衔接点02 名词 （小初考点差异及衔接）- 2024年小升初英语无忧衔接（通用版）

衔接点02 名词（小初考点差异及衔接） 小学要求 1.名词的数 2.名词所有格 初中要求 1、 可数名词的单复数； 2、 不可数名词； 3、 专有名词； 4、 名词所有格； 5、名词的句法作用； 6、名词词义辧析。 【小学名词考点聚焦】 一．将下列单词归类。 ink girl hero coffee pork news city desk cup sugar water zoo money deer hair milk month 可数名词： 不可数名词： 可数名词: girl hero city desk cup zoo deer month 不可数名词: ink coffee pork news sugar water money hair milk beef 二．写出下列单词的复数形式。 (1)class (2)mouse (3)house (4)child (5)leaf (6)foot (7)sheep (8)watch (9)potato (10)baby (11)man (12)photo (1)classes(2)mice(3)houses(4)children(5)leaves(6)feet(7)sheep(8)watches (9)potatoes (10)babies (11)men(12)photos 三．用所给词的正确形式填空。 (1)We come from different (country). (2)These (visit)will come to our school tomorrow. (3)There are many (tree)in my school. (4)Beijing is one of the most beautiful (city)in China. (5)I have some (beef)for dinner. (6)September 10th is (teacher)Day. (7)There are lots of (woman teacher)in the classroom. (8)Mike has much (homework )to do today. (9)Jack is ill. Doctor Wang tells him to take some (medicine). (10)Jane's father is a (cook). He can make lots of delicious food. (1)countries(2)visitors(3)trees(4)cities(5)beef(6)Teachers'(7)women teachers(8)homework(9)medicine(10)cook 四.看图补全短文。 Wow! What a big(1) ! There are so many animals. Look! The(2) are drinking(3) over there. Under the(4) , there is a(5) . It's so cute. It's eating(6) .Some(7) are flying in the(8) . There is a(9) and two(10) ,too. (1)zoo(2)elephants(3)water(4)tree(5)panda(6)bamboos(7)birds(8)sky (9)tiger(10)lions 【初中名词考点聚焦】 考点清单 考点一 名词辨析 一、名词的分类 名词即表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表: 类别 意义 例词 专有名词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词 Lucy,China,the Great Wall,the Great Hall of the People 普 通 名 词 个体 名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 dictionary,pencil,chair,window,table,book,bike,ball,dog 集体 名词 表示一群人或一类事物的词 family,police,class,group,team 物质 名词 表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小个体的物质的词 rice,water,porridge,air,wool,wheat,steel 抽象 名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词 knowledge,danger,health,life,interest,love 二．常用近义词辨析 1.family,house与home 单词 意义 例句 family 指“家,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房 My family are very friendly. 我的家人都很友好。 house house有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住点 They lived in a small house. 他们住在一个小房子里。 home 作“家”讲时,指人们生活、居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境 He left home for Beijing. 他离开家去北京了。 2.job与work 单词 意义 例句 job 可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工” Selling newspapers is his part-time job.卖报纸是他的兼职。 work 不可数名词,指“工作,劳动” He has been out of work. 他失业了。 3.problem与question 单词 意义 例句 problem 一般来说,problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题”是“有待解决的”,常与之搭配的动词是solve They still have some serious problems to solve.他们仍有一些严重的问题需要解决。 question 总是与“疑问,质问,询问”相联系,这种“问题”是“有待回答的”,常与动词ask,answer等连用 He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。 4.voice,noise与sound 单词 意义 例句 voice 指人的嗓音 I recognized her voice at once. 我立刻听出了她的声音。 noise 吵闹声,不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声 Don’t make so much noise. 别这么大声嚷嚷。 sound 指人所听到的自然界的任何声音 I heard a strange sound from the empty room.我听到空房间里传来奇怪的声音。 5.cause,reason与excuse 单词 意义 例句 cause 造成一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”,后接介词of The police are looking into the cause of the accident. 警方正在调查事故的原因。 reason 说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,后接介词for You must tell him the reason for wanting to change your job. 