衔接点11 非谓语动词3(Ved)(初高考点差异及衔接)-2024年初升高英语无忧衔接(通用版)

2024-06-13
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学段 高中
学科 英语
教材版本 -
年级 高一
章节 -
类型 教案-讲义
知识点 过去分词
使用场景 初升高衔接
学年 2024-2025
地区(省份) 全国
地区(市) -
地区(区县) -
文件格式 ZIP
文件大小 474 KB
发布时间 2024-06-13
更新时间 2024-06-13
作者 小米夏
品牌系列 上好课·初升高衔接
审核时间 2024-06-13
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衔接点11 非谓语动词3(Ved)(初高考点差异及衔接) 初中要求 初中很少接触非谓语动词的过去分词用法,仅仅简单学习过去分词作定语 高中要求 高中学习过去分词表示完成的和被动的动作,在句子中起形容词或副词的作用,可充当表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。 【初中非谓语动词(Ved)考点聚焦】 A month later I went to Spain. A Spanish teacher       (call) Paula came and began the test.  答案 called 考查过去分词。设空处作后置定语修饰前面的名词teacher,这里的意思是“一名被叫做Paula的西班牙语老师”,因此设空处为过去分词形式。答案为called。 【高中非谓语动词(Ved)考点聚焦】 考纲解读 过去分词属于非谓语动词的一种。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,在句中可作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。本章是动词不定式,动词-ing形式内容的延续,除了介绍过去分词的用法和独立主格外,还将深入讲解这三类非谓语动词在用法上的区别。 典型例句:1.The concert given by their friends was a success.(过去分词作定语)他们的朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。 2.Yesterday I had my leg broken.(过去分词作宾补)昨天我的腿骨折了。 3.She is quite pleased with the design of the dress.(过去分词作表语)她很喜欢那件礼服的样式。 考点清单 1.过去分词的用法 规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成,不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则,需要逐一记忆。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,在句子中起形容词或副词的作用,可充当表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。此外,过去分词和动词-ing形式、动词不定式一样,在句子中都不能充当谓语,但保留了一部分动词性质,即它可以带自己的状语和宾语。 1.过去分词作表语 1.过去分词作表语的基本用法 过去分词作表语表示主语的特征或所处的状态,主语通常是人。作表语用的过去分词很大一部分都来自与人的情绪有关的动词。 amused开心的 astonished惊讶的 broken破碎的 crowded拥挤的 delighted欣喜的 discouraged气馁的 excited兴奋的 finished完成的 frightened受惊的 hurt受伤的 injured受伤的 inspired有灵感的 shut关着的 lost丢失的,迷路的 married已婚的 interested感兴趣的 retired退休的 satisfied感到满意的 pleased高兴的,满足的 tired疲劳的,累的 well-known有名的 worried烦恼的,焦虑的 wounded受伤的 A:How did the audience receive the new play?观众对这部新剧反应如何? B:They got very excited.他们非常激动。 A:How did Bob do in the exams this time?这次鲍伯考得怎么样? B:Well,his father seems pleased with his results.哦,他父亲似乎对于他的成绩感到满意。 She got very tired.她感到很疲劳。 2.作表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别 这两种不同语法功能的句子在形式上是一样的,都是由“be+动词的过去分词”构成,有时很容易混淆。它们的具体区别如下: A.从表示的含义上来区分 作表语的过去分词 表示主语的特征或所处的状态 被动语态中的过去分词 表示以主语为承受者的动作 The blackboard is broken.这块黑板坏了。(系表结构,broken表示主语the blackboard所处的状态。) The blackboard was broken/has been broken by Li Ming.这块黑板是李明弄坏的。(被动语态,broken表示the blackboard承受的动作。) B.从时态上来区分 作表语的过去分词 只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去进行时 被动语态中的过去分词 除不能用于完成进行时和将来进行时,可用于其他任何时态 C.从时态的一致性上来区分 作表语的过去分词 其时态不需要保持一致 被动语态中的过去分词 其时态要与相应主动语态的时态保持一致 The blackboard is broken.(系表结构) The blackboard was broken by Li Ming.(被动语态)→Li Ming broke the blackboard.(主动语态) 补充:有一些形容词就能够说明状态,此时不用过去分词,而用形容词。 (正)The door is locked.The window is open. (is locked:表示“锁着的”时,lock不能作形容词,所以只能用它的过去分词。) (is open:open可兼作动词与形容词,作形容词时有“开着的”意思,所以不再用open的过去分opened。) (误)The door is locked.The window is opened.门是锁着的,窗户是开着的。 D.“be+动词的过去分词”,有时是系表结构,而不是被动语态,因为此时的过去分词已经形容词化了。常用于系表结构的过去分词有: astonished感到吃惊的 educated受过教育的 excited兴奋的 fallen落下的 frightened受惊的 gone过去的,消失的 interested感兴趣的 known著名的 learned有学问的 mistaken误解的,弄错的 retired退休的 returned已归来的 risen升起来的 upset心烦的 My watch is gone.我的手表不见了。 It’s not my fault.You are mistaken.这不是我的过错,你误会了。 考点归纳一: 过去分词作表语典型用法 要点精讲:过去分词作表语,逻辑主语是句子的主语,常位于be动词或remain, sound, feel等系动词之后; “get+过去分词”结构也是被动语态。 例1:Though he was a new man, he got accustomed to the way of life here very soon. 例2: Tom sounds very interested in the job, but I'm not sure whether he can manage it. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Please remain (seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon. 2. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to get (change) before the party. 3. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying ______ (connect). 4. The story was so (move) that all of us were (move) to tears. 【答案与解析】 1. seated。remain seated相当于be seated。故答案是seated。 2. changed。get changed也是被动语态结构,类似地,get caught, get burnt, get paid等。故答案是changed。 3. connected。句意:对于那些家人离得很远的人来说,电脑和手机是保持联系的重要工具。stay是系动词,此处后面接形容词性过去分词connected作表语;connected 意思为“有联系的”。故填connected。 4. moving; moved。现在分词演化成形容词,表示“令人……”,过去分词演化成形容词,多表示“感到……”。故答案是moving; moved。 2.过去分词作定语 1.过去分词作定语时的位置 A.当单个的过去分词作定语时,一般位于所修饰的名词之前,但有时为了强调动作,也可放在它所修饰词的后面。 Look at the broken glasses.(过去分词+名词)看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。 All the phones broken have been repaired.(名词+过去分词)所有坏掉的电话都已经修好了。 B.当过去分词短语作定语时,位于被修饰名词的后面。 I have a radio made in China.我有一台国产的收音机。 The little girl dressed in white is Mary.穿白衣服的小姑娘是玛丽。 比较:一般来讲,及物动词的动词-ing形式修饰事物,其过去分词修饰人。 a surprising result一个惊人的结果 surprised girls吃惊的姑娘们 tiring music烦人的音乐 a tired man一个疲倦的人 When they heard the exciting news,they got excited.Then the excited people shouted loudly and cheered.当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时,他们变得激动起来。然后这些激动的人们大声地叫喊、欢呼。 2.使用过去分词作定语的场合 因为过去分词只有一种形式,而它又包含完成和被动意味,所以只要符合下列条件便可使用过去分词作定语。 A.过去分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。 This is a picture painted by my father.(painted所表示的动作发生在谓语动词is之前。) =This is a picture that was painted by my father.这是一张我父亲画的画。 The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. =The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.昨晚寄出的那封信,明天将会到他的手中。 At the party I met my schoolmate just returned from Africa. =At the party I met my schoolmate who had just returned from Africa.在聚会上我遇见了刚刚从非洲回来的一个校友。 People like the Great Wall built about two thousand years ago.人们喜欢大约两千年前修建的长城。 B.过去分词表示的动作是没有一定时间性的。 Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.进口的商品并不一定比国产的好。 考点归纳二: 过去分词作定语典型用法 要点精讲:过去分词作定语,逻辑主语是被修饰的名词或代词.单个分词常作前置定语,分词短语多作后置定语;过去分词作定语表示一个被动的、已发生的动作。 例1:The wedding ceremony took place in a brightly decorated hotel room. 例2:A number of roads have blocked by fallen trees because of the heavy rain. 例3:Many words associated with life in the West are Spanish. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. From the dates (mark) on the gold coin, we decided it was made five hundred years ago. 2. Can those / (sit/seat) at the back of the classroom hear me? 3. A team of scientists ______(lead)by a professor has found out that the monarch is able to tell the time of day. 4. The club, _________ (found) 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members. 5. The old lady was so kind that she adopted many ____________ (abandon) cats and dogs. 【答案与解析】 1. marked。日期是被印在硬币上,故用过去分词短语作定语。故答案是marked。 2. sitting/seated。空格需要分词作定语,sit是不及物动词,be seated表示“坐好”。故答案是sitting/seated。 3. led。句意:由一位教授带领的一组科学家发现,帝王蝶能够辨别一天中的时间。mc scientists与lead之间为被动关系,所以用过去分词作定语。根据句意,故填led。 4. founded。句意:这家俱乐部,成立于25年前,正在为过去和现在的会员举办一场聚会。设空处为非谓语动词,found与逻辑主语The club之间为动宾关系,应用过去分词,found的过去分词为founded,作后置定语。故填founded。 5. abandoned。这些狗和猫是被遗弃的,应用过去分词作定语。故填abandoned。 3.过去分词作宾语补足语 宾语补足语,又简称为宾补,跟在宾语后面,是用来补充说明宾语意义的成分。过去分词可以作宾补,通常用在一些感官动词、使役动词或状态动词的宾语后面,与宾语存在逻辑上的动宾关系。 1.过去分词用在感官动词的后面 We heard the windows beaten by rain drops.我们听到雨点敲打窗户的声音。 When he got to school,he saw the door locked.当他到学校时,他看见门锁着。 2.过去分词用在使役动词的后面 常用的使役动词有have,get,make等。 A.过去分词在动词have和get后面作宾补时,表示这个动作不是由主语完成的,而是由别人完成的。 You’d better have/get the dangerous building pulled down.(是由别人完成的)你最好叫人把这座危楼推倒。 I had/got a decayed tooth pulled off.(是由别人完成的)我把我的一颗蛀牙拔了。 How often do you have/get your hair cut?(不是自己理的)你多久理一次发? B.过去分词在动词have和get后面作宾补时,还可以表示这是主语的一种经历,这时请根据上下文来领会句子的意义。 I had my left arm broken yesterday.昨天我的左胳膊摔断了。(这是主语的一种遭遇,经历,不可能是主语叫别人做的事。) Li Ming had his bike stolen.李明的自行车被偷了。 C.“make oneself+过去分词”作宾补时一般表示结果。常用于以下搭配: make oneself heard使别人听得见某人自己的话 make oneself understood使别人听懂某人自己讲的话(相当于to make one’s meaning clear to others) make oneself believed使别人相信某人自己的话 I didn’t make myself heard because a lot of people cried in the hall.因为大厅中有许多人大声喊叫,所以我讲话别人听不见。 I can’t make myself understood because of my broken English.因为我拙劣的英语,我无法使别人听懂我的话。 A liar cannot make himself believed.别人不会相信撒谎者的话。 3.过去分词用在表状态的动词keep和leave等后 Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.少说多看。 Don’t leave the door broken like this all the time.不要让大门一直这样坏着。 考点归纳三: 过去分词作宾语补足语典型用法 要点精讲1:过去分词作宾语补足语,逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语,用作观感使役类动词的宾补,如see, watch, hear, notice, have, make, leave, keep, find。 例1:Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed. 例2:She couldn't make herself heard because of the traffic noise. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see (carry) out the next year. 2. She returned home, only to find the door open and a number of things (go/steal/miss/go/lose) 3. The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes (fix) on the screen. 