家提交的5800多份参赛作品中被选为2019年北京2022年冬奥会的吉祥物。主语与谓语构成被动关系，描述过去发生的动作故用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为Bing Dwen Dwen，谓语用单数。故填was selected。 11.On Dec 9, 2021, the first lecture in the “Tiangong Class” ___________ (give) by the Shenzhou-13 astronauts to a total of 1,420 students from five classrooms across China via live video streaming, which is designed to encourage young people to develop their interest in manned space night and exploration. was given 考查动词时态和语态。句意：2021年12月9日，神舟13号航天员“天宫班”首次通过直播视频向来自全国5个教室的1420名学生进行讲座，旨在鼓励年轻人培养对载人航天之夜和探索的兴趣。时间状语是 On Dec 9, 2021，用一般过去时，“讲座”和“给(give)”是被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语the first lecture单数，谓语单数形式。故填was given。 12.The buildings in the Old Town of Dali ___________ (create) at the end of the 14th century. were created 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：大理古城的建筑建于14世纪末。此处缺乏谓语，结合时间状语at the end of the 14th century，主语The buildings和谓语动词create是被动关系，用一般过去时的被动语态，主语The buildings复数，谓语复数形式。故填were created。 13.It ___________ (build) during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. was built 考查动词时态和语态。句意：它建于春秋战国时期。分析句子，设空处应该使用动词作谓语。句子表述过去事实故使用一般过去时。同时it与build之间是被动关系，故使用一般过去时被动语态。故填was built。 14.Yet, despite global water usage already increasing threefold (三倍) over the last fifty years, it ___________ (predict) that there will be a further 60%-100% increase in water usage by 2050. is predicted 考查动词时态和语态。句意：然而，尽管全球用水量在过去五十年中已经增长了三倍，但据预测，到2050年，全球用水量将进一步增长60%-100%。分析句子成分可知，it作形式主语，代后面的从句。从句中提到的内容和predict“预测”是动宾关系，即被动；根据全文可知，时态为一般现在时。故填is predicted。 15.To survive the frequent floods and other natural disasters, wood ___________ (prefer) for most architectural structures in ancient China. was preferred 考查动词时态语态。句意：为了在频繁的洪水和其他自然灾害中幸存下来，中国古代的大多数建筑结构首选木材。根据后文in ancient China可知应用一般过去时，且主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，故应用一般过去时的被动语态，主语为wood，谓语动词用单数。故填was preferred。 16.A comics exhibition ___________ (launch) in Sydney on Wednesday, offering glimpses of the city of Chengdu, capital of southwest China’s Sichuan Province, and the Chinese animation industry. was launched 考查动词时态和语态。句意：周三，一场漫画展在悉尼开幕，让人们得以一睹中国西南部四川省省会成都市和中国动漫产业的风采。主语与谓语构成被动关系，根据后文on Wednesday可知为一般过去时的被动语态，谓语用单数。故填was launched。 17.This marks the first time that categorical rhythm ___________ (find) in a nonhuman mammal. has been found 考查时态和语态。句意：这标志着分类节律首次在非人类哺乳动物中被发现。the first time后面的从句，使用完成时，由marks可知，应用现在完成时，find与categorical rhythm是逻辑动宾关系，应用现在完成时的被动语态，从句主语categorical rhythm单数，从句谓语单数形式。故填has been found。 18.Both the feast and praying for descendants (后代) by the river ___________ (add) in the Han Dynasty. were added 考查时态和语态。句意：在汉代，又增加了在河边举行盛宴和为后代祈福的活动。根据“in the Han Dynasty”可知，要用一般过去时；由于Both the feast and praying是主语，并且和谓语add是被动关系，因此要用一般过去时的被动语态。故填were added。 19.These 3000-year-old symbols, jiaguwen, ___________ (carve) on turtle shells or bones of animals, and can give us insight into how ancient Chinese saw the world around them and into their great creativity. were carved 考查动词时态和语态。句意：这些有三千年历史的符号，甲骨文，刻在甲壳或动物的骨头上，可以让我们了解古人如何看待周围的世界，以及他们伟大的创造力。根据句意以及上文的“These 3000-year-old symbols”可知，这些文字是在3000年前雕刻，属于过去发生的事实要用一般过去时。主语These 3000-year-old symbols是复数，且与动词carve是被动关系。故填were carved。 20.The mascot design for Bing Dwen Dwen ___________ (choose) from over 5,800 submissions from China and 35 countries around the world after a global competition arranged by the Beijing 2022 Organizing Committee kicked off. was chosen 考查时态和语态。句意：在北京2022年奥组委组织的全球竞赛拉开帷幕后，冰墩墩的吉祥物设计是从来自中国和全球35个国家的5800多份参赛作品中选出的。分析句子成分可知，此处为谓语动词。主语The mascot design和动词choose之间形成动宾关系，且为过去发生的事实，故一般过去时的被动。故填was chosen。 21.She came from a humble background and ___________ (force) to choose the cheapest school available in the region. was forced 考查时态和语态。句意：她出身卑微，被迫选择该地区最便宜的学校。分析句子可知，and连接两个并列成分，空处为句子的谓语，由前面的came可知，应用一般过去时，主语She与force之间是被动关系，因此应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was forced。 22.The main problem is that not all Chinese characters ___________ (code) into computer systems. have been coded 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：主要的问题是，并不是所有的汉字都被编码进了计算机系统。结合句意可知，此处表示过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，用现在完成时，且主语characters和动词code之间是被动关系，故用现在完成时的被动语态，主语是名词复数，助动词用have，故填have been coded。 23.My passion ___________ (arouse) by those passengers, so I took my children to the museum too. I never knew why it had such great charm until I got there. was aroused 考查动词时态语态和主谓一致。句意：那些乘客激起了我的热情，所以我也带着我的孩子们去了博物馆。分析句子可知，arouse是谓语动词，与主语my passion是被动关系，根据下文的took可知，此处描述过去发生的事情，用一般过去时，主语my passion是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数，故填was aroused。 24.The medals are inspired by yu bi, a Chinese jade artifact dating back 5,000 years. A total of five of this kind of jade ___________ (unearth) from a tomb up to now. have been unearthed 考查动词时态和语态。句意：迄今为止，该墓共出土了五件此类玉石。根据时间状语up to now可知，该句是现在完成时，且主语five of this kind of jade和动词unearth之间形成动宾关系，所以是现在完成时的被动，故填have been unearthed。 25.The bridge ___________ (call) the Bach Long suspension bridge. It means “White Dragon” in Vietnamese. is called 考查动词时态和语态。句意：这座桥被称为巴克隆悬索桥。陈述客观情况，用一般现在时，call与主语The bridge之间为动宾关系，应用被动语态，助动词用is。故填is called。 26.When Zhang Han set foot inside Liangzhu Museum, the 10-year-old embarked on a tour that took him back more than 5,000 years. Wearing the smart glasses, Zhang ___________ (present) with virtual images of relics. was presented 考查动词时态和语态。句意：戴着智能眼镜，张看到了文物的虚拟图像。分析句子结构可知，空处为句子的谓语动词。根据语境可知，句子为一般过去时态，主语和谓语之间为被动关系，故空处为一般过去时态的被动语态，主语为单数。故填was presented。 27.With the Chinese government further encouraging consumer willingness to spend, economic recovery and growth ___________ (expect) to continue in the foreseeable future. are expected 考查动词时态和语态。句意：随着中国政府进一步鼓励消费者的消费意愿，在可预见的未来，中国经济有望继续复苏和增长。短语be expected to do sth.表示“有望……”，陈述客观事实用一般现在时，主语为economic recovery and growth，谓语用复数。故填are expected。 28.Some students ___________ (ask) to cooperate with parents to decorate their homes with New Year paintings. were asked 考查动词的时态和语态。句意：一些学生被要求与家长合作，用新年绘画装饰他们的家。分析句子可知，空格处应填入谓语动词。