你必须告诉他你想换工作的原因。 excuse (尤指不完全真实的)借口,托词 Late again!What’s your excuse for it this time? 又迟到了!这次你的借口是什么? 6.journey,trip与travel 单词 意义 例句 journey 适用范围很广,可指海、陆、空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行,强调往返性 It’s a long journey from here to Hong Kong.从这儿到香港的旅程很远。 trip 指短时间、短距离的旅行,强调往返性,与journey可互换使用 How was your school trip to the zoo last weekend?你们上周末去动物园的学校旅行玩得怎么样? travel 泛指旅游,不侧重往返性,可以是单程旅行 Many people are fond of travel. 很多人喜欢旅游。 一．选择适当的词填空 1.Tom regards Nanjing as his second　home　(family;house;home)because he has been here for over ten years.  2.Li Ling wants to be a singer.She thinks it’s an interesting　job　(work;job).  3.The　problem　was that he gave me no chance to answer his　question　(question;problem).  4.At the foot of the hill,you could hear nothing but the　sound　(voice;noise;sound)of the running water.  二.单项选择 1.—We can always find something good in a bad 　　　if we look for it.   —It’s so true. Let’s make full use of what comes.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A.situation　　 B.direction C.instruction　　 D.competition 答案　A　本题考查名词词义辨析。 situation情况,处境;direction方向;instruction命令;competition比赛。根据语境,能和“something good”对应的只有“bad situation”,此处指在糟糕的处境中看到积极的一面。故选A。 2.Yuan Longping was a world-famous scientist. Because of his achievements, rice 　　　has been increased greatly.   A.population　　 B.contribution C.production　　 D.introduction 答案　C　本题考查名词辨析。population人口;contribution贡献;production生产,产量;introduction引进,引言。根据常识可知,袁隆平是水稻专家,水稻产量因他的研究成果而大幅增加。故选C。 3.The landing of China’s rover(登陆车) Zhurong on Mars shows China has made great 　　　in space exploration. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A.progress　　 B.project C.product　　 D.protection 答案　A　句意:中国登陆车“祝融号”登陆火星表明了中国在太空探索中已经取得了巨大的进步。本题考查名词辨析。progress进步;project工程,方案,项目;product产品;protection保护。make progress in...指“在……方面取得进步”,故选A。 4.Mr. Huang was born in Nanjing, but Suqian has become his second 　　　.  A.family　　 B.house C.village　　 D.hometown 答案　D　 句意:黄先生出生在南京,但宿迁已成为他的第二家乡。本题考查名词辨析。family家庭,家人;house房屋;village村庄;hometown家乡。根据born in Nanjing可知,hometown符合语境,故选D。 5.The boy has been missing for five days and his parents are worried about his 　　　.  A.attention　　 B.safety C.action　　 D.growth 答案　B　句意:男孩已经失踪5天了,他的父母很担心他的安全。本题考查名词的词义辨析。attention注意;safety安全;action行动,措施;growth成长。男孩已经失踪5天,父母担心的肯定是他的安全。所以选B。 三．词汇运用 1.So far, China has built nearly 600,000 cultural centers in 　　　　　. (村庄)  答案　villages　village为可数名词,空前没有表单数意义的修饰词和限定词,所以用复数形式villages。 2.We need to increase our 　　　　　　(知识) of the history of the Communist Party of China.  答案　knowledge　句意:我们需要增长关于中国共产党党史的知识。“知识”是knowledge,是不可数名词,故填knowledge。 3.Lulu’s best friend never gives up her 　　　(梦想)of being a teacher.   答案　dream　“梦想”是dream,根据of being a teacher可知,此空用名词单数形式,故填dream。 4.My daughter’s sweet 　　　(嗓音) always makes me relaxed.  答案　voice　指人说话的嗓音用voice来表示。 易错提醒　sound泛指自然界的任何声音,如人或动物发出的声音,物体碰撞的声音等。noise意为“噪音”、“喧闹声”,常指不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声。voice一般指人的声音,说话、唱歌的声音都可用voice表示。 5.I have made much more 　　　(进步) in Physics this term.  答案　progress　“进步”是progress,progress是不可数名词,make progress in...指“在……方面取得进步”。 考点二　名词的数和格 一、名词的数 (一)可数名词的复数形式 1.