Unit 4 Natural disasters 句子成分&基本句子结构 讲义-2023-2024学年高中英语人教版（2019）必修第一册

句子成分 & 基本句子结构 知识框架 主语 补语 同位语 表语 状语 谓语 句子成分 定语 宾语 主语+谓语 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 主语+谓语+状语 主语+谓语+双宾语 基本句子结构 主语+连系动词+表语 主语+谓语+宾语 主语+谓语+宾语+状语 There be句型 知识讲解 句子成分 My friend, Tom, found his money missing on the way home yesterday. He was worried. 1. 主语（subject）— S 句子的主体，是句子说明的人或事物，通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句担任。 The apple is red. Four and five makes nine. The sick and the old need our help. Running is good for health. 2. 谓语（verb）— V 表示主语的动作或状态，由动词担任 He often reads newspapers. The plane takes off at 8 o’clock. 3. 宾语（object）— O 表示动作的对象或行为承受者，一般位于及物动词（短语）或介词之后，通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句担任 直接宾语：direct object — DO 间接宾语：indirect object — IO Where did you buy that? I wish to call on you. We should help the poor. Do you understand what I mean? 4. 表语（predicative）— P 位于系动词之后，说明主语的特征、类属、状态或身份，通常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词短语或从句担任 Please feel free to say what you really think. Come to see me tomorrow when I am at work. She is singing. Dancing is her favorite activity. 5. 宾语补足语（object complement）— C 位于宾语之后，对宾语进行补充说明的成分，通常由形容词、分词（短语）、不定式（短语）、名词、介词（短语）或副词担任 I found the book very interesting. Do you hear Tom singing? Please make yourself at home. Please keep the dog out. 注意：主动语态变被动语态后，宾语补足语就变成了主语补足语 Someone considered him to have stolen the money. He was considered to have stolen the money by someone. 6. 定语（attributive） 修饰或限定名词或代词的成分，通常由形容词、代词、数词、名词（所有格）、动名词（短语）、副词、介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）或从句担任 Open your mouth and put on your tongue. It’s a fine day today. Put the child in the sleeping bag. Let’s try another way to do this. 7. 状语（Adverbial）— A 用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较、程度、条件、方式、让步等。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式（短语）、分词（短语）、形容词（短语）、独立主格或从句担任 He returned home, safe and sound. Arriving there, call me up. We’ll go where people need us. Time permitting, we’ll take a break. 8. 同位语 对前面名词（词组）进一步解释说明的成分，通常由名词、代词、数词或从句担任 We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian and an American. We two will go to see you. The news that he will come is true. They each can get a chance to travel by air. 注意：同位语与前面被解释的名词地位平等 小练笔： 判断下列句子中画线部分在句中作什么成分 1. we played games together, and stayed up late reading bedtime stories. __________ __________ 2. He wasn’t cool any more. __________ 3. Do not lose your card or lend it to others. __________ 4. Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. __________ 5. I need a new passport so I will have to have my photograph taken. __________ 6. She handed me advice. “Be yourself.” __________ 句子基本结构 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）的句子 八种基本结构： 1. 主语 + 谓语 — S + Vi The sun rose. → 谓语为不及物动词 2. 主语 + 谓语 + 状语 — S + Vi + A My brother runs fast. 3. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 — S + V + O Tom bought a new book. 4. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 状语 She plays the piano very well. 5. 主语 + 谓语 + 双宾语 ①. 主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 — S + V + IO + DO ②. 主语 + 谓语 + 直接宾语 + to / for + 间接宾语 — S + V + DO + to / for + IO I have bought you a book. I have bought a book for you. 6. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语 — S + V + O + C The teacher made us laugh. 7. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语 — S + V + P He is a student. 8. there be…句型 There is a computer in the room. 小练笔： 判断下列句子的结构 1. All of us laughed! 2. I couldn’t concentrate on the experiment. 3. The class was difficult. 4. Everyone laughed so much! 5. We had our chemistry class in the science lab. 6. He even told us a funny story. 7. I found most of my classmates and teachers friendly and helpful. 8. There’s a lot to explore at senior high. Homework 一、标出下列句子的句子成分 1. The play was very interesting. 2. I can’t hear a word. 3. They were talking loudly. 4. Every year Mount Tai attracts tourists from all over the world. 5. She makes her mother angry. 二、中译英 6. 我喜欢爬山。 7. 我妈妈鼓励我尝试不同种类的食物。 8. 那个女孩开心地笑了。 9. 你的建议听起来很棒。 10. 昨天我看了一本书。 11. 教授给我们做了一个讲座。 12. 冰箱里有5个苹果和一块蛋糕。 13. 桌子上有一本书。 三、用所给词的适当形式填空 14. The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, _________(form) the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.（2020新高考I卷） 15. It could be anything — gardening, cooking, music, sports — but whatever it is, _________(make) sure it’s the relief from daily stress. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$