衔接点12 句子成分及基本句型（初高考点差异及衔接）-2024年初升高英语无忧衔接（通用版）

衔接点12 句子成分及基本句型（初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 初中简单学习英语句子的成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语和表语等七类及S+V（主+谓）、S+V+O （主+谓+宾）、S+V+C （主+系+表）、S+V+IO+DO （主+谓+间宾+直宾）、S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补）、S+V+O+A （主+谓+宾+状）基本句型 高中要求 高中学习的句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。及S+V（主+谓）、S+V+O （主+谓+宾）、S+V+C （主+系+表）、S+V+IO+DO （主+谓+间宾+直宾）、S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补）、S+V+O+A （主+谓+宾+状）基本句型在各种题型中的应用。 【初中句子成分及基本句型考点聚焦】 一. 英语句子的成分一般包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语和表语等七类。 （1）主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的对象。由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式充当。 　　He is a student. 他是一名学生。（代词he作主语） （2）谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征。由动词或动词短语充当。 　　She loves cats. 她喜爱猫。（动词love作谓语） （3）宾语：指谓语动作所涉及的人或物。一般由名词或代词充当。 　　We speak Chinese. 我们讲汉语。（名词Chinese作宾语） （4）定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明。主　　要由形容词、代词、数词等充当。 　　I like light music. 我喜欢轻音乐。（形容词light作定语） （5）补语：主要用于对宾语的补充和说明。一般由名词、动词的非谓语形式、形容词充当。 　　He will buy me a gift. 他将给我买份礼物。（a gift作宾语me的补语） （6）状语：说明事物发生的时间、地点、原因、方式或条件等。一般由副词或状语从句充当。 　　He is watching TV at home. 他在家看电视。（at home作状语指明动作发生的地点） （7）表语：说明主语身份、特征、属性和状态，位于系动词后面。由名词、形容词等充当。 　　My father is a writer. 我父亲是一名作家。（a writer作表语） 二. 六种基本句型 基本句型 例　句 1 S+V（主+谓） Class begins.  开始上课了。 2 S+V+O （主+谓+宾） He plays the piano. 他弹钢琴。 3 S+V+C （主+系+表） We are students.  我们是学生。 4 S+V+IO+DO （主+谓+间宾+直宾） She gave me a pen. 她给了我一支钢笔。 5 S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补） He made the boy laugh.  他让那个男孩笑了。 6 S+V+O+A （主+谓+宾+状） I am playing the piano at home. 我正在家里弹钢琴。 分析下列句子成分 1.Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5.He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city． 7. ---I love you more than her，child 8. Tees turn green when spring comes. 9.They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 11.Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like． 12.We will make our school more beautiful. 13.He didn't come．That is why he didn't know． 14. She showed us her many of her pictures. 15. The old man lives a lonely life. 【高中句子成分及基本句型考点聚焦】 考纲解读 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。及S+V（主+谓）、S+V+O （主+谓+宾）、S+V+C （主+系+表）、S+V+IO+DO （主+谓+间宾+直宾）、S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补）、S+V+O+A （主+谓+宾+状）基本句型在各种题型中的应用。 考点清单 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （2） 主语： 用法：一般位于句首，是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （3） 谓语： 用法：常位于主语之后，说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”，总是由动词或动词短语充当。谓语与主语在人称和数上须保持一致。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语： 用法：位于系动词之后，说明主语“是什么”，“怎么样”。它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语：用法：位于及物动词之后，表示动作的对象、承受者或结果。由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词-ing形式或相当于名词的词或短语充当。 例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语： 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six? （时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 二.简单句的基本句型 重点用法① S+V→主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语） 用法：在此句型中，“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语。但是有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、地点、时间等，可以有状语来修饰。 Class begins.开始上课。 begin为不及物动词，后面不能带宾语 His father has gone abroad.他父亲出国了。 状语abroad修饰动词 Jim runs in the park.吉姆在公园里跑步。 in the park作地点状语 We stopped to have a rest.我们停下来休息。 to have a rest作目的状语 提示：一些动词既可以作不及物动词，也可以作及物动词。 They are playing on the playground.他们在操场上玩。 play为不及物动词 They’re playing football.他们在踢足球。 play为及物动词 重点用法② S+V+O→主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语 用法：在此句型中，谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整。句子的宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句或相当于名词的词、短语等来充当。 She likes English.她喜欢英语。 名词作宾语 He stopped writing.他停下笔。 动词-ing形式作宾语 They want to go.他们想走。 不定式作宾语 She knows what to do next.她知道下一步做什么。 “疑问词+不定式”作宾语 提示：有些不及物动词后面加上介词就相当于一个及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。例如，在句子You must listen to me.（你必须听我的。）中，listen是不及物动词，但在加上to之后，listen to相当于一个及物动词，其后可以跟宾语me。 重点用法③ S+V+P→主语+系动词+表语（+状语） 用法：be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词，后面必须接表语，才能用来说明主语，表示“……是……”，“……变成……”等意思。表语通常由名词、副词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语及不定式等充当。 He became a scientist.他成了一名科学家。 名词作表语 My sister is out now.我姐姐现在出去了。 副词作表语 They are honest.他们是诚实的。 形容词作表语 提示：在英语中，除了be动词和become属于系动词外，还有一些行为动词，当它们表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这类动词包括： appear出现 come成为 feel摸起来 get变得 go变得 grow变得 keep保持 look看起来 seem看起来 smell闻起来 sound听起来 taste尝起来 Children grow wiser as they grow.孩子们随着年龄的增长会变聪明。 The Lijiang River looks especially beautiful in the early morning.清晨，漓江看起来格外美丽。 Dinner smells good.饭菜闻起来很香啊。 His voice sounded strange on the phone.他的声音在电话里听着挺怪的。 I like this kind of cake.It tastes delicious very much.我喜欢这种蛋糕，它尝起来十分美味。 重点用法④ S+V+IO+DO→主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语 用法：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语，二者合称双宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象；间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或物，也就是说，间接宾语是指动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当间接宾语。 I bought John a birthday present.我给约翰买了生日礼物。 名词John是间接宾语，a birthday present是直接宾语 Please tell me your telephone number.请告诉我你的电话号码。 宾格代词me是间接宾语，your telephone number是直接宾语 提示：间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，构成句型“主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语”。在此句型中，间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语之后，构成“主语+谓语（及物动词）+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语”句型。当直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语是名词时，或者两个宾语都是人称代词时，需用此句型。 I sent a postcard to my best friend.我给我最好的朋友发了一张明信片。 I passed it to my mother.我把它递给了我妈妈。 She threw them to me.她把它们扔给我。 I found a spare ticket for him.我为他找到了一张多余的票。 Shall I order a taxi for you?要我给你叫辆出租车吗？ 注意：须在间接宾语前加to的常见动词有： bring带来 post邮给 show给……看 sell卖 send寄 take拿，取 throw扔 write给……写信 须在间接宾语前加for的常见动词有： book为……预定 buy买 call为……叫 choose选择 cook做饭 find为……找到 get得到 leave留下 make生产 order为……订购 pick捡起 save为……节约 有些动词后接双宾语时，既不能用to引起间接宾语，也不能用介词for引出间接宾语。 