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)与不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数形式构成的部分规则如下: 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加-s 在清辅音后读/s/ 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/ 在t后读/ts/ 在d后读/dz/ cake—cakes bag—bags student—students bed—beds 以-s,-x,-sh,-ch等结尾的词 加-es 读/ɪz/ bus—buses　box—boxes　watch—watches 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 变y为i,再加-es 读/z/ baby—babies city—cities　country—countries lady—ladies 以元音字母加-y结尾的词 加-s 读/z/ toy—toys　monkey—monkeys 以f(fe)结尾的词 变f(fe)为ves 读/vz/ leaf—leaves　wolf—wolves　life—lives 以-ce,-se,-ze,-(d)ge等结尾的词 加-s 读/ɪz/ face—faces　orange—oranges 不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 读音改变 man—men　woman—women　foot—feet　tooth—teeth 单复数形式相同 读音不变 fish—fish　sheep—sheep　deer—deer Chinese—Chinese　Japanese—Japanese 其他形式 /maʊs/—/maɪs/ mouse—mice 2.某国人变复数 (1)中国人Chinese→Chinese (2)英国人Englishman→Englishmen (3)阿拉伯人Arab→Arabs 可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。 3.以-o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”。 Negro→Negroes 　　　 hero→heroes tomato→tomatoes potato→potatoes 而其他一般在词尾加-s。如:zoo→zoos radio→radios 4.复合名词前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。 man teacher→men teachers boy student→boy students 5.字母、数字、引语或缩略词语的复数形式是在其后加-’s或-s。 There are two fs in the word“office”.单词office里有两个f。 Many VIPs are coming to our city.许多重要人物将到我们市来。 6.有些以-f结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。 roof→roofs 屋顶　　　belief→beliefs 信仰 proof→proofs 证据 chief→chiefs 首领 一．用所给单词的正确形式填空 1.The doctor told me to eat more 　fish　(fish)because it’s good for health.  2.Those you admire very much are called 　heroes　(hero).  3.How many 　women doctors　(woman doctor)are there in the hospital?  4.Most of the tourists on the coach are 　Germans　(German),and only two of them are 　Japanese　(Japanese).  (二)不可数名词的数量表达 1.概述:不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。值得我们注意的是,英语名词的可数与不可数是一个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致。 2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,计量名词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。如: a piece of paper一张纸 a drop of water一滴水 two cups of tea两杯茶 (三)注意 1.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！7 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 work(工作)—a work(一部著作) glass(玻璃)—a glass(一个玻璃杯) paper(纸)—a paper(一份报纸/文件/试卷) tea(茶)—a tea(一杯茶) wood(木头)—a wood(一片树林) room(空间)—a room(一个房间) 2.有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。 physics物理,maths数学,politics政治,news新闻 3.“数词+名词(+形容词)”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。 She is a five-year-old girl.她是一个五岁的女孩。 (five-year-old不能说成five-years-old) a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币 a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞 a two-inch-thick dictionary 一本两英寸厚的字典 a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑 二、名词所有格 1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是􀆳s所有格,另一种是of所有格。 Beijing is China’s capital. Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。 2.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加-’s。 This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。 Lily and Lucy’s mother is a nurse.莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。 用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加-’s表示所有关系。 These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。 Wei Hua’s and John’s licenses are missing.魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了。 3.以-s结尾的名词,在s后加-’;不以-s结尾的词在词尾加-’s。 教师节 Teachers’ Day　儿童节Children’s Day 4.of所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。 the door of the room房间的门 5.双重所有格有两种形式:①of+名词所有格;②of+名词性物主代词。 He is a friend of my brother’s.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。 