4. He got his bad tooth ________ (pull) yesterday, for it had caused him too much pain. 5. When I came in, I found a strange girl ___________(seat) in the corner. 【答案与解析】 1. carried。定语从句含有see sth done句型。故答案是carried。 2. gone/stolen/missing/lost。be gone/stolen/missing/lost是固定词组,故答案是gone/stolen/missing/lost。 3. fixed。fix one’s eyes on sth表示“眼睛注视着”,结合语境应用被动形式。故答案是fixed。 4. pulled。分析句子可知,pull(拔)在句中做动词got后宾语his bad tooth的补足语,应使用非谓动词形式,又因与其逻辑主语his bad tooth之间是被动关系,所以应使用过去分词形式pulled。故填pulled。 5. seated。分析句子成分可知,设空处为非谓语动词,作名词girl的后置定语。girl与seat之间是逻辑上的动宾关系,表示被动,故用过去分词形式。故填seated。 要点精讲2:用于“with+名词/代词+过去分词”结构作宾补;省略 with则转化为“名词/代词+过去分词”构成的独立主格结构。 例1:With all the money used up, the man had to make a living by begging. 例2:Much time spent sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. He rushed into the room, with his face  (cover) with sweat. 2. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ______________(finish) for the day. 3. With the difficult problem_________(settle), he threw himself in the sofa in relief. 4. It is estimated that by the end of this year, the number of people using hanfu products in China will reach 6.89 million, with total sales ________ (expect) to reach 10.16 billion yuan. 【答案与解析】 1. covered。be covered with表示“被……覆盖”;宾语face和cover之间构成被动关系。故答案是covered。 2. finished。their lessons finished是独立主格结构,二者逻辑上是被动关系。故答案是finished。 3. settled。with sth done强调二者之间被动关系。故答案是settled。 4. expected。分析句子结构,谓语动词为is estimated,with的复合结构作状语。其中with后宾语total sales缺少宾补,所以空处为非谓语作宾补,修饰total sales。total sales和expect为动宾关系,需要用过去分词作宾补。故填expected。 4.过去分词作状语 1.过去分词作状语的基本用法 过去分词和过去分词短语也可以在句子中作状语,用来修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。但该状语一般表示一个次要的动作。并且,它一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句。 Asked how old she was,Mary said it was a secret.(Asked表时间)当被问到年龄时,玛丽说那是个秘密。 Confused by the stones flying at them from all sides,the boys ran into the building. (Confused表原因)从四面八方向男孩们飞来的石头把他们弄糊涂了,于是他们跑进了那幢大楼里。 Given more water,the fish couldn’t die.(Given表条件)如果多给些水,这些鱼就不会死。 Even though defeated again,the scientist didn’t give up.(defeated表让步)尽管又失败了,这位科学家仍没有放弃。 Seen from a spaceship,the earth looks like a blue green white ball.(Seen表时间/条件)从飞船上看,地球像一个蓝色、绿色、白色相间的大球。 2.关于过去分词和动词-ing形式作状语 A.过去分词或动词-ing形式作状语时,它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语。此外,过去分词与句子的主语之间应是动宾关系,而动词-ing形式与句子的主语之间应是主谓关系。 从山顶上看,这座城市非常美丽。 过去分词短语作状语: Seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.(句子的主语是the city) =If/When it is seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.(从句与主句的主语一致) 动词-ing短语作状语: Seeing from the hill,you can see the whole city is beautiful.(句子的主语是you) =If/When you see from the hill,the city is beautiful.(从句与主句的主语不同) 注意:过去分词或动词-ing形式作状语时,状语逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语一致。 (误)Seeing from the hill,the city is beautiful. (seeing的逻辑主语是you,所以句子的主语应用you,而不是the city。) 加热到100℃,水就沸腾了。 过去分词短语作状语: (正)Heated to 100℃,water will boil.(句子的主语是water) (正)Heated to 100℃,water boils.(讲述的是自然现象) (误)Heating to 100℃,water boils.(heating逻辑上的主语应该是人,而非water) 状语从句作状语: If/When it is heated to 100℃,water will boil.(从句与主句的主语一致) If/When we heat it to 100℃,water will boil.(从句与主句的主语不同) B.过去分词短语或动词-ing短语所表示的动作如果和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生,则要放在句首;如果它表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后,则要放在句尾。 Finding the door locked,Tom went home.(原因)看到门锁着,汤姆就回家去了。 Tom went home,finding the door locked.(结果)汤姆回到家,发现门锁着。 切记:一般来讲,表示时间、原因、条件、让步等的分词短语多放在句首,而表示结果、伴随的分词短语多放在句尾。 Not knowing her address,I can’t write to her.(原因)因为不知道她的住址,我没法给她写信。 The old woman died in 1967,leaving her sons a lot of money.(结果)这位老妇人于1967年去世,给她的儿子们留下了一大笔钱。 Greatly moved by the hero,she decided to study harder.(原因)被英雄人物深深地感动,她决心更加努力地学习。 补充:有些过去分词和动词-ing形式用作介词或连词 according to按照 granted认为 including包括 supposing假设,假如 According to his report,the situation is getting serious.根据他的报告,形势变得严峻了。 Many people including the old go to work without any pay on Saturday.许多人包括老人们都参加了星期六的义务劳动。 Supposing he won’t pass the exam,what should he do?假如他通不过考试,他该怎么办? 考点归纳四:过去分词直接作状语典型用法 要点精讲:过去分词作状语,逻辑主语是句子的主语,用作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随状语,强调该动作与句子主语之间的被动关系。 例1:Clearly and thoughtfully written, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers. 例2:Pressed from his parents, and realizing that he has little time left, the boy is determined to focus on his project. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. (encourage) by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 2._____________(wait) in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized he had left his wallet at home. 3._______(bite) twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. 4. __________ (determine) to give up smoking, he threw away his remaining cigarettes. 【答案与解析】 1. Encouraged。encourage和句子主语之间构成被动关系,且已经发生。故答案是Encouraged。 2. Having waited。wait和句子主语之间构成主动关系,且已经发生。故答案是Having waited。 3. Bitten。分析句子结构结合句意可知,设空处用非谓语动词作原因状语,动作bite(咬)与主语postman(邮递员)之间为被动关系,所以应用过去分词形式表被动,空处位于句首,首字母需大写,故填Bitten。 4. Determined。句意:下定决心戒烟了,他扔掉了还剩下的香烟。句中的threw可知,设空处应该填写非谓语动词。be determined to do sth.“下定决心做某事”,为固定搭配,此处作状语,省略be。同时该单词置于句首,首字母应该大写。故填Determined。 考点归纳五:“连词+过去分词” 构成状语从句省略用法 要点精讲:用于“连词+过去分词”结构,构成状语从句省略句式,表示从句谓语与句子主语之间的被动关系。 例1:Once married, Joe devoted her life to being a full-time homemaker.  例2:There are some health problems that, when not treated in time, can become bigger ones later on. 例3:When asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. When first ____________ (introduce) to the market, these products enjoyed great success. 2. No matter how frequently (perform), the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. 3. When____________(compare) cultures, we often focus on the differences without noticing the similarities. 【答案与解析】 1. introduced。状语从句谓语动词与句子主语之间构成被动关系。故答案是introduced。 2. performed。原句可以还原为No matter how frequently they are performed。故答案是performed。 3. comparing。从句谓语动词compare与句子主语之间构成逻辑上主动关系,故答案是comparing。 考点归纳六:“be+过去分词+介词”结构作状语用法 要点精讲 部分动词常用于“be+过去分词+介词”结构,可以用作谓语、主语或状语 be absorbed in 被……吸引,专注于 be lost in 迷失在……中 be dressed in 穿着…… be caught/trapped/stuck in 被困在…… be occupied in 忙碌于…… be located/situated in 坐落在…… be equipped/furnished with 被配备…… be loaded/burdened with 担负着…… be faced with 面临着…… be accustomed/used to doing 习惯于做某事 be devoted/committed to doing 致力于做某事 be addicted to doing 对……上瘾 例1:The sun began to rise in the sky, bathed in the mountain in golden light. 例2:Absorbed in reading, Tom didn’t even notice his mom come in. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. (trap) in the river for five hours, the thief looked very pale and exhausted. 2. (trap) in the river for five hours makes the thief looks very pale and exhausted. 3. The thief (trap) in the river for five hours, he looked very pale and exhausted. 4. The thief (trap) in the river for five hours, so he looked pale and exhausted. 5. ________ (devote) to education, he went to the mountainous areas to teach. 6. ________ (expose) to a lot of new ideas when studying in college, Mary always does something that others can't understand. 【答案与解析】 1. Having been trapped/trapped。be trapped in表示“被困在……”,既是被动又已经发生。故答案是Having been trapped/trapped。 2. Being trapped。故答案是Being trapped。结合语境应用动名词短语作主语,又是被动含义。 3. having been trapped/trapped。故答案是having been trapped/trapped。前半句构成独立主格结构。 4. had been trapped。故答案是had been trapped。so连接并列句,前半句缺少谓语动词,需要被动语态。 5. Devoted。句意:他致力于教育事业,到山区教书。此处为短语be devoted to,表示“致力于”,此处省略be动词,用过去分词作状语,句首单词首字母要大写。故填Devoted。 6. Exposed。句意:读大学时接触了许多新思想,Mary总是做一些他人无法理解的事情。词组be exposed to意为“被暴露于、使接触”。分析句子可知,“读大学时接触了许多新思想”是Mary做别人无法理解之事的原因,故用过去分词做原因状语。故填Exposed。 五.独立主格 我们在前面讲到过去分词(短语)和动词-ing形式(短语)作状语时,它们的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时过去分词短语和动词-ing短语带有自己的主语(即它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系),这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词或代词主格担任,放在过去分词短语和动词之间,我们称之为独立主格。一些含独立主格的句子可以转化为含状语从句的复合句。另一些含独立主格的句子则可以转化为含两个简单句的并列句。 独立主格:(正)It being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.(It是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语) 说明:It being Sunday构成独立主格结构,在句子中作原因状语。 (误)Being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.今天是星期天,你不必去上学。 说明:being的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,所以此句是错误的。 原因状语从句:Because it is Sunday,you needn’t go to school. (it是从句主语,you是主句主语)因为今天是星期天,所以你不必去上学。 独立主格:All the officials having arrived,the meeting was declared open. (All the officials是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语)官员们都到齐了才宣布开会。 时间状语从句:After/When all the officials had arrived,the meeting was declared open. (all the officials是从句主语,the是主句主语)等官员们都到齐了才宣布开会。 补充:分词作独立主格时,前面有时可以加with或without。 The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green. 所有的树都变成了嫩绿色,使得公园很漂亮。 