ask请求 cause导致 charge收费 cost花费，使丧失 forgive原谅 refuse拒绝 He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.他一杯茶向我要了5美元。 This heroic deed cost him his life.他为这一英雄壮举付出了生命。 重点用法⑤ S+V+O+OC→主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语（+状语） 用法：在某些及物动词的后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词和介词短语等都可以作宾语补足语。 I will make you captain.我将让你当船长。 The manager asked Amanda to leave.经理要阿曼达离开。 Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.昨天我和两个美国人一起照了相。 His speech left the President in a very difficult position.他的话使总统处于艰难境地。 提示：感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice；使役动词make，have，let等后接不定式作宾语补足语时，省去to。但变为被动语态时，to要还原。 He saw the boy play by the river.他看到这个男孩在河边玩耍。 The boy was seen to play by the river.这个男孩被看到在河边玩耍。 注意：上述感官动词等后既可以接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用动词-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已经结束，后者表示动作正在发生，一定要注意二者的区别。 He saw a girl in red get on the bus.他看见一个穿红色衣服的女孩上车了。上车的动作已经结束 He saw a girl in red getting on the bus.他看见一个穿红色衣服的女孩正在上车。上车的动作正在进行 一．根据每个词的词性、位置及与其它词之间的联系，判断它所充当的句子成分，并加以说明。  1. I am a Chinese student named Li Hua, 2.As a student who has learned Chinese painting 。 3..Looking forward to your early reply.  4..The local art gallery will hold an exhibition of Chinese paintings 5..My fluent spoken English and rich knowledge about Chinese paintings will help visitors understand the meaning behind each painting deeply.  6. We will play against the team  from HongXing High School. 二．分析句子:阅读下列短文,判断其中粗体字所作的成分。 一 I'm a freshman at senior high school. I had to think 1.very carefully about which courses I wanted to take. The school adviser helped me 2.choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese. I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent 3.when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for 4.advanced literature because I like English and I'm good at it.  二 1.Some of the first poems a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes. They are usually 2.the traditional poems or folk songs. The language of these rhymes, like 3.Poem A, is to the point but has a storyline. Many children enjoy nursery rhymes 4.because they rhyme, have a strong rhythm, and often repeat the same words. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.  三 Continued greenhouse gas emissions 1.will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures 2.to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by 3.restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility 4.to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.  四 One day, Claire mentioned 1.that she didn't think she was clever. The robot called Tony said that she must feel very unhappy to say that. Claire thought it was ridiculous 2.that she was being offered sympathy by a robot, but she gradually admired his wisdom and integrity and began to trust him. He always treated her with dignity. She told him how she was unhappy that her home wasn't elegant enough for Larry, 3.who wanted to improve his social position with a bigger salary. She wasn't like Gladys Claffern, 4.one of the richest and most powerful women around.  一 Foreign visitors to the UK might be disappointed when they learn that not everyone there speaks like Harry Potter and his friends.Usually,there’s an assumption by many non-Brits that everyone in Britain speaks with what’s known as a Received Pronunciation (RP,标准发音) accent,also called “the Queen’s English”.However,while many people do talk this way,most Britons speak in their own regional accents. Scouse,Glaswegian and the Black Country—from Liverpool,Glasgow and the West Midlands—are just three of the countless non-RP accents that British people speak with.There are even differences in accents between towns or cities just 30 kilometers apart.What is even more disappointing is that not speaking in a RP accent may mean a British person is judged and even treated differently in their everyday life. In a 2015 study by the University of New South Wales,videos of people reading a passage in three different UK accents were shown to a second group of people.The group then rated how intelligent they thought the readers sounded.The lowest-rated accent was the Brummie accent,native to people from Birmingham,a city whose accent is considered the working class. However,there is no need to be disappointed though you are not speaking in a RP accent.In fact,doing the opposite may even give you advantages.  Kong Seong-jae,25,is an Internet celebrity from Seoul.After studying in the UK,he picked up several regional accents.He’s now famous for his online videos,where he shows off the various accents he’s learned.“British people usually get really excited when I use some of their local dialect words,and they become much friendlier.I think it makes a bit of bond between local people and foreigners to speak in their local accent,”he said. So if you’re working on perfecting your British accent,try to speak like someone from Liverpool,Glasgow or Birmingham.You may not sound like Harry Potter,but you are likely to make more friends. 1.What can we infer from Paragraph 1? A.Non-Brits usually hold that all Britons speak in a RP accent. B.Only “the Queen’s English” is accepted in the UK. C.Foreign visitors are disappointed at their own spoken English. D.Any Received Pronunciation around the world is also called “the Queen’s English”. 2.What do people think of the Brummie accent? A.It is favored by foreign visitors to the UK. B.It is closest to the RP accent. C.It is smart and easy to understand. D.It is spoken by people of the working class. 3.What does the underlined phrase “doing the opposite” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A.Speaking in a RP accent. B.Speaking in regional accents. C.Speaking the Brummie accent. D.Speaking like Harry Potter. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A.A study about the most intelligent accent in Britain. B.A comparison between different British accents. C.How much British people value the RP accent. D.The impact of regional accents on people’s lives. 