Is she a daughter of yours?她是你的女儿吗? 注意　双重所有格和一般所有格的区别:a photo of John’s(照片属于John,但照片上的人不一定是John);a photo of John(照片上的人是John本人)。 6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上-’s代表全称。 at the doctor’s 在诊所 7.一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词,如someone,everybody等和else连用时,-’s应加在else后。 somebody else’s pencil别人的铅笔 8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加-􀆳s或-􀆳来构成所有格。 (1)用于时间two weeks’ time 两个星期的时间 (2)用于度量thirteen tons’ weight 13吨的重量 five hundred metres’ distance 五百米的距离 (3)用于价值a hundred yuan’s order一百元的订货单 a million pounds’ note一百万英镑的钞票 (4)用于天体the earth’s satellite地球卫星 (5)用于国家Belgium’s capital 比利时的首都 (6)用于城市Changchun’s agriculture 长春的农业 一．用所给单词的正确形式填空 ①I’ve got a toothache, so I need to go to the 　dentist’s　(dentist).  ②It’s not far from here. It’s only five 　minutes’　 (minute)walk.  ③Yesterday I met a friend of my 　father’s　(father).  ④　Mother’s　(mother)Day is on the second Sunday of May every year.  二.单项选择 1.There are many 　　　teachers in this primary school.  A.woman　　 B.woman’s C.women　　 D.women’s 答案　C　本题考查名词的数。设空处指女老师,故不用名词所有格。man和woman作定语时,其本身的单复数形式要与被修饰词的单复数一致,故本题选C。 2.We see some 　　　rising into the air at the opening of our new library.  A.balloons　　 B.balloon　　 C.balloones 答案　A　本题考查名词的数。balloon为可数名词,被some“一些”修饰时须变复数,直接加“s”,故选A。 3.The pink hair band must belong to 　　　.  A.Linda’s　　 B.Linda　　 C.hers 答案　B　本题考查名词的格。belong to sb. 属于某人。故答案选择B。 易错警示　belong to sb.中sb.为宾格形式,注意不要和所有格混淆。 4.Mr. Liu is a wise man, and he often gives us a few 　　　.  A.suggestions　　 B.advice C.hobbies　　 D.knowledge 答案　A　句意:刘先生是一个睿智的人,他经常给我们一些建议。本题考查名词的用法。suggestion建议,可数名词;advice忠告,建议,不可数名词;hobby爱好,可数名词;knowledge知识,不可数名词。根据设空处前的a few可知,应用可数名词的复数形式,排除B、D两项。再结合语境可知选A。 5.On April 24, Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the 　　　110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar.  A.man　　 B.men C.men’s　　 D.mens’ 答案　C　本题考查名词复数及所有格。此处应用名词所有格作定语,修饰110-meter hurdles,men为复数形式,后加-’s构成所有格形式。故选C项。 三.词汇运用 1.The wallpaper with cartoon patterns is ideal for my 　　　room. (son)  答案　son’s　设空处与后面名词是所属关系,应用名词所有格形式。故答案为son’s。 2.Over the years, Gong Bao Chicken has become one of the most popular 　　　(dish) in Chinese restaurants throughout the world.   答案　dishes　此处为“one of the+形容词最高级+可数名词复数”结构,表示“最……的……之一”,所以这里填dish的复数形式dishes。 3.　　　 (参观者) must show their health QR codes and check their temperature before they go into the museum.   答案　Visitors/Tourists　根据下文的their可知,此处应填名词的复数形式,同时注意首字母大写。 4.Scientists have found that 　　　talk to each other all the time. Their language is a kind of chemical. (plant)  答案　plants　句意:科学家们发现植物一直在相互交流,他们的语言是一种化学物质。根据下文的their可知,此空格处填plant的复数形式plants。 5.Have you read the report? Those 　　　　　　(英雄) stories really touched me deeply.  答案　heroes’　根据设空处前后的Those和stories可知填hero的复数的所有格形式heroes’。 6.Mother’s cooking skills will not only satisfy our 　　　　　　(胃) but also our spirit.  答案　stomachs　根据空格前的our可知,此处应用名词的复数形式。故填stomachs。 易错警示　在英语中,以-ch结尾的名词变成复数,通常要加-es。如:watches, wishes, matches, beaches。但是stomach是例外,它的复数直接加 -s,即stomachs。 7.Thomas Edison, one of the greatest 　　　　　　(invent) in the world, created over 1,000 things.   答案　inventors　此处为“one of+the+形容词的最高级+名词复数”结构,且Thomas Edison是发明家,故填inventors。 易错警示　invent的名词形式有两种,invention(发明)和inventor(发明家)。在答题时,要仔细审题,注意不同的含义。 8.—Is this your umbrella? —No, it’s another 　　　　　　(visit).  答案　visitor’s　本题考查名词的所有格。句中的it指“雨伞”,此处表示“游客的(雨伞)”,another表示“另一个”,接单数名词,所以填visitor’s。 一．名词的构词法 1.—The Government has taken action to stop water and air 　　　　(pollute).  —Yes. Clear waters and green hills are as good as mountains of gold and silver. 答案　pollution　此空填名词pollution作动词stop的宾语,指“阻止水污染和空气污染”。 2.How many of you ever dreamed of becoming an 　　　　　　(invent)?  答案　inventor　根据空前的an可知,应填名词inventor的单数形式,此处指“成为一名发明家”。 知识拓展　以-or结尾的、表示从事某种工作的人的名词有inventor, actor, director, translator等。 3.The little girl dreamt of becoming a good ballet 　　　(dance).   答案　dancer 　句意:这个小女孩梦想成为一名好的芭蕾舞演员。故此处应填名词dancer。 4.Chinese New Year is a 　　　marking the end of winter and the beginning of spring.(celebrate)  答案　celebration　celebrate是动词,空后的现在分词短语作后置定语,由空前的冠词a可知,本空应用名词的单数形式,故答案为celebration。 5.We are who we are today because of the 　　　　　　(choose) we made yesterday.  答案　choice(s)　because of后跟名词,所以此处填choose的名词形式choice(s)。 6.Surprisingly, my 12-year-old daughter is worried about her 　　　　　　(weigh).  答案　weight　句意:令人吃惊的是,我12岁的女儿在担忧她的体重。形容词性物主代词her后面接名词,故填weigh的名词形式weight。 知识拓展　与weight有类似构成的词还有height(高度)。 7.My neighbour is a famous 　　　　　　(sing) and she often does charity work.  答案　singer　句意:我的邻居是一位著名的歌手,她经常做慈善工作。此题应填sing的名词形式singer。 8.Wu Jing is a well-known 　　　　　　(direct). He is popular among film lovers.  答案　director　句意:吴京是一个著名的导演。他很受电影爱好者欢迎。well-known是形容词,空格处应填direct的名词形式,吴京是一个导演,所以填director。 知识拓展　以-or结尾表示人的职业、身份的词有:director(导演);actor(演员);visitor(参观者);inventor(发明家);survivor(幸存者)。 9.The mother said goodbye with a smile, but her eyes couldn􀆳t hide her 　　　　　　(sad).  答案　sadness　空格前是形容词性物主代词,其后应接名词,所以填sadness。 易错警示　sad相关的词形变化要注意sadness(n.),sadly(adv.)都是直接加后缀,但是比较级和最高级sadder, saddest都需要双写d再加er或est。 10.—I really hate myself for what I said to Mom the other day. —I know the 　　　　　　(feel). It’s awful, isn’t it?  答案　feeling　句意:——因为几天前我对妈妈说的话,我真的很讨厌自己。——我懂得这种感觉。很糟糕,不是吗?由the和It可知,此处填名词feeling。 二、词汇运用 1.Five soldiers have devoted themselves to protecting our motherland and we will remember these 　　　　　　(hero) names.   答案　heroes’　此处用名词所有格修饰names。根据Five soldiers和these可知,此处应填hero的复数形式的所有格,所以填heroes’。 2.It is surprising that the rain didn’t make much 　　　　　　(different) to the game.  答案　difference　much后跟不可数名词,所以填difference。make much difference产生很大的影响。 知识拓展　很多以-t结尾的形容词变成名词时,将-t变成-ce。如:different→difference;important→importance;patient→patience;silent→silence。 3.The girl’s sweet voice caught several well-known 　　　　　　(音乐家) attention.  答案　musicians’　此处用名词所有格修饰attention;several后接可数名词的复数形式,故填musicians’。 4.—Whose handbags are these? —They are those managers’ 　　　　　　(wife).  答案　wives’　根据those managers’可知,此处应用名词的复数形式,主语They指handbags,所以此处应填名词复数的所有格形式,故填wives’。 5.I saw some 　　　　　　(德国人) and Englishmen dancing in the street the day before yesterday.  答案　Germans　some后的可数名词要用复数形式。German的复数形式为Germans。 知识拓展　以man结尾的单词变为复数,通常变a为e,如postman→postmen, gentleman→gentlemen等;但是有些单词例外,如human→humans, German→Germans, Roman→Romans。 6.All the 　　　　　　(lead) names and numbers are on the list. You can call them one by one.   答案　leaders’　此处应用名词所有格修饰名词names和numbers,根据句中的关键词All、names、numbers和are可知,此处应用名词复数形式的所有格,故填leaders’。 These days a video from the Beijing Wildlife Zoo has been going viral（走红).It shows a dog playing with lions and tigers four to five times its size! Is the dog in danger? Of course not. 1 Animals make friends with members of a different species(物种）. A zookeeper said that they raised the dog together with the lions and tigers when they were very young. 2 If you think this is too amazing, just remember that people have made friends with animals for a long time. 3 Maybe you have a pet yourself. There are some other stories of cross-species friends. At an animal center, a cat named Marina and a pig named Laura became friends after they came to the center. 