根据上文 assigned可知，此处应用一般过去时态。主语Some students与动词ask是逻辑上的动宾关系，故用被动语态。故填were asked。 29.The crosstalk realizes its artistic presentation by means of imitation, talking, teasing, and singing. The jokes ___________ (hide) in the baofu, or “package”. are hidden 考查动词时态和语态。句意：这些笑话都藏在“包袱”里。主语与谓语构成被动关系，且陈述客观事实，所以用一般现在时的被动语态，主语为jokes，谓语用复数。故填are hidden。 30.Millions of readers ___________ (inspire) by Nolan’s bittersweet story ever since. have been inspired 考查动词时态和语态。句意：数以百万计的读者受到诺兰苦乐参半的故事的鼓舞。分析句子可知，本句的主语Millions of readers 与动词inspire 二者是被动关系，即读者被激励。根据时间状语“ever since”可知，要用现在完成时，故填have been inspired。 31.To date, China’s high-speed rail products and technology ___________ ( export) to nearly 100 countries and regions on six continents. have been exported 考查动词时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：迄今为止，中国的高铁产品和技术已经出口到六大洲的近100个国家和地区。分析此处缺少谓语动词，和主语构成被动语态，又根据To date（到目前为止）这个时间状语可知，该空应该用现在完成时的被动语态。主语为“China's high-speed rail products and technology”，助动词用have。故填have been exported。 32.“AllotMe ___________ (found) as interest in garden space in cities increased during the pandemic, but with highly limited supply,” says Conor. was founded 考查时态、语态和主谓一致。句意：AllotMe的成立是因为在流行病大流行期间人们对城市花园空间的兴趣增加，但供应非常有限。事情发生在过去，应该一般过去时；AllotMe与found之间是被动关系，应用被动语态，且主语AllotMe是第三人称单数，谓语动词用单数；故填was founded。 33.For more than a thousand years, goods ___________ (transport) along the Grand Canal. Even today the country’s watery highway plays an important economic role in China. have been transported 考查动词时态和语态。句意：1000多年来，货物被沿着大运河运输。空格处在作谓语，根据时间状语For more than a thousand years可知，应用现在完成时，主语goods和transport是动宾关系，应用现在完成时的被动语态。故填have been transported。 34.It is reported that the two coastal cities ___________ (identify) as the most suitable in the last conference due to their strong economic activities. were identified 考查动词时态和语态。句意：据悉，这两个沿海城市因其强劲的经济活动，在上次会议上被确定为最合适的城市。主语与谓语构成被动关系，结合语境可知过去发生的事情为一般过去时的被动语态，主语为cities，谓语用复数。故填were identified。 35.Since the Ming Dynasty, being able to write couplets ___________ (regard) as a mark of the cultured life of scholars. has been regarded 考查主谓一致、动词时态和语态。句意：自明代以来，能写对联就被视为文人有修养的标志。分析句子，本句的主语为动名词短语being able to write couplets，所以谓语应用单数形式，且主语和regard之间是动宾关系，应用被动语态。根据句中的时间状语Since the Ming Dynasty，这里应用现在完成时。故填has been regarded。 36.With their exquisite beauty, flavor and color, pomegranates never fail to attract people and ___________ (cherish) for centuries also for their health benefits and anti-aging benefits. have been cherished 考查现在完成时的被动语态。句意：石榴以其精致的美丽、风味和颜色吸引着人们。几个世纪以来也因其有益健康和抗衰老而受到珍视。主语pomegranates与cherish是动宾关系，故用被动语态。根据时间状语for centuries及句意可知，此处表示石榴从过去到现在一直被珍视，还将被人们珍视下去，时态应用现在完成时。结合时态，此处应用现在完成时的被动语态(have/has been done)。主语pomegranates是复数，助动词用have，故填have been cherished。 37.The concept ___________ (spread) into the worlds of music, dance and TV dramas so far. has been spread 考查动词时态和语态。句意：到目前为止，这个概念已经被传播到音乐、舞蹈和电视剧中。分析句子可知，空格处为句子的谓语，根据时间状语so far可知，此处时态用现在完成时，由句意可知，动词spread与主语the concept之间为被动关系，此处谓语动词用现在完成时的被动式have/has been done，主语the concept为单数，助动词用has，故填has been spread。 二．语段填空 (用所给动词的适当形式填空) The first zoo 1.________(establish) around 3，500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2.________(build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals. Some of the early European zoos 3.________(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4.________(replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5.________(keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6.________(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7.________(try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos 8.________(save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat. Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9.________(watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs 10.________ (play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now. 1.was established　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据时间状语“around 3，500 years ago”可知是过去时态，主语“The first zoo”和谓语动词establish之间是被动关系，且主语是the first zoo，谓语用单数，故填 was established。 2.built　考查谓语动词的时态。句中“Five hundred years later”是过去的时间状语，谓语需要用过去式，故填 built。 3.consisted　考查谓语动词的时态。根据上下文可知，此处描述过去的情况，谓语动词用过去式，故填 consisted。 4.were replaced　考查谓语动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。主语“the zoos”和谓语动词replace之间为被动关系，并且是描述过去发生的事，且主语是the zoos，谓语用复数，故填were replaced。 5.(were) kept　考查谓语动词的时态和语态。animals与keep之间为被动关系且描述过去的情况，故用一般过去时的被动语态，此处是并列谓语，前面已有be动词were，故可以省略were，故填(were) kept。 6.understood　考查谓语动词的时态。“As early as the 1940s”是过去的时间状语，谓语要用过去式，故填 understood。 7.have tried/have been trying　考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。时间状语为“Since then”，谓语常用现在完成时，此处也可用现在完成进行时表示动作一直持续进行，且主语是zoos，谓语用复数，故填have tried/have been trying。 8.to save　考查非谓语动词。rely on sb.to do sth.依靠某人做某事，故填to save。 9.(are) watched　考查谓语动词的时态。 主语animals和谓语动词watch之间是被动关系，且此处与and前面的are fed...为并列关系，故填(are) watched。 10.are playing　考查谓语动词的时态和主谓一致。由时间状语now可知，此处应该使用现在进行时，且主语programs是复数，故填are playing。 Cockatoos(凤头鹦鹉)are large, white birds. They're common in western Australia. Usually they live in wooded areas. But as forests have been cut down, cockatoos have gotten used to living near people. Last year, scientists reported that cockatoos had learned how to open the lids(盖子)on rubbish bins. That's not an easy job. The cockatoos must lift the heavy lid with their beaks(喙) and then walk along, pushing the lid up until it falls over. Cockatoos open the lids to find food. But they can also make a big mess, which makes the people who own the bins annoyed. Interestingly, when scientists first began studying the cockatoos in 2018, only three areas near Sydney had lid-opening cockatoos. A year and a half later， cockatoos in 44 different areas knew the trick. This showed the birds were teaching other cockatoos how to do the same thing. In a recent study, many people were taking steps to keep cockatoos out of their bins. The most common way of protecting the bins was putting heavy objects on the lids. The scientists discovered that the humans were teaching each other tricks, too. In most neighborhoods, many people used the same cockatoo-stopping methods as their neighbors. It's like a race between humans and cockatoos to learn new ways of doing things. Now many cockatoos have learned how to push heavy objects off of the bins. As a result, humans have thought out ways to tie the lids to the top of their bins. The scientists describe the situation as a human-wildlife battle(战斗)”.They expect these “battles” to become more common as humans take over more areas that used to be wild. 1.According to the passage, which word can best describe cockatoos? A. Noisy. B. Intelligent C. Graceful D. Friendly. 