衔接点13 名词性从句 （初高考点差异及衔接）-2024年初升高英语无忧衔接（通用版）

衔接点13名词性从句 (初高考点差异及衔接) 初中要求 初中主要学习宾语从句的用法。主语从句、表语从句接触的比较少。 高中要求 在高中阶段,我们将着重学习主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和补语从句。,以它的各种连接词为学习主线,之后讲述表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。宾语从句中,宾语从句与陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句的转换是重点。 【初中名词性从句考点聚焦】 主语从句 一、用适当的引导词填空。 1. _ she bought so many dictionaries is not clear.= It is not clear _ she bought so many dictionaries.不清楚她为什么买这么多字典。 2. _ he was admitted into Beijing University made his teachers and parents happy. 他考上了北大,这让他的老师和父母很高兴。 3. It’s a pity_ you can’t attend my birthday party.很可惜你不能参加我的生日聚会。 4. _ we will build a new high school hasn’t been decided. 我们是否要建新高中还没决定呢。 5. _ breaks the law should be punished.不管谁违法都应该受到惩罚。 表语从句 1.The traditional view is_we sleep because our brain is “programmed”to make us do so. A.when B. why C. whether D. that 2.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _ I disagree. A.why B. where C. what D. how 3.— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. — Is that _ you had a few days off? A.why B. when C. what D. where 宾语从句 1.Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me _? A.where is the bank nearest B.where is the nearest bank C.where the nearest bank is D.where was the bank nearest 2.Mike was not listening carefully, so he failed to hear . A.what the teacher said B.how the teacher said C.what did the teacher say D.how did the teacher say 3.—Can I join you? —Sure , we are discussing _. A.why we like the movie B.who should we go with C.how can we get there D.when shall we go for a picnic 4.This book will show you _ from books is put into practical use. A.how you’ve learned B.how what you’ve learned C.how that you’ve learned D.that you’ve learned 5.—Mum, summer holiday is coming. I wonder .—How about Qinling Wild Zoo? A.where can we go B.where we can go C.how we can go D.how we can go 【高中名词性从句考点聚焦】 考纲解读 名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和补语从句。在高中阶段,我们将着重学习前四种。本章从主语从句开始讲解,以它的各种连接词为学习主线,之后讲述表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。宾语从句中,宾语从句与陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句的转换是重点。 典型例句:1.It is certain that he will come.他一定会来。(主语从句) 2.My idea is that we’ll all go expect Lily.我的想法是除了莉莉之外我们大家都去。(表语从句) 3.He asked me whether/if she lived here.他问我她是否住在这儿。(宾语从句) 4.I’ve no idea where he has gone.我不知道他到哪里去了。(同位语从句) 考点清单 一.主语从句 在主从复合句中,作主语的是一个从句,这个从句就称为主语从句。主句从句可以由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导,且不能省略。另外,主句的动词大多用be动词或其他系动词。 常用来引导主语从句的词 连词 that,whether 连接代词 what,whatever,who,whoever等 连接副词 when,where,how,why等 1.由连词引导的主语从句 连词that,whether引导主语从句,在从句中不作任何成分,不能省略。由它们引导的主语从句,多用it作形式主语。 ①That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.大家都能看出她很漂亮。 主语从句 ②It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful. 形式主语 真正主语(主语从句) 说明:①中that是连词,引导主语从句she was beautiful。that在主句从句中不作任何成分,也没有词义,that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子②。 ①Whether he’ll come (or not) hasn’t been decided.他是否会来,还没定下来。 主语从句 谓语 ②It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not. 形式主语 真正主语(主语从句) ③(误)It hasn’t been decided if he’ll come. (误)If he’ll come hasn’t been decided. 说明:①中whether引导主语从句,whether在从句中不作任何成分,但有含义,意为“是否”,whether不能省略。此句中,因为主句的时态为现在时态,所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为②,即一个由it作形式主语的句子。 whether引导主语从句时,不能用if代替,所以③中的两个句子都是错误的。 That women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields is obvious. 主语从句 显然,过去在许多领域中,妇女没有和男人享有同样的机遇。 Whether she can get that job is still unclear.她是否能得到那份工作尚不清楚。 主语从句 That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. (从句)现在进行时的被动语态 (主句)一般现在时 =It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 形式主语 真正主语(主语从句) 英语正在作为一种国际语言被接受,这是一个事实。 It is my fault that this has happened.发生这事得怪我。 形式主语 真正主语(主语从句) 2.由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句 连接代词who,which和what,连接副词when,where,how和why以及复合连接代词whatever,whoever等,复合连接副词whenever,wherever等都可引导主语从句,它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语,不能省略。注意,翻译时,不能把它们译为疑问句。 Who will take charge of the task has not been decided. 重要:who是连接代词,引导主语从句,在从句中作主语,不能省略。翻译时不能把它译为疑问句。 =It has not been decided who will take charge of the task.谁来负责这项任务还没有决定。 Which (answer) is right isn’t known to us. =It isn’t known to us which (answer) is right.哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。 When we’ll start is not clear.=It is not clear when we’ll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。 Where we’ll spend our holiday hasn’t been decided.我们要去哪里度假还没决定。 How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.一本书的销售在很大程度上取决于书评作者。(重要:how是连接副词,在主语从句中作状语,不能省略。) Why he went to London is a mystery. =It is mysterious why he went to London.他为什么去伦敦是个谜。 比较:由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同,主语从句的语序是正常语序(陈述语序)。 疑问句:Why(疑问副词)didn’t he come here?他为什么不来这儿? 主语从句:Why(连接副词)he didn’t come here is not known to us.我们不知道为什么他没来这儿。 what引导的主语从句有时相当于“先行词+that引导的定语从句”,表示一样东西或一件事情。who,whom,which,what可以和ever构成合成词,和what一样引导从句,ever起强调作用。由它们引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it替代,它们在句子中作成分,不能省略,语序为陈述语序。 What he said(主语从句)was perfectly true. what=the thing that,在从句中作宾语,不能省略,为陈述语序,不能用疑问句语序“What did he say?”。 =The thing that he said was perfectly true.(the thing+that引导的定语从句)他讲的都是事实。 Whoever leaves the office should tell me. whoever在从句中作主语,不能省略。 =Anyone who leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。 Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个,哪一个就是你的。 whichever在从句中作宾语,不能省略,注意语序。 Whatever I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。 whatever在从句中作宾语,不能省略,注意语序。 引导主语从句的连接代词 无论是谁(主) whoever =anyone who =no matter who 无论是谁(宾) whomever =anyone whom =no matter whom 无论是谁的 whosever =anyone whose =no matter whose 无论是哪个 whichever =anything that =no matter which 无论是什么 whatever =anything that =no matter what 单句语法填空 1. he got the first prize in the English Contest surprised all of us. 2. they would support us was a problem. 3. will take the place of Mr Li as our new headmaster hasn’t been decided. 4. caused the accident to happen hasn’t been made clear yet. 5. has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. 6.It’s said government workers now make,on average,30% more than private sector workers. 7. we can get in touch with him is the most important. 8.I read about it in some books or other.Does it matter it was? 9.It is not clear Michael will go camping on the weekend. 10. our brain works is being studied by the scientists. 二.表语从句 在主从复合句中,作表语的是一个从句,这个从句就称为表语从句。表语从句可以由连词、连接代词和连接副词引导,并且不能省略。 常用来引导表语从句的词 连词 that,weather 连接代词 what,whatever,who,whoever,which,whichever等 连接副词 when,where,how,why等 My opinion is that the villager really didn’t understand the policeman.我认为那位村民确实没有理解警察的意思。 that在表语从句中不作成分,没有词义,不可省略,但在口语中有时可省略。 That’s what we should do.这是我们的本分。 what在表语从句中作宾语,不能省略,从句中的语序为陈述语序。 The question is how the tiger got out of the cage.问题是老虎是怎么从笼子里出去的。 how在表语从句中作状语,不能省略,从句中的语序为陈述语序。 That is why they decided to hold a meeting.这就是他们为什么决定要开会的原因。 This is where I met Mary for the first time.这就是我第一次遇见玛丽的地方。 单句语法填空 ①China is no longer she used to be. ②The reason why she was absent was _ _she was ill then. 三.宾语从句 在主从复合句中,作宾语的是一个从句,这个从句就称为宾语从句。宾语从句与主语从句和表语从句一样,使用连词、连接代词和连接副词等引导。 常用来引导宾语从句的词 连词 that,whether 连接代词 what,whatever,who,whoever,which,whichever等 连接副词 when,where,how,why等 1.宾语从句的种类 宾语从句在句子中可以用作动词的宾语或介词的宾语。 1.动词宾语从句 I was told (that) I had to cut out alcohol.我被告知必须戒酒。 I don’t know whether/if the banks are open.我不知道银行是否营业。 Joe wanted to know who bought him the gift.乔想弄清楚是谁给他买的这个礼物。 Mary asked where she could find the biggest park in the city.玛丽问这座城市最大的公园在哪儿。 2.介词宾语从句 A.that只在expect,in和but等少数介词后引导从句作介词的宾语。 We know nothing expect that Joe is from America. 除了知道乔是来自美国之外,我们什么都不知道。 He differed from other people in that he always looked further ahead in his work. 他和别人不同的是他在工作中比别人都看得远些。 I could say nothing but that I was sorry.我非常抱歉。(我除了说抱歉之外,没什么可说的。) B.由连接代词或连接副词引导的从句作介词的宾语。 My teacher was satisfied with what I did.我的老师对我所做的一切感到满意。 What we should take with us depend on where we’ll stay.我们需要随身带什么东西,取决于我们将在什么地方停留。 C.不及物动词后跟介词宾语从句。 某些不及物动词后边如果跟宾语从句,常省去介词。 I don’t care whether he is the headmaster or not.(省略介词)我不在乎他是不是校长。 重要:如果不及物动词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语,则介词不能省略。 I don’t care about him.我不在乎他。 I insist that you should learn a second language.(省略介词) =I insist on your learning a second language.(不能省略介词)我坚持让你学第二语言。 D.某些形容词后跟介词宾语从句。 在表示知觉、感情等的形容词如sure,afraid,glad,certain等之后,如果跟宾语从句,则省去介词。 I’m afraid that I’ll be late.(省略介词)恐怕我要迟到了。 重要:如果形容词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语,则不能省略介词。 I’m afraid of being late.我害怕迟到。 I’m sure that we’ll win the match.(省略介词)我确信我们会赢得这场比赛。 I am sure that he’ll win.(省略介词) =I am sure of his winning.(不能省略介词)我肯定他会赢。 He is glad that you passed the exam.(省略介词) =He is glad of your passing the exam.(不能省略介词)他为你能通过考试而高兴。 