独立主格:Weather permitting,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow. (Weather是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语)天气允许的话,我们后天就去颐和园。 条件状语从句:If weather permits,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow. (weather是从句主语,we是主句主语)如果天气允许的话,我们后天去颐和园。 独立主格:All the work done,you can have a rest. (All the work是过去分词逻辑上的主语) 并列句:All the work is done and you can have a rest.所有的工作都做完,你们就可以休息了。 独立主格:The plan carried out,everything is all right. (The plan是过去分词逻辑上的主语) 并列句:The plan is carried out and everything is all right. 计划已经实施,一切进展顺利。 六.动词-ing形式、过去分词和不定式的区别 非谓语动词(包括动词不定式,动词-ing形式,过去分词)通常可在句中充当除谓语外的其他成分,且不受主语的人称和数的限制。但它们之间又存在以下区别。 1.作表语时的区别 非谓语动词 作表语时的区别 动词-ing形式 作表语时,主要表示主语的具体内容,或主语的性质、特点。 多数情况下,主语和表语的位置可以互换。 过去分词 作表语时,主要表示主语的特点和所处的状态。 主语和表语的位置不可以互换。 动词不定式 表示主语的具体内容。 表示主语的特点或所处的状态。 My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英语。 (动词-ing形式作表语,表示主语的内容“我的工作是什么”。表语和主语的位置可以互换。) =Teaching English is my job.教英语是我的工作。 The film is disappointing.这部电影真令人失望。 (动词-ing形式作表语,表示主语the film的性质、特点,表语和主语的位置不可以互换。) We are disappointed with the film.我们对这部电影感到失望。 (过去分词作表语,表示主语we所处的状态。表语和主语的位置不可以互换。) Our aim is to enter the universities.我们的目标是考上大学。 (不定式作表语,表示主语的内容“我们的目标是什么”。表语和主语的位置可以互换。) =To enter the universities is our aim.考上大学是我们的目标。 七.作定语时的区别 非谓语动词 形式和位置 内容 表示时间 动词-ing形式 以单个词或短语的形式呈现。 放在它所修饰词的前后均可。 动词-ing形式作定语,表示所修饰词的用途,正在进行的动作等。 起形容词作用的动词-ing形式作定语时多和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系,相当于定语从句。 起名词作用的动词-ing形式作定语时与它所修饰的词无逻辑上的主谓关系。 动词-ing形式所表示的动作一般是现在正在发生的。 有些动词-ing形式表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。 过去分词 以单个词或短语的形式呈现。 放在它所修饰词的前后均可。 过去分词作定语和所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系,相当于一个定语从句。说明的是所修饰词代表的人或物的动作或特征。 过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作或被动的动作。 动词不定式 以单个不定式或不定式短语的形式呈现。 放在它所修饰词的后面。 不定式作定语和它所修饰词一般有逻辑上的动宾关系或主谓关系。 不定式表示的动作性强。 不定式的一般时态和进行时态表示动作发生在谓语动词之后,或者与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 完成时态可表示在谓语动词前发生的动作。 Look at the sleeping boy.(说明正在进行的动作)=Look at the boy who is sleeping.看这个熟睡的男孩。 Please go to the sleeping car.(说明用途the car is for sleep)请到卧铺车厢。 注意:sleeping car 只有sleeping重读;不能变为定语从句;car和sleeping之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系。 The swimming pool belongs to our school.这个游泳池属于我们学校。 Look,the falling leaves are all yellow.Lots of fallen leaves make the read yellow. (falling是动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行,fallen是过去分词表示动作完成) 比较:falling leaves,意为“正在飘落的树叶”。 fallen leaves,意为“已落在地上的树叶”。 =Look,the leaves that are falling are all yellow.Lots of the leaves that have fallen make the road yellow.看,这些落叶(正在下落)全是黄色的。这么多落叶(已经落在地上)使得马路都变成黄色的了。 China is a developing country and America is a developed country. (developing是动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行,developed是过去分词表示动作完成) =China is a country that is developing and America is a country that has developed. 中国是个发展中国家,而美国则是个发达国家。 切记:注意下面的一些用法 boiling water正在沸腾的开水 boiled water煮开的水 a drowning man一个快淹死的人 a drowned man一个已淹死的人 I have a lot of words to say.我有许多话要说。(与words存在逻辑上的动宾关系) (to say表示的动作和谓语动作几乎同时发生或在其后发生) 说明:不定式to say作定语修饰words。 不定式to say只能放在words后面。 两者之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。 I’ve got something important to do.我有重要的事要去做。 (与something存在逻辑上的动宾关系) (不定式to do作定语,只能放在所修饰词something的后面) 八.作宾语补足语时的区别 非谓语动词 形式 与宾语的关系 内容 被动语态 动词-ing形式 动词+ing 主动关系 表示动作正在进行,还没有结束 没变化 过去分词 动词+ed 被动关系 表示动作的完成和结果 没变化 动词不定式 不带to (动词原形) 主动关系 表示动作发生了而且全过程已结束 to要还原 A.基本用法 A:Do you hear someone calling you?(表示动作正在进行,是主动关系) (动词-ing形式作宾补)=Someone is calling you,do you hear it?你听见有人叫你吗? B:Yes,I did.I heard him call me several times.(表示动作已结束,是主动关系) (不带to的动词不定式作宾补)是的,我听见他叫了我好几次了。 A:Oh,you mean you heard your named called several times.(表示动作已结束,是被动关系) (过去分词作宾补:你的名字已经被叫了好几次了。) 哦,你的意思是你已经听到他叫了你好几次了。 注意:如果宾语补足语的动作既可以表达进行时态,又可以表达全过程,那么用动词不定式或动词-ing形式的区别不大。 I like to watch the birds land/landing or fly/flying.我喜欢观察鸟的落下和飞走。 When he was decorating his house,he got the bedroom painted first.(表示动作已结束,是被动关系) (过去分词作宾补)当他装修他的房子时,首先把卧室粉刷了。 When he was decorating his house,he had some workers paint his bedroom first.(表示动作已结束,是主动关系) (不带to的动词不定式作宾补)当他装修他的房子时,他先让一些工人粉刷了卧室。 I heard someone calling me.(宾语和宾补的关系是主动的,它表示call的动作正在进行。) =Someone was calling me.我听见有人在叫我的名字。 I heard my name called.(宾语和宾补的关系是被动的,它表示call这一动作已经完成。) =My name was called.我听见我的名字被叫。 We found the snake eating the eggs.=The snake was eating the eggs.我发现蛇正在吃鸡蛋。 We found the eggs eaten by the snake. =The eggs were eaten by the snake.我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。 注意:若宾补所表示的动作是短暂的,则用不定式与用动词-ing形式的区别并不大。 The woman didn’t see anyone leave/leaving the building.这个女人没看见任何人离开这栋大楼。 I saw the gardener watering the trees.我看见园丁在浇树。 (动词-ing形式watering作see的宾语补足语,表示看见园丁在浇树,但只是一段时间,而不是全过程。) I saw the gardener water all the trees.我看见园丁浇了所有的树。 (动词不定式water作see的宾语补足语,表示看到了园丁浇水的全过程。) B.由省去to的不定式构成的复合宾语在变为被动语态时,要把原来省去的小品词to还原。但let这个词例外,它的主动语态变为被动语态时,to可以还原也可以省略。 I watched the boy cross the street. →The boy was watched to cross the street.我注视着这个男孩过马路。 The teacher let the students write the composition at class. →The students were let (to) write the composition at class.老师让学生们在课上写作文。 补充:find的用法:find+宾语+doing/done He found a purse lying on the ground.(lying是动词-ing形式)他发现地上有一个钱包。 (正)He found the city changed a lot.(changed是过去分词) (误)He found them change the city.他发现这个城市变化很大。 seat和sit的用法: What surprised me most was to see some of the villagers seated/sitting on the benches at the end of the room.(不能用seating)最使我惊奇的是看见一些村民坐在屋子后面的长凳上。 如果有一系列动作作宾补时,一般用不定式,而不用动词-ing形式。 I saw her enter the room,sit in a chair,open a book and begin to read. 我看见她走进房间,坐在一把椅子上,打开一本书开始读了起来。 九作状语时的区别 形式 作状语时的区别 动词-ing形式及过去分词 一般表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随等情况(很少用作目的和结果状语)。 动词不定式 主要作目的状语和结果状语,还有一些作原因状语。 1.作状语的动词-ing形式及过去分词 在作状语时,动词-ing形式往往表示进行的和主动的动作,而过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,所以从动作是否完成和语态上可以将两者区分开来。 The woman sat in the armchair watching TV.(谓语动词sat和动词-ing形式watching同时进行,是主动动作)这位妇女坐在扶手椅子上,看着电视。 Hearing their teacher’s voice,the pupils stopped talking at once.一听到老师的声音,学生们立即停止讲话。 Buried deep down in the earth,the dead forests rotted away and became coal.(被动动作,并且buried这一动作早已完成)枯木被深深地埋在了地下,(然后)腐烂变成了煤。 The old man sat in bed surrounded by his children.(被动动作)这位老人坐在床上,孩子们围着他。 2.作原因状语的动词不定式及动词-ing形式 不定式作原因状语时,主要修饰一些含有感情色彩的表语形容词和不及物动词,位置一般在这些被修饰词的后面。动词-ing形式(短语)作原因状语,对动词没有太多的限制,它的位置也比较灵活,可以在句子中的任何位置,而且要有逗号。 I’m sorry to hear that.听到这些,我非常遗憾。 They rejoiced to get there first.他们非常高兴能够首先到达。 The doctor,not wishing to make her nervous,didn’t fully explain the seriousness of her condition. 医生为了不使她紧张,没有完全向她讲明病情的严重性。 说明:只要分辨出是作什么状语,就比较容易正确地使用动词-ing形式或动词不定式了。 十.动词-ing形式和不定式作主语、表语时的区别 一般情况下动词-ing形式和不定式作主语、表语时区别不大,有时可以通用。如: Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.眼见为实。 主语 表语 主语 表语 It is dangerous playing with explosives.(playing with explosives是主语) =It is dangerous to play with explosives.(to play with explosives是主语)玩炸药是危险的。 但动词-ing形式和不定式也有下面一些区别: A.动词-ing形式更接近于名词,所表示的动作比较抽象,或者是习惯性的,而不定式多表示某次比较具体的动作,特别是将来的动作。 His hobby is painting.(painting是动词-ing形式)他的爱好是绘画。 In summer what he wants to do is to paint.(to paint是不定式) 在夏天,他想要做的就是绘画。 B.在口语和疑问句中,常用动词-ing形式,不用不定式。 Does your saying so mean anything to him?你说这话对他能起作用吗? C.动词-ing形式和不定式用于不同的惯用语中。 句型:It is no use/good doing sth.(做某事是没有用的/没好处的。) It is no good being a liar.说谎是没有好处的。 It’s no good learning English words by heart without knowing how to use them. 只死记英语单词而不懂如何运用不是学习英语单词的好方法。 It's no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。 (某些成语或句型有严格的固定搭配,此句一定要用动词-ing形式。) 注意:一般情况下,尤其是在中学阶段,It’s no use/good后面用动词-ing形式的情况占多数。但是It’s no use/good to do sth.并不是错的,有时也可以用,尤其是指具体的情况时。 It’s no use to ask the teacher.He has no idea of it. (关于这件事)问这个老师也没用,他(对此事)一无所知。 句型:It is important/necessary/advisable...to do sth.(做某事很重要/必要/明智……) It’s very important to attend meeting.参加会议很重要。 It’s advisable to work out a plan before we start to work.应该在开始工作之前制订一个计划。 十一.动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语时的区别 1.区别不大的情况 动词-ing形式和动词不定式均可作宾语且区别不大的情况常见于continue,begin和start这些动词。 After finishing his composition,he continued reading/to read a novel. 完成了作文之后,他继续读一本小说。 They usually begin working/to work at nine in the morning. 他们通常是上午9点钟开始工作。 2.有些区别的情况 动词-ing形式和动词不定式均可作宾语且有些区别的情况,常见于like,hate,learn,prefer,love等动词。 I like skating.But I don’t like to skate today.我喜欢滑冰,但是我今天不想去滑冰。 (like skating是指一贯的、习惯性的爱好,like to skate是指暂时的或某次具体的动作。) 3.区别很大的情况 动词-ing形式 表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生,指已做的动作。 动词不定式 表示的动作在谓语动词之后发生,指将来要做的动作。 动词-ing形式和不定式都可以作宾语且区别很大的情况,常见于remember,forget,regret,try,mean,go on,stop等动词或动词短语。 动词-ing形式:remember/forget/regret doing sth.表示动作已经发生 动词不定式:remember/forget/regret to do sth.