2.The underlined word“ annoyed ” in Paragraph 3 probably means“____”in Chinese. A.生气的 B.满意的 C.伤心的 D.自信的 3. The writer develops Paragraph 4 by_____. A. By telling two stories B. By comparing two facts C. By raising a question D. By giving an example 4.From the passage, we can learn that many people____. A. tried to catch the cockatoos B. began to use bins without lids C. didn't care what the cockatoos did D. made the lids on their bins hard to open 5.What can be the best title for the passage? A. Cockatoos live on rubbish B. Ways to protect wild cockatoos C. Cockatoos and humans fight over rubbish bins D. Reasons why cockatoos like to get close to humans 长难句分析 原句：（文章最后一句）They expect these“ battles" to become more common as humans take over more areas that used to be wild. 译文：他们预计，随着人类接管更多曾是野生的地区，这些“战斗”将变得更加普遍。 分析：本句是一个复合句。as引导时间状语从句；在该从句中，that used to be wild为that 引导的定语从句，修饰先行词more areas。 译文 凤头鹦鹉是一种体型很大的白色鸟类。这种鸟在西澳大利亚很常见。它们通常生活在林区。但是随着森林被砍伐，凤头鹦鹉已经习惯了在人类附近生活。 去年，科学家报告说，凤头鹦鹉已经学会了如何打开垃圾桶的盖子。这可不是件容易的事。凤头鹦鹉必须用喙把沉重的盖子掀起来，然后边走边把盖子掀起来，直到盖子倒下去。 凤头鹦鹉打开盖子是为了寻找食物。但是它们也会把垃圾桶弄得一团糟，这让垃圾桶的主人很恼火。 有趣的是，当科学家在2018年开始研究凤头鹦鹉时，悉尼附近只有三个地区有能打开垃圾桶盖的凤头鹦鹉。一年半以后，44个不同地区的凤头鹦鹉都学会了这个诀窍。这表明这些凤头鹦鹉在教其他凤头鹦鹉如何掀开垃圾桶盖子。 在最近的一项研究中，人们正在采取措施阻止凤头鹦鹉打开他们的垃圾桶盖子。人们保护垃圾桶最常见的方法是在盖子上放重物。 科学家们发现，人类也在互相传授方法。在大多数社区，许多人和他们的邻居使用的方法是相同的。 这就像是人类和凤头鹦鹉就学习新办法而展开的一场比赛。现在许多凤头鹦鹅已经学会了如何把重物从箱子上推下去。因此，人类又想出办法把盖子和垃圾桶系在一起。 科学家们把这种情况称为“人类与野生动物之战”。他们预计，随着人类接管更多曾经是野生动物栖息地的地区，这些“战争”将变得更加普遍。 答案详析 1.B推理判断题。根据第二段中的“The cockatoos must lift the heavy lid with their beaks and then walk along,pushing the lid up until it falls over.”和第四段中的“This showed the birds were teaching other cockatoos how to do the same thing.”可知，凤头鹦鹉会用喙掀起垃圾桶的盖子并且还教会其他凤头鹦鹉如何去掀盖子，由此推断，凤头鹦鹉非常聪明。 2.A 词义猜测题。根据第三段中的“Cockatoos open the lids to find food. But they can also make a big mess...”可知，凤头鹦鹉打开垃圾桶盖子寻找食物时,会弄得一团糟；再根据第五段中的“many people were taking steps to keep cockatoos out of their bins”可知，很多人正在采取措施让凤头鹦鹉远离他们的垃圾桶。由此可推知,凤头鹦鹉打开垃圾桶盖子翻垃圾桶的行为让人们很恼怒。annoyed 意为“恼怒的”。 3.B 推理判断题。通读第四段可知，科学家们在2018年第一次研究凤头鹦鹉时，悉尼附近只有三个地区有能打开盖子的凤头鹦鹉。而一年半后，44个不同地区的凤头鹦鹉知道了这个诀窍。由此可知，该段通过两次研究，对比了不同时间会打开盖子的凤头鹦鹉的数量，故第四段是通过对比两件事实来展开的。 4.D细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The most common way of protecting the bins was putting heavy objects on the lids.”可知，人们保护垃圾桶最常见的方法是在盖子上放重物，由此可知，其目的是使盖子难以打开。故D项符合题意。 5.C 主旨大意题。通读全文可知，凤头鹦鹉会打开垃圾桶的盖子来寻找食物，而人们则要想办法阻止它们这样做。由此可知，凤头鹦鹉与人类之间展开了一场关于垃圾桶的“争夺战”。故C项“凤头鹦鹉与人类争夺垃圾桶”最适合作文章标题。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 衔接点07 被动语态（初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 主要学习一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、含有情态动词用法 高中要求 一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、过去将来时、过去将来完成时、将来进行时、各种完成进行时的被动语态 【初中被动语态考点聚焦】 时态 被动语态结构 例句 一般现在时 am/is/are+done The classroom is cleaned every day. 一般过去时 was/were+done The kite was made by him. 一般将来时 will/shall be+done或者am/is/are + going to be +done Trees will be planted tomorrow. 含有情态动词 情态动词+be+done Anything here can't be touched. 1.Sand turns to glass when it 　　　by lightning.  A.hits　　　　 B.is hit C.is hitting　　　　 D.will be hit 2.Now teenagers 　　　to do voluntary work for their local communities.  A.are encouraged　 B.were encouraged C.have encouraged　 D.are encouraging 3.Luckily， many traditional art forms like Wuxi Opera 　　　　　(pass) on and stay alive.  4.—I hear that you took part in a forest clean⁃up activity last Sunday. —Yes， it 　　　by our school green club to protect forests.  A.organizes　　　　 B.organized C.was organized　　 D.will be organized 5.It’s a long time! I can’t remember when this picture 　　　in Jinshan Park.  A.was taken　　　　 B.takes　　　　 C.is taken　　　　 D.took 6.To make the environment much better， more trees 　　　next year.  A.plant　　　　 B.will plant C.are planted　　　　 D.will be planted 7.—How exciting! The 19th Asian Games 　　　in Hangzhou in September 2023.  —Yes， I can’t wait to watch the Games. A.holds　　　　 B.is holding C.was held　　　　 D.will be held 8.The plan they paid much attention to 　　　　　(discuss) at tomorrow’s meeting.  9.During the Tang dynasty(唐朝), nearly everything produced in the world 　　　 on the streets of Chang'an.   A.is found　　　 B.has been found C.will be found　　　 D.could be found 10.A lot of teenagers think as they are older and wiser, they　　　to make their own decisions.  A.should allow　　 B.shouldn’t allow C.should be allowed　 D.shouldn’t be allowed 【高中名词考点聚焦】 考纲解读 语态是动词的一种形式，用来表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态——主动语态和被动语态。在主动语态中，主语是动作的执行者；在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者。主动语态变为被动语态时，谓语部分要做相应的变化。 考点清单 被动语态 典型例句：主动句 1.The slaves built the Great Pyramids long time ago.奴隶们在很久以前修建了大金字塔。 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 典型例句：被动句 2.The Great Pyramids were built (by the slaves) long time ago. 主语（原宾语） 谓语（形式变化） by+执行者（原主语） 状语（不变） 大金字塔在很久以前被（奴隶们）修建。 1.主动语态转换为被动语态 如果想熟练地将主动句转换为被动句，首先必须了解主动句的结构，清楚句子的成分，然后遵循下列步骤进行转换。 ①原主动语态中的宾语→转换为被动语态的主语 ②原主动语态中的动词→改为被动形式，即“be+过去分词” 说明：第一步容易出错，要特别注意。这时be动词的人称和数要随着新的主语（原主动句中的宾语）而变。在第二步中，be动词的时态要与原来主动句的时态保持一致。be动词后面的过去分词就是原来主动句中的动词的过去分词。 ③原主动语态中的主语→如果需要，就放在by后面 原主动语态中的主语，如有需要，就放在by后面，以宾格形式出现以指明动作的执行者（因为by是介词，后需跟宾格作宾语）。如没有必要，可省略。 ④原主动语态中的其他成分，如定语、状语→保持不变 主动句：Thomas Edison invented the light bulb in 1879. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 托马斯·爱迪生在1879年发明了电灯泡。 被动句：The light bulb was invented (by Thomas Edison) in 1879. 