二 You wake up in the morning.The day is beautiful and the plans for the day are what you have been looking forward to for a long time.Then the telephone rings,you say hello,and the drama starts.The person at the other end has a depressing(令人沮丧的) tone in his voice as he starts to tell you how terrible his morning is and that there is nothing to look forward to.Are you still in a wonderful mood?Impossible! Communicating with negative(消极的) people can wash out your happiness.It may not change what you think,but communicating long enough with them will make you feel depressed for a moment or a long time. Life brings ups and downs,but some people are stuck in the wrong idea that life has no happiness to offer.They only feel glad when they make others feel bad.No wonder they can hardly win others’ pity or respect. When you communicate with positive people,your spirit stays happy and therefore more positive things are attracted.When the dagger(匕首) of a negative person is put in you,you have the heavy feeling that all in all,brings you down. Sometimes we have no choice but to communicate with negative people.He/She could be a co-worker,or a relative.In this case,speak as little as possible.Sometimes it feels good to let out your anger back to the negative person,but that will lower you to the same negative level and they won’t feel ashamed of themselves about that. Negativity often affects happiness without even being realized.The negative words of another at the start of the day can cling to(附着) you throughout the rest of your day,which makes you feel bad and steals your happiness.Life is too short to feel negative.Stay positive and avoid negativity as much as possible. 1.What’s the purpose of the first paragraph? A.To make a comparison. B.To offer an suggestion. C.To introduce a topic. D.To describe a daily scene. 2.How can negative people affect on us? A.By influencing our emotion. B.By telling us the nature of life. C.By changing our ways of thinking. D.By comparing their attitudes to life with ours. 3.What do some negative people base their happiness on? A.Other people’s pity for them. B.Making other people unhappy. C.Building up a positive attitude. D.Other people’s respect for them. 三 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 After a long day at work, coming home is a breath of fresh air. Home is a comfortable place to sit back and relax. __1__ Below are a number of things we can do to create a healthy home environment that will help to ease the workday stress and promote our physical and mental health. __2__ It may seem like a tiring thing to clean but there is a reason for doing so. We can remove dust by cleaning the house. Leaving layers of dust everywhere means that there is a build－up of dust. And where do these layers of dust go? Into our lungs. Making sure the rooms are full of sunlight is also important. We may not realize it but sunlight is an important part of our growth. We all know that sunlight promotes better working conditions. __3__ Think about using a Parans system where sunlight does not reach. This technology gathers the sunlight by using solar panels (板). It can send out sunlight wherever we are. It is also a good idea to add more plants in our house. __4__ They also give off oxygen, which can lower stress and improve our moods. Along the lines of being green, it can also be vital to think about what things we are bringing into the house. Try to avoid specific plastics that are harmful to health. __5__ They may contain poisonous chemicals that can be breathed in, or simply absorbed through the skin. A．However, is it as healthy as it can be? B．Is our home as comfortable as it used to be? C．The same thing applies to certain carpets and paint. D．Going green will help to remove toxins (毒素) in the air. E．Besides, it can reduce both stress and high blood pressure. F．Cleaning the house regularly is the first thing we should do. G．It is acknowledged that a greener lifestyle is linked to better health. 四 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 As is __1__ (know) to all, the Olympic Games are the most important events in the world. They were first held in ancient Greece __2__ 776 BC. And the events were named after the city Olympia. Slaves and women could not be allowed to take part in the ancient Olympics, and the __3__ (athlete) were all from the same country. In 1896, __4__ first modern Olympics opened in Athens, the capital city of Greece. From then on, the Olympic Games __5__ (take) place every four years. Athletes from the whole world can take part in the __6__ (importance) events, whether they are men or women. The five rings on the Olympic Flag stand __7__ five continents and the union of the whole world. China didn't become a member of the modern Olympics until the 1950s. And in 1984, Xu Haifeng became the first Chinese that won an Olympic gold medal in shooting. With the __8__ (develop) of China, Beijing finally succeeded in __9__ (hold) the 2008 Olympics, during which the five Fuwa mascots __10__ (deep) impressed the whole world. 五 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 English has developed over a long history. Old English consists of a 　1　(mix) of Celtic language and the languages spoken by two Germanic groups from the 　2　(Europe) mainland.At the end of the 9th century,the Vikings moved to Britain,　3　(bring) with them their languages.Their languages also mixed 　4　 Old English,which had become the official language of England by the 10th century.  Middle English refers to the English 　5　(use) from around the 12th to the 15th centuries.In 1066,Normans,　6　 French-speaking people,defeated England.　7　French did not replace English as the first language,it 　8　(play) an important role in the formation of English.  During the Renaissance in the 16th century,Modern English appeared,in 　9　 many Latin and Greek words were included.Now English is 　10　(wide) spoken around the world.  It's late fall in the Arctic Ocean. Ice begins to form on top of the water, making it difficult for the white whales to find open areas to come up for air." They have to come up to breathe," says Donna Hauser, a marine biologist(海洋生物学家)at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks.“ That's a more difficult job, and they have to find openings in the ice.” The white whales know it's time to leave for warmer waters. So the group of about a hundred white whales heads south toward the Bering Sea, a body of water separating the United States and Russia. Halfway through their journey. the white whales find themselves swimming between two large ice floes(浮冰).Suddenly, they hear a large splash(溅泼声).A white whale's main enemy—an orca(虎鲸)—has appeared and is swimming toward the white whales. Luckily, orcas aren't as good at swimming through ice floes as white whales are, giving the white whales time to speed up and swim away. The white whales are safe, for now." But before getting to their destination, they must pass through the Bering Strait connecting the Arctic Ocean with the Bering Sea—before the narrow(狭窄的)waterway freezes over,” Hauser says.“ Otherwise, their path south could be blocked（阻挡）.” The white whales finally make it to the Bering Strait, which hasn't yet frozen over. After a few more days of swimming, they arrive at the Bering Sea. The white whales will rest, hunt, and play here until April,when they'll swim back north. There,the females will give birth to baby white whales in the spring. When ice spreads across the Arctic Ocean again, those babies will follow their families south and begin their first long journey. 1.Why do the white whales leave the Arctic Ocean? 2.What help the white whales escape from the orca? 3.What does “their destination” in the fourth paragraph refer to? 4.When will the white whales leave the Bering Sea? 5.What's the best title for the text? 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$ 衔接点12 句子成分及基本句型（初高考点差异及衔接） 初中要求 初中简单学习英语句子的成分包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语和表语等七类及S+V（主+谓）、S+V+O （主+谓+宾）、S+V+C （主+系+表）、S+V+IO+DO （主+谓+间宾+直宾）、S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补）、S+V+O+A （主+谓+宾+状）基本句型 高中要求 高中学习的句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。及S+V（主+谓）、S+V+O （主+谓+宾）、S+V+C （主+系+表）、S+V+IO+DO （主+谓+间宾+直宾）、S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补）、S+V+O+A （主+谓+宾+状）基本句型在各种题型中的应用。 【初中句子成分及基本句型考点聚焦】 一. 英语句子的成分一般包括主语、谓语、宾语、定语、补语、状语和表语等七类。 （1）主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的对象。由名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式充当。 　　He is a student. 他是一名学生。（代词he作主语） （2）谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征。由动词或动词短语充当。 　　She loves cats. 她喜爱猫。（动词love作谓语） （3）宾语：指谓语动作所涉及的人或物。一般由名词或代词充当。 　　We speak Chinese. 我们讲汉语。（名词Chinese作宾语） （4）定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限定或说明。主　　要由形容词、代词、数词等充当。 　　I like light music. 我喜欢轻音乐。（形容词light作定语） （5）补语：主要用于对宾语的补充和说明。一般由名词、动词的非谓语形式、形容词充当。 　　He will buy me a gift. 他将给我买份礼物。（a gift作宾语me的补语） （6）状语：说明事物发生的时间、地点、原因、方式或条件等。一般由副词或状语从句充当。 　　He is watching TV at home. 他在家看电视。（at home作状语指明动作发生的地点） （7）表语：说明主语身份、特征、属性和状态，位于系动词后面。由名词、形容词等充当。 　　My father is a writer. 我父亲是一名作家。（a writer作表语） 二. 六种基本句型 基本句型 例　句 1 S+V（主+谓） Class begins.  开始上课了。 2 S+V+O （主+谓+宾） He plays the piano. 他弹钢琴。 3 S+V+C （主+系+表） We are students.  我们是学生。 4 S+V+IO+DO （主+谓+间宾+直宾） She gave me a pen. 她给了我一支钢笔。 5 S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补） He made the boy laugh.  他让那个男孩笑了。 6 S+V+O+A （主+谓+宾+状） I am playing the piano at home. 我正在家里弹钢琴。 分析下列句子成分 1.Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5.He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city． 7. ---I love you more than her，child 8. Tees turn green when spring comes. 9.They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 11.Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like． 12.We will make our school more beautiful. 13.He didn't come．That is why he didn't know． 14. She showed us her many of her pictures. 15. The old man lives a lonely life. 1.主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 2. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 3. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 4. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 5. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 6. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语 it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语 7. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 8. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 9. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 10. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 11. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 12. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 13. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 14. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 15. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 【高中句子成分及基本句型考点聚焦】 考纲解读 句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。及S+V（主+谓）、S+V+O （主+谓+宾）、S+V+C （主+系+表）、S+V+IO+DO （主+谓+间宾+直宾）、S+V+O+C （主+谓+宾+宾补）、S+V+O+A （主+谓+宾+状）基本句型在各种题型中的应用。 考点清单 一、句子成分 （一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。 （2） 主语： 用法：一般位于句首，是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如： During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词） We often speak English in class.（代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词） To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词） The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词） When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式） （3） 谓语： 用法：常位于主语之后，说明主语“做什么”，“是什么”或“怎么样”，总是由动词或动词短语充当。谓语与主语在人称和数上须保持一致。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning. 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students. （四）表语： 用法：位于系动词之后，说明主语“是什么”，“怎么样”。它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名词） Is it yours?（代词） The weather has turned cold.（形容词） The speech is exciting.（分词） Three times seven is twenty one?（数词） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词） The machine must be out of order.（介词短语） Time is up. The class is over.（副词） The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句） （五）宾语：用法：位于及物动词之后，表示动作的对象、承受者或结果。由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动词-ing形式或相当于名词的词或短语充当。 例如： They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词） The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词） They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词） He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语） I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句） 宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor. （六）宾语补足语： 英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming.（名词） They painted their boat white.（形容词） Let the fresh air in.（副词） You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语） We saw her entering the room.（现在分词） We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句） （七）定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示： Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词） His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词） Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语） （八）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示： Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语） He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语） Wait a minute.（名词） Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句） 状语种类如下： How about meeting again at six? （时间状语） Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语） I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语） Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语） She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语） She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语） In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语） He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语） She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语） I am taller than he is.（比较状语） 二.简单句的基本句型 重点用法① S+V→主语+谓语（不及物动词）（+状语） 用法：在此句型中，“主语+不及物动词”构成句子的主体部分。不及物动词后面不能直接带宾语。但是有时为了表示动作发生的频率、原因、结果、目的、地点、时间等，可以有状语来修饰。 Class begins.开始上课。 begin为不及物动词，后面不能带宾语 His father has gone abroad.他父亲出国了。 状语abroad修饰动词 Jim runs in the park.吉姆在公园里跑步。 in the park作地点状语 We stopped to have a rest.我们停下来休息。 to have a rest作目的状语 提示：一些动词既可以作不及物动词，也可以作及物动词。 They are playing on the playground.他们在操场上玩。 play为不及物动词 They’re playing football.他们在踢足球。 play为及物动词 重点用法② S+V+O→主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语 用法：在此句型中，谓语动词是及物动词，其后必须跟宾语才能使句意表达完整。句子的宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句或相当于名词的词、短语等来充当。 She likes English.她喜欢英语。 名词作宾语 He stopped writing.他停下笔。 动词-ing形式作宾语 They want to go.他们想走。 不定式作宾语 She knows what to do next.她知道下一步做什么。 “疑问词+不定式”作宾语 提示：有些不及物动词后面加上介词就相当于一个及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。例如，在句子You must listen to me.（你必须听我的。）中，listen是不及物动词，但在加上to之后，listen to相当于一个及物动词，其后可以跟宾语me。 重点用法③ S+V+P→主语+系动词+表语（+状语） 用法：be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词，后面必须接表语，才能用来说明主语，表示“……是……”，“……变成……”等意思。表语通常由名词、副词、形容词、代词、数词、介词短语及不定式等充当。 He became a scientist.他成了一名科学家。 名词作表语 My sister is out now.我姐姐现在出去了。 副词作表语 They are honest.他们是诚实的。 形容词作表语 提示：在英语中，除了be动词和become属于系动词外，还有一些行为动词，当它们表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这类动词包括： appear出现 come成为 feel摸起来 get变得 go变得 grow变得 keep保持 look看起来 seem看起来 smell闻起来 sound听起来 taste尝起来 Children grow wiser as they grow.孩子们随着年龄的增长会变聪明。 The Lijiang River looks especially beautiful in the early morning.清晨，漓江看起来格外美丽。 Dinner smells good.饭菜闻起来很香啊。 His voice sounded strange on the phone.他的声音在电话里听着挺怪的。 I like this kind of cake.It tastes delicious very much.我喜欢这种蛋糕，它尝起来十分美味。 重点用法④ S+V+IO+DO→主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语 用法：及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语。宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语，二者合称双宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象；间接宾语是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或物，也就是说，间接宾语是指动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当间接宾语。 I bought John a birthday present.我给约翰买了生日礼物。 名词John是间接宾语，a birthday present是直接宾语 Please tell me your telephone number.请告诉我你的电话号码。 宾格代词me是间接宾语，your telephone number是直接宾语 提示：间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，构成句型“主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语”。在此句型中，间接宾语有时也可以改成一个由to或for引起的短语，放在直接宾语之后，构成“主语+谓语（及物动词）+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语”句型。当直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语是名词时，或者两个宾语都是人称代词时，需用此句型。 I sent a postcard to my best friend.我给我最好的朋友发了一张明信片。 I passed it to my mother.我把它递给了我妈妈。 She threw them to me.她把它们扔给我。 I found a spare ticket for him.我为他找到了一张多余的票。 Shall I order a taxi for you?要我给你叫辆出租车吗？ 注意：须在间接宾语前加to的常见动词有： bring带来 post邮给 show给……看 sell卖 send寄 take拿，取 throw扔 write给……写信 须在间接宾语前加for的常见动词有： book为……预定 buy买 call为……叫 choose选择 cook做饭 find为……找到 get得到 leave留下 make生产 order为……订购 pick捡起 save为……节约 有些动词后接双宾语时，既不能用to引起间接宾语，也不能用介词for引出间接宾语。 ask请求 cause导致 charge收费 cost花费，使丧失 forgive原谅 refuse拒绝 He charged me five dollars for a cup of tea.他一杯茶向我要了5美元。 This heroic deed cost him his life.他为这一英雄壮举付出了生命。 重点用法⑤ S+V+O+OC→主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语（+状语） 用法：在某些及物动词的后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思。宾语和宾语补足语合称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词和介词短语等都可以作宾语补足语。 I will make you captain.我将让你当船长。 The manager asked Amanda to leave.经理要阿曼达离开。 Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.昨天我和两个美国人一起照了相。 His speech left the President in a very difficult position.他的话使总统处于艰难境地。 提示：感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice；使役动词make，have，let等后接不定式作宾语补足语时，省去to。但变为被动语态时，to要还原。 He saw the boy play by the river.他看到这个男孩在河边玩耍。 The boy was seen to play by the river.这个男孩被看到在河边玩耍。 注意：上述感官动词等后既可以接不带to的不定式作宾补，也可用动词-ing形式作宾补。前者表示动作已经结束，后者表示动作正在发生，一定要注意二者的区别。 He saw a girl in red get on the bus.他看见一个穿红色衣服的女孩上车了。上车的动作已经结束 He saw a girl in red getting on the bus.他看见一个穿红色衣服的女孩正在上车。上车的动作正在进行 一．根据每个词的词性、位置及与其它词之间的联系，判断它所充当的句子成分，并加以说明。  1. I am a Chinese student named Li Hua, 2.As a student who has learned Chinese painting 。 3..Looking forward to your early reply.  4..The local art gallery will hold an exhibition of Chinese paintings 5..My fluent spoken English and rich knowledge about Chinese paintings will help visitors understand the meaning behind each painting deeply.  6. We will play against the team  from HongXing High School. 参考答案 1. I   am  a Chinese  student   namedLi Hua,    主  系       定          表              定 2.  As a student   who  has learned  Chinese  painting.     状语                       定语从句 3  Looking forward to     your  early      reply.  现在分词作状语         定语   定语     介词宾语 4.. The   local   art    gallery  will hold   anexhibition of Chinese paintings 限定词     定语  定语    主语      谓语               名词词组作宾语 5..My  fluent  spoken  English  and  rich  knowledge about Chinese painting 定语    定语      定语   主语    并列连词   主语          介词短语作后置定语 will help  visitors  understand  the meaning  behind each painting deepy   . 