表示动作尚未发生 I remember giving the letter to him.我记得把信给他了。(giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作) I will remember to give the letter to him.我会记得把这封信交给他的。(to give表示一个在remember之后发生的将来的动作) I forget giving the letter to him.我忘了已经把信给他了。(giving表示一个在forget之前发生的动作) I’m afraid I will forget to give the letter to him.我担心我会忘了把这封信交给他。(to give表示一个在forget之后发生的将来的动作) I regret accepting your advice.我真后悔听了你的建议。(accepting表示一个在regret之前已发生过的动作) I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.我十分遗憾地(要)告诉你,我不准备接受你的意见。(to tell表示一个在regret之后或与之同时发生的动作) 动词-ing形式:try doing sth.表示“试一试” 动词不定式:try to do sth.表示“设法去做某事” Never mind.Try doing it in another way.没关系,试试用另一种方法做。 You must try to do it well.你必须尽量(设法)把它做好。 动词-ing形式:mean doing sth.表示“意味着”,主语一般是事情、事物 动词不定式:mean to do sth.表示“企图去做,打算去做”,主语一般指人 Catching the first bus means getting up early.赶上头班车就意味着要早起。 Sure,at 5 a.m. I mean to get up early.对,是清晨5点钟,我打算早点儿起床。 动词-ing形式:go on doing sth.表示“继续做某事”,相当于continue to do/doing sth. 动词不定式:go on to do sth.表示“接着做某事”,相当于do sth. else next They went on talking about the education.他们继续谈论教育问题。(在中断谈话之前他们就谈论着教育,之后又继续同一内容) They went on to talk about the education.他们接下去就谈教育问题了。(指在中断谈话之前讲的不是教育问题) 动词-ing形式:stop doing sth.表示“停止做某事” 动词不定式:stop to do sth.表示“停下(一件事)开始做另一件事” They stopped quarreling.他们停止了争吵。 They stopped to quarrel.他们停下来,开始争吵起来。 说明:stop和go on后面的不定式是状语。它们后面的动词-ing形式是宾语。 其他考点:过去分词用于谚语、插入语典型用法 例:Compared with traditional education, online education has many advantages. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. United we stand; (divide) we fall. 2. Well (begin), half done. 3. Friendship is like money: easier made than (keep). 4. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, ______(compare) with his old one. 【答案与解析】 1. divided。句意:合则立,分则亡。前后对仗,互为提示。故答案是divided。 2. begun。句意:良好开端是成功一半。故答案是begun。 3. kept。句意:友情就像金钱,获得容易维持难。故答案是kept。 4. compared。句中的is为谓语动词,设空处应该填写非谓语动词。compare为动词,意为“比较”,与逻辑主语.Michael’s new house之间是被动关系。故应用过去分词做伴随状语。故填compared。 一.单句语法填空 1.They represent the earth (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. 2.They make great gifts and you see them many times (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 3.They are easy (care) for and make great presents. 4.The next morning he hired a boat and set out (find) the well-known painter. 5.And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. 6.When we got a call ______(say)she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. 7.Scientists have responded by (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements. 8.When the children are walking or ______(cycle) to school on dark mornings, car drivers can easily see them. 9.But some students didn’t want (wear) the uniform. 10.On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, __________(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals. 11. Peter was so excited when he received an invitation from his friend (visit) Chongqing. 12. He gave a lame excuse for (absent) which made him very embarrassed. 13. When the moon had risen, we lay on the grass, listening to the wind (whisper) in the trees. 14. Helen was kinder to her youngest son, which made the others (envy) him. 15. I like getting up very early in the morning because the morning air is so good (breathe). 16. The man ________(circulate) the fake news that 18 firefighters lost their lives in the explosion was arrested. 17. The little boy stared at the strange man questioningly, not ________(know) whether to believe what he had said. 18. Facial recognition technology is working well at tourist attractions around China, ________(reduce) the time people spend standing in lines at entries or security check. 19. Actors should be good observers, watching people’s body language and speaking style, ________(transmit) and this into their own abilities to progress in acting. 20. We had better put off interviewing the athlete, for he is busy preparing for an international contest ________(hold) in Shanghai next month. 1.【答案】coming 【解析】考查非谓语动词。主句为they represent the earth and best wishes,可判断设空处为非谓语动词,且the earth与come back为主谓关系,可知此处需填现在分词,作the earth的宾语补足语,强调一段时间内正在进行的动作,故填coming。 2.【答案】decorated 【解析】考查非谓语动词。主句为you see them,可判断设空处为非谓语动词,them代指前文orange trees,与decorate为动宾关系,可知应用过去分词,作后置定语,故填decorated。 3.【答案】to care 【解析】考查非谓语动词。sth. is easy to do,表示某事容易……,且此处为动词不定式表示被动,故填to care。 4.【答案】to find 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:第二天早上,他租了一条船,出发去找这位著名的画家。结合句意表示出发去做某事应用短语set out to do sth.,后跟不定式做目的状语。故填to find。 5.【答案】surrounding 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:当他看到雾气从河上升起,山顶上乌云环绕,他不禁流下了眼泪。分析句子结构可知,the soft clouds (surround) the mountain tops是独立主格结构做状语,surround在句中应用非谓语动词形式,与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系,故应用现在分词。故填surrounding。 6.【答案】saying 【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其后所接的宾语从句可知,此处用现在分词形式saying作后置定语,解释名词call的内容,call与say是主动关系,故填saying。 7.【答案】noting 【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词by可知,此处用动名词主动形式,故填noting。 8.【答案】cycling 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:当孩子们在黑暗的早晨步行或骑车上学时,汽车司机很容易看到它们。or连接两个并列成分,根据or前的walking可知,此处要用cycling。故填cycling。 9.【答案】to wear 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:但是,有一些学生不想穿学生服。want to do sth想要做某事,这是want的固定用法。故填to wear。 10.【答案】listening 【解析】考查非谓语动词。本句谓语动词为“were invited”,所以空格处动词listen应用非谓语动词形式。听音乐这个动作是由we发出的,所以选用现在分词形式。也可由and前后连接两个并列的结构这一规律解题,and后meeting interesting locals为分词形式,故空格处填listening。 11.【答案】to visit 【解析】考查不定式。句意:当彼特的朋友邀请他参观重庆时,他是如此激动。动词不定式to visit限定invitation做后置定语。故填to visit。 12.【答案】being absent 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:他找了个站不住脚的理由来解释缺席的原因,这使他很尴尬。be absent表示缺席,且作介词for的宾语,应用动名词短语being absent,故填being absent。 13.【答案】whispering 【解析】考查非谓语形式。句意:当月亮已经升起,我们躺在草地上,倾听风在树上低语。名词wind与whisper是主动关系,故用现在分词作定语。故填whispering。 14.【答案】envy 【解析】考查省略to的动词不定式。句意:海伦对她的最小的儿子比对其他的孩子要好得多,这使其他的人很是嫉妒。make sb.do sth.表示让某人做某事,使役动词make后跟省略不定式符号to的不定式,作宾语补足语。故填envy。 15.【答案】to breathe 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:我喜欢早起,因为早晨的空气呼吸起来感觉很好。breathe和air之间虽然是动宾关系,但good后省略了for me,其逻辑主语是I,故用动词不定式的主动形式。故填to breathe。 16.【答案】circulating 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:传播18名火警在爆炸中丧生了的这条假消息的人被逮捕了。传播假消息与the man是主动关系,所以用现在分词作定语,故填circulating。 17.【答案】knowing 【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:小男孩疑惑地盯着这个陌生人,不知道自己是否该相信他说的话。little boy与know之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,表示主动,用现在分词作伴随状语,故填knowing正确。 18.【答案】reducing 【解析】考查现在分词做结果状语。句意:人脸识别技术在中国各地的旅游景点运行良好,减少了人们在入口处或安检处排队的时间。此处是现在分词最自然的结果状语,故答案为reducing。 19.【答案】transmitting 【解析】考查现在分词做伴随状语。句意:演员应该是很好的观察者,观察人们的肢体语言和说话风格,并将其转化为自己的能力,从而在表演上取得进步。此处句子主语Actors和transform之间是主动关系,是现在分词做伴随状语,与watching并列,故答案为transmitting。 20.【答案】to be held 【解析】考查动词不定式一般式的被动式作后置定语。句意:我们最好推迟采访这位运动员,因为他正忙于准备下个月在上海举行的国际比赛。此处contest和hold之间是一种被动关系,这里是动词不定式一般式的被动式作后置定语,故填to be held。 二.语法填空 Chopsticks play an important role in Chinese food culture. They 21 (call) “Zhu” in ancient times in China. Chinese people have been using them for more than 3,000 years. Wood or bamboo chopsticks are the most popular ones used in Chinese homes, 22 can be dated to about 1,000 years 23 (early) than ivory(象牙) chopsticks. There are a few things 24 (avoid) when using chopsticks. Chinese people usually. Don’t beat their bowls while 25 (eat), since the behavior used to be practiced by beggars. Also don’t put chopsticks in a bowl upright because it is a custom only used in sacrifices(祭祀). 26 is common in China for everyone to use their own chopsticks for getting food from the 27 (dish) on the table. If you prefer, serving chopsticks 28 (be) provided. Besides, don’t be embarrassed by using chopsticks 29 (poor). What matters is that you enjoy the food. Food is 30 great importance in Chinese culture, and the Chinese is such a practical person that all around you will most likely be fine with whatever method you use to eat. 【答案】21. were called 22. which 23. earlier 24. to avoid 25. eating 26. It 27. dishes 28. is/will be 29. poorly 30. of 【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章向我们介绍了有关筷子的历史和文化。 21.考查一般过去时被动语态。句意:他们在中国古代被称为“箸”。主语和谓语之间是被动关系,又因为本句讲述的是过去的事情,故填were called。 22.考查非限制性定语从句。句意:木筷或竹筷是中国家庭使用最普遍的筷子,比象牙筷要早1000年左右。根据句子结构可知,该空是非限制性定语从句的关系词,关系词在定语从句中作主语,指物,故填which。 23.考查副词比较级。句意:木筷或竹筷是中国家庭使用最普遍的筷子,比象牙筷要早1000年左右。根据本句中的than,此空填形容词的比较级,故填earlier。 24.考查不定式。句意:使用筷子时有几件事要避免。to avoid是后置定语,修饰a few things。故填to avoid。 25.考查现在分词。句意:吃饭时不要敲碗,因为这种行为过去是乞丐常做的。eat和主句主语people在逻辑上存在主动关系,故填eating。 26.考查形式主语。句意:在中国,每个人都用自己的筷子从桌上的盘子里取食物是很常见的。It is common for sb. to do sth.句型,此空为句首,故填It。 27.考查名词单复数。句意:在中国,每个人都用自己的筷子从桌上的盘子里取食物是很常见的。餐桌上的菜肴不止一种,故此空填复数形式dishes。 28.考查一般现在时或一般将来时。句意:如果您想的话,我们也会提供筷子。主语和谓语之间是被动关系,且该动作可以是通常性的动作,也可以是将来某一时间的动作。If引导的条件状语从句,主句将来时,从句一般现在时。