主语（原宾语）谓语（形式变化）by+执行者（原主语）状语（不变） 电灯泡由托马斯·爱迪生发明于1879年。 ①原主动句中的宾语the light bulb变为被动句中的主语。 ②谓语动词的时态不变，均为一般过去时，它的形式由invented变为was invented。 ③原主动句中的主语，即动作invented的执行者Thomas Edison，在被动句中可以由介词by引出，也可以省略。 ④状语in 1879的位置不变。 主动句：Mr.Wang delivered this speech.王先生做了演讲。 主语 谓语 宾语 被动句：This speech was delivered by Mr.Wang.这个演讲是王先生做的。 主语（原宾语）谓语（形式变化）by+执行者（原主语） 主动句：The ancient Greeks held the first Olympic Games 2790 years ago. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 古希腊人于2790年前举办了第一届奥运会。 被动句：The first Olympic Games were held (by the ancient Greeks) 2790 years ago. 主语（原宾语）谓语（形式变化）by+执行者（原主语）状语（不变） 第一届奥运会（由古希腊人）举办于2790年前。 2.被动语态的形式 1.被动语态的一般形式 被动语态的一般形式是“助动词be+过去分词”。人称、数、时态的变化，大都体现在第一个助动词上。主动语态与被动语态的时态比较见下表。 时态 语态 主动语态 被动语态 一般现在时 动词原形或动词第三人称单数 am/is/are+过去分词 一般过去时 动词过去式 was/were+过去分词 一般将来时 shall/will+动词原形 shall/will be+过去分词 现在进行时 am/is/are+现在分词 am/is/are being+过去分词 过去进行时 was/were+现在分词 was/were being+过去分词 现在完成时 has/have+过去分词 has/have been+过去分词 过去完成时 had+过去分词 had been+过去分词 将来完成时 shall/will have+过去分词 shall/will have been+过去分词 过去将来时 should/would+动词原形 should/would be+过去分词 过去将来完成时 should/would have+过去分词 should/would have been+过去分词 将来进行时 shall/will be+现在分词 — 各种完成进行时 has/have been+现在分词 had been+现在分词 shall/will have been+现在分词 — 一.一般现在时的被动语态 一般时态被动句中的be动词变化，应按被动句中新主语的人称和数变化。被动句的时态应与主动句的时态保持一致。 主动句：Helen tidies up her room every day.海伦每天整理她的房间。 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 被动句： （肯定句）Helen’s room is tidied up (by Helen) every day.海伦的房间每天被（她自己）整理。 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 （否定句）Helen’s room isn’t tidied up every day. （疑问句）A:Is Helen’s room tidied up every day? B:Yes,it is./No,it isn’t. 1. Peer pressure can happen when we____________ (influence) to do something. 2.Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, ____________ (regard) as one of the best all-round forms of exercise. 二.一般过去时的被动语态 主动句：The workers made the printer I bought yesterday last month. 主语 谓语 宾语 定语 状语 我昨天买的那台打印机是工人们上个月生产的。 被动句： （肯定句）The printer I bought yesterday was made (by the workers) last month. 主语 定语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 我昨天买的那台打印机是（由工人们）上个月生产的。 （否定句）The printer I bought yesterday wasn’t made last month. （疑问句）A:Was the printer I bought yesterday made last month? B:Yes,it was./No,it wasn’t. 说明：比较一下主动句和被动句，被动句的表现形式更好一些。 1.The famous musician, as well as his students, _____________(invite) to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo. 2.I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy, but _____________ (hold) back thankfully by the shop window. 3.When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it look as if it _____________ (break). 三.一般将来时的被动语态 主动句：A repairman will repair his car tomorrow morning. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 一个修理工明天上午将会来修理他的汽车。 比较：will+do用于表示“将做，会做”。be going to+do用于表示“（将来）准备做，打算做”。 被动句： （肯定句）His car will be repaired (by a repairman) tomorrow morning. 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 他的汽车明天上午将会被（一个修理工）修理。 （否定句）His car will not/won’t be repaired tomorrow morning. （疑问句）A:Will his car be repaired tomorrow morning? B:Yes,it will./No,it won’t. 主动句：They are going to visit the China Millennium Monument.他们打算参观中华世纪坛。 主语 谓语 宾语 被动句： （肯定句）The China Millennium Monument is going to be visited (by them). 主语 谓语 中华世纪坛将被（他们）参观。 重要：be动词的人称和数要随着新主语的变化而变化。 （否定句）The China Millennium Monument isn’t going to be visited (by them). （疑问句）A:Is the China Millennium Monument going to be visited (by them)? B:Yes,it is./No,it isn’t. 1. More efforts, as reported, ___________(make) in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform. 2.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _____________ (reward) with success in the end. 四.现在进行时的被动语态 进行时的被动语态的谓语部分与一般时的被动语态谓语部分不同，应为“be+being+过去分词（将主动语态中的现在分词改为过去分词）”。be动词要随着新主语的人称、数变化，时态跟主动句保持一致，采用现在进行时。 主动句：The teacher is telling Snow White now.老师正在讲《白雪公主》。 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 被动句： （肯定句）Snow White is being told (by the teacher) now.《白雪公主》正被（老师）讲。 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 （否定句）Snow White isn’t being told now. （疑问句）A:Is Snow White being told now? B:Yes,it is./No,it isn’t. 1. Look! The man ________________(question) by the police. 2. Would you please keep silent? The weather report _________________(broadcast)and I want to listen. 3. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house ____________(rebuild). 4.My washing machine ___________(repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand. 五.过去进行时的被动语态 主动句：The teacher was telling Snow White when I got there. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 当我到那里时，老师正在讲《白雪公主》。 被动句： （肯定句）Snow White was being told (by the teacher) when I got there. 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 当我到那里时，《白雪公主》正在被（老师）讲。 （否定句）Snow White wasn’t being told when I got there. （疑问句）A:Was Snow White being told when I got there? B:Yes,it was./No,it wasn’t. 六.现在完成时的被动语态 完成时的被动语态与一般时的被动语态原则大致相同，只有谓语部分不同。谓语是由“have/has+been+过去分词（即原主动句中的过去分词）”所组成。have，has的采用则视被动句中新主语的人称、数而定。 主动句：An unknown virus has just attacked my computer. 主语 谓语 状语 宾语 一种不知名的病毒刚刚侵袭了我的计算机。 被动句： （肯定句）My computer has just been attacked (by an unknown virus). 主语 谓语 状语 by+执行者 我的计算机刚刚被（一种不知名的病毒）侵袭了。 （否定句）My computer hasn’t just been attacked. （疑问句）A:Has your computer just been attacked? B:Yes,it has./No,it hasn’t. 1.So far more than one friend ____________ (invite) to my birthday party to be held tomorrow. 2.Zhong Nanshan is the most distinguished doctor in China that ___________(recognize) internationally. 3.Large quantities of information, as well as timely help_____________(offer) to us over the past 2 years. 七.过去完成时的被动语态 主动句：They had built fifteen bridges by 2007.截至2007年，他们已经建成了15座大桥。 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 被动句： （肯定句）Fifteen bridges had been built (by them) by 2007. 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 说明：by them和by 2007意思不同，by 2007是时间状语，不可以省略。 截至2007年，15座大桥已经（被他们）建立起来了。 （否定句）Fifteen bridges hadn’t been built by 2007. （疑问句）A:Had fifteen bridges been built by 2007? B:Yes,they had./No,they hadn’t. 1. In the 1950s in the USA, most families had just one phone at home, and wireless phones __________ (not invent) yet. 八.过去将来时的被动语态 主动句：Mother said she would punish the naughty boy this evening. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 母亲说她今晚将惩罚那个淘气的男孩。 说明：本句是将宾语从句she would punish the naughty boy this evening变为被动语态。 被动句： （肯定句）Mother said the naughty boy would be punished this evening (by her). 主语 谓语 宾语 by+执行者 母亲说那个淘气的男孩今晚将被（她）惩罚。 （否定句）Mother said the naughty boy wouldn’t be punished this evening. 1. We went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it _____________ (decorate). 2.During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _____________(always warn) not to touch any unattended bag. 九.将来完成时的被动语态 主动句：We shall/will have made ten thousand DVDs by the end of this month. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 截至这个月底，我们将生产出一万台DVD。 被动句： （肯定句）Ten thousand DVDs will have been made (by us) by the end of this month. 主语 谓语 by+执行者 状语 截至这个月底，一万台DVD将被（我们）生产出来。 （否定句）Ten thousand DVDs won’t have been made by the end of this month. （疑问句）A:Will ten thousand DVDs have been made by the end of this month? B:Yes,they will./No,they won’t. On the next birthday, Ann _____________ (marry) for twenty years. 十.过去将来完成时的被动语态 主动句：He said he would have learned many words by 2012. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 他说到2012年时他将要学会许多单词。 被动句：He said many words would have been learned (by him) by 2012. 主语 谓语 状语 他说到2012年时，许多单词将被（他）学会。 十一.不可用被动语态的时态 完成进行时态和将来进行时态一般都没有被动语态，如果要用这两种时态表达被动语态的意思，则可以用完成时态或一般时态。 1.完成进行时变为被动语态时，要用完成时表示 主动句：现在完成进行时 The builders have been building this skyscraper for two months. 主语 谓语 宾格 状语 建筑工人修建这幢摩天大楼已两个月了。 被动句：现在完成时 This skyscraper has been built for two months.这幢摩天大楼一直修建有两个月了。 主语 谓语 状语 注意：由于be，being和been三个词中的任何两个词都不可以用在一起，因此将来进行时（shall/will be doing）和各种完成进行时（have/has/had been doing，shall/will have been doing）的被动语态几乎是不能用的。 主动句：将来完成进行时 We will have been using this book for three years by next June. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 到明年6月，我们用这本书已经3年了。 被动句：将来完成时 The book will have been used for three years by next June. 主语 谓语 状语 到明年6月，这本书就用了3年了。 2.将来进行时变为被动语态时，要用一般将来时表示 主动句：将来进行时 You will be doing the experiment here at this time next Monday. 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 下周一的这个时候，你将正在这儿做实验。 被动句：一般将来时 The experiment will be done here at this time next Monday. 主语 谓语 状语 这个实验下周一的这个时候将在这儿做。 十二.情态动词的被动语态 含有情态动词的句子变为被动语态时，在情态动词后面直接加上be动词即可。 其被动语态句型如下： 肯定句：主语+情态动词+be+过去分词…… 否定句：主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词…… 疑问句：情态动词+主语+be+过去分词……？ 主动句：We can design objects in 3D on the computer very easily. 我们可以非常方便地在电脑上设计三维物体。 被动句： （肯定句）Objects in 3D can be designed on the computer very easily. （否定句）Objects in 3D can’t be designed on the computer very easily. （疑问句）A:Can objects in 3D be designed on the computer very easily? B:Yes,they can./No,they can’t. 主动句：You must hand in your homework this afternoon. 今天下午你必须交作业。 被动句： （肯定句）Your homework must be handed in this afternoon. （否定句）Your homework needn’t be handed in this afternoon. （疑问句）A:Must my homework be handed in this afternoon? B:Yes,it must./No,it needn’t. 主动句：I have to do the job myself.我不得不自己做这份工作。 被动句： （肯定句）The job has to be done by myself. （否定句）The job hasn’t to be done by myself. （疑问句）A:Has the job to be done by myself? B:Yes,it has to./No,it hasn’t to. 注意：对这句话的回答不能写为：（误）B:Yes,it has.（误）B:No,it hasn’t. 主动句：All of us ought to obey the rule.我们所有的人都应该遵守这项制度。 被动句： （肯定句）The rule ought to be obeyed (by all of us). （否定句）The rule ought not be obeyed (by all of us). （疑问句）A:Ought the rule to be obeyed (by all of us)? B:Yes,it ought to./No,it oughtn’t to. 1.Bad customs and laws ought to ____________(abandon), since they are inappropriate for the development of the society. 十三.被动语态的使用场合 1.动作执行者不明显、不重要或不愿说出时 当不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或由于某些原因不愿意说出动作的执行者时，需要用被动语态。 The toy are intended for children aged six and up.那些玩具是为6岁及6岁以上的儿童设计的。 Nobody is allowed to enter the stadium without a ticket.没有票任何人都不允许进入体育馆。 Construction of the bridge was completed in 2007.这座桥于2007年建成。 Mike has been in the workshop for three years,he was taught all the skills of sculpture.迈克在这个作坊里呆了3年，他被传授了所有的雕刻技能。 Such sign can be seen in many places on freeway.在高速公路上许多地方都可以看到这样的标志。 When he was asked to have a rest,he always smiled and said,“Thank you,but I’m not tired.” 当人们请他休息的时候，他总是笑笑说：“我并不累，谢谢。” Mr.Hu is said to be very good at Spanish,but he is never heard to speak a word of it.据说胡先生西班牙语说得非常好，但从来没有人听他说过西班牙语。 It’s said there will be a basketball match this afternoon.据说今天下午有一场篮球赛。 It’s reported that scientists have completed studies into natural plastic.据报导科学家已经完成对天然塑胶的研究。 必背： 特殊的被动语态的固定句式 It is believed that...（大家相信） It has been decided that...（经决定） It is known that...（众所周知） It must be pointed out that...（必须指出） It is thought that...（大家认为） It is taken for granted that...（被视为理所当然的） It’s said that...（据说） It is reported that...（据报导） 2.突出或强调动作的承受者时 汉语句子中常常出现“被；为……所；受……”等表示被动的词语，这些词语主要用来突出或强调动作的承受者，此时需要用被动语态。 A bit of important information was stolen.一些重要的资料被盗了。 A new village for the athletes will be built to the east of London.一个为运动员建的新村将建在伦敦的东面。 With hard working,all the difficulties can be overcome.只要努力奋斗，所有的困难都能被克服。 Headsets and gloves will be offered to you in the cinema.在这家电影院，耳机和手套将会被提供给你们。 补充：“动词+双宾语”变为被动语态时，直接宾语和间接宾语均可用作被动句中的主语。故此句还可表达为：You will be offered headsets and gloves in the cinema. This matter was often talked about.这件事被多次谈到。 必背： 在“动词+介词”构成的搭配中，若介词的宾语成为被动句的主语（如上例中的matter）时，介词（如上例中的about）要保留在动词（如上例中的talk）之后。此类搭配还有： act on/upon（对……起作用） attend to（照料） break into（破门而入） deal with（应付） keep to（坚持） listen to（倾听） look after（照顾） see through（看穿） speak to（对……说话） 十四.被动语态和系表结构的区别 1.综述 被动语态和系表结构都由“be+过去分词”构成，所以在运用时应注意它们的区别。被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作。系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。 