4 They grew up in the wild(野外)without their mothers' care. They were close to each other and played happily together when they first met. Why can different species be friends? In the wild, animals are busy hunting for their food. They have to work hard to keep themselves safe and protect their families. 5 When they needn't do these things, animals will not have much to do. So it's possible for them to make friends with members of other species. A. They are a strange but loving family. B. It takes time and energy to take part in the activities. C. Both of them lived a hard life in the past. D. Actually, the dog and the big animals are friends. E. Some people keep animals like cats and dogs as pets. F. Animals are our friends. G. They like playing balls and enjoying the sunshine 长难句分析 原句：（第二段第三句)If you think this is too amazing，just remember that people have made friends with animals for a long time. 译文：如果你觉得这太不可思议了，请记住，人类与动物交朋友已经有很长时间了。 分析：这是一个复合句。if引导条件状语从句；主句中that引导宾语从句，作remember的宾语。 译文 这些天，北京野生动物园的一段视频在网上走红。视频中，一只狗在和比它大4到5倍的狮子和老虎玩耍！这只狗有危险吗？当然没有。事实上，这只狗和这些大型动物是朋友。不同物种的动物们也能成为朋友。 一位动物园管理员说，这只狗从小就与狮子、老虎饲养在一起。他们是一个奇怪但又充满爱的家庭。如果你觉得这太不可思议了，请记住，人类与动物交朋友已经有很长时间了。有的人养猫狗之类的动物作宠物。也许你自己也有一只宠物。 还有一些关于跨物种朋友的故事。在一个动物中心，一只叫Marina的猫和一只叫Laura的猪在来到中心后成为了朋友。它们俩过去的生活都很艰难。它们都在野外长大，且没有母亲的关怀。他们第一次见面时，彼此就很亲近，还一起愉快地玩耍。 为什么不同的物种可以成为朋友?在野外，动物们都忙于捕食。它们不得不努力工作让自己安全并保护家人。这些活动都耗费时间和精力。当它们不需要做这些事情的时候，动物就没什么事可做了。因此，它们有可能与其他物种交朋友。 答案详析 1.D 根据上文可知，一只狗在和比它大4到5倍的狮子和老虎玩耍，然而狗并没有危险。再结合下一句“Animals make friends with members of a different species.”可知，不同物种的动物也可以交朋友。由此可知，D项“事实上，这只狗和这些大型动物是朋友”可承上启下，符合语境。 2.A 根据空前一句可知，这只狗从小就被与狮子、老虎饲养在一起：结合下一句中的“If you think this is too amazing”可推知，空处应该描写了它们被养在一起的结果，故A项“它们是一个奇怪但又充满爱的家庭”可承上启下，符合语境。 3.E上一句提到人类与动物交朋友已经有很长时间了，结合下一句“Maybe you have a pet yourself.”可推知，此处应该是讲述人类与动物之间的关系。故E项“有的人养猫狗之类的动物作宠物”可承上启下，符合语境。 4. C 根据下一句“They grew up in the wild without their mothers' care.”可知这两只动物都在野外长大，且没有妈妈的关怀。再结合所给选项可知，C项“这两只动物在过去都过着很艰难的生活”可引出下文，符合语境。 5.B 根据上一句“They have to work hard to keep themselves safe and protect their families.”可知，动物们不得不努力工作让自己安全并保护家人；再根据空后一句“When they needn't do these things, animals will not have much to do.”可知，当它们不需要做这些事情的时候，动物就没有什么事可做了。由此可推知，空处内容应该与动物的活动花费时间有关，故B项“这些活动都耗费时间和精力”可承上启下，符合语境。 $$衔接点02 名词（小初考点差异及衔接） 小学要求 1.名词的数 2.名词所有格 初中要求 1.可数名词的单复数； 2.不可数名词； 3.专有名词； 4.名词所有格； 5.名词的句法作用； 6.名词词义辧析。 【小学名词考点聚焦】 一．将下列单词归类。 ink girl hero coffee pork news city desk cup sugar water zoo money deer hair milk month 可数名词： 不可数名词： 二．写出下列单词的复数形式。 (1)class (2)mouse (3)house (4)child (5)leaf (6)foot (7)sheep (8)watch (9)potato (10)baby (11)man (12)photo 三．用所给词的正确形式填空。 (1)We come from different (country). (2)These (visit)will come to our school tomorrow. (3)There are many (tree)in my school. (4)Beijing is one of the most beautiful (city)in China. (5)I have some (beef)for dinner. (6)September 10th is (teacher)Day. (7)There are lots of (woman teacher)in the classroom. (8)Mike has much (homework )to do today. (9)Jack is ill. Doctor Wang tells him to take some (medicine). (10)Jane's father is a (cook). He can make lots of delicious food. 四.看图补全短文。 Wow! What a big(1) ! There are so many animals. Look! The(2) are drinking(3) over there. Under the(4) , there is a(5) . It's so cute. It's eating(6) .Some(7) are flying in the(8) . There is a(9) and two(10) ,too. 