故填is/will be。 29.考查副词做状语。句意:另外,不要因为不会用筷子而感到尴尬。副词修饰动词,故填poorly。 30.考查介词。句意:在中国文化中,食物是非常重要的,而中国人非常务实,无论你用什么方法吃饭,你周围的人都不会介意。be of great importance =be important,意为重要的,故填介词of。 三.语法填空 The wildfires in Australia became considerably worse in January, 2020. The disaster faced by 31 country is far from over. Many of the fires 32 (send) smoke high into the atmosphere and some smoke turned into pyro cumulonimbus clouds. The clouds can help a fire draw in more air and shift surface winds, 33 (result) in fire tornadoes(龙卷风). Fires have destroyed habitats for animals that 34 (find) only in Australia, including koalas and rare birds. It will take time to fully know how much harm the fires have done 35 wildlife. The wildfires are expected 36 (continue) burning for months as Australia entered its dry season. This past year, 2019, is the hottest and driest year on record. Fires happen 37 (regular) during the Australian dry season. However, climate and natural changes are making the situation 38 (bad). At least 12 million acres have been burned so far in Victoria and New South Wales alone. Smoke from the fires has made 39 to South America. There is so much smoke that it may stay in the air for months 40 could have an effect on the planet’s climate. 【答案】31. the 32. sent 33. resulting 34. are found 35. to 36. to continue 37. regularly 38. worse 39. it 40. which 【解析】这是一篇说明文。澳大利亚的森林大火在2020年1月变得更加严重,同时火灾产生的烟雾又引发了火灾龙卷风。文章说明了这次大火对澳大利亚的破坏和影响。 31.考查冠词。country为可数名词,此处特指上文Australia,应用定冠词。故填the。 32.考查动词时态。根据后文and some smoke turned into pyro cumulonimbus clouds可知,此处应用一般过去时,主语与谓语动词构成主动关系。故填sent。 33.考查非谓语动词。分析句子成分可知,result在句中作非谓语动词,且与逻辑主语clouds构成主动关系,故应用现在分词。故填resulting。 34.考查动词时态及语态。本句主语animals与谓语动词构成被动关系,且描述客观事实应用一般现在时,主语为复数名词,谓语动词应用复数。故填are found。 35.考查介词。句意:要完全了解火灾对野生动物造成了多大的伤害还需要时间。结合句意表示“对于”,应用介词to。故填to。 36.考查非谓语动词。根据短语be expected to do sth.表示预计,后跟不定式。故填to continue。 37.考查副词。修饰动词happen,应用副词regularly,表示频繁地。故填regularly。 38.考查比较级。句意:然而,气候和自然变化使情况变得更糟。结合句意表示“更糟”应用比较级形式。故填worse。 39.考查代词。根据短语make it to表示到达。故填it。 40.考查定语从句。句意:烟雾如此之多,可能会在空气中停留数月之久,这可能会对地球的气候产生影响。此处为非限定性定语从句,修饰上文整个句子,且从句中缺少主语,故用关系代词which。故填which。 语法填空 Fuchsia Dunlop decided to visit China after reading articles about the country for several months. The one-month backpacking trip exposed the English woman 41 a wide range of Chinese food. “The dishes and soups I had even in the cheapest and plain eateries were better than 42 I had in the U.K.,” Dunlop recalled. The last stop of her trip was Chengdu, 43 capital of southwest China’s Sichuan Province. Dunlop learned from friends that Sichuan food represents one of China’s 44 (good) cuisines, and when the spicy flavor of Sichuan pepper exploded in her mouth, something inside her changed forever. After she returned to London, Dunlop made the decision to study in China at Sichuan University. When she wrote down “studying Chinese 45 (policy) on ethnic groups” on the 46 (apply) form as the reason for a scholarship, what she really had in mind were Sichuan dishes. Her journey eventually led her to become the most knowledgeable English person on Chinese food. She 47 (write) many books on Chinese cuisine since, including Shark’s Fin and Sichuan Pepper, which was translated into Chinese in 2018. According to Chen Xiaoqing, 48 (know) for directing the documentary of A Bite of China, Dunlop is the most insightful foreign writer who 49 (vivid) describes Chinese cuisine in an exciting and accurate way. What she presents to the readers is not just food, but also the profound traditions and tremendous changes 50 (occur) in the country behind the flavors. 【答案】41. to 42. what 43. the 44. best 45. policies 46. application 47. has written 48. known 49. vividly 50. occurring 【解析】本文是一篇记叙文,讲述了英国女士邓洛普在中国的美食之旅。 41.考查固定短语。句意:为期一个月的背包旅行让这位英国女士接触到了各种各样的中国食物。expose...to表示使接触、暴露于,故填to。 42.考查宾语从句。句意:即使是在最便宜的普通餐馆里,我点的菜和汤也比我在英国吃的要好。此处为宾语从句,从句中的had缺少宾语,故填what。 43.考查定冠词。句意:她此行的最后一站是中国西南部四川省的省会成都。the capital of表示“……的省会”,应该用the表特指,故填the。 44.考查形容词最高级。句意:邓洛普从朋友那里得知川菜是中国最好的菜系之一。one of后的名词常用形容词最高级修饰,故填best。 45.考查名词复数。句意:当她在申请表上写下“学习中国民族政策”作为申请奖学金的理由时,她真正想的是川菜。policy当“政策、方针”讲时是可数名词,此处用复数表泛指,故填policies。 46.考查名词。根据句意可知此处用名词作定语,application form表示申请表,故填application。 47.考查时态。句意:从那以后,她写了许多关于中国烹饪的书。此处表示过去的动作对现在的影响,用现在完成时,故填has written。 48.考查非谓语动词。句意:以执导纪录片《舌尖上的中国》而出名的陈晓卿说邓洛普是最有洞察力的外国作家,她生动、准确地描述了中国美食。be known for表示“因……而出名”,此处去掉be作定语,故填known。 49.考查副词。修饰动词describes用副词,故填vividly。 50.考查非谓语动词。句意:她所呈现给读者的不仅仅是食物,还有这个国家在美食背后深刻的传统和正在发生的巨大的变化。changes与occur之间是逻辑上的主谓关系,表示主动,用现在分词作后置定语,故填occurring。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$ 衔接点11 非谓语动词3(Ved)(初高考点差异及衔接) 初中要求 初中很少接触非谓语动词的过去分词用法,仅仅简单学习过去分词作定语 高中要求 高中学习过去分词表示完成的和被动的动作,在句子中起形容词或副词的作用,可充当表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。 【初中非谓语动词(Ved)考点聚焦】 A month later I went to Spain. A Spanish teacher       (call) Paula came and began the test.  【高中非谓语动词(Ved)考点聚焦】 考纲解读 过去分词属于非谓语动词的一种。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,在句中可作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。本章是动词不定式,动词-ing形式内容的延续,除了介绍过去分词的用法和独立主格外,还将深入讲解这三类非谓语动词在用法上的区别。 典型例句:1.The concert given by their friends was a success.(过去分词作定语)他们的朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。 2.Yesterday I had my leg broken.(过去分词作宾补)昨天我的腿骨折了。 3.She is quite pleased with the design of the dress.(过去分词作表语)她很喜欢那件礼服的样式。 考点清单 1.过去分词的用法 规则动词的过去分词由动词原形加-ed构成,不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的构成规则,需要逐一记忆。过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,在句子中起形容词或副词的作用,可充当表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。此外,过去分词和动词-ing形式、动词不定式一样,在句子中都不能充当谓语,但保留了一部分动词性质,即它可以带自己的状语和宾语。 1.过去分词作表语 1.过去分词作表语的基本用法 过去分词作表语表示主语的特征或所处的状态,主语通常是人。作表语用的过去分词很大一部分都来自与人的情绪有关的动词。 amused开心的 astonished惊讶的 broken破碎的 crowded拥挤的 delighted欣喜的 discouraged气馁的 excited兴奋的 finished完成的 frightened受惊的 hurt受伤的 injured受伤的 inspired有灵感的 shut关着的 lost丢失的,迷路的 married已婚的 interested感兴趣的 retired退休的 satisfied感到满意的 pleased高兴的,满足的 tired疲劳的,累的 well-known有名的 worried烦恼的,焦虑的 wounded受伤的 A:How did the audience receive the new play?观众对这部新剧反应如何? B:They got very excited.他们非常激动。 A:How did Bob do in the exams this time?这次鲍伯考得怎么样? B:Well,his father seems pleased with his results.哦,他父亲似乎对于他的成绩感到满意。 She got very tired.她感到很疲劳。 2.作表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别 这两种不同语法功能的句子在形式上是一样的,都是由“be+动词的过去分词”构成,有时很容易混淆。它们的具体区别如下: A.从表示的含义上来区分 作表语的过去分词 表示主语的特征或所处的状态 被动语态中的过去分词 表示以主语为承受者的动作 The blackboard is broken.这块黑板坏了。(系表结构,broken表示主语the blackboard所处的状态。) The blackboard was broken/has been broken by Li Ming.这块黑板是李明弄坏的。(被动语态,broken表示the blackboard承受的动作。) B.从时态上来区分 作表语的过去分词 只用于一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成时和过去进行时 被动语态中的过去分词 除不能用于完成进行时和将来进行时,可用于其他任何时态 C.从时态的一致性上来区分 作表语的过去分词 其时态不需要保持一致 被动语态中的过去分词 其时态要与相应主动语态的时态保持一致 The blackboard is broken.(系表结构) The blackboard was broken by Li Ming.(被动语态)→Li Ming broke the blackboard.(主动语态) 补充:有一些形容词就能够说明状态,此时不用过去分词,而用形容词。 (正)The door is locked.The window is open. (is locked:表示“锁着的”时,lock不能作形容词,所以只能用它的过去分词。) (is open:open可兼作动词与形容词,作形容词时有“开着的”意思,所以不再用open的过去分opened。) (误)The door is locked.The window is opened.门是锁着的,窗户是开着的。 D.“be+动词的过去分词”,有时是系表结构,而不是被动语态,因为此时的过去分词已经形容词化了。常用于系表结构的过去分词有: astonished感到吃惊的 educated受过教育的 excited兴奋的 fallen落下的 frightened受惊的 gone过去的,消失的 interested感兴趣的 known著名的 learned有学问的 mistaken误解的,弄错的 retired退休的 returned已归来的 risen升起来的 upset心烦的 My watch is gone.我的手表不见了。 It’s not my fault.You are mistaken.这不是我的过错,你误会了。 考点归纳一: 过去分词作表语典型用法 要点精讲:过去分词作表语,逻辑主语是句子的主语,常位于be动词或remain, sound, feel等系动词之后; “get+过去分词”结构也是被动语态。 例1:Though he was a new man, he got accustomed to the way of life here very soon. 例2: Tom sounds very interested in the job, but I'm not sure whether he can manage it. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. Please remain (seat); the winner of the prize will be announced soon. 2. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you won’t have time to get (change) before the party. 3. For those with family members far away, the personal computer and the phone are important in staying ______ (connect). 4. The story was so (move) that all of us were (move) to tears. 2.过去分词作定语 1.过去分词作定语时的位置 A.当单个的过去分词作定语时,一般位于所修饰的名词之前,但有时为了强调动作,也可放在它所修饰词的后面。 Look at the broken glasses.(过去分词+名词)看看那些碎了的玻璃杯。 All the phones broken have been repaired.(名词+过去分词)所有坏掉的电话都已经修好了。 B.当过去分词短语作定语时,位于被修饰名词的后面。 I have a radio made in China.我有一台国产的收音机。 The little girl dressed in white is Mary.穿白衣服的小姑娘是玛丽。 比较:一般来讲,及物动词的动词-ing形式修饰事物,其过去分词修饰人。 a surprising result一个惊人的结果 surprised girls吃惊的姑娘们 tiring music烦人的音乐 a tired man一个疲倦的人 When they heard the exciting news,they got excited.Then the excited people shouted loudly and cheered.当他们听到这一激动人心的消息时,他们变得激动起来。然后这些激动的人们大声地叫喊、欢呼。 2.