并非所有动词的过去分词都可以用作表语。在表示主语所处的状态或特点时，只有那些形容词特征显著的过去分词才能作表语。 以下是一些具有形容词特征的过去分词： amused（觉得有趣的） astonished（惊愕的） broken（坏了的） closed（关着的） completed（完成的） confused（迷惑的） crowded（拥挤的） delighted（高兴的） divorced（离了婚的） drunk（喝醉的） educated（受过教育的） excited（兴奋的，激动的） finished（完成的） frightened（害怕的） injured（受伤的） interested（感兴趣的） known（出名的） married（已婚的） painted（油漆了的） pleased（高兴的） retired（退休的） satisfied（满意的） shut（关闭的） surprised（惊讶的） tired（累的） worried（担心的） wounded（受伤的） 我们可以通过以下几种情况来判断句子是被动语态，还是系表结构。 2.根据状语来区别被动语态和系表结构 A.有时间状语和方式状语的，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。 The back is closed at 5:30 p.m.银行下午5：30关门。（表动作，因为有时间状语at 5:30 p.m.，是被动语态） The back is closed/shut.银行关门了。（表状态，是系表结构） The report was written with great care.那篇报告是非常用心地写出来的。（有方式状语with great care，是被动语态） The report is well written.那篇报告写得好。（表特点，是系表结构） B.句末有“by+名词/代词”时，句子为被动语态，其中的名词或代词就是被动句动作的执行者。反之，系表结构中不能跟“by+名词/代词”，但可与其他介词短语连用。 The problem was settled by the engineer.这个难题被这位工程师解决了。（有by+表示人的名词，所以是被动语态） He was surprised by the noise.吵闹声令他感到吃惊。（有by+抽象名词，所以是被动语态） Scott was much agitated by the news.斯科特听到消息后很焦虑。（有by+抽象名词，所以是被动语态） I am interested in baking bread.我对烤面包很感兴趣。（系表结构） 当有相应的形容词能说明状态时，不用分词而用形容词表示。 （正）The drawer is open.抽屉是开着的。（误）The drawer is opened. （正）The drawer is closed.抽屉是关着的。（误）The drawer is close. open可作形容词或动词。close作形容词只作“亲密的”讲，不表示“关着的”，只能用过去分词closed表示“关着的”。 3.根据时态来区别被动语态和系表结构 A.如果是被动语态的句子，它的时态一般要与它相应的主动语态的句子一致（即主动语态和被动语态互换时，保持原来的时态不变）。如果句子是系表结构，就不需要考虑时态是否一致。 The bowl is broken.这只碗是破的。（一般现在时的系表结构） →The bowl was broken by Allen.这只碗是艾伦打破的。（一般过去时的被动语态，表示动作） →Allen broke the bowl.艾伦打破了这只碗。（一般过去时的主动语态） B.一般情况下，系表结构只能用于一般现在时和一般过去时，不能用于其他时态。而被动语态除了不用于完成进行时和将来进行时外，可用于其他任何时态。 A new building is being built in our city.我们的城市正在盖一座新大楼。（时态为现在进行时，所以不可能是系表结构，而是被动语态。） The flowers will be planted next week.下周种花。（时态为一般将来时，所以是被动语态。） 4.根据动词的种类来区分被动语态和系表结构 A.不及物动词没有被动语态，除非它后面跟介词或副词，所以“be+不及物动词的过去分词”，一般不是被动语态，而是系表结构。 a.表示状态的动词 be gone消失了 be returned回来了 be risen升起了 be retired退休了 be fallen落下了 Our little dog is returned.我们的小狗回来了。 The moon is risen.月亮升起来了。 补充：有些动词的过去分词实际上已变成了形容词，常用作表语，表示状态。这些动词有gone，lost，known等。 b.表示智力活动结果的动词 be known有名的 be learned（有学问的，博学的） be educated（受过教育的） be mistaken弄错的 c.表示心情、感觉的动词 be ashamed觉得惭愧 be astonished觉得惊讶 be interested（有兴趣的） be excited兴奋的 You should be ashamed.你应该觉得羞愧。 Why are you so pleased?你为什么这么高兴？ B.大部分及物动词都有被动语态，所以“be+及物动词的过去分词”一般不表示系表结构，而是被动语态。 be admired受到崇拜 be encouraged受到鼓励，受到鼓舞 be loved被爱戴，被喜爱 be praised受到表扬 Napolon was admired by his soldiers.拿破仑被他的士兵所崇拜。 The cute girl is loved by all her friends.这个可爱的女孩受到她所有朋友的喜爱。 He was praised by his English teacher.他受到了他的英语老师的表扬。 例外：并非所有的及物动词都可用于被动语态，下列及物动词就不可用于被动语态： catch赶上 hold容纳 kill(time)消磨（时光） lack缺少 meet遇见 suit/fit适合 （正）The moon can hold about twenty people.这个房间可以容纳约20个人。 （误）About twenty people can be held by the room. 5.学习被动语态的注意事项 1.主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况 1.当宾语是反身代词或相互代词时 He made himself a cup of coffee.他给自己煮了杯咖啡。 They help each other.他们互相帮助。 2.当谓语动词是表示状态的及物动词时 The salary can last him only a week.这工资只能维持他一周的生活。 Does the pair of shoes suit you?这双鞋子适合你吗？ You should possess courage.你应该有勇气。 3.当宾语是不定式或动名词时 We all want to be teachers.我们都想当老师。 They enjoy playing cards in the evening.他们喜欢晚上玩牌。 4.当某些动词表示状态或结果时 The newcomer smiled his thanks.新来的人微笑表示感谢。 The milk tastes slightly sour.这牛奶味道有点儿酸了。 They remained good friends even though they entered different high schools. 他们虽进入不同的高中就读，但仍保持很好的朋友关系。 补充：表示状态或结果的动词：smile（以微笑表示，微笑着说），smell（闻起来），sound（听起来），taste（尝起来），look（看起来），seem（似乎），remain（仍然是），prove（证明），appear（显得），fall（掉落） 5.当宾语表示数量、重量、大小、程度时 The jade weights one ton.这块玉石重一吨。 The coat cost fifty dollars in all.这件外套花了50美元。 6.不能变为被动语态的句型 句型“主语+have/get+宾语+过去分词”不能变为被动语态，因其本身具有被动含义。 （正）I had my tooth pulled yesterday.昨天我拔了一颗牙。/昨天我的一颗牙被拔了。 （暗指牙是被别人拔的） （误）I had my tooth to be pulled yesterday. 重要：由“动词+名词”构成的不可分割的动词短语也不能变为被动语态，如： keep one’s word履行诺言 lost heart灰心 make a face做鬼脸 2.主动语态表示被动含义的用法 1.主动语态表示被动含义的几个固定句型 句型：be worth+doing sth. The novel is well worth reading.这篇小说很值得一读。 句型：have/get+sth./sb.+过去分词 have作使役动词，没有被动语态，但是可以用“have+宾语+过去分词”表示“被动经验”和“使役”。还需注意get与have的区别，get是出自本身的意愿，而have则是出于无奈或自愿。 I will have/get my bike repaired.我去修自行车。（表示出于自愿，所以have和get都可以用。） I had my watch stolen.我的手表被偷了。（表示出于无奈，只可用had，不可以用got。） 句型：主语+want/nee/require+doing 这个句型相当于“主语+want/need/require+to be done”。 The baby wants/needs/requires examining.这个婴儿需要体检。 （这句话还可以表述为The baby wants/needs/requires to be examined.） The room needs/wants/requires cleaning.这间屋子需要打扫。 （这句话还可以表述为The room needs/wants/requires to be cleaned.） The machine wants/needs/requires repairing.这台机器需要修理。 （这句话还可以表述为The machine wants/needs/requires to be repaired.） 句型：be+under/in+抽象名词 The car is under/in repair.那辆车正在被修理。（这句话还可以表述为The car is being repaired now.） This kind of computer is in use.这种类型的计算机正在被使用。（这句话还可以表述为This kind o computer is being used.） 2.用主动形式表示被动含义的常用不及物动词 以下是一些用主动形式表示被动含义的动词。 clean（清洁） break（折断） burn（烧） cook（烹饪） cut（切） drive（驾驶） feel（摸起来） keep（保持） last（持续） lock（锁） photograph（呈现在照片上） pull（拉） read（读） sell（卖） strike（打） tear（撕碎） translate（翻译） wash（洗） wear（穿） write（写） 这些动词作谓语时句子的主语一般是物，而且这些动词常和表示行为方式的状语连用，如well，easily等。 Potatoes cook slowly.马铃薯煮起来很慢。 The door doesn’t lock.这门锁不上。 The silk feels very soft.丝绸摸起来很滑。 This kind of printer sells well in Beijing.这种打印机在北京卖得好。 The cloth washes well.这种布耐洗。 The pen writes smoothly.这支钢笔写起来顺畅。 比较：含这类动词的句子也可以写成被动语态的句子，但含义不同。主动语态的句子表示现状，被动语态的句子则侧重于某一动作的发生。 This essay doesn’t translate well.这篇文章不好译。（指这篇文章本身不好翻译。） This essay was not translated well.这篇文章译得不好。（指出文章译得不好，而不管文章本身是否好译。） 3.用主动形式表示被动含义的一些不定式 A.there be句型中的主语后跟不定式修饰时 There is a lot of housework to do at weekend.周末有许多家务要做。 B.不定式修饰have等动词的宾语，而句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时 I have many things to do.我有许多工作要做。 C.easy，hard，difficult等性质形容词后跟不定式与句子的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系时 （正）The maths problem is difficult to work out.这道数学题很难算出来。 （误）The maths problem is hard to be worked out. D.不定式修饰buy，get，give等动词的直接宾语，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时 （正）His mother bought him a bike to ride.