谓语” 宾语  不带to的不定式作宾补    介词短语作后置定语   状语 6..  We    will play  against the team      from HongXing High School.       主语    谓语       介词短语作状语   介词短语作后置定语 二．分析句子:阅读下列短文,判断其中粗体字所作的成分。 一 I'm a freshman at senior high school. I had to think 1.very carefully about which courses I wanted to take. The school adviser helped me 2.choose the suitable ones: maths, English, chemistry, world history, and Chinese. I know that Chinese is a very difficult language, but I hope to be fluent 3.when I graduate. My adviser recommended that I should sign up for 4.advanced literature because I like English and I'm good at it.  答案　1. 状语　　2. (宾语)补语　　3. 状语　　4. 定语 二 1.Some of the first poems a young child learns in English are nursery rhymes. They are usually 2.the traditional poems or folk songs. The language of these rhymes, like 3.Poem A, is to the point but has a storyline. Many children enjoy nursery rhymes 4.because they rhyme, have a strong rhythm, and often repeat the same words. The poems may not make sense and even seem contradictory, but they are easy to learn and recite. By playing with the words in nursery rhymes, children learn about language.  答案　1. 主语　　2. 表语　　3. 宾语　　4. 状语 三 Continued greenhouse gas emissions 1.will result in further warming and long-lasting changes to the global climate. This requires the attention of people all over the world. Governments need to consider making policies and taking appropriate actions and measures 2.to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. We as individuals can also reduce our “carbon footprint” by 3.restricting the amount of carbon dioxide our lifestyles produce. It is our responsibility 4.to seize every opportunity to educate everyone about global warming, along with its causes and impacts, because this is the most serious issue affecting all of us on this planet.  答案　1. 谓语　　2. 状语　　3. 宾语　　4. 主语 四 One day, Claire mentioned 1.that she didn't think she was clever. The robot called Tony said that she must feel very unhappy to say that. Claire thought it was ridiculous 2.that she was being offered sympathy by a robot, but she gradually admired his wisdom and integrity and began to trust him. He always treated her with dignity. She told him how she was unhappy that her home wasn't elegant enough for Larry, 3.who wanted to improve his social position with a bigger salary. She wasn't like Gladys Claffern, 4.one of the richest and most powerful women around.  答案　1. 宾语　　2. 主语　　3. 定语　　4. 同位语 一 Foreign visitors to the UK might be disappointed when they learn that not everyone there speaks like Harry Potter and his friends.Usually,there’s an assumption by many non-Brits that everyone in Britain speaks with what’s known as a Received Pronunciation (RP,标准发音) accent,also called “the Queen’s English”.However,while many people do talk this way,most Britons speak in their own regional accents. Scouse,Glaswegian and the Black Country—from Liverpool,Glasgow and the West Midlands—are just three of the countless non-RP accents that British people speak with.There are even differences in accents between towns or cities just 30 kilometers apart.What is even more disappointing is that not speaking in a RP accent may mean a British person is judged and even treated differently in their everyday life. In a 2015 study by the University of New South Wales,videos of people reading a passage in three different UK accents were shown to a second group of people.The group then rated how intelligent they thought the readers sounded.The lowest-rated accent was the Brummie accent,native to people from Birmingham,a city whose accent is considered the working class. However,there is no need to be disappointed though you are not speaking in a RP accent.In fact,doing the opposite may even give you advantages.  Kong Seong-jae,25,is an Internet celebrity from Seoul.After studying in the UK,he picked up several regional accents.He’s now famous for his online videos,where he shows off the various accents he’s learned.“British people usually get really excited when I use some of their local dialect words,and they become much friendlier.I think it makes a bit of bond between local people and foreigners to speak in their local accent,”he said. So if you’re working on perfecting your British accent,try to speak like someone from Liverpool,Glasgow or Birmingham.You may not sound like Harry Potter,but you are likely to make more friends. 1.What can we infer from Paragraph 1? A.Non-Brits usually hold that all Britons speak in a RP accent. B.Only “the Queen’s English” is accepted in the UK. C.Foreign visitors are disappointed at their own spoken English. D.Any Received Pronunciation around the world is also called “the Queen’s English”. 2.What do people think of the Brummie accent? A.It is favored by foreign visitors to the UK. B.It is closest to the RP accent. C.It is smart and easy to understand. D.It is spoken by people of the working class. 3.What does the underlined phrase “doing the opposite” in Paragraph 4 refer to? A.Speaking in a RP accent. B.Speaking in regional accents. C.Speaking the Brummie accent. D.Speaking like Harry Potter. 4.What is the passage mainly about? A.A study about the most intelligent accent in Britain. B.A comparison between different British accents. C.How much British people value the RP accent. D.The impact of regional accents on people’s lives. 语篇导读本文主要讨论有关英式发音的相关方面的问题。本文向读者提供了一个与众不同的建议,就是去学习英国的一些地方方言,这样你可能会交到更多的朋友。 1.A　【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Usually,there’s an assumption by many non-Brits that everyone in Britain speaks with what’s known as a Received Pronunciation accent,also called ‘the Queen’s English’.”可知非英国人通常认为,所有的英国人都有标准口音。故选A。 2，D　【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句“The lowest-rated accent was the Brummie accent,native to people from Birmingham,a city whose accent is considered the working class.”可知人们认为工人阶级的人说伯明翰口音。故选D。 ,3.B　【解析】词义猜测题。根据上句“However,there is no need to be disappointed though you are not speaking in a RP accent.”可知“然而,尽管你发音不标准,也没有必要失望”。