使用过去分词作定语的场合 因为过去分词只有一种形式,而它又包含完成和被动意味,所以只要符合下列条件便可使用过去分词作定语。 A.过去分词表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生。 This is a picture painted by my father.(painted所表示的动作发生在谓语动词is之前。) =This is a picture that was painted by my father.这是一张我父亲画的画。 The letter mailed last night will reach him tomorrow. =The letter that was mailed last night will reach him tomorrow.昨晚寄出的那封信,明天将会到他的手中。 At the party I met my schoolmate just returned from Africa. =At the party I met my schoolmate who had just returned from Africa.在聚会上我遇见了刚刚从非洲回来的一个校友。 People like the Great Wall built about two thousand years ago.人们喜欢大约两千年前修建的长城。 B.过去分词表示的动作是没有一定时间性的。 Goods imported from abroad are not always better than those made in China.进口的商品并不一定比国产的好。 考点归纳二: 过去分词作定语典型用法 要点精讲:过去分词作定语,逻辑主语是被修饰的名词或代词.单个分词常作前置定语,分词短语多作后置定语;过去分词作定语表示一个被动的、已发生的动作。 例1:The wedding ceremony took place in a brightly decorated hotel room. 例2:A number of roads have blocked by fallen trees because of the heavy rain. 例3:Many words associated with life in the West are Spanish. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. From the dates (mark) on the gold coin, we decided it was made five hundred years ago. 2. Can those / (sit/seat) at the back of the classroom hear me? 3. A team of scientists ______(lead)by a professor has found out that the monarch is able to tell the time of day. 4. The club, _________ (found) 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members. 5. The old lady was so kind that she adopted many ____________ (abandon) cats and dogs. 3.过去分词作宾语补足语 宾语补足语,又简称为宾补,跟在宾语后面,是用来补充说明宾语意义的成分。过去分词可以作宾补,通常用在一些感官动词、使役动词或状态动词的宾语后面,与宾语存在逻辑上的动宾关系。 1.过去分词用在感官动词的后面 We heard the windows beaten by rain drops.我们听到雨点敲打窗户的声音。 When he got to school,he saw the door locked.当他到学校时,他看见门锁着。 2.过去分词用在使役动词的后面 常用的使役动词有have,get,make等。 A.过去分词在动词have和get后面作宾补时,表示这个动作不是由主语完成的,而是由别人完成的。 You’d better have/get the dangerous building pulled down.(是由别人完成的)你最好叫人把这座危楼推倒。 I had/got a decayed tooth pulled off.(是由别人完成的)我把我的一颗蛀牙拔了。 How often do you have/get your hair cut?(不是自己理的)你多久理一次发? B.过去分词在动词have和get后面作宾补时,还可以表示这是主语的一种经历,这时请根据上下文来领会句子的意义。 I had my left arm broken yesterday.昨天我的左胳膊摔断了。(这是主语的一种遭遇,经历,不可能是主语叫别人做的事。) Li Ming had his bike stolen.李明的自行车被偷了。 C.“make oneself+过去分词”作宾补时一般表示结果。常用于以下搭配: make oneself heard使别人听得见某人自己的话 make oneself understood使别人听懂某人自己讲的话(相当于to make one’s meaning clear to others) make oneself believed使别人相信某人自己的话 I didn’t make myself heard because a lot of people cried in the hall.因为大厅中有许多人大声喊叫,所以我讲话别人听不见。 I can’t make myself understood because of my broken English.因为我拙劣的英语,我无法使别人听懂我的话。 A liar cannot make himself believed.别人不会相信撒谎者的话。 3.过去分词用在表状态的动词keep和leave等后 Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.少说多看。 Don’t leave the door broken like this all the time.不要让大门一直这样坏着。 考点归纳三: 过去分词作宾语补足语典型用法 要点精讲1:过去分词作宾语补足语,逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语,用作观感使役类动词的宾补,如see, watch, hear, notice, have, make, leave, keep, find。 例1:Before driving into the city, you are required to get your car washed. 例2:She couldn't make herself heard because of the traffic noise. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see (carry) out the next year. 2. She returned home, only to find the door open and a number of things (go/steal/miss/go/lose) 3. The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes (fix) on the screen. 4. He got his bad tooth ________ (pull) yesterday, for it had caused him too much pain. 5. When I came in, I found a strange girl ___________(seat) in the corner. 要点精讲2:用于“with+名词/代词+过去分词”结构作宾补;省略 with则转化为“名词/代词+过去分词”构成的独立主格结构。 例1:With all the money used up, the man had to make a living by begging. 例2:Much time spent sitting at a desk, office workers are generally troubled by health problems. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. He rushed into the room, with his face  (cover) with sweat. 2. The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons ______________(finish) for the day. 3. With the difficult problem_________(settle), he threw himself in the sofa in relief. 4. It is estimated that by the end of this year, the number of people using hanfu products in China will reach 6.89 million, with total sales ________ (expect) to reach 10.16 billion yuan. 4.过去分词作状语 1.过去分词作状语的基本用法 过去分词和过去分词短语也可以在句子中作状语,用来修饰谓语动词或整个句子,表示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、让步或伴随等情况。但该状语一般表示一个次要的动作。并且,它一般都可以变为相应的状语从句或并列句。 Asked how old she was,Mary said it was a secret.(Asked表时间)当被问到年龄时,玛丽说那是个秘密。 Confused by the stones flying at them from all sides,the boys ran into the building. (Confused表原因)从四面八方向男孩们飞来的石头把他们弄糊涂了,于是他们跑进了那幢大楼里。 Given more water,the fish couldn’t die.(Given表条件)如果多给些水,这些鱼就不会死。 Even though defeated again,the scientist didn’t give up.(defeated表让步)尽管又失败了,这位科学家仍没有放弃。 Seen from a spaceship,the earth looks like a blue green white ball.(Seen表时间/条件)从飞船上看,地球像一个蓝色、绿色、白色相间的大球。 2.关于过去分词和动词-ing形式作状语 A.过去分词或动词-ing形式作状语时,它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语。此外,过去分词与句子的主语之间应是动宾关系,而动词-ing形式与句子的主语之间应是主谓关系。 从山顶上看,这座城市非常美丽。 过去分词短语作状语: Seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.(句子的主语是the city) =If/When it is seen from the hill,the city is beautiful.(从句与主句的主语一致) 动词-ing短语作状语: Seeing from the hill,you can see the whole city is beautiful.(句子的主语是you) =If/When you see from the hill,the city is beautiful.(从句与主句的主语不同) 注意:过去分词或动词-ing形式作状语时,状语逻辑上的主语必须与句子的主语一致。 (误)Seeing from the hill,the city is beautiful. (seeing的逻辑主语是you,所以句子的主语应用you,而不是the city。) 加热到100℃,水就沸腾了。 过去分词短语作状语: (正)Heated to 100℃,water will boil.(句子的主语是water) (正)Heated to 100℃,water boils.(讲述的是自然现象) (误)Heating to 100℃,water boils.(heating逻辑上的主语应该是人,而非water) 状语从句作状语: If/When it is heated to 100℃,water will boil.(从句与主句的主语一致) If/When we heat it to 100℃,water will boil.(从句与主句的主语不同) B.过去分词短语或动词-ing短语所表示的动作如果和谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在谓语动词表示的动作之前发生,则要放在句首;如果它表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后,则要放在句尾。 Finding the door locked,Tom went home.(原因)看到门锁着,汤姆就回家去了。 Tom went home,finding the door locked.(结果)汤姆回到家,发现门锁着。 切记:一般来讲,表示时间、原因、条件、让步等的分词短语多放在句首,而表示结果、伴随的分词短语多放在句尾。 Not knowing her address,I can’t write to her.(原因)因为不知道她的住址,我没法给她写信。 The old woman died in 1967,leaving her sons a lot of money.(结果)这位老妇人于1967年去世,给她的儿子们留下了一大笔钱。 Greatly moved by the hero,she decided to study harder.(原因)被英雄人物深深地感动,她决心更加努力地学习。 补充:有些过去分词和动词-ing形式用作介词或连词 according to按照 granted认为 including包括 supposing假设,假如 According to his report,the situation is getting serious.根据他的报告,形势变得严峻了。 Many people including the old go to work without any pay on Saturday.许多人包括老人们都参加了星期六的义务劳动。 Supposing he won’t pass the exam,what should he do?假如他通不过考试,他该怎么办? 考点归纳四:过去分词直接作状语典型用法 要点精讲:过去分词作状语,逻辑主语是句子的主语,用作时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随状语,强调该动作与句子主语之间的被动关系。 例1:Clearly and thoughtfully written, the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers. 例2:Pressed from his parents, and realizing that he has little time left, the boy is determined to focus on his project. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. (encourage) by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle. 2._____________(wait) in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized he had left his wallet at home. 3._______(bite) twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog. 4. __________ (determine) to give up smoking, he threw away his remaining cigarettes. 考点归纳五:“连词+过去分词” 构成状语从句省略用法 要点精讲:用于“连词+过去分词”结构,构成状语从句省略句式,表示从句谓语与句子主语之间的被动关系。 例1:Once married, Joe devoted her life to being a full-time homemaker.  例2:There are some health problems that, when not treated in time, can become bigger ones later on. 例3:When asked for his views about his teaching job, Philip said he found it very interesting and rewarding. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. When first ____________ (introduce) to the market, these products enjoyed great success. 2. No matter how frequently (perform), the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. 3. When____________(compare) cultures, we often focus on the differences without noticing the similarities. 考点归纳六:“be+过去分词+介词”结构作状语用法 要点精讲 部分动词常用于“be+过去分词+介词”结构,可以用作谓语、主语或状语 be absorbed in 被……吸引,专注于 be lost in 迷失在……中 be dressed in 穿着…… be caught/trapped/stuck in 被困在…… be occupied in 忙碌于…… be located/situated in 坐落在…… be equipped/furnished with 被配备…… be loaded/burdened with 担负着…… be faced with 面临着…… be accustomed/used to doing 习惯于做某事 be devoted/committed to doing 致力于做某事 be addicted to doing 对……上瘾 例1:The sun began to rise in the sky, bathed in the mountain in golden light. 例2:Absorbed in reading, Tom didn’t even notice his mom come in. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. (trap) in the river for five hours, the thief looked very pale and exhausted. 