2.宾语从句的转换 1.陈述句与宾语从句的转换 陈述句转换成宾语从句的步骤: 步骤①:用连词that引导宾语从句。(that在从句中不担当成分,本身没有词义,可以省略) 步骤②:从句语序不变,仍是陈述语序。 步骤③:从句时态与主句时态保持一致。 步骤④:可用it代替that引导的宾语从句作形式宾语。 陈述句:He is listening to music in the room.他正在屋子里听音乐。 宾语从句:Joe said that he was listening to music in the room.乔说他正在屋子里听音乐。 说明:主句的时态是一般过去时,从句的时态为过去进行时。 陈述句:Mary always studies hare.玛丽总是努力学习。 宾语从句:All of us know that Mary always studies hard.我们所有的人都知道玛丽总是努力学习。 说明:主句如果是一般现在时,从句的时态不变。 We think it quite right that all the people ought to obey the laws. 形式宾语 真正的宾语 所有人都应遵守法律,我们认为这是非常正确的。 They took it for granted that the Greens had gone to Australia.他们想当然地认为格林夫妇去澳大利亚了。 He made it clear to all the people that he objected to the plan.他让所有人都明白,他反对这项计划。 I think it necessary that he does it again.我想他有必要再做一次。 2.一般疑问句与宾语从句的转换 一般疑问句转换成宾语从句的步骤: 步骤①:用whether或if引导宾语从句。(它们在从句中不作任何成分,当“是否”讲,不可省略) 步骤②:从句语序要变为陈述语序。 步骤③:从句时态要与主句时态保持一致。 一般疑问句:Does she work in the office?她在这个办公室工作吗? 宾语从句:He asked me whether/if she worked in the office. 说明:主句的时态是过去式asked,宾语从句的时态也要改为过去时。 =He asked me whether/if she worked in this office or not.他问我她是否在这个办公室工作。 一般疑问句:Will the movie star come?这个影星会来吗? 宾语从句:I don’t know whether/if the movie star will come. 说明:主句时态是一般现在时,宾语从句的时态不变。 =I don’t know whether/if the movie star will come or not.我不知道这位影星是否会来。 一般疑问句:Did he study English 20 years ago?他20年前学英语吗? 宾语从句:My mother asked him whether he had studied English 20 years before. 说明:主句时态是一般过去时,宾语从句的时态由一般过去时变为过去完成时。 我母亲问他,他20年前是否学英语。 3.特殊疑问句与宾语从句的转换 特殊疑问句转换成宾语从句的步骤: 步骤①:保留原来的疑问词(这些疑问词形式不变,但它们的语法功能变了,换作连接代词或连接副词,它们在宾语从句中作成分,不可以省略)。 步骤②:从句语序要变为陈述语序。 步骤③:从句时态要与主句时态保持一致。 特殊疑问句:What does Joe do?乔是做什么的? 宾语从句:I wonder what Joe does.我想知道乔是做什么的。 说明:what由原来特殊疑问句中的疑问代词变为连接代词,它把主句和宾语从句连接起来,同时,他在宾语从句中作动词does的宾语,不能省略。语序要变为陈述语序。因为主句的时态是一般现在时,所以从句的时态保持不变。 特殊疑问句:Why did he come home so late yesterday?他昨天为什么回家那么晚? 宾语从句:She asked me why he had come home so late the day before.她问我,他前一天为什么回家那么晚。 说明:why由特殊疑问句中的疑问副词变为连接副词,它引导了宾语从句,同时在宾语从句中作状语,不能省略。语序要变为陈述语序。因为主句的时态是一般过去时态,所以从句的时态也由一般过去时变为过去完成时。 特殊疑问句:When would Mr.Green be allowed to go home?格林先生什么时候被允许回家? 宾语从句:Joe asked when Mr.Green would be allowed to go home. 乔问什么时候可以允许格林先生回家。 特殊疑问句:What can they do to help us?他们能做什么来帮助我们? 宾语从句:We want to know what they can do to help us. 我们想知道他们能做些什么来帮助我们。 特殊疑问句:How did he come?他怎么来的? 宾语从句:Do you remember how he came?你还记得他怎么来的吗? 3.使用宾语从句需注意的事项 1.宾语从句的时态 宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同,时态会受到主句的限制,尤其是主句为一般过去时时。 A.当主句是现在时态时 当主句是现在时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)时,宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定(可以是任意时态)。 Joe says he has read the book that day.乔说他那天看了这本书了。 Mary says Susan went to Shanghai the day before.玛丽说苏珊前一天去了上海。 B.当主句是过去时态时 当主句是过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时)时,宾语从句的时态要变为相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时)。 I believed what she told me.我相信她和我说的话。 Mr.White told me that he had gone there by train.怀特先生告诉我他是坐火车去那儿的。 2.主句是I don’t think...的宾语从句 主句是I don’t think...的主从复合句的意思是“我认为……不……”。它在英语中已成为固定句型,即否定的形式在主句,而否定的信息焦点却在从句。 类似的句型还有:I don’t imagine...,I don’t believe...,I don’t suppose...等。 I don’t think you are right.我认为你不对。 重要:主句的主语必须是第一人称I或we时,才能用这样的句型(否定形式在主句,而否定的信息焦点却在从句)。 I don’t think he’ll go,will he?我认为他不会走,不是吗? I don’t think you can do that,can you?我认为你不会干那件事,不是吗? I don’t think he is lazy,is he?我认为他不懒,不是吗? 注意:注意该固定句型中反意疑问句的用法。 3.连词that的省略 that引导宾语从句时可以省略,但在连接词and或but所连接的两个作宾语的that从句中,第一个宾语从句中的that可以省略,第二个不能省略。 He said (that) he has worked for nearly ten years and that he wanted to go home. 他说他已在这儿工作近10年了,并说他想回家了。 The little girl told me (that) she didn’t like toy trains,and that she liked barbie dolls very much. 这个小女孩告诉我,她不喜欢玩具火车,并且告诉我她非常喜欢芭比娃娃。 4.当主句谓语为doubt和be not sure时 句型:I doubt whether/if...(我怀疑……是否……) I don’t doubt that...(我毫不怀疑……) I doubt whether he can swim.我怀疑他是否会游泳。 I don’t doubt that he can swim.我毫不怀疑他会游泳。 Do you doubt that he can swim?你怀疑他会游泳吗? 说明:当谓语含有询问或怀疑之意,如doubt(怀疑),not sure(不确定)时,应用whether/if引导的宾语从句。而do not doubt/believe和疑问句中的doubt,则用that引导宾语从句。 句型:I’m not sure+whether/if...(我不确定……是否……) I’m sure+that...(我相信……) I’m not sure whether/if the news is true.我不能肯定这消息是否确切。 I’m not sure whether/if he can swim.我不确定他是否会游泳。 I’m sure that he can do it well.我相信他会把这件事做好的。 5.宾语从句中的虚拟语气 insist表示“坚持”和suggest表示“建议”时,它们后面可跟使用虚拟语气的宾语从句。 【请参照(虚拟语气)进行学习】 单句语法填空/补全句子 ①Over thousands of years,they began to depend less on could be hunted or gathered from the wild,and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown. ②What students do at college seems to matter much more than they go. ③I’m not sure is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere. ④The scientists can set the fibers’ arrangement and spacing, which determines the man-made meat ends up more like a burger or a steak. ⑤I his decision is wise in reality. 实际上,我觉得他的决定并不明智。 ⑥She demanded .她要求我们应当立即出发。 四.同位语从句 在主从复合句中,作同位语的是一个从句,则这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句由连词that和whether、关系代词who和what或关系副词why和how等引导。连词that在同位语从句中不担任任何成分,也没有词义,但是不能省略。从意思上来讲,同位语从句所表达的意思,就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。 与从句同位的名词通常是表示事实等的抽象名词 answer回答 belief信念 doubt怀疑 fact事实 hope希望 idea想法 news消息 order命令 question问题 reply回答 thought想法 rumour谣言 注意:具体名词,如pen,book等之后不能跟同位语从句。 The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他,这个主意真是太好了。 The question whether we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled. 说明:whether引导同位语从句,有词义,不作成分,不能省略,也不能用if来代替。 下周一我们是否去看那部电影还未决定。 His question why the sky is blue is difficult to answer.他问为什么天是蓝的,这令人很难回答。 The rumour that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread all over the area.(同位语从句) 说明:that引导的从句是抽象名词rumour的同位语从句,that无词义,不作成分,也不能省略。 将要发生地震的谣言很快就在这一地区传开了。 The rumour is that there’ll be an earthquake.(表语从句)谣言是将要发生地震了。 比较:试比较下面两个句子的正误。 (正)The idea (that) he told me yesterday is good.(定语从句) (误)The idea is that he told me yesterday.昨天他告诉我的那个主意太好了。 单句语法填空 ①The story goes _William Tell killed the king with an arrow. ②After receiving a message from Rylee Anderson, 12, she was struggling with a math problem, Waba grabbed a whiteboard and hurried to her front door. ③While they are rare north of 88 , there is evidence they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 五.使用名词性从句需注意的事项 1.连词that的用法总结 that可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句中。在这些从句中that只起连接作用,在从句中不担任成分,本身没有词义。 that引导主语从句和宾语从句时,往往用形式主语it或形式宾语it来替代,而把从句移到后面。 重要:that在引导宾语从句时可以省略,引导其他从句时一律不能省略。 2.连接代词和连接副词的用法总结 连接代词(who,whom,whose,which,what)除了起连接作用外,还在从句担任主语、宾语、表语等成分。 连接副词(when,where,how,why)除了起连接作用外,还可在从句中作状语。 连接代词、连接副词在名词性从句中保留其疑问意义,同时在引导名词性从句时,前面没有先行词(这是与定语从句需区别的一点)。 重要:所有连接代词和连接副词在名词性从句中都不能省略。 3.名词性从句的语序和时态 所有的名词性从句中的语序都是陈述语序。 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中的时态不受主句的限制,但宾语从句的时态要受主句的限制(只限于在主句是过去时态时)。 注意:需要特别注意insist,suggest后宾语从句的两种形式。 4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气 当主句中主语的中心名词、谓语、表语或宾语是表示命令、要求、建议、希望、必要等含义的词时,从句的谓语要用虚拟语气,即“(should)+动词原形”。 例外:wish后的宾语从句中虚拟语气构成例外。 It is right that one (should) speak well of the absent.不在背后诋毁人是对的。(主语从句) It is very important that we (should) ask advice of other people.(主语从句) 重要的是我们应该征求他人的意见。 The order is that the work (should) be finished as soon as possible.(表语从句) 命令是要尽快完成这项工作。 I demand that John (should) go there at once.我要约翰马上去那儿。(宾语从句) He advised that we (should) go home right now.他建议我们立刻回家。(宾语从句) Joe made the suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off to the next week.(同位语从句) 乔提议会议推迟到下一周。 5.引导名词性从句的whether和if A.whether可以用于所有的名词性从句中,而if只用于宾语从句之中。两者都不能省略。 Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.(主语从句)足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。 The question is whether you can do it yourself.(表语从句)问题是你是否能亲自做这件事。 I’ll see whether/if she’s at home.(宾语从句)我来看看她在不在家。 The question whether he should come himself or send another one hasn’t been decided.(同位语从句)他亲自来还是派别人来这个问题还没定下来。 B.在引导宾语从句(动词宾语从句)时,whether和if都可以和or not连用,但whether后可直接跟or not,而if不能。 I don’t know whether/if I can come or not. =I don't know whether or not I can come.我不知道我是否能来。 He asked me whether/if she was coming. =He asked me whether/if she was coming or not. =He asked me whether or not she was coming.他问我,她来还是不来。 比较:whether后可以接动词不定式,而if则不可以接。 Please tell us whether to go or stay here.请告诉我们是离开还是呆在这儿, C.介词的宾语从句只能用whether引导。 We worried about whether he was in good health (or not).我们担心他的身体是否健康。 It all depends on whether the weather is fine.一切都取决于天气如何。 D.如果宾语从句是否定结构,则只能用if,而不能用whether。 I don’t care if he doesn’t show up.他来不来我都不在乎。 Dinner was almost over when Dan, still looking hungry,grinned and asked Dave if he wasn’t going to have some bread.晚饭快吃完时,丹看上去还没吃饱,于是他笑着问戴夫还要不要吃些面包。 考点归纳一、两种典型的同位语从句归纳 要点精讲: ①同位语从句常放在fact, news, truth, doubt, belief, thought, problem等词后面,对名词做进一步解释说明,连接词只能用that,且不能省略。 ②注意:have no idea后面接who, what, when等wh-类连接词。 I didn't receive the news that the meeting had been put off.我没有听到会议被推迟的消息。 Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.有消息透露,大学将招收更多的中学毕业生。 You can have no idea what he said.你根本想不到他说了些什么。 I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief _ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. 2. The notice came around two in the afternoon _ the meeting would be postponed. 3. Evidence has been found through years of study_ children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. 4. —Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? —Yeah, but I have no idea _ he did it; that's one of his favourite universities. 5. There is no doubt _ teachers play an important role in children's growth. 考点归纳二、it作形式主语/宾语的名词性从句 要点精讲:it用作形式主语,多用于It is +形容词/过去分词+that…从句;用作形式宾语,多用于动词+it+形容词/名词+that…从句。 ①It is + n. +从句 It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是…… It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是… It is a fact that… …是事实 It is common knowledge that… …是常识 ② It is + adj. +从句 It’s certain that… 肯定… It is possible that... 很可能…… It is unlikely that... 不可能…… It is obvious that… 很明显… It is necessary \important atural\... that…+(should) +do… ③It +不及物动词+从句 It happened that... 碰巧…… It occurred to me that…我突然想起… ③It + be +过去分词+从句 It is said that... 据说…… It is known to all that... 众所周知…… It is reported that... 据报道…… It is believed that...据信……;人们相信…… It is suggested that + (should)do... 建议…… It must be admitted that…必须承认…… It cannot be denied that… 不可否认…… It must be pointed out that…需指出的是…… 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. It doesn’t matter _ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. 2. It is by no means clear _the president can do to end the strike. 3. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious_ the problem itself is. 4. _is known to us all that the 2022 Olympic Winter Games will take place in Beijing. 5. It suddenly occurred to him _he had left his keys in the office. 6. You may depend on _that all goods will be shipped abroad in time. 考点归纳三、名词性从句中的时态照应 要点精讲:主句是一般过去时,宾语从句要用相应的过去时态;若从句表示客观事实或真理,则从句时态不变。 (一)主句谓语动词是现在或将来时,从句谓语动词可以用任何需要的时态。 I wonder what he is doing now. 我想知道他现在在干什么。 Do you know when and where he was born?你知道他在何时何地出身吗? I'll write to tell him where I 'll meet him.我将写信告诉他我将在哪里与他碰面。 (二)主句谓语动词是过去时,从句谓语动词一般需用过去时。 1.从句与主句的谓语动作同时发生,从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。 I thought that he studied hard.我认为他学习很努力。 He told me his son was watching TV.他告诉我他的儿子在看电视。 2.从句谓语动作在主句谓语动作之后,从句用过去将来时。 He said he would spend his holidays in Qingdao.他告诉我他将在青岛度假。 3.从句谓语动作在主句谓语动作之前,从句用过去完成时。 They told me they had waited for me half an hour.他们告诉我他们已经等了我半小时了。 4.从句如果有表示过去某一具体时间的状语,仍用过去时。 She told me her brother died in 1945.她告诉我她的哥哥死于1945年。 (三)从句时态不受下列客观的条件影响。 1.从句说明的是不受时间限制的事实或真理(客观真理)。 The teacher told us that the earth turns from west to east.老师告诉我们地球自西向东转。 It was true that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.水在的确是在32华氏度结冰的。 2.当从句表示的是反复出现的时态不变。 She told me that she gets up at six o'clock every morning.她告诉我她每天早晨6点起床。 He asked me when the train usually starts.他向我询问火车通常何时出发。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Our teacher once told me light _(travel) much faster than sound. 2. Did you predict that many students _(sign) up for the dance competition? 3. After school we went to the reading-room, only to be told that it _(decorate). 4. George said that he _(come) to school to see me the next day, but he didn’t. 5. When Alice came to herself, she did not know how long she _(lie) there. 一、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1. _ adds to the amazement may be the occasional sight of golden snub-nosed monkeys and constant sounds of birds singing. 2.No one knows _ the animals have walked so far away from their original habitat. 3.People always say that fishing in shallow water in autumn makes sense. That’s _ temperatures decrease quickly and sunshine doesn’t reach deep water thoroughly. 4.This skill is _ supports the enormous promise of facial-recognition software in the 21st century. It is also what makes contemporary surveillance (监控) systems so scary. 5. According to _ was released by China’s State Council in August last year, the country aims to establish at least one university for elderly people in every county-level region by 2025. 6.These 3000-year-old symbols, jiaguwen, were carved on turtle shells or bones of animals, and can give us insight into _ ancient Chinese saw the world around them and into their great creativity. 7.In fact, everyone can realize his dream. Keep telling yourself _ you want. 8.Visitors go to the Getty thinking they are visiting a museum with works of art on the inside. _ they discover instead is a work of art with a museum inside. 9._ fascinates westerners is the Chinese bamboo culture and its long history. 10.It increases confidence and independence, offers you a chance to learn new crafts, and gives you time to reflect on _ university is right for you. 11.While they are rare north of 88 , there is evidence _ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 12.Inside the boat is a statue of a baby. The baby stands for humans and the boat is _ supports life. 13.Some teens consider high school to be terrible, taking up their time and loading them with many endless responsibilities; however, for teens who can see the bigger picture, they can appreciate _ high school is so important and how to make the most of it. 14.As a matter of fact, _ the media doesn’t show the world are other automobile accidents; research over the past several years has shown that flying is the safest method of transportation. 15.People always say that fishing in shallow water in autumn makes sense. That’s _ temperatures decrease quickly and sunshine doesn’t reach deep water thoroughly. 16.There are many ways you can experience tea culture in China. You can visit a tea plantation in Hangzhou or elsewhere to learn _ tea is grown and harvested. 17.Discoveries made during the latest excavation of Pit No.1 at the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, have allowed Chinese archaeologists to gain more insight into _ the world-famous Terracotta Warriors and their weapons were made. 18.That changed on Jan. 2, 2019, when Chinese spacecraft Chang’e 4 made a soft landing on _ is often referred to as the dark side. 19. Beijing Opera combines singing, reading, acting, fighting, and dancing together, using acting methods to present characters and tell stories. That is _ it is a comprehensive (综合的) art. 20.Of all the powerful works of Wang Xizhi, _ is best known to us is Lantingji Xu. 二、阅读下列短文,在空白处填写1个恰当的单词。 Passage 1 “Me”. It's a small word with big meaning, and that meaning is as individual to each of us as the way we look. Through interviews, I was able to discover 1. “me” means to other people, and 2. they have learnt to appreciate the beauty in themselves. Passage 2 I don't care 1. a writer is popular or not. 2. interests me most is the work itself. I've translated some works by authors such as Xi Murong and Bi Shumin. I also keep a close eye on what's being self-published online by new, young authors—they have some good ideas. Passage 3 The future home will use integrated sensors(集成传感器) to tell 1. you leave home each morning, and then go into an energy-efficient mode all by itself. All controls will respond to voice commands, so if you want to change your routine, you just say aloud 2. you want and the home system will obey. Passage 4 Have you ever asked yourself 1. people often have trouble learning English? I hadn't, until one day my five-year-old son asked me 2. there was ham in a hamburger. There isn't. This made me realize that there's no egg in eggplant either. Passage 5 To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle: “We are 1. we repeatedly do.” In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if we understand 2. habits work. Passage 6 Cunningham always used simple, relatively cheap cameras and took all his pictures on the streets of New York, not in a studio. Although he always knew 1. fashionable parties and events were happening, Cunningham liked to photograph ordinary people in the poor Bronx as much as VIPs in rich Manhattan. Through his fascination with 2. people were wearing, and not who they were, he opened the doors of fashion to everyone—fashion as he saw it belonged to the people, not just to high society and big brands. Passage 7 It is a well-known fact 1. the faces some people show to the world might be completely different to their real personalities. For instance, most comedians never cease to have smiles on their faces and always sound cheerful because that's the nature of their work. From this, it's impossible to know 2. their true feelings are. Although they might be laughing on the outside, they might be weeping on the inside. 3. others are feeling is not something that we should make assumptions about, because it's not always obvious who is truly happy. 