【初中名词考点聚焦】 考点清单 考点一 名词辨析 一、名词的分类 名词即表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词,它分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。具体情况见下表: 类别 意义 例词 专有名词 表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称的词 Lucy,China,the Great Wall,the Great Hall of the People 普 通 名 词 个体 名词 表示个体的人或事物的词 dictionary,pencil,chair,window,table,book,bike,ball,dog 集体 名词 表示一群人或一类事物的词 family,police,class,group,team 物质 名词 表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小个体的物质的词 rice,water,porridge,air,wool,wheat,steel 抽象 名词 表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词 knowledge,danger,health,life,interest,love 二．常用近义词辨析 1.family,house与home 单词 意义 例句 family 指“家,家庭”,可强调家庭中的全体成员,不指住房 My family are very friendly. 我的家人都很友好。 house house有“住宅,家”之意,强调房屋和居住点 They lived in a small house. 他们住在一个小房子里。 home 作“家”讲时,指人们生活、居住的地方,强调居住的范围和环境 He left home for Beijing. 他离开家去北京了。 2.job与work 单词 意义 例句 job 可数名词,指一项具体的工作,多指“零工”或“短工” Selling newspapers is his part-time job.卖报纸是他的兼职。 work 不可数名词,指“工作,劳动” He has been out of work. 他失业了。 3.problem与question 单词 意义 例句 problem 一般来说,problem总是与“困难”相联系,它可以指社会问题、教学问题,这种“问题”是“有待解决的”,常与之搭配的动词是solve They still have some serious problems to solve.他们仍有一些严重的问题需要解决。 question 总是与“疑问,质问,询问”相联系,这种“问题”是“有待回答的”,常与动词ask,answer等连用 He asked me some questions. 他问了我一些问题。 4.voice,noise与sound 单词 意义 例句 voice 指人的嗓音 I recognized her voice at once. 我立刻听出了她的声音。 noise 吵闹声,不悦耳、不和谐的嘈杂声 Don’t make so much noise. 别这么大声嚷嚷。 sound 指人所听到的自然界的任何声音 I heard a strange sound from the empty room.我听到空房间里传来奇怪的声音。 5.cause,reason与excuse 单词 意义 例句 cause 造成一种事实或现象的“原因、起因”,后接介词of The police are looking into the cause of the accident. 警方正在调查事故的原因。 reason 说明一种看法或行为的“理由”,后接介词for You must tell him the reason for wanting to change your job. 你必须告诉他你想换工作的原因。 excuse (尤指不完全真实的)借口,托词 Late again!What’s your excuse for it this time? 又迟到了!这次你的借口是什么? 6.journey,trip与travel 单词 意义 例句 journey 适用范围很广,可指海、陆、空的旅行,常指距离较远的旅行,强调往返性 It’s a long journey from here to Hong Kong.从这儿到香港的旅程很远。 trip 指短时间、短距离的旅行,强调往返性,与journey可互换使用 How was your school trip to the zoo last weekend?你们上周末去动物园的学校旅行玩得怎么样? travel 泛指旅游,不侧重往返性,可以是单程旅行 Many people are fond of travel. 很多人喜欢旅游。 一．选择适当的词填空 1.Tom regards Nanjing as his second　 　(family;house;home)because he has been here for over ten years.  2.Li Ling wants to be a singer.She thinks it’s an interesting　 　(work;job).  3.The　 　was that he gave me no chance to answer his　 　(question;problem).  4.At the foot of the hill,you could hear nothing but the　 　(voice;noise;sound)of the running water.  二.单项选择 1.—We can always find something good in a bad 　　　if we look for it.   —It’s so true. Let’s make full use of what comes.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A.situation　　 B.direction C.instruction　　 D.competition 2.Yuan Longping was a world-famous scientist. Because of his achievements, rice 　　　has been increased greatly.   A.population　　 B.contribution C.production　　 D.introduction 3.The landing of China’s rover(登陆车) Zhurong on Mars shows China has made great 　　　in space exploration. 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 A.progress　　 B.project C.product　　 D.protection 4.Mr. Huang was born in Nanjing, but Suqian has become his second 　　　.  A.family　　 B.house C.village　　 D.hometown 5.The boy has been missing for five days and his parents are worried about his 　　　.  A.attention　　 B.safety C.action　　 D.growth 三．词汇运用 1.So far, China has built nearly 600,000 cultural centers in 　　　　　. (村庄)  2.We need to increase our 　　　　　　(知识) of the history of the Communist Party of China.  