2. (trap) in the river for five hours makes the thief looks very pale and exhausted. 3. The thief (trap) in the river for five hours, he looked very pale and exhausted. 4. The thief (trap) in the river for five hours, so he looked pale and exhausted. 5. ________ (devote) to education, he went to the mountainous areas to teach. 6. ________ (expose) to a lot of new ideas when studying in college, Mary always does something that others can't understand. 五.独立主格 我们在前面讲到过去分词(短语)和动词-ing形式(短语)作状语时,它们的逻辑主语应该是句子的主语。但有时过去分词短语和动词-ing短语带有自己的主语(即它们之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系),这个逻辑上的主语一般是由名词或代词主格担任,放在过去分词短语和动词之间,我们称之为独立主格。一些含独立主格的句子可以转化为含状语从句的复合句。另一些含独立主格的句子则可以转化为含两个简单句的并列句。 独立主格:(正)It being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.(It是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语) 说明:It being Sunday构成独立主格结构,在句子中作原因状语。 (误)Being Sunday,you needn’t go to school.今天是星期天,你不必去上学。 说明:being的逻辑主语不是句子的主语,所以此句是错误的。 原因状语从句:Because it is Sunday,you needn’t go to school. (it是从句主语,you是主句主语)因为今天是星期天,所以你不必去上学。 独立主格:All the officials having arrived,the meeting was declared open. (All the officials是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语)官员们都到齐了才宣布开会。 时间状语从句:After/When all the officials had arrived,the meeting was declared open. (all the officials是从句主语,the是主句主语)等官员们都到齐了才宣布开会。 补充:分词作独立主格时,前面有时可以加with或without。 The park is beautiful with all the trees putting on a tender green. 所有的树都变成了嫩绿色,使得公园很漂亮。 独立主格:Weather permitting,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow. (Weather是动词-ing形式逻辑上的主语)天气允许的话,我们后天就去颐和园。 条件状语从句:If weather permits,we’ll go to the Summer Palace the day after tomorrow. (weather是从句主语,we是主句主语)如果天气允许的话,我们后天去颐和园。 独立主格:All the work done,you can have a rest. (All the work是过去分词逻辑上的主语) 并列句:All the work is done and you can have a rest.所有的工作都做完,你们就可以休息了。 独立主格:The plan carried out,everything is all right. (The plan是过去分词逻辑上的主语) 并列句:The plan is carried out and everything is all right. 计划已经实施,一切进展顺利。 六.动词-ing形式、过去分词和不定式的区别 非谓语动词(包括动词不定式,动词-ing形式,过去分词)通常可在句中充当除谓语外的其他成分,且不受主语的人称和数的限制。但它们之间又存在以下区别。 1.作表语时的区别 非谓语动词 作表语时的区别 动词-ing形式 作表语时,主要表示主语的具体内容,或主语的性质、特点。 多数情况下,主语和表语的位置可以互换。 过去分词 作表语时,主要表示主语的特点和所处的状态。 主语和表语的位置不可以互换。 动词不定式 表示主语的具体内容。 表示主语的特点或所处的状态。 My job is teaching English.我的工作是教英语。 (动词-ing形式作表语,表示主语的内容“我的工作是什么”。表语和主语的位置可以互换。) =Teaching English is my job.教英语是我的工作。 The film is disappointing.这部电影真令人失望。 (动词-ing形式作表语,表示主语the film的性质、特点,表语和主语的位置不可以互换。) We are disappointed with the film.我们对这部电影感到失望。 (过去分词作表语,表示主语we所处的状态。表语和主语的位置不可以互换。) Our aim is to enter the universities.我们的目标是考上大学。 (不定式作表语,表示主语的内容“我们的目标是什么”。表语和主语的位置可以互换。) =To enter the universities is our aim.考上大学是我们的目标。 七.作定语时的区别 非谓语动词 形式和位置 内容 表示时间 动词-ing形式 以单个词或短语的形式呈现。 放在它所修饰词的前后均可。 动词-ing形式作定语,表示所修饰词的用途,正在进行的动作等。 起形容词作用的动词-ing形式作定语时多和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系,相当于定语从句。 起名词作用的动词-ing形式作定语时与它所修饰的词无逻辑上的主谓关系。 动词-ing形式所表示的动作一般是现在正在发生的。 有些动词-ing形式表示和谓语动词同时发生的动作。 过去分词 以单个词或短语的形式呈现。 放在它所修饰词的前后均可。 过去分词作定语和所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系,相当于一个定语从句。说明的是所修饰词代表的人或物的动作或特征。 过去分词表示在谓语动词之前发生的动作或被动的动作。 动词不定式 以单个不定式或不定式短语的形式呈现。 放在它所修饰词的后面。 不定式作定语和它所修饰词一般有逻辑上的动宾关系或主谓关系。 不定式表示的动作性强。 不定式的一般时态和进行时态表示动作发生在谓语动词之后,或者与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 完成时态可表示在谓语动词前发生的动作。 Look at the sleeping boy.(说明正在进行的动作)=Look at the boy who is sleeping.看这个熟睡的男孩。 Please go to the sleeping car.(说明用途the car is for sleep)请到卧铺车厢。 注意:sleeping car 只有sleeping重读;不能变为定语从句;car和sleeping之间没有逻辑上的主谓关系。 The swimming pool belongs to our school.这个游泳池属于我们学校。 Look,the falling leaves are all yellow.Lots of fallen leaves make the read yellow. (falling是动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行,fallen是过去分词表示动作完成) 比较:falling leaves,意为“正在飘落的树叶”。 fallen leaves,意为“已落在地上的树叶”。 =Look,the leaves that are falling are all yellow.Lots of the leaves that have fallen make the road yellow.看,这些落叶(正在下落)全是黄色的。这么多落叶(已经落在地上)使得马路都变成黄色的了。 China is a developing country and America is a developed country. (developing是动词-ing形式表示动作正在进行,developed是过去分词表示动作完成) =China is a country that is developing and America is a country that has developed. 中国是个发展中国家,而美国则是个发达国家。 切记:注意下面的一些用法 boiling water正在沸腾的开水 boiled water煮开的水 a drowning man一个快淹死的人 a drowned man一个已淹死的人 I have a lot of words to say.我有许多话要说。(与words存在逻辑上的动宾关系) (to say表示的动作和谓语动作几乎同时发生或在其后发生) 说明:不定式to say作定语修饰words。 不定式to say只能放在words后面。 两者之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。 I’ve got something important to do.我有重要的事要去做。 (与something存在逻辑上的动宾关系) (不定式to do作定语,只能放在所修饰词something的后面) 八.作宾语补足语时的区别 非谓语动词 形式 与宾语的关系 内容 被动语态 动词-ing形式 动词+ing 主动关系 表示动作正在进行,还没有结束 没变化 过去分词 动词+ed 被动关系 表示动作的完成和结果 没变化 动词不定式 不带to (动词原形) 主动关系 表示动作发生了而且全过程已结束 to要还原 A.基本用法 A:Do you hear someone calling you?(表示动作正在进行,是主动关系) (动词-ing形式作宾补)=Someone is calling you,do you hear it?你听见有人叫你吗? B:Yes,I did.I heard him call me several times.(表示动作已结束,是主动关系) (不带to的动词不定式作宾补)是的,我听见他叫了我好几次了。 A:Oh,you mean you heard your named called several times.(表示动作已结束,是被动关系) (过去分词作宾补:你的名字已经被叫了好几次了。) 哦,你的意思是你已经听到他叫了你好几次了。 注意:如果宾语补足语的动作既可以表达进行时态,又可以表达全过程,那么用动词不定式或动词-ing形式的区别不大。 I like to watch the birds land/landing or fly/flying.我喜欢观察鸟的落下和飞走。 When he was decorating his house,he got the bedroom painted first.(表示动作已结束,是被动关系) (过去分词作宾补)当他装修他的房子时,首先把卧室粉刷了。 When he was decorating his house,he had some workers paint his bedroom first.(表示动作已结束,是主动关系) (不带to的动词不定式作宾补)当他装修他的房子时,他先让一些工人粉刷了卧室。 I heard someone calling me.(宾语和宾补的关系是主动的,它表示call的动作正在进行。) =Someone was calling me.我听见有人在叫我的名字。 I heard my name called.(宾语和宾补的关系是被动的,它表示call这一动作已经完成。) =My name was called.我听见我的名字被叫。 We found the snake eating the eggs.=The snake was eating the eggs.我发现蛇正在吃鸡蛋。 We found the eggs eaten by the snake. =The eggs were eaten by the snake.我们发现鸡蛋被蛇吃了。 注意:若宾补所表示的动作是短暂的,则用不定式与用动词-ing形式的区别并不大。 The woman didn’t see anyone leave/leaving the building.这个女人没看见任何人离开这栋大楼。 I saw the gardener watering the trees.我看见园丁在浇树。 (动词-ing形式watering作see的宾语补足语,表示看见园丁在浇树,但只是一段时间,而不是全过程。) I saw the gardener water all the trees.我看见园丁浇了所有的树。 (动词不定式water作see的宾语补足语,表示看到了园丁浇水的全过程。) B.由省去to的不定式构成的复合宾语在变为被动语态时,要把原来省去的小品词to还原。但let这个词例外,它的主动语态变为被动语态时,to可以还原也可以省略。 I watched the boy cross the street. →The boy was watched to cross the street.我注视着这个男孩过马路。 The teacher let the students write the composition at class. →The students were let (to) write the composition at class.老师让学生们在课上写作文。 补充:find的用法:find+宾语+doing/done He found a purse lying on the ground.(lying是动词-ing形式)他发现地上有一个钱包。 (正)He found the city changed a lot.(changed是过去分词) (误)He found them change the city.他发现这个城市变化很大。 seat和sit的用法: What surprised me most was to see some of the villagers seated/sitting on the benches at the end of the room.(不能用seating)最使我惊奇的是看见一些村民坐在屋子后面的长凳上。 如果有一系列动作作宾补时,一般用不定式,而不用动词-ing形式。 I saw her enter the room,sit in a chair,open a book and begin to read. 我看见她走进房间,坐在一把椅子上,打开一本书开始读了起来。 九作状语时的区别 形式 作状语时的区别 动词-ing形式及过去分词 一般表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式、伴随等情况(很少用作目的和结果状语)。 动词不定式 主要作目的状语和结果状语,还有一些作原因状语。 1.作状语的动词-ing形式及过去分词 在作状语时,动词-ing形式往往表示进行的和主动的动作,而过去分词一般表示完成的和被动的动作,所以从动作是否完成和语态上可以将两者区分开来。 The woman sat in the armchair watching TV.(谓语动词sat和动词-ing形式watching同时进行,是主动动作)这位妇女坐在扶手椅子上,看着电视。 Hearing their teacher’s voice,the pupils stopped talking at once.一听到老师的声音,学生们立即停止讲话。 Buried deep down in the earth,the dead forests rotted away and became coal.(被动动作,并且buried这一动作早已完成)枯木被深深地埋在了地下,(然后)腐烂变成了煤。 The old man sat in bed surrounded by his children.(被动动作)这位老人坐在床上,孩子们围着他。 2.作原因状语的动词不定式及动词-ing形式 不定式作原因状语时,主要修饰一些含有感情色彩的表语形容词和不及物动词,位置一般在这些被修饰词的后面。动词-ing形式(短语)作原因状语,对动词没有太多的限制,它的位置也比较灵活,可以在句子中的任何位置,而且要有逗号。 I’m sorry to hear that.听到这些,我非常遗憾。 They rejoiced to get there first.他们非常高兴能够首先到达。 The doctor,not wishing to make her nervous,didn’t fully explain the seriousness of her condition. 医生为了不使她紧张,没有完全向她讲明病情的严重性。 说明:只要分辨出是作什么状语,就比较容易正确地使用动词-ing形式或动词不定式了。 十.动词-ing形式和不定式作主语、表语时的区别 一般情况下动词-ing形式和不定式作主语、表语时区别不大,有时可以通用。如: Seeing is believing.=To see is to believe.眼见为实。 主语 表语 主语 表语 It is dangerous playing with explosives.(playing with explosives是主语) =It is dangerous to play with explosives.(to play with explosives是主语)玩炸药是危险的。 但动词-ing形式和不定式也有下面一些区别: A.动词-ing形式更接近于名词,所表示的动作比较抽象,或者是习惯性的,而不定式多表示某次比较具体的动作,特别是将来的动作。 His hobby is painting.(painting是动词-ing形式)他的爱好是绘画。 In summer what he wants to do is to paint.(to paint是不定式) 在夏天,他想要做的就是绘画。 B.在口语和疑问句中,常用动词-ing形式,不用不定式。 Does your saying so mean anything to him?你说这话对他能起作用吗? C.动词-ing形式和不定式用于不同的惯用语中。 句型:It is no use/good doing sth.(做某事是没有用的/没好处的。) It is no good being a liar.说谎是没有好处的。 It’s no good learning English words by heart without knowing how to use them. 只死记英语单词而不懂如何运用不是学习英语单词的好方法。 It's no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。 (某些成语或句型有严格的固定搭配,此句一定要用动词-ing形式。) 注意:一般情况下,尤其是在中学阶段,It’s no use/good后面用动词-ing形式的情况占多数。但是It’s no use/good to do sth.并不是错的,有时也可以用,尤其是指具体的情况时。 It’s no use to ask the teacher.He has no idea of it. (关于这件事)问这个老师也没用,他(对此事)一无所知。 句型:It is important/necessary/advisable...to do sth.(做某事很重要/必要/明智……) It’s very important to attend meeting.参加会议很重要。 It’s advisable to work out a plan before we start to work.应该在开始工作之前制订一个计划。 十一.动词-ing形式和不定式作宾语时的区别 1.区别不大的情况 动词-ing形式和动词不定式均可作宾语且区别不大的情况常见于continue,begin和start这些动词。 After finishing his composition,he continued reading/to read a novel. 完成了作文之后,他继续读一本小说。 They usually begin working/to work at nine in the morning. 他们通常是上午9点钟开始工作。 2.有些区别的情况 动词-ing形式和动词不定式均可作宾语且有些区别的情况,常见于like,hate,learn,prefer,love等动词。 I like skating.But I don’t like to skate today.我喜欢滑冰,但是我今天不想去滑冰。 (like skating是指一贯的、习惯性的爱好,like to skate是指暂时的或某次具体的动作。) 3.区别很大的情况 动词-ing形式 表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生,指已做的动作。 动词不定式 表示的动作在谓语动词之后发生,指将来要做的动作。 动词-ing形式和不定式都可以作宾语且区别很大的情况,常见于remember,forget,regret,try,mean,go on,stop等动词或动词短语。 动词-ing形式:remember/forget/regret doing sth.表示动作已经发生 动词不定式:remember/forget/regret to do sth.表示动作尚未发生 I remember giving the letter to him.我记得把信给他了。(giving表示一个在remember之前发生过的动作) I will remember to give the letter to him.我会记得把这封信交给他的。(to give表示一个在remember之后发生的将来的动作) I forget giving the letter to him.我忘了已经把信给他了。(giving表示一个在forget之前发生的动作) I’m afraid I will forget to give the letter to him.我担心我会忘了把这封信交给他。(to give表示一个在forget之后发生的将来的动作) I regret accepting your advice.我真后悔听了你的建议。(accepting表示一个在regret之前已发生过的动作) I regret to tell you that I won’t accept your advice.我十分遗憾地(要)告诉你,我不准备接受你的意见。(to tell表示一个在regret之后或与之同时发生的动作) 动词-ing形式:try doing sth.表示“试一试” 动词不定式:try to do sth.表示“设法去做某事” Never mind.Try doing it in another way.没关系,试试用另一种方法做。 You must try to do it well.你必须尽量(设法)把它做好。 动词-ing形式:mean doing sth.表示“意味着”,主语一般是事情、事物 动词不定式:mean to do sth.表示“企图去做,打算去做”,主语一般指人 Catching the first bus means getting up early.赶上头班车就意味着要早起。 Sure,at 5 a.m. I mean to get up early.对,是清晨5点钟,我打算早点儿起床。 动词-ing形式:go on doing sth.表示“继续做某事”,相当于continue to do/doing sth. 动词不定式:go on to do sth.表示“接着做某事”,相当于do sth. else next They went on talking about the education.他们继续谈论教育问题。(在中断谈话之前他们就谈论着教育,之后又继续同一内容) They went on to talk about the education.他们接下去就谈教育问题了。(指在中断谈话之前讲的不是教育问题) 动词-ing形式:stop doing sth.表示“停止做某事” 动词不定式:stop to do sth.表示“停下(一件事)开始做另一件事” They stopped quarreling.他们停止了争吵。 They stopped to quarrel.他们停下来,开始争吵起来。 说明:stop和go on后面的不定式是状语。它们后面的动词-ing形式是宾语。 考其他点:过去分词用于谚语、插入语典型用法 例:Compared with traditional education, online education has many advantages. 用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空。 1. United we stand; (divide) we fall. 2. Well (begin), half done. 3. Friendship is like money: easier made than (keep). 4. Michael’s new house is like a huge palace, ______(compare) with his old one. 一.单句语法填空 1.They represent the earth (come) back to life and best wishes for new beginnings. 2.They make great gifts and you see them many times (decorate) with red envelopes and messages of good fortune. 3.They are easy (care) for and make great presents. 4.The next morning he hired a boat and set out (find) the well-known painter. 5.And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. 6.When we got a call ______(say)she was short-listed, we thought it was a joke. 7.Scientists have responded by (note) that hungry bears may be congregating(聚集) around human settlements. 8.When the children are walking or ______(cycle) to school on dark mornings, car drivers can easily see them. 9.But some students didn’t want (wear) the uniform. 10.On the last day of our week-long stay, we were invited to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars, __________(listen) to musicians and meeting interesting locals. 11. Peter was so excited when he received an invitation from his friend (visit) Chongqing. 12. He gave a lame excuse for (absent) which made him very embarrassed. 13. When the moon had risen, we lay on the grass, listening to the wind (whisper) in the trees. 14. Helen was kinder to her youngest son, which made the others (envy) him. 15. I like getting up very early in the morning because the morning air is so good (breathe). 16. The man ________(circulate) the fake news that 18 firefighters lost their lives in the explosion was arrested. 17. The little boy stared at the strange man questioningly, not ________(know) whether to believe what he had said. 18. Facial recognition technology is working well at tourist attractions around China, ________(reduce) the time people spend standing in lines at entries or security check. 19. Actors should be good observers, watching people’s body language and speaking style, ________(transmit) and this into their own abilities to progress in acting. 20. We had better put off interviewing the athlete, for he is busy preparing for an international contest ________(hold) in Shanghai next month. 二.语法填空 Chopsticks play an important role in Chinese food culture. They 21 (call) “Zhu” in ancient times in China. Chinese people have been using them for more than 3,000 years. Wood or bamboo chopsticks are the most popular ones used in Chinese homes, 22 can be dated to about 1,000 years 23 (early) than ivory(象牙) chopsticks. There are a few things 24 (avoid) when using chopsticks. Chinese people usually. Don’t beat their bowls while 25 (eat), since the behavior used to be practiced by beggars. Also don’t put chopsticks in a bowl upright because it is a custom only used in sacrifices(祭祀). 26 is common in China for everyone to use their own chopsticks for getting food from the 27 (dish) on the table. If you prefer, serving chopsticks 28 (be) provided. Besides, don’t be embarrassed by using chopsticks 29 (poor). What matters is that you enjoy the food. Food is 30 great importance in Chinese culture, and the Chinese is such a practical person that all around you will most likely be fine with whatever method you use to eat. 三.语法填空 The wildfires in Australia became considerably worse in January, 2020. The disaster faced by 31 country is far from over. Many of the fires 32 (send) smoke high into the atmosphere and some smoke turned into pyro cumulonimbus clouds. The clouds can help a fire draw in more air and shift surface winds, 33 (result) in fire tornadoes(龙卷风). Fires have destroyed habitats for animals that 34 (find) only in Australia, including koalas and rare birds. It will take time to fully know how much harm the fires have done 35 wildlife. The wildfires are expected 36 (continue) burning for months as Australia entered its dry season. This past year, 2019, is the hottest and driest year on record. Fires happen 37 (regular) during the Australian dry season. However, climate and natural changes are making the situation 38 (bad). At least 12 million acres have been burned so far in Victoria and New South Wales alone. Smoke from the fires has made 39 to South America. There is so much smoke that it may stay in the air for months 40 could have an effect on the planet’s climate. 语法填空 Fuchsia Dunlop decided to visit China after reading articles about the country for several months. The one-month backpacking trip exposed the English woman 41 a wide range of Chinese food. “The dishes and soups I had even in the cheapest and plain eateries were better than 42 I had in the U.K.,” Dunlop recalled. The last stop of her trip was Chengdu, 43 capital of southwest China’s Sichuan Province. Dunlop learned from friends that Sichuan food represents one of China’s 44 (good) cuisines, and when the spicy flavor of Sichuan pepper exploded in her mouth, something inside her changed forever. After she returned to London, Dunlop made the decision to study in China at Sichuan University. When she wrote down “studying Chinese 45 (policy) on ethnic groups” on the 46 (apply) form as the reason for a scholarship, what she really had in mind were Sichuan dishes. Her journey eventually led her to become the most knowledgeable English person on Chinese food. She 47 (write) many books on Chinese cuisine since, including Shark’s Fin and Sichuan Pepper, which was translated into Chinese in 2018. According to Chen Xiaoqing, 48 (know) for directing the documentary of A Bite of China, Dunlop is the most insightful foreign writer who 49 (vivid) describes Chinese cuisine in an exciting and accurate way. What she presents to the readers is not just food, but also the profound traditions and tremendous changes 50 (occur) in the country behind the flavors. 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权,侵权必究!1 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 学科网(北京)股份有限公司 $$

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