4. is certain is that comedians often use comedy to help them understand themselves and the world. In fact, comedy is a very serious job indeed! Passage 8 When reading The Road Not Taken, one cannot help but see in one's mind images of a peaceful wood deep within the countryside. Paths in the woods are often used to symbolize 1. our lives progress and change. The lines “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, /And sorry I could not travel both” give us a visual representation of the choices that we face and the decisions that we need to make. Life throws many alternatives at us on a daily basis. These range from the basic “What should I wear today?” to the key issues of 2. subject to study at university or what job to do after graduation. Of course, the greatest dilemmas arise from moral problems, when we are uncertain 3. choice results in doing the right thing. Passage 9 When the Beagle reached the Gal pagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most. Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches on each of the islands. It seemed their beaks had evolved according to 1. food was available on that particular island. Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before. Over time, it had slowly evolved into many new species. And that was the answer to 2. new species of plants and animals came to exist: they evolved from earlier ancestors. 三.语篇填空 It was reported 1 there was an accident at a corner of the Roman Street. No one witnessed 2 it happened and no one saw what on earth happened then. A car ran into a truck but fortunately, nobody got injured. 3 will be responsible for the accident is still under investigation. The police were uncertain about 4 the driver was guilty. 5 the police should do now is 6 they must find out what led to the accident. They said it was difficult for them to judge because 7 the accident happened is not clear. Perhaps the reason was 8 the driver was too tired to stop the car in time. But the driver didn’t admit the fact 9 he was over-speed driving at the turning. The police doubted 10 what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation. American researchers have developed an AI-based system to discover Parkinson's(帕金森病)recently. The new system works by studying a person's breathing patterns(模式)during sleep. Parkinson's is an illness that harms the brain. which often causes patients to lose the ability to control their movements. This can influence their walking abilities and cause shaking movements in the body. Many patients also suffer from mental health problems and sleep problems. The researchers note that early signs of Parkinson's are not easy to notice. Many signs do not appear until years after the development of the illness. In fact. scientists have studied other methods to identify(识别)the illness before it has a chance to develop. But these methods are expensive and require special medical centers. The research team says the new AI system is simple and can identify the illness early in its development. Professor Dina Katabi helped lead the research." A relationship between Parkinson's and the act of breathing was noted as early as1817.in the work of Dr James Parkinson,' Katabi said. She added this connection led the research team" to consider the possibility to identify the illness from a person's breathing without looking at the movements".“ Studies have shown that breathing patterns connected with Parkinson's can appear years before other signs. This means the AI system can be an early predictor(预测器)of Parkinson's,” Katabi said. The system was tested on 7,687 people, including 757 patients with Parkinson's. It showed that with just one night's sleep, the AI system was able to identify Parkinson's with up to 86% precision(精确度). The researchers say the simplicity of the system will allow many more people to be tested for the illness at home, especially those who are not easy to go to hospitals. 1. What can we know about Parkinson's in Paragraph 2? A. its effects B. its varieties C. its treatments D. its methods 2.How does the writer show the advantage of the AI-based syste 衔接点13名词性从句 （初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 初中主要学习宾语从句的用法。主语从句、表语从句接触的比较少。 高中要求 在高中阶段，我们将着重学习主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和补语从句。，以它的各种连接词为学习主线，之后讲述表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。宾语从句中，宾语从句与陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句的转换是重点。 【初中名词性从句考点聚焦】 主语从句 一、用适当的引导词填空。 1. ______ she bought so many dictionaries is not clear.= It is not clear _____ she bought so many dictionaries.不清楚她为什么买这么多字典。 2. ________ he was admitted into Beijing University made his teachers and parents happy. 他考上了北大，这让他的老师和父母很高兴。 3. It’s a pity________ you can’t attend my birthday party.很可惜你不能参加我的生日聚会。 4. _________ we will build a new high school hasn’t been decided. 我们是否要建新高中还没决定呢。 5. __________ breaks the law should be punished.不管谁违法都应该受到惩罚。 1. Why ;why 2. That 3. that 4. Whether 5. Whoever 表语从句 1.The traditional view is___________we sleep because our brain is “programmed”to make us do so. A.when B. why C. whether D. that 【答案】D 【解析】下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句， 如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从 句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此， 应选择可引导名词性从句且不充当任何成分的that。 2.You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _________ I disagree. A.why B. where C. what D. how 【答案】B 【解析】 下划线处的引导词引导系动词 is 后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语及物动词，(“I disagree本”身是完整的主谓结构 ），下划线应填入引导词 where， 表语从句 “ where I disagree的意” 思是 “我不同意之处、 我不同意的地方 ”。 3.— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. — Is that ________ you had a few days off? A.why B. when C. what D. where 【答案】A 【解析】 下划线处的引导词引导与系动词 is 连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语， 下划线应填 入表示 “因此 ⋯⋯”（指因某种原因所造成的结果 ）的引导词 why。 宾语从句 1．Excuse me, sir. Could you tell me ________？ A．where is the bank nearest B．where is the nearest bank C．where the nearest bank is D．where was the bank nearest 【答案】C 【解析】句意：-打扰一下，先生，你能告诉我最近的银行在哪里吗？where is the bank nearest形式错误，nearest是形容词最高级，应该放在名词前面，而且这个宾语从句中应使用陈述语序；where is the nearest bank是疑问语序，在宾语从句中应使用陈述语序；where the nearest bank is是where引导的宾语从句，从句中使用的是陈述语序，故应选C。 2．Mike was not listening carefully, so he failed to hear . A．what the teacher said B．how the teacher said C．what did the teacher say D．how did the teacher say 【答案】A 【解析】本题考查：宾语从句。选项分析：what the teacher said是宾语从句，做hear的宾语，须用陈述语序。综合分析前后句， 可知此处填what the teacher said最合适，完整句意为：Mike was not listening carefully, so he failed to hear what the teacher said .迈克没有认真听讲，所以他没能听到老师在说什么。正确答案为：A 3.—Can I join you? —Sure , we are discussing ______. A．why we like the movie B．who should we go with C．how can we get there D．when shall we go for a picnic 【答案】A 【解析】句意：-----我能加入你们吗？-----当然，我们正在讨论我们为什么喜欢这部电影。考查宾语从句。宾语从句的语序是陈述语序，B、C和D是疑问句语序，可知排除；A是陈述句语序；故选A。 4．This book will show you ________ from books is put into practical use. A．how you’ve learned B．how what you’ve learned C．how that you’ve learned D．that you’ve learned 【答案】B 【解析】句意：这本书将向你展示你从书本中学到的东西是如何被实际使用的。根据句意可知，此句的句型,是 …… how （something） be done.根据what 引导的名词短句是后面从句的主语!可知，此空故填how what you’ve learned故选B。 5．—Mum, summer holiday is coming. I wonder .—How about Qinling Wild Zoo？ A．where can we go B．where we can go C．how we can go D．how we can go 【答案】B 【解析】试题分析：句意：——妈妈，暑假就要来了。我想知道我们可以去哪。——秦岭野生动物园怎么样？根据How about Qinling Wild Zoo？可知要去某地玩，故排除CD两项。位于动词wonder后作宾语从句的次序为：疑问词+主语+谓语。故选B。 【高中名词性从句考点聚焦】 考纲解读 名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和补语从句。在高中阶段，我们将着重学习前四种。本章从主语从句开始讲解，以它的各种连接词为学习主线，之后讲述表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句。宾语从句中，宾语从句与陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句的转换是重点。 典型例句：1.It is certain that he will come.他一定会来。（主语从句） 2.My idea is that we’ll all go expect Lily.我的想法是除了莉莉之外我们大家都去。（表语从句） 3.He asked me whether/if she lived here.他问我她是否住在这儿。（宾语从句） 4.I’ve no idea where he has gone.我不知道他到哪里去了。（同位语从句） 考点清单 一.主语从句 在主从复合句中，作主语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为主语从句。主句从句可以由连词、连接代词或连接副词引导，且不能省略。另外，主句的动词大多用be动词或其他系动词。 常用来引导主语从句的词 连词 that，whether 连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever等 连接副词 when，where，how，why等 1.由连词引导的主语从句 连词that，whether引导主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略。由它们引导的主语从句，多用it作形式主语。 ①That she was beautiful was plain to everyone.大家都能看出她很漂亮。 主语从句 ②It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 说明：①中that是连词，引导主语从句she was beautiful。that在主句从句中不作任何成分，也没有词义，that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子②。 ①Whether he’ll come (or not) hasn’t been decided.他是否会来，还没定下来。 主语从句 谓语 ②It hasn’t been decided whether he’ll come or not. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） ③（误）It hasn’t been decided if he’ll come. （误）If he’ll come hasn’t been decided. 