由此推断出此处表达的是“事实上,说话带有地方口音甚至可能会给你优势”,故选B。 4.D　【解析】主旨大意题。本文通过介绍英国标准音之外的一些方言使用情况,说明了地方口音对人们生活的影响,故选D。 二 You wake up in the morning.The day is beautiful and the plans for the day are what you have been looking forward to for a long time.Then the telephone rings,you say hello,and the drama starts.The person at the other end has a depressing(令人沮丧的) tone in his voice as he starts to tell you how terrible his morning is and that there is nothing to look forward to.Are you still in a wonderful mood?Impossible! Communicating with negative(消极的) people can wash out your happiness.It may not change what you think,but communicating long enough with them will make you feel depressed for a moment or a long time. Life brings ups and downs,but some people are stuck in the wrong idea that life has no happiness to offer.They only feel glad when they make others feel bad.No wonder they can hardly win others’ pity or respect. When you communicate with positive people,your spirit stays happy and therefore more positive things are attracted.When the dagger(匕首) of a negative person is put in you,you have the heavy feeling that all in all,brings you down. Sometimes we have no choice but to communicate with negative people.He/She could be a co-worker,or a relative.In this case,speak as little as possible.Sometimes it feels good to let out your anger back to the negative person,but that will lower you to the same negative level and they won’t feel ashamed of themselves about that. Negativity often affects happiness without even being realized.The negative words of another at the start of the day can cling to(附着) you throughout the rest of your day,which makes you feel bad and steals your happiness.Life is too short to feel negative.Stay positive and avoid negativity as much as possible. 1.What’s the purpose of the first paragraph? A.To make a comparison. B.To offer an suggestion. C.To introduce a topic. D.To describe a daily scene. 2.How can negative people affect on us? A.By influencing our emotion. B.By telling us the nature of life. C.By changing our ways of thinking. D.By comparing their attitudes to life with ours. 3.What do some negative people base their happiness on? A.Other people’s pity for them. B.Making other people unhappy. C.Building up a positive attitude. D.Other people’s respect for them. 语篇导读本文主要讨论了消极情绪是可以传染的,和消极爱抱怨的人在一起自己会变得消极悲观,和积极乐观的人在一起自己会变得积极向上。 1.C　【解析】意图推断题。本文是一篇议论文,第一段通过举例来引出话题。故选C。 2.A　【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段中的“It may not change what you think,but…a long time”可知,和消极的人交流虽然不会改变你的想法,但是会影响你的心情,故选A。 3.B　【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段中的“They only feel glad when they make others feel bad”可知,消极的人只有在令别人不悦时,自己才会感到开心,故选B。 三 根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。 After a long day at work, coming home is a breath of fresh air. Home is a comfortable place to sit back and relax. __1__ Below are a number of things we can do to create a healthy home environment that will help to ease the workday stress and promote our physical and mental health. __2__ It may seem like a tiring thing to clean but there is a reason for doing so. We can remove dust by cleaning the house. Leaving layers of dust everywhere means that there is a build－up of dust. And where do these layers of dust go? Into our lungs. Making sure the rooms are full of sunlight is also important. We may not realize it but sunlight is an important part of our growth. We all know that sunlight promotes better working conditions. __3__ Think about using a Parans system where sunlight does not reach. This technology gathers the sunlight by using solar panels (板). It can send out sunlight wherever we are. It is also a good idea to add more plants in our house. __4__ They also give off oxygen, which can lower stress and improve our moods. Along the lines of being green, it can also be vital to think about what things we are bringing into the house. Try to avoid specific plastics that are harmful to health. __5__ They may contain poisonous chemicals that can be breathed in, or simply absorbed through the skin. A．However, is it as healthy as it can be? B．Is our home as comfortable as it used to be? C．The same thing applies to certain carpets and paint. D．Going green will help to remove toxins (毒素) in the air. E．Besides, it can reduce both stress and high blood pressure. F．Cleaning the house regularly is the first thing we should do. G．It is acknowledged that a greener lifestyle is linked to better health. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章就“如何创造一个健康的家庭环境”作者提出了三点建议。 1．A　上文提到家是一个使人放松的地方，设空后一句提到，为了创造一个健康的家庭环境，以下是几件值得做的事情，以此缓解我们的压力，改善我们的身心健康，故选A。 2．F　根据空后 “It may seem like a tiring thing to dean but there is a reason for doing so.”提到了“打扫似乎是个很累人的事情”可知，本段主要内容为“打扫房子”，故选F。 3．E　上文提到了“阳光可以改善工作条件”，故本空仍旧围绕“阳光”的好处进行论述。故E项(除此之外，还可以减轻压力和高血压)，还是在陈述阳光的好处，故选E。 4．D　上文提到了“在家里要多添加植物”，故本段为强调“家中的绿色植物带来的好处”，且D项中remove toxins (毒素) in the air “去除空气中的毒素”，对应后文中的give off oxygen “释放氧气”。故选D。 5．C　上文提到“尝试避免一些有害健康的塑料产品”，而下文中提到“他们可能含有能够吸入的有害化学物质”，they对应到C项中的carpets and paint “地毯与油漆”，故选C。 四 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 As is __1__ (know) to all, the Olympic Games are the most important events in the world. They were first held in ancient Greece __2__ 776 BC. And the events were named after the city Olympia. Slaves and women could not be allowed to take part in the ancient Olympics, and the __3__ (athlete) were all from the same country. In 1896, __4__ first modern Olympics opened in Athens, the capital city of Greece. From then on, the Olympic Games __5__ (take) place every four years. Athletes from the whole world can take part in the __6__ (importance) events, whether they are men or women. The five rings on the Olympic Flag stand __7__ five continents and the union of the whole world. China didn't become a member of the modern Olympics until the 1950s. And in 1984, Xu Haifeng became the first Chinese that won an Olympic gold medal in shooting. With the __8__ (develop) of China, Beijing finally succeeded in __9__ (hold) the 2008 Olympics, during which the five Fuwa mascots __10__ (deep) impressed the whole world. 篇章导读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了奧运会的起源以及中国参加奥林匹克运动会后取得的成绩。 1．known　考查固定用法。