他妈妈给他买了一辆自行车骑。 （误）His mother bought him a bike to be ridden. 4.少数动词的进行时有时有被动的含义 His works are printing.他的著作正在印刷中。 补充：work这个单词可以用复数形式works来表示“（文学、艺术的）作品，著作”。 Our new school houses are building.我们的新校舍正在修建中。 Common Mistakes（注意！失分陷阱！） 基础题 一．语法填空 In different countries and cultures around the world, free time 1.　　　　　(spend) in different ways.   Several years ago, some surveys of how people spent their free time 2.　　　　　(make) by some researchers. The results showed that reading was the most popular activity in the United States, followed by watching TV. In the UK, watching TV and videos was the most popular, and listening to the radio came second. For Japanese, eating out was their favourite activity in their free time. And they also like driving around.   There were also differences in what people liked to do outdoors among the three countries. The most popular outdoor activity for Americans was gardening while in Japan it only came ninth. For British people, going to the pub was their first choice, followed by visiting the cinema. Though some similar things may 3.　　　　　(do) by people around the world in their free time, their interests are changing. In the US, for example, the interest in computer activities is increasing. More people are spending their free time going online, or playing video games. As reading becomes much easier on the Internet, online reading 4.　　　　　(like) by more and more people in the future.   二.语篇填空 The Dragon Dance is a form of traditional dance in Chinese culture. It 1.　　　　　(spread) all over China and to the whole world so far.  Traditionally， dragons 2.　　　　　(make) of wood. However， in modern times， dragons 3.　　　　　(be) much lighter because they are made of lighter materials like plastics. The length of dragons can be from 25 to 35 meters for acrobatic(杂技的) models， and up to 50 to 70 meters for the larger parade(游行) styles because people believe that the longer the dragon is， the more luck it4.　　　　　 (bring) to the community. A small organization cannot run a very long dragon because it 5.　　　　　(require) great human power， much money and special skills.  The Dragon Dance itself 6.　　　　　(begin) during the Han Dynasty. And it 7.　　　　　(start) by the Chinese who had shown great respect for the dragon. It was already a popular event during the Song Dynasty.  At that time， it 8.　　　　　(become) a popular activity like the Lion Dance. People could often see it during some important festivals. In the Qing Dynasty， the Dragon Dance Team of Fuzhou 9.　　　　　(invite) to put on a show in Beijing. And the emperor 10.　　　　　(speak) highly of it.  提高题 一．单句语法填空 1．Right now more than 9，800 companies are providing such services, of which over 1，800 ________ (establish) last year. 2．Nowadays, tofu ________ (serve) in a modern way. In many fine dining restaurants, the tasting menu is designed around its textures. 3．The concept ________ (spread) into the worlds of music, dance and TV dramas so far. 4．The exam questions should focus on basic knowledge and skills, and the number of questions focusing on rote (死记硬背的) learning should ________ (reduce), the notice said. 5.It ___________ (design) to respond in a natural, intuitive way and has numerous potential uses. 6.The performance The Journey of a Legendary Landscape Painting, a high-tech exploration of an ancient Chinese blue-and-green landscape painting, ___________ (broadcast) during CCTV’s 2022 Spring Festival Gala. 7.From dancers waving long green sticks like freshly sprouting grass to six ice hockey players slapping pucks (冰球) toward the Olympic rings, the Opening Ceremony of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympic Games ___________ (intend) to represent unity and a new beginning. 8.Haiku is a Japanese form of poetry that ___________ (make) up of 17 syllables (音节). And of course there are Tang poems from China which you may enjoy in particular. 9.Their initial training ___________ (follow) by eight hours of nighttime sleep or wakefulness or daytime wakefulness. 10.Actually, Bing Dwen Dwen ___________ (select) to be the mascot of the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics in 2019 from more than 5,800 entries submitted from 35 countries. 11.On Dec 9, 2021, the first lecture in the “Tiangong Class” ___________ (give) by the Shenzhou-13 astronauts to a total of 1,420 students from five classrooms across China via live video streaming, which is designed to encourage young people to develop their interest in manned space night and exploration. 12.The buildings in the Old Town of Dali ___________ (create) at the end of the 14th century. 13.It ___________ (build) during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. 14.Yet, despite global water usage already increasing threefold (三倍) over the last fifty years, it ___________ (predict) that there will be a further 60%-100% increase in water usage by 2050. 15.To survive the frequent floods and other natural disasters, wood ___________ (prefer) for most architectural structures in ancient China. 16.A comics exhibition ___________ (launch) in Sydney on Wednesday, offering glimpses of the city of Chengdu, capital of southwest China’s Sichuan Province, and the Chinese animation industry. 17.This marks the first time that categorical rhythm ___________ (find) in a nonhuman mammal. 18.Both the feast and praying for descendants (后代) by the river ___________ (add) in the Han Dynasty. 19.These 3000-year-old symbols, jiaguwen, ___________ (carve) on turtle shells or bones of animals, and can give us insight into how ancient Chinese saw the world around them and into their great creativity. 20.The mascot design for Bing Dwen Dwen ___________ (choose) from over 5,800 submissions from China and 35 countries around the world after a global competition arranged by the Beijing 2022 Organizing Committee kicked off. 21.She came from a humble background and ___________ (force) to choose the cheapest school available in the region. 