说明：①中whether引导主语从句，whether在从句中不作任何成分，但有含义，意为“是否”，whether不能省略。此句中，因为主句的时态为现在时态，所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为②，即一个由it作形式主语的句子。 whether引导主语从句时，不能用if代替，所以③中的两个句子都是错误的。 That women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields is obvious. 主语从句 显然，过去在许多领域中，妇女没有和男人享有同样的机遇。 Whether she can get that job is still unclear.她是否能得到那份工作尚不清楚。 主语从句 That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. （从句）现在进行时的被动语态 （主句）一般现在时 =It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 英语正在作为一种国际语言被接受，这是一个事实。 It is my fault that this has happened.发生这事得怪我。 形式主语 真正主语（主语从句） 2.由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句 连接代词who，which和what，连接副词when，where，how和why以及复合连接代词whatever，whoever等，复合连接副词whenever，wherever等都可引导主语从句，它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语，不能省略。注意，翻译时，不能把它们译为疑问句。 Who will take charge of the task has not been decided. 重要：who是连接代词，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语，不能省略。翻译时不能把它译为疑问句。 =It has not been decided who will take charge of the task.谁来负责这项任务还没有决定。 Which (answer) is right isn’t known to us. =It isn’t known to us which (answer) is right.哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。 When we’ll start is not clear.=It is not clear when we’ll start.我们何时出发还不清楚。 Where we’ll spend our holiday hasn’t been decided.我们要去哪里度假还没决定。 How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.一本书的销售在很大程度上取决于书评作者。（重要：how是连接副词，在主语从句中作状语，不能省略。） Why he went to London is a mystery. =It is mysterious why he went to London.他为什么去伦敦是个谜。 比较：由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同，主语从句的语序是正常语序（陈述语序）。 疑问句：Why（疑问副词）didn’t he come here?他为什么不来这儿？ 主语从句：Why（连接副词）he didn’t come here is not known to us.我们不知道为什么他没来这儿。 what引导的主语从句有时相当于“先行词+that引导的定语从句”，表示一样东西或一件事情。who，whom，which，what可以和ever构成合成词，和what一样引导从句，ever起强调作用。由它们引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it替代，它们在句子中作成分，不能省略，语序为陈述语序。 What he said（主语从句）was perfectly true. what=the thing that，在从句中作宾语，不能省略，为陈述语序，不能用疑问句语序“What did he say?”。 =The thing that he said was perfectly true.（the thing+that引导的定语从句）他讲的都是事实。 Whoever leaves the office should tell me. whoever在从句中作主语，不能省略。 =Anyone who leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。 Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个，哪一个就是你的。 whichever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 Whatever I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。 whatever在从句中作宾语，不能省略，注意语序。 引导主语从句的连接代词 无论是谁（主） whoever =anyone who =no matter who 无论是谁（宾） whomever =anyone whom =no matter whom 无论是谁的 whosever =anyone whose =no matter whose 无论是哪个 whichever =anything that =no matter which 无论是什么 whatever =anything that =no matter what 单句语法填空 1.That he got the first prize in the English Contest surprised all of us. 2.Whether they would support us was a problem. 3.Who will take the place of Mr Li as our new headmaster hasn’t been decided. 4.What caused the accident to happen hasn’t been made clear yet. 5.Whoever has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising. 6.It’s said that government workers now make，on average，30% more than private sector workers. 7.How we can get in touch with him is the most important. 8.I read about it in some books or other.Does it matter which it was? 9.It is not clear whether Michael will go camping on the weekend. 10.How our brain works is being studied by the scientists. 二.表语从句 在主从复合句中，作表语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为表语从句。表语从句可以由连词、连接代词和连接副词引导，并且不能省略。 常用来引导表语从句的词 连词 that，weather 连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever，which，whichever等 连接副词 when，where，how，why等 My opinion is that the villager really didn’t understand the policeman.我认为那位村民确实没有理解警察的意思。 that在表语从句中不作成分，没有词义，不可省略，但在口语中有时可省略。 That’s what we should do.这是我们的本分。 what在表语从句中作宾语，不能省略，从句中的语序为陈述语序。 The question is how the tiger got out of the cage.问题是老虎是怎么从笼子里出去的。 how在表语从句中作状语，不能省略，从句中的语序为陈述语序。 That is why they decided to hold a meeting.这就是他们为什么决定要开会的原因。 This is where I met Mary for the first time.这就是我第一次遇见玛丽的地方。 单句语法填空 ①China is no longer what she used to be. ②The reason why she was absent was __that__she was ill then. 三.宾语从句 在主从复合句中，作宾语的是一个从句，这个从句就称为宾语从句。宾语从句与主语从句和表语从句一样，使用连词、连接代词和连接副词等引导。 常用来引导宾语从句的词 连词 that，whether 连接代词 what，whatever，who，whoever，which，whichever等 连接副词 when，where，how，why等 1.宾语从句的种类 宾语从句在句子中可以用作动词的宾语或介词的宾语。 1.动词宾语从句 I was told (that) I had to cut out alcohol.我被告知必须戒酒。 I don’t know whether/if the banks are open.我不知道银行是否营业。 Joe wanted to know who bought him the gift.乔想弄清楚是谁给他买的这个礼物。 Mary asked where she could find the biggest park in the city.玛丽问这座城市最大的公园在哪儿。 2.介词宾语从句 A.that只在expect，in和but等少数介词后引导从句作介词的宾语。 We know nothing expect that Joe is from America. 除了知道乔是来自美国之外，我们什么都不知道。 He differed from other people in that he always looked further ahead in his work. 他和别人不同的是他在工作中比别人都看得远些。 I could say nothing but that I was sorry.我非常抱歉。（我除了说抱歉之外，没什么可说的。） B.由连接代词或连接副词引导的从句作介词的宾语。 My teacher was satisfied with what I did.我的老师对我所做的一切感到满意。 What we should take with us depend on where we’ll stay.我们需要随身带什么东西，取决于我们将在什么地方停留。 C.不及物动词后跟介词宾语从句。 某些不及物动词后边如果跟宾语从句，常省去介词。 I don’t care whether he is the headmaster or not.（省略介词）我不在乎他是不是校长。 重要：如果不及物动词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语，则介词不能省略。 I don’t care about him.我不在乎他。 I insist that you should learn a second language.（省略介词） =I insist on your learning a second language.（不能省略介词）我坚持让你学第二语言。 D.某些形容词后跟介词宾语从句。 在表示知觉、感情等的形容词如sure，afraid，glad，certain等之后，如果跟宾语从句，则省去介词。 I’m afraid that I’ll be late.（省略介词）恐怕我要迟到了。 重要：如果形容词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语，则不能省略介词。 I’m afraid of being late.我害怕迟到。 I’m sure that we’ll win the match.（省略介词）我确信我们会赢得这场比赛。 I am sure that he’ll win.（省略介词） =I am sure of his winning.（不能省略介词）我肯定他会赢。 He is glad that you passed the exam.（省略介词） =He is glad of your passing the exam.（不能省略介词）他为你能通过考试而高兴。 2.宾语从句的转换 1.陈述句与宾语从句的转换 陈述句转换成宾语从句的步骤： 步骤①：用连词that引导宾语从句。（that在从句中不担当成分，本身没有词义，可以省略） 步骤②：从句语序不变，仍是陈述语序。 步骤③：从句时态与主句时态保持一致。 步骤④：可用it代替that引导的宾语从句作形式宾语。 陈述句：He is listening to music in the room.他正在屋子里听音乐。 宾语从句：Joe said that he was listening to music in the room.乔说他正在屋子里听音乐。 说明：主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态为过去进行时。 陈述句：Mary always studies hare.玛丽总是努力学习。 宾语从句：All of us know that Mary always studies hard.我们所有的人都知道玛丽总是努力学习。 说明：主句如果是一般现在时，从句的时态不变。 We think it quite right that all the people ought to obey the laws. 形式宾语 真正的宾语 所有人都应遵守法律，我们认为这是非常正确的。 They took it for granted that the Greens had gone to Australia.他们想当然地认为格林夫妇去澳大利亚了。 He made it clear to all the people that he objected to the plan.他让所有人都明白，他反对这项计划。 I think it necessary that he does it again.我想他有必要再做一次。 2.一般疑问句与宾语从句的转换 一般疑问句转换成宾语从句的步骤： 步骤①：用whether或if引导宾语从句。（它们在从句中不作任何成分，当“是否”讲，不可省略） 步骤②：从句语序要变为陈述语序。 步骤③：从句时态要与主句时态保持一致。 一般疑问句：Does she work in the office?她在这个办公室工作吗？ 宾语从句：He asked me whether/if she worked in the office. 说明：主句的时态是过去式asked，宾语从句的时态也要改为过去时。 =He asked me whether/if she worked in this office or not.他问我她是否在这个办公室工作。 一般疑问句：Will the movie star come?这个影星会来吗？ 宾语从句：I don’t know whether/if the movie star will come. 说明：主句时态是一般现在时，宾语从句的时态不变。 =I don’t know whether/if the movie star will come or not.我不知道这位影星是否会来。 一般疑问句：Did he study English 20 years ago?他20年前学英语吗？ 宾语从句：My mother asked him whether he had studied English 20 years before. 说明：主句时态是一般过去时，宾语从句的时态由一般过去时变为过去完成时。 我母亲问他，他20年前是否学英语。 3.特殊疑问句与宾语从句的转换 特殊疑问句转换成宾语从句的步骤： 步骤①：保留原来的疑问词（这些疑问词形式不变，但它们的语法功能变了，换作连接代词或连接副词，它们在宾语从句中作成分，不可以省略）。 步骤②：从句语序要变为陈述语序。 步骤③：从句时态要与主句时态保持一致。 特殊疑问句：What does Joe do?乔是做什么的？ 宾语从句：I wonder what Joe does.我想知道乔是做什么的。 说明：what由原来特殊疑问句中的疑问代词变为连接代词，它把主句和宾语从句连接起来，同时，他在宾语从句中作动词does的宾语，不能省略。语序要变为陈述语序。因为主句的时态是一般现在时，所以从句的时态保持不变。 特殊疑问句：Why did he come home so late yesterday?他昨天为什么回家那么晚？ 宾语从句：She asked me why he had come home so late the day before.她问我，他前一天为什么回家那么晚。 说明：why由特殊疑问句中的疑问副词变为连接副词，它引导了宾语从句，同时在宾语从句中作状语，不能省略。语序要变为陈述语序。因为主句的时态是一般过去时态，所以从句的时态也由一般过去时变为过去完成时。 特殊疑问句：When would Mr.Green be allowed to go home?格林先生什么时候被允许回家？ 宾语从句：Joe asked when Mr.Green would be allowed to go home. 乔问什么时候可以允许格林先生回家。 特殊疑问句：What can they do to help us?他们能做什么来帮助我们？ 宾语从句：We want to know what they can do to help us. 我们想知道他们能做些什么来帮助我们。 特殊疑问句：How did he come?他怎么来的？ 宾语从句：Do you remember how he came?你还记得他怎么来的吗？ 3.使用宾语从句需注意的事项 1.宾语从句的时态 宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同，时态会受到主句的限制，尤其是主句为一般过去时时。 A.当主句是现在时态时 当主句是现在时态（一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时）时，宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定（可以是任意时态）。 Joe says he has read the book that day.乔说他那天看了这本书了。 Mary says Susan went to Shanghai the day before.玛丽说苏珊前一天去了上海。 B.当主句是过去时态时 当主句是过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时）时，宾语从句的时态要变为相应的过去时态（一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时）。 I believed what she told me.我相信她和我说的话。 Mr.White told me that he had gone there by train.怀特先生告诉我他是坐火车去那儿的。 2.主句是I don’t think...