as is known to all意为“众所周知”，是固定表达。故填known。 2．in　考查介词。表示“在某年”应用介词in。 3．athletes　考查名词。and之后的分句缺少主语，分句谓语动词为were，因此其主语要填名词的复数形式。故填 athletes。 4．the　考查冠词。序数词作定语修饰主语 modern Olympics，序数词前要用定冠词the。 5．take　考查动词的时态。根据every four years可知，本句应使用一般现在时。the Olympic Games作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。故填take。 6．important　考查词性转换。此处修饰名词events，因此要用形容词形式。故填important。 7．for　考查固定短语。stand for为固定短语，意为“代表”。故填for。 8．development　考查词性转换。定冠词后面应接名词，表示“随着中国的发展”，故填development。 9．holding　考查非谓语动词。succeed in doing sth. 意为“成功做某事”。故填holding。 10．deeply　考查词性转换。此处用副词修饰动词impressed，表示抽象意义上的“深深地”。故填deeply。 五 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 English has developed over a long history. Old English consists of a 　1　(mix) of Celtic language and the languages spoken by two Germanic groups from the 　2　(Europe) mainland.At the end of the 9th century,the Vikings moved to Britain,　3　(bring) with them their languages.Their languages also mixed 　4　 Old English,which had become the official language of England by the 10th century.  Middle English refers to the English 　5　(use) from around the 12th to the 15th centuries.In 1066,Normans,　6　 French-speaking people,defeated England.　7　French did not replace English as the first language,it 　8　(play) an important role in the formation of English.  During the Renaissance in the 16th century,Modern English appeared,in 　9　 many Latin and Greek words were included.Now English is 　10　(wide) spoken around the world.  语篇导读这是一篇说明文,介绍了英语的发展过程。 1.mixture　【解析】此处表示古英语由凯尔特语和来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼语族混合而成。根据前面的a可知此处应用名词,故填mixture。 2.European　【解析】由语境可知,此处应用形容词修饰名词mainland,故填European。 3.bringing　【解析】此处表示九世纪末,维京人带着他们的语言到了英国。因主语“the Vikings”与bring之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,所以用现在分词做伴随状语,故填bringing。 4.with　【解析】此处表示他们的语言也与古英语混合在一起,古英语到10世纪时已成为英国的官方语言。mix with sth.是固定搭配,表示“与……混合”,故填with。 5.used　【解析】中世纪英语是指大约从12世纪到15世纪使用的英语。因use与被修饰词English之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,故此处用过去分词短语做后置定语,故填used。 6.a　【解析】1066年,诺曼人,一个说法语的民族打败了英国。句中的people在此表示“民族”,是可数名词,此处表示泛指,故填a。 7.Although/Though/While　【解析】句意:法语虽然没有取代英语作为第一语言,但在英语的形成中起了重要作用。根据句意可知,此处引导让步状语从句,意为“虽然,尽管”,位于句首时应注意首字母大写,故填Although/Though/While。 8.played　【解析】本段讲述的是中古英语,即约12世纪到15世纪的英语,所以应该用一般过去时,故填played。 9.which　【解析】句意:在16世纪的文艺复兴时期,出现了现代英语,其中包括许多拉丁词汇和希腊词汇。这是一个由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,修饰先行词Modern English,关系词在从句中做宾语,因为前面有介词,所以只能用which。 10.widely　【解析】句意:现在,英语在世界各地广泛使用。此处用副词修饰动词,故填widely。 It's late fall in the Arctic Ocean. Ice begins to form on top of the water, making it difficult for the white whales to find open areas to come up for air." They have to come up to breathe," says Donna Hauser, a marine biologist(海洋生物学家)at the University of Alaska in Fairbanks.“ That's a more difficult job, and they have to find openings in the ice.” The white whales know it's time to leave for warmer waters. So the group of about a hundred white whales heads south toward the Bering Sea, a body of water separating the United States and Russia. Halfway through their journey. the white whales find themselves swimming between two large ice floes(浮冰).Suddenly, they hear a large splash(溅泼声).A white whale's main enemy—an orca(虎鲸)—has appeared and is swimming toward the white whales. Luckily, orcas aren't as good at swimming through ice floes as white whales are, giving the white whales time to speed up and swim away. The white whales are safe, for now." But before getting to their destination, they must pass through the Bering Strait connecting the Arctic Ocean with the Bering Sea—before the narrow(狭窄的)waterway freezes over,” Hauser says.“ Otherwise, their path south could be blocked（阻挡）.” The white whales finally make it to the Bering Strait, which hasn't yet frozen over. After a few more days of swimming, they arrive at the Bering Sea. The white whales will rest, hunt, and play here until April,when they'll swim back north. There,the females will give birth to baby white whales in the spring. When ice spreads across the Arctic Ocean again, those babies will follow their families south and begin their first long journey. 1.Why do the white whales leave the Arctic Ocean? 2.What help the white whales escape from the orca? 3.What does “their destination” in the fourth paragraph refer to? 4.When will the white whales leave the Bering Sea? 5.What's the best title for the text? 长难句分析 原句：（倒数第二段第二句)But before getting to their destination, they must pass through the Bering Strait connecting the Arctic Ocean with the Bering Sea—before the narrow waterway freezes over... 译文：但在到达目的地之前，它们必须通过连接北冰洋和白令海的白令海峡，而且要在这条狭窄的水道结冰之前通过…… 分析：这是一个复合句。本句中第一个before为介词，后接动名词短语作宾语；第二个before为连词，引导时间状语从句。现在分词短语connecting the Arctic Ocean with the Bering Sea为后置定语，修饰the Bering Strait。 译文 现在正值北冰洋深秋时节。水面上开始结冰，导致白鲸很难找到能露出水面呼吸的地方。阿拉斯加大学费尔班克斯分校的海洋生物学家Donna Hauser表示：“白鲸必须浮出水面来呼吸。现在这件事难度变大了，它们不得不去寻找没结冰的地方。” 白鲸们知道，是时候离开去更温暖的水域了。于是，这个大约有100头白鲸的鲸群开始向南迁徙，游向白令海——那片分隔了美国和俄罗斯的水域。 行程过半，白鲸们正在两块大浮冰之间游动。突然，它们听到一阵巨大的溅泼声。白鲸的劲敌——虎鲸出现了，正向白鲸游去。幸运的是，虎鲸并不像白鲸那样擅长在浮冰之间游动，这给了白鲸们迅速游走的时间。 白鲸们暂时安全了。“但是在到达目的地之前，它们必须通过连接北冰洋和白令海的白令海峡，而且要在这条狭窄的水道结冰之前。否则，它们南下的路可能会被阻断。”Hauser说道。 白鲸们终于成功游到了还未结冰的白令海峡。几天后，它们到达了白令海。白鲸们将在这里休息、捕食和玩耍，直到来年四月份，到时候它们会再游回北边。在那里，雌性白鲸将在春天产下小白鲸。当冰层再次覆盖北冰洋的海面时，这些小白鲸又会跟着它们的家人南下，开始它们的第一次长途旅行。 答案详析 1. They have to get enough air。根据第一段第二句“Ice begins to form on top of the water, making it difficult for the white whales to find open areas to come up for air.”可知，白鲸南迁是因为北冰洋的海面结冰了,它们很难找到能露出水面来呼吸的地方，所以它们离开北冰洋是为了得到充足的空气。 2. Swimming skills。根据第三段最后一句“ Luckily, orcas aren't as good at swimming...giving the white whales time to speed up and swim away.”可知，虎鲸不像白鲸那样擅长在浮冰间穿梭，这给了白鲸加速游开的时间。所以白鲸能逃脱得益于它们的游泳技能。 3. The Bering Sea。根据第二段中的“So the group of about a hundred white whales heads south toward the Bering Sea"以及最后一段中的“After a few more days of swimming, they arrive at the Bering Sea.”可推知.“their destination”指的是它们的最终目的地——白令海。 4. In April。 根据最后一段第三句“The white whales will rest, hunt, and play here until April, when they'll swim back north.”可知,它们离开白令海返回北方的时间是在4月份。 5. White Whales Are on the Move。通读全文可知，文章主要介绍了一群白鲸由于北冰洋海面结冰而迁往白令海的过程，适合作本文标题。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！1 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$