22.The main problem is that not all Chinese characters ___________ (code) into computer systems. 23.My passion ___________ (arouse) by those passengers, so I took my children to the museum too. I never knew why it had such great charm until I got there. 24.The medals are inspired by yu bi, a Chinese jade artifact dating back 5,000 years. A total of five of this kind of jade ___________ (unearth) from a tomb up to now. 25.The bridge ___________ (call) the Bach Long suspension bridge. It means “White Dragon” in Vietnamese. 26.When Zhang Han set foot inside Liangzhu Museum, the 10-year-old embarked on a tour that took him back more than 5,000 years. Wearing the smart glasses, Zhang ___________ (present) with virtual images of relics. 27.With the Chinese government further encouraging consumer willingness to spend, economic recovery and growth ___________ (expect) to continue in the foreseeable future. 28.Some students ___________ (ask) to cooperate with parents to decorate their homes with New Year paintings. 29.The crosstalk realizes its artistic presentation by means of imitation, talking, teasing, and singing. The jokes ___________ (hide) in the baofu, or “package”. 30.Millions of readers ___________ (inspire) by Nolan’s bittersweet story ever since. 31.To date, China’s high-speed rail products and technology ___________ ( export) to nearly 100 countries and regions on six continents. 32.“AllotMe ___________ (found) as interest in garden space in cities increased during the pandemic, but with highly limited supply,” says Conor. 33.For more than a thousand years, goods ___________ (transport) along the Grand Canal. Even today the country’s watery highway plays an important economic role in China. 34.It is reported that the two coastal cities ___________ (identify) as the most suitable in the last conference due to their strong economic activities. 35.Since the Ming Dynasty, being able to write couplets ___________ (regard) as a mark of the cultured life of scholars. 36.With their exquisite beauty, flavor and color, pomegranates never fail to attract people and ___________ (cherish) for centuries also for their health benefits and anti-aging benefits. 37.The concept ___________ (spread) into the worlds of music, dance and TV dramas so far. 二．语段填空 (用所给动词的适当形式填空) The first zoo 1.________(establish) around 3，500 years ago by an Egyptian queen for her personal enjoyment.Five hundred years later，a Chinese emperor 2.________(build) a huge zoo to show his power and wealth.Later zoos were set up for the purpose of studying animals. Some of the early European zoos 3.________(consist) of dark holes or dirty cages，the bad conditions of which made people disgusted.Later the zoos 4.________(replace) by research centers and animals there were studied and 5.________(keep) in good condition.These places became the first modern zoos.As early as the 1940s，scientists 6.________(understand) that many kinds of wild animals faced extinction.Since then，zoos 7.________(try) to save many endangered species，but relying on zoos 8.________(save) species is not enough.The best method of protection is to leave them in their natural habitat. Today，animals in large and natural reserves are fed a balanced diet and 9.________(watch) carefully for any signs of disease with specially trained keepers looking after them and some hospitals where they can be treated when ill，and all the animals there live a comfortable life.Anyway，it is true that zoo breeding programs 10.________ (play) an important role in protecting many species of wildlife now. Cockatoos(凤头鹦鹉)are large, white birds. They're common in western Australia. Usually they live in wooded areas. But as forests have been cut down, cockatoos have gotten used to living near people. Last year, scientists reported that cockatoos had learned how to open the lids(盖子)on rubbish bins. That's not an easy job. The cockatoos must lift the heavy lid with their beaks(喙) and then walk along, pushing the lid up until it falls over. Cockatoos open the lids to find food. But they can also make a big mess, which makes the people who own the bins annoyed. Interestingly, when scientists first began studying the cockatoos in 2018, only three areas near Sydney had lid-opening cockatoos. A year and a half later， cockatoos in 44 different areas knew the trick. This showed the birds were teaching other cockatoos how to do the same thing. In a recent study, many people were taking steps to keep cockatoos out of their bins. The most common way of protecting the bins was putting heavy objects on the lids. The scientists discovered that the humans were teaching each other tricks, too. In most neighborhoods, many people used the same cockatoo-stopping methods as their neighbors. It's like a race between humans and cockatoos to learn new ways of doing things. Now many cockatoos have learned how to push heavy objects off of the bins. As a result, humans have thought out ways to tie the lids to the top of their bins. The scientists describe the situation as a human-wildlife battle(战斗)”.They expect these “battles” to become more common as humans take over more areas that used to be wild. 1.According to the passage, which word can best describe cockatoos? A. Noisy. B. Intelligent C. Graceful D. Friendly. 2.The underlined word“ annoyed ” in Paragraph 3 probably means“____”in Chinese. A.生气的 B.满意的 C.伤心的 D.自信的 3. The writer develops Paragraph 4 by_____. A. By telling two stories B. By comparing two facts C. By raising a question D. By giving an example 4.From the passage, we can learn that many people____. A. tried to catch the cockatoos B. began to use bins without lids C. didn't care what the cockatoos did D. made the lids on their bins hard to open 5.What can be the best title for the passage? A. Cockatoos live on rubbish B. Ways to protect wild cockatoos C. Cockatoos and humans fight over rubbish bins D. Reasons why cockatoos like to get close to humans 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$