的宾语从句 主句是I don’t think...的主从复合句的意思是“我认为……不……”。它在英语中已成为固定句型，即否定的形式在主句，而否定的信息焦点却在从句。 类似的句型还有：I don’t imagine...，I don’t believe...，I don’t suppose...等。 I don’t think you are right.我认为你不对。 重要：主句的主语必须是第一人称I或we时，才能用这样的句型（否定形式在主句，而否定的信息焦点却在从句）。 I don’t think he’ll go,will he?我认为他不会走，不是吗？ I don’t think you can do that,can you?我认为你不会干那件事，不是吗？ I don’t think he is lazy,is he?我认为他不懒，不是吗？ 注意：注意该固定句型中反意疑问句的用法。 3.连词that的省略 that引导宾语从句时可以省略，但在连接词and或but所连接的两个作宾语的that从句中，第一个宾语从句中的that可以省略，第二个不能省略。 He said (that) he has worked for nearly ten years and that he wanted to go home. 他说他已在这儿工作近10年了，并说他想回家了。 The little girl told me (that) she didn’t like toy trains,and that she liked barbie dolls very much. 这个小女孩告诉我，她不喜欢玩具火车，并且告诉我她非常喜欢芭比娃娃。 4.当主句谓语为doubt和be not sure时 句型：I doubt whether/if...（我怀疑……是否……） I don’t doubt that...（我毫不怀疑……） I doubt whether he can swim.我怀疑他是否会游泳。 I don’t doubt that he can swim.我毫不怀疑他会游泳。 Do you doubt that he can swim?你怀疑他会游泳吗？ 说明：当谓语含有询问或怀疑之意，如doubt（怀疑），not sure（不确定）时，应用whether/if引导的宾语从句。而do not doubt/believe和疑问句中的doubt，则用that引导宾语从句。 句型：I’m not sure+whether/if...（我不确定……是否……） I’m sure+that...（我相信……） I’m not sure whether/if the news is true.我不能肯定这消息是否确切。 I’m not sure whether/if he can swim.我不确定他是否会游泳。 I’m sure that he can do it well.我相信他会把这件事做好的。 5.宾语从句中的虚拟语气 insist表示“坚持”和suggest表示“建议”时，它们后面可跟使用虚拟语气的宾语从句。 【请参照（虚拟语气）进行学习】 单句语法填空/补全句子 ①Over thousands of years，they began to depend less on what could be hunted or gathered from the wild，and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown. ②What students do at college seems to matter much more than where they go. ③I’m not sure which is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩)that suddenly appears out of nowhere. ④The scientists can set the fibers’ arrangement and spacing, which determines whether the man－made meat ends up more like a burger or a steak. ⑤I don’t think his decision is wise in reality. 实际上，我觉得他的决定并不明智。 ⑥She demanded that we (should) set off at once．她要求我们应当立即出发。 四.同位语从句 在主从复合句中，作同位语的是一个从句，则这个句子就称为同位语从句。同位语从句由连词that和whether、关系代词who和what或关系副词why和how等引导。连词that在同位语从句中不担任任何成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。从意思上来讲，同位语从句所表达的意思，就是与之同位的名词所表达的意思。 与从句同位的名词通常是表示事实等的抽象名词 answer回答 belief信念 doubt怀疑 fact事实 hope希望 idea想法 news消息 order命令 question问题 reply回答 thought想法 rumour谣言 注意：具体名词，如pen，book等之后不能跟同位语从句。 The idea that we invited him yesterday is quite good.昨天我们邀请了他，这个主意真是太好了。 The question whether we’ll go to see the film next Monday hasn’t been settled. 说明：whether引导同位语从句，有词义，不作成分，不能省略，也不能用if来代替。 下周一我们是否去看那部电影还未决定。 His question why the sky is blue is difficult to answer.他问为什么天是蓝的，这令人很难回答。 The rumour that there’ll be an earthquake soon spread all over the area.（同位语从句） 说明：that引导的从句是抽象名词rumour的同位语从句，that无词义，不作成分，也不能省略。 将要发生地震的谣言很快就在这一地区传开了。 The rumour is that there’ll be an earthquake.（表语从句）谣言是将要发生地震了。 比较：试比较下面两个句子的正误。 （正）The idea (that) he told me yesterday is good.（定语从句） （误）The idea is that he told me yesterday.昨天他告诉我的那个主意太好了。 单句语法填空 ①The story goes that__William Tell killed the king with an arrow. ②After receiving a message from Rylee Anderson, 12, that she was struggling with a math problem, Waba grabbed a whiteboard and hurried to her front door. ③While they are rare north of 88°， there is evidence that they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 五.使用名词性从句需注意的事项 1.连词that的用法总结 that可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句中。在这些从句中that只起连接作用，在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义。 that引导主语从句和宾语从句时，往往用形式主语it或形式宾语it来替代，而把从句移到后面。 重要：that在引导宾语从句时可以省略，引导其他从句时一律不能省略。 2.连接代词和连接副词的用法总结 连接代词（who，whom，whose，which，what）除了起连接作用外，还在从句担任主语、宾语、表语等成分。 连接副词（when，where，how，why）除了起连接作用外，还可在从句中作状语。 连接代词、连接副词在名词性从句中保留其疑问意义，同时在引导名词性从句时，前面没有先行词（这是与定语从句需区别的一点）。 重要：所有连接代词和连接副词在名词性从句中都不能省略。 3.名词性从句的语序和时态 所有的名词性从句中的语序都是陈述语序。 主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中的时态不受主句的限制，但宾语从句的时态要受主句的限制（只限于在主句是过去时态时）。 注意：需要特别注意insist，suggest后宾语从句的两种形式。 4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气 当主句中主语的中心名词、谓语、表语或宾语是表示命令、要求、建议、希望、必要等含义的词时，从句的谓语要用虚拟语气，即“（should）+动词原形”。 例外：wish后的宾语从句中虚拟语气构成例外。 It is right that one (should) speak well of the absent.不在背后诋毁人是对的。（主语从句） It is very important that we (should) ask advice of other people.（主语从句） 重要的是我们应该征求他人的意见。 The order is that the work (should) be finished as soon as possible.（表语从句） 命令是要尽快完成这项工作。 I demand that John (should) go there at once.我要约翰马上去那儿。（宾语从句） He advised that we (should) go home right now.他建议我们立刻回家。（宾语从句） Joe made the suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off to the next week.（同位语从句） 乔提议会议推迟到下一周。 5.引导名词性从句的whether和if A.whether可以用于所有的名词性从句中，而if只用于宾语从句之中。两者都不能省略。 Whether the football game will be played depends on the weather.（主语从句）足球比赛是否举行将视天气而定。 The question is whether you can do it yourself.（表语从句）问题是你是否能亲自做这件事。 I’ll see whether/if she’s at home.（宾语从句）我来看看她在不在家。 The question whether he should come himself or send another one hasn’t been decided.（同位语从句）他亲自来还是派别人来这个问题还没定下来。 B.在引导宾语从句（动词宾语从句）时，whether和if都可以和or not连用，但whether后可直接跟or not，而if不能。 I don’t know whether/if I can come or not. =I don't know whether or not I can come.我不知道我是否能来。 He asked me whether/if she was coming. =He asked me whether/if she was coming or not. =He asked me whether or not she was coming.他问我，她来还是不来。 比较：whether后可以接动词不定式，而if则不可以接。 Please tell us whether to go or stay here.请告诉我们是离开还是呆在这儿， C.介词的宾语从句只能用whether引导。 We worried about whether he was in good health (or not).我们担心他的身体是否健康。 It all depends on whether the weather is fine.一切都取决于天气如何。 D.如果宾语从句是否定结构，则只能用if，而不能用whether。 I don’t care if he doesn’t show up.他来不来我都不在乎。 Dinner was almost over when Dan, still looking hungry,grinned and asked Dave if he wasn’t going to have some bread.晚饭快吃完时，丹看上去还没吃饱，于是他笑着问戴夫还要不要吃些面包。 考点归纳一、两种典型的同位语从句归纳 要点精讲： ①同位语从句常放在fact, news, truth, doubt, belief, thought, problem等词后面，对名词做进一步解释说明，连接词只能用that，且不能省略。 ②注意：have no idea后面接who, what, when等wh-类连接词。 I didn't receive the news that the meeting had been put off.我没有听到会议被推迟的消息。 Information has been put forward that more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.有消息透露，大学将招收更多的中学毕业生。 You can have no idea what he said.你根本想不到他说了些什么。 I have no idea when he will be back.我不知道他什么时候回来。 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field. 2. The notice came around two in the afternoon _____ the meeting would be postponed. 3. Evidence has been found through years of study______ children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up. 4. —Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday? —Yeah, but I have no idea ________ he did it; that's one of his favourite universities. 5. There is no doubt ______ teachers play an important role in children's growth. 【答案与解析】 1. that。连词that引导同位语从句对名词belief起解释说明作用。故答案是that。 2. that。连词that引导同位语从句对名词notice起解释说明作用。故答案是that。 3. that。连词that引导同位语从句对名词Evidence起解释说明作用。故答案是that。 4. why。have no idea后面可以是what, who, when等连接词，取决于语境。故答案是why。 5. that。There is no doubt that…表示“毫无疑问的是”，that引导同位语从句。故答案是that。 考点归纳二、it作形式主语/宾语的名词性从句 要点精讲：it用作形式主语，多用于It is +形容词/过去分词+that…从句；用作形式宾语，多用于动词+it+形容词/名词+that…从句。 ①It is + n. +从句 It is a pity/shame that... 遗憾的是…… It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是… It is a fact that… …是事实 It is common knowledge that… …是常识 ② It is + adj. +从句 It’s certain that… 肯定… It is possible that... 很可能…… It is unlikely that... 不可能…… It is obvious that… 很明显… It is necessary \important atural\... that…+(should) +do… ③It +不及物动词+从句 It happened that... 碰巧…… It occurred to me that…我突然想起… ③It + be +过去分词+从句 It is said that... 据说…… It is known to all that... 众所周知…… It is reported that... 据报道…… It is believed that...据信……;人们相信…… It is suggested that + (should）do... 建议…… It must be admitted that…必须承认…… It cannot be denied that… 不可否认…… 　　 It must be pointed out that…需指出的是…… 　 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1. It doesn’t matter _____ you pay by cash or credit card in this store. 2. It is by no means clear ________the president can do to end the strike. 3. Before a problem can be solved, it must be obvious__________ the problem itself is. 4. _____is known to us all that the 2022 Olympic Winter Games will take place in Beijing. 5. It suddenly occurred to him ___________he had left his keys in the office. 6. You may depend on ___________that all goods will be shipped abroad in time. 【答案与解析】 1. whether。whether引导主语从句，it是形式主语。故答案是whether。 2. what。by no means表示“决不，无论如何也不”，因此后面what作动词do的宾语。故答案是what。 3. where。where引导表语从句，表示“问题本身在哪里”。故答案是where。 4. It。It is known to all that…是常用句型，表示“众所周知……”。故答案是It。 5. that。It occurred to sb that…表示“某人突然想到”，it是形式主语。故答案是that。 6. it。depend on it that….是固定句型，表示“相信……”。故答案是it。 考点归纳三、名词性从句中的时态照应 要点精讲：主句是一般过去时，宾语从句要用相应的过去时态；若从句表示客观事实或真理，则从句时态不变。 （一）主句谓语动词是现在或将来时，从句谓语动词可以用任何需要的时态。 I wonder what he is doing now. 我想知道他现在在干什么。 Do you know when and where he was born?你知道他在何时何地出身吗？ I'll write to tell him where I 'll meet him.我将写信告诉他我将在哪里与他碰面。 （二）主句谓语动词是过去时，从句谓语动词一般需用过去时。 1.从句与主句的谓语动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时。 I thought that he studied hard.我认为他学习很努力。 He told me his son was watching TV.他告诉我他的儿子在看电视。 2.从句谓语动作在主句谓语动作之后，从句用过去将来时。 He said he would spend his holidays in Qingdao.他告诉我他将在青岛度假。 3.从句谓语动作在主句谓语动作之前，从句用过去完成时。 They told me they had waited for me half an hour.他们告诉我他们已经等了我半小时了。 4.从句如果有表示过去某一具体时间的状语，仍用过去时。 She told me her brother died in 1945.她告诉我她的哥哥死于1945年。 （三）从句时态不受下列客观的条件影响。 1.从句说明的是不受时间限制的事实或真理（客观真理）。 The teacher told us that the earth turns from west to east.老师告诉我们地球自西向东转。 It was true that water freezes at thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit.水在的确是在32华氏度结冰的。 2.当从句表示的是反复出现的时态不变。 She told me that she gets up at six o'clock every morning.她告诉我她每天早晨6点起床。 He asked me when the train usually starts.他向我询问火车通常何时出发。 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Our teacher once told me light _________(travel) much faster than sound. 2. Did you predict that many students ____________(sign) up for the dance competition? 3. After school we went to the reading-room, only to be told that it _________________(decorate). 4. George said that he _____________(come) to school to see me the next day, but he didn’t. 5. When Alice came to herself, she did not know how long she ______________(lie) there. 【答案与解析】 1. travels。若从句表示客观事实或真理，即使主句是一般过去时从句时态也不变。故答案是travels。 2. would sign。Did you predict暗示从句用过去将来时。故答案是would sign。 3. was being decorated。结合语境从句应用过去进行时表示当时的行为。故答案是was being decorated。 4. would come。the next day暗示将要发生，结合主句时态该用过去将来时。故答案是would come。 5. had been lying。结合语境应用过去完成进行时表示说话之前的行为。故答案是had been lying。 一、用单词的适当形式完成句子 1. __________ adds to the amazement may be the occasional sight of golden snub-nosed monkeys and constant sounds of birds singing. 2.No one knows __________ the animals have walked so far away from their original habitat. 3.People always say that fishing in shallow water in autumn makes sense. That’s __________ temperatures decrease quickly and sunshine doesn’t reach deep water thoroughly. 4.This skill is __________ supports the enormous promise of facial-recognition software in the 21st century. It is also what makes contemporary surveillance (监控) systems so scary. 5. According to __________ was released by China’s State Council in August last year, the country aims to establish at least one university for elderly people in every county-level region by 2025. 6.These 3000-year-old symbols, jiaguwen, were carved on turtle shells or bones of animals, and can give us insight into __________ ancient Chinese saw the world around them and into their great creativity. 7.In fact, everyone can realize his dream. Keep telling yourself __________ you want. 8.Visitors go to the Getty thinking they are visiting a museum with works of art on the inside. __________ they discover instead is a work of art with a museum inside. 9.__________ fascinates westerners is the Chinese bamboo culture and its long history. 10.It increases confidence and independence, offers you a chance to learn new crafts, and gives you time to reflect on __________ university is right for you. 11.While they are rare north of 88°, there is evidence __________ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canada. 12.Inside the boat is a statue of a baby. The baby stands for humans and the boat is  __________ supports life. 13.Some teens consider high school to be terrible, taking up their time and loading them with many endless responsibilities; however, for teens who can see the bigger picture, they can appreciate __________ high school is so important and how to make the most of it. 14.As a matter of fact, __________ the media doesn’t show the world are other automobile accidents; research over the past several years has shown that flying is the safest method of transportation. 15.People always say that fishing in shallow water in autumn makes sense. That’s __________ temperatures decrease quickly and sunshine doesn’t reach deep water thoroughly. 16.There are many ways you can experience tea culture in China. You can visit a tea plantation in Hangzhou or elsewhere to learn __________ tea is grown and harvested. 17.Discoveries made during the latest excavation of Pit No.1 at the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, have allowed Chinese archaeologists to gain more insight into __________ the world-famous Terracotta Warriors and their weapons were made. 18.That changed on Jan. 2, 2019, when Chinese spacecraft Chang’e 4 made a soft landing on __________ is often referred to as the dark side. 19. Beijing Opera combines singing, reading, acting, fighting, and dancing together, using acting methods to present characters and tell stories. That is __________ it is a comprehensive (综合的) art. 20.Of all the powerful works of Wang Xizhi, __________ is best known to us is Lantingji Xu. 1. What 考查主语从句连接词。句意：更令人惊讶的是，偶尔会看到金丝猴和不断的鸟鸣声。该空引导主语从句，从句中缺乏主语，意为“……的事物”，用连接代词what，首字母大写。故填What。 2. why 考查宾语从句。句意：没有人知道为什么这些动物离开了它们原来的栖息地那么远。此处为宾语从句，从句中缺少原因状语，用why引导。故填why。 3. because 考查表语从句。句意：人们常说秋天要在浅水里钓鱼是有道理的。这是因为在寒露期间，温度迅速下降，阳光无法完全到达深水区。根据句意及句子结构可知，本句是表语从句，此处表示“因为”，故用引导词because，引导表语从句。故填because。 4. what 考查名词性从句。句意：这种技能正是21世纪面部识别软件的巨大潜力所在。“…supports the enormous promise of facial-recognition software in the 21st century. ”在is 后面充当表语，是一个表语从句。从句中supports 前面缺主语，指物，应用连接代词what，故填what。 5. what 考查宾语从句。句意：根据中国国务院去年8月发布的消息，我国计划到2025年在每个县级地区至少建立一所老年大学。分析句子结构可知，此处为连词引导的宾语从句作according to的宾语，从句中缺少主语，结合句意可知，此处指的是事情。故填what。 6. how 考查宾语从句。句意：这些有三千年历史的符号，甲骨文，刻在甲壳或动物的骨头上，可以让我们了解古人如何看待周围的世界，以及他们伟大的创造力。根据空格前的介词into可知，此处为宾语从句。在宾语从句中，句子不缺成分，表“如何”含义，所以用连接副词how引导宾语从句。故填how。 7. what 考查宾语从句。句意：不断告诉你自己你想要的是什么。本句是宾语从句，从句中的want缺少宾语，表示“……的东西”应填what。故填what。 8. What 考查主语从句。句意：相反，他们发现的是里面有一个博物馆的一件艺术品。分析句子结构和意思可知，　　　 they discover instead是主语从句，从句中缺少动词discover的宾语，指物，用what，“什么”的意思，首字母大写。故填What。 9. What 考查主语从句。句意：让西方人着迷的是中国的竹文化及其悠久的历史。分析句子可知，空格处缺少主语从句关系词，主语从句缺少主语，表示“物”，应使用连接代词what，位于句首首字母大写，故填What。 10. whether 考查宾语从句。句意：它增加了你的自信和独立性，为你提供了一个学习新手艺的机会，并给你时间来思考大学是否适合你。此处为宾语从句，从句中不缺少成分，表示“是否”应用whether。故填whether。 11. that 考查同位语从句。根据句子结构分析可知，主句为there be句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，解释说明中心词evidence的内容，故填that。 12. what 考查名词性从句。表语从句中，从句缺少主语，故用what引导。句意：婴儿代表人类，而船是生命的支柱。故填what。 13. why 考查宾语从句引导词。句意：然而，对于能够看到大局的青少年来说，他们可以理解为什么高中如此重要以及如何充分利用它。分析句子可知，从句缺少原因状语，这里用连接副词why引导宾语从句。故填why。 14. what 考查名词性从句。句意：事实上，媒体没有向世界展示的是其他的交通事故；过去几年的研究表明，乘飞机是最安全的交通方式。分析句子成分可知，本句为主语从句的连接词，主语从句谓语动词show之后缺少宾语，表示物，所以用what。故填what。 15. because 考查表语从句。句意：人们常说秋天要在浅水里钓鱼是有道理的。这是因为在寒露期间，温度迅速下降，阳光无法完全到达深水区。根据句意及句子结构可知，本句是表语从句，此处表示“因为”，故用引导词because，引导表语从句。故填because。 16. how 考查宾语从句。句意：你可以参观杭州或其他地方的茶园，了解如何种植和收获茶叶。空处引导宾语从句，且从句缺少方式状语，应用how来修饰，故填how。 17. how 考查宾语从句。句意：中国第一个皇帝秦始皇陵墓一号坑的最新发掘发现，使中国考古学家对世界闻名的兵马俑及其武器的制造过程有了更多的了解。分析句子结构可知，空处引导宾语从句，从句中结构完整，应该用连接副词引导，根据句意，应用how引导。故填how。 18. what 考查名词性从句。句意：这种情况在2019年1月2日发生了改变，在那一天，嫦娥四号在月球的暗月面软着陆。分析句子可知，is often referred to as the dark side.为从句作landing on的宾语，从句缺乏主语，故用what。 19. why 考查表语从句。句意：这就是为什么它是一门综合性的艺术。这里为表语从句的连接词，从句缺少原因状语，用why引导。故填why。 20. what 考查主语从句。句意：在王羲之的所有大作中，我们最为了解的是《兰亭集序》。空处引导主语从句，引导词在从句中作主语，表示“我们最为了解的（作品）”，指物用what引导，故填what。 21. what 考查what引导宾语从句。分析句子成分可知，此空连接宾语从句，从句中缺主语，故用连接词what。故填what。 二、阅读下列短文,在空白处填写1个恰当的单词。 Passage 1 “Me”. It's a small word with big meaning, and that meaning is as individual to each of us as the way we look. Through interviews, I was able to discover 1.　　　　　 “me” means to other people, and 2.　　　　　 they have learnt to appreciate the beauty in themselves.  答案　1. what　　2. how　　 Passage 2 I don't care 1.　　　　　 a writer is popular or not. 2.　　　　　 interests me most is the work itself. I've translated some works by authors such as Xi Murong and Bi Shumin. I also keep a close eye on what's being self-published online by new, young authors—they have some good ideas.  答案　1. whether/if　　2. What　　 Passage 3 The future home will use integrated sensors(集成传感器) to tell 1.　　　　　 you leave home each morning, and then go into an energy-efficient mode all by itself. All controls will respond to voice commands, so if you want to change your routine, you just say aloud 2.　　　　　 you want and the home system will obey.  答案　1. when　　2. what　　 Passage 4 Have you ever asked yourself 1.　　　　　 people often have trouble learning English? I hadn't, until one day my five-year-old son asked me 2.　　　　　 there was ham in a hamburger. There isn't. This made me realize that there's no egg in eggplant either.  答案　1. why　　2. whether/if　　 Passage 5 To change bad habits is never easy, even with many attempts. There is a famous saying based on the philosophy of Aristotle: “We are 1.　　　　　 we repeatedly do.” In many ways, our lifestyle is the sum of choices we have made. We make a choice to do something, and then we repeat it over and over again. Soon that choice becomes automatic and forms a habit that is much harder to change. The good news is that we can change, if we understand 2.　　　　　 habits work.  答案　1. what　　2. how　　 Passage 6 Cunningham always used simple, relatively cheap cameras and took all his pictures on the streets of New York, not in a studio. Although he always knew 1.　　　　　 fashionable parties and events were happening, Cunningham liked to photograph ordinary people in the poor Bronx as much as VIPs in rich Manhattan. Through his fascination with 2.　　　　　 people were wearing, and not who they were, he opened the doors of fashion to everyone—fashion as he saw it belonged to the people, not just to high society and big brands.  答案　1. where　　2. what　　 Passage 7 It is a well-known fact 1.　　　　　 the faces some people show to the world might be completely different to their real personalities. For instance, most comedians never cease to have smiles on their faces and always sound cheerful because that's the nature of their work. From this, it's impossible to know 2.　　　　　 their true feelings are. Although they might be laughing on the outside, they might be weeping on the inside. 3.　　　　　 others are feeling is not something that we should make assumptions about, because it's not always obvious who is truly happy. 4.　　　　　 is certain is that comedians often use comedy to help them understand themselves and the world. In fact, comedy is a very serious job indeed!  答案　1. that　　2. what　　3. How　　4. What　　 Passage 8 When reading The Road Not Taken, one cannot help but see in one's mind images of a peaceful wood deep within the countryside. Paths in the woods are often used to symbolize 1.　　　　　 our lives progress and change. The lines “Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, /And sorry I could not travel both” give us a visual representation of the choices that we face and the decisions that we need to make. Life throws many alternatives at us on a daily basis. These range from the basic “What should I wear today?” to the key issues of 2.　　　　　 subject to study at university or what job to do after graduation. Of course, the greatest dilemmas arise from moral problems, when we are uncertain 3.　　　　　 choice results in doing the right thing.  答案　1. how　　2. what　　3. which　　 Passage 9 When the Beagle reached the Galápagos Islands in 1835, Darwin saw a variety of new species, but it was the birds that interested him the most. Darwin noticed that there was a difference between the finches on each of the islands. It seemed their beaks had evolved according to 1.　　　　　 food was available on that particular island. Darwin suspected that the finches had evolved from a common ancestor, which had arrived on the islands a long time before. Over time, it had slowly evolved into many new species. And that was the answer to 2.　　　　　 new species of plants and animals came to exist: they evolved from earlier ancestors.  答案　1. what　　2. how　　 三．语篇填空 It was reported 1 there was an accident at a corner of the Roman Street. No one witnessed 2 it happened and no one saw what on earth happened then. A car ran into a truck but fortunately, nobody got injured. 3 will be responsible for the accident is still under investigation. The police were uncertain about   4 the driver was guilty.  5 the police should do now is  6 they must find out what led to the accident. They said it was difficult for them to judge because 7 the accident happened is not clear. Perhaps the reason was  8 the driver was too tired to stop the car in time. But the driver didn’t admit the fact  9  he was over-speed driving at the turning. The police doubted 10 what he said was true and decided to make a further investigation. 1.that 2.when 3.Who 4.whether 5.What 6.that 7.how 8.that 9.that 10.whether 【导语】本文讲述的是发生在的一场车祸。所幸无人受伤，警察正在调查取证，以尽快找到事故原因。 1. 考查主语从句。It is / was reported that ...是一个常用的句型，意为“据报道”。故填that。 2. 考查宾语从句。句意：没有人看到事故是什么时候发生的，也没有人看到当时究竟是怎么回事。从句中句子结构完整，引导词应该在从句中做状语，用连接副词。故填when。 3. 考查主语从句。句意：谁应该对事故负责，仍然在调查中。引导词在从句中充当主语，指人。另外，这里在句首，注意大写第一个字母。故填Who。 4. 考查介词后的宾语从句。句意：警察不能确定司机是否有罪。根据句意判断，这里表示“是否”。故填whether。 5. 考查主语从句。句意：警察现在应该做的事，就是必须找到是什么导致了这起车祸。此空是主语从句引导词，并且在从句中做动词宾语，指物，应该用what。另外，这里在句首，注意大写第一个字母。故填What。 6. 考查表语从句。句意同上。引导词应该是表语从句引导词，而且从句中结构完整，因此这里只需要一个引导词，且不做任何成分，只起连接词作用。故填that。 7. 考查主语从句。句意：他们（警察）说，因为事故是如何发生的尚不清楚，因此很难判断。此空应该是原因状语从句中的主语从句，主语从句中结构是完整的，因此应用连接副词。根据句子意思判断，这里应该用how。故填how。 8. 考查表语从句。当句子主语中含有名词reason, cause等表示原因，或是why引导的主语从句时，表语从句引导词应该用that。故填that。 9. 考查同位语从句。在名词idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等后的从句，一般是同位语从句，引导词在句中不充当任何成分，只起连接词作用。故填that。 10. 考查宾语从句。动词doubt如果用于肯定，其后的宾语从句常用whether来引导。如果用于否定，其后的宾语从句则用that来引导。故填whether。 American researchers have developed an AI-based system to discover Parkinson's(帕金森病）recently. The new system works by studying a person's breathing patterns(模式)during sleep. Parkinson's is an illness that harms the brain. which often causes patients to lose the ability to control their movements. This can influence their walking abilities and cause shaking movements in the body. Many patients also suffer from mental health problems and sleep problems. The researchers note that early signs of Parkinson's are not easy to notice. Many signs do not appear until years after the development of the illness. In fact. scientists have studied other methods to identify(识别)the illness before it has a chance to develop. But these methods are expensive and require special medical centers. The research team says the new AI system is simple and can identify the illness early in its development. Professor Dina Katabi helped lead the research." A relationship between Parkinson's and the act of breathing was noted as early as1817.in the work of Dr James Parkinson,' Katabi said. She added this connection led the research team" to consider the possibility to identify the illness from a person's breathing without looking at the movements".“ Studies have shown that breathing patterns connected with Parkinson's can appear years before other signs. This means the AI system can be an early predictor(预测器)of Parkinson's,” Katabi said. The system was tested on 7,687 people, including 757 patients with Parkinson's. It showed that with just one night's sleep, the AI system was able to identify Parkinson's with up to 86% precision(精确度). The researchers say the simplicity of the system will allow many more people to be tested for the illness at home, especially those who are not easy to go to hospitals. 1. What can we know about Parkinson's in Paragraph 2？ A. its effects B. its varieties C. its treatments D. its methods 2.How does the writer show the advantage of the AI-based system in Paragraph 3? A. By listing numbers. B. By giving examples. C. By telling stories. D. By comparing facts. 3.What can we know about the AI-based system from the passage? A. It needs special medical centers. B. It can be used for treating sleep problems. C. It helps notice the early signs of Parkinson's. D. It can influence the development of Parkinson's. 4.Which of the following is TRUE about Dina Katabi? A. She first connected Parkinson's with the act of breathing. B. She is a leader of the research of the new system. C. She is a professor who studies sleeping patterns. D. She wrote a book about Parkinson's. 5.What does the underlined word “simplicity” most probably mean in Chinese? A.改善 B. 简单 C.增加 D.降低 长难句分析 原句：（第二段第一句)Parkinson's is an illness that harms the brain, which often causes patients to lose the ability to control their movements. 译文：帕金森病是一种损害大脑的疾病，经常导致患者失去控制自己活动的能力。 分析：这是一个复合句。that harms the brain为that引导的定语从句，修饰先行词an illness。which在句中引导非限制性定语 句，对Parkinson's进行补充说明。 译文 美国研究人员最近开发了一个基于人工智能的系统来发现帕金森病。这个新系统的工作原理是研究人在睡眠期间的呼吸模式。 帕金森病是一种损害大脑的疾病，经常导致患者失去控制活动的能力。这会影响他们的行走能力，并导致身体颤抖。许多患者还患有心理健康问题和睡眠问题。 研究人员指出，帕金森病的早期症状不易被发现。许多症状直到疾病发展多年后才出现。事实上，研究人员还研究了其他方法，以便在疾病有机会发展之前识别它。但这些方法很昂贵且需要特殊的医疗中心。研究团队表示，新的人工智能系统很简单，它能在帕金森病早期就将这种病识别出来。 Dina Katabi 教授帮忙领导了这项研究。Katabi 说：“早在 1817 年，James Parkinson 博士的研究中就发现了帕金森病与呼吸行为之间的关系。”她补充说，这种联系促使研究小组“考虑从一个人的呼吸中识别疾病的可能性，而不看动作”。Katabi 说：“研究表明，与帕金森病有关的呼吸模式可能会比其他症状早几年出现。这意味着人工智能系统可以成为帕金森病的早期预测者。” 该系统在7687人身上进行了测试，其中包括757名帕金森病患者。测试结果显示，只需一晚的睡眠，人工智能系统就能识别出帕金森病，精确度高达86%。 研究人员说，该系统的简单性将使更多的人在家进行疾病检测，特别是那些不方便去医院的人。 答案详析 1.A 段落大意题。通读第二段可知，帕金森病是一种损害大脑的疾病，经常会导致患者失去控制自己活动的能力。这可能会影响他们的行走能力，并导致身体颤抖。许多患者还患有心理健康问题和睡眠问题。因此，本段主要介绍了帕金森病的影响。 2.D推理判断题。通读第三段可知，研究人员还研究了其他方法,但这些方法很昂贵且需要特殊的医疗中心。而新的人工智能系统很简单,它能在帕金森病早期就将这种病识别出来。因此，作者是通过比较事实的手法来说明新系统的优点的。 3. C 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The research team says the new AI system is simple and can identify the illness early in its development.”可知，新的人工智能系统很简便，可以在帕金森病早期识别它。也就是说，基于人工智能的系统可以帮助发现帕金森病的早期症状。 4.B 细节理解题。根据第四段第一句“Professor Dina Katabi helped lead the research."可知，Dina Katabi 教授帮忙主导了这项研究，即Dina Katabi 教授是这个新系统研究的一位领导。 5.B 词义猜测题。根据画线词后的“the system will allow many more people...go to hospitals"可知，新系统能使更多的人在家进行疾病检测，特别是那些不方便去医院的人。由此可推知，新系统使用起来比较简单，故simplicity意为“简单”。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$