3.Lulu’s best friend never gives up her 　　　(梦想)of being a teacher.   4.My daughter’s sweet 　　　(嗓音) always makes me relaxed.  5.I have made much more 　　　(进步) in Physics this term.  考点二　名词的数和格 一、名词的数 (一)可数名词的复数形式 1.名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词(Countable Nouns)与不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns),可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,名词复数形式构成的部分规则如下: 情况 构成方法 读音 例词 一般情况 加 在清辅音后读/s/ 在浊辅音和元音后读/z/ 在t后读/ts/ 在d后读/dz/ cake—cakes bag—bags student—students bed—beds 以-s,-x,-sh,-ch等结尾的词 加 读/ɪz/ bus—buses　box—boxes　watch—watches 以辅音字母加-y结尾的词 读/z/ baby—babies city—cities　country—countries lady—ladies 以元音字母加-y结尾的词 读/z/ toy—toys　monkey—monkeys 以f(fe)结尾的词 读/vz/ leaf—leaves　wolf—wolves　life—lives 以-ce,-se,-ze,-(d)ge等结尾的词 读/ɪz/ face—faces　orange—oranges 不规则变化 改变单数名词中的元音字母 读音改变 man— 　 woman— 　 foot— 　 tooth— 单复数形式相同 读音不变 fish—fish　sheep—sheep　deer—deer Chinese—Chinese　Japanese—Japanese 其他形式 /maʊs/—/maɪs/ mouse—mice 2.某国人变复数 (1)中国人Chinese→Chinese (2)英国人Englishman→Englishmen (3)阿拉伯人Arab→Arabs 可用口诀记忆这一点,即中日不变英法变,其余s加后面。 3.以-o结尾的名词,有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃西红柿土豆”。 Negro→ 　　　 hero→ tomato→ potato→ 而其他一般在词尾加-s。如:zoo→zoos radio→radios 4.复合名词前面的名词是man或woman,变复数时,构成复合名词的两个名词全都要变成复数形式;如果是其他词,变复数时,只需把后面的名词变成复数形式。 man teacher→ boy student 5.字母、数字、引语或缩略词语的复数形式是在其后加-’s或-s。 There are two fs in the word“office”.单词office里有两个f。 Many VIPs are coming to our city.许多重要人物将到我们市来。 6.有些以-f结尾的词直接加-s变成复数。 roof→roofs 屋顶　　　belief→beliefs 信仰 proof→proofs 证据 chief→chiefs 首领 一．用所给单词的正确形式填空 1.The doctor told me to eat more 　 　(fish)because it’s good for health.  2.Those you admire very much are called 　 　(hero).  3.How many 　 　(woman doctor)are there in the hospital?  4.Most of the tourists on the coach are 　 　(German),and only two of them are 　 　(Japanese).  (二)不可数名词的数量表达 1.概述:不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数来计算,没有词形变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。值得我们注意的是,英语名词的可数与不可数是一个语法概念,与实际生活中某件事物的可数与不可数并不完全一致。 2.表示方法:不可数名词需要计量时,用“数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,计量名词可以是单数也可以是复数,但of后的名词只用原形。如: a piece of paper一张纸 a drop of water一滴水 two cups of tea两杯茶 (三)注意 1.有些名词既是可数名词,又是不可数名词,但意义有所不同。 原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！7 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 work(工作)—a work(一部著作) glass(玻璃)—a glass(一个玻璃杯) paper(纸)—a paper(一份报纸/文件/试卷) tea(茶)—a tea(一杯茶) wood(木头)—a wood(一片树林) room(空间)—a room(一个房间) 2.有些名词虽以-s结尾,但它们不是复数。 physics物理,maths数学,politics政治,news新闻 3.“数词+名词(+形容词)”构成的复合形容词,中间的名词不能用复数形式,必须用单数形式。 She is a five-year-old girl.她是一个五岁的女孩。 (five-year-old不能说成five-years-old) a five-pound note 一张五英镑的纸币 a six-foot-deep hole 一个六英尺深的洞 a two-inch-thick dictionary 一本两英寸厚的字典 a 100-meter race一场百米赛跑 二、名词所有格 1.名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。有两种表示形式:一种是’s所有格,另一种是of所有格。 Beijing is China’s capital. Beijing is the capital of China.北京是中国的首都。 2.用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系,这时只在最后一个名词后加-’s。 This is Mary and her sister’s bedroom.这是玛丽和她姐姐的卧室。 Lily and Lucy’s mother is a nurse.莉莉和露西的妈妈是位护士。 用and连接两个并列名词,表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都在词尾加-’s表示所有关系。 These are Tom’s and Mary’s bags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。 Wei Hua’s and John’s licenses are missing.魏华和约翰的许可证都丢了。 3.以-s结尾的名词,在s后加-’;不以-s结尾的词在词尾加-’s。 教师节 Teachers’ Day　儿童节Children’s Day 4.of所有格常用来表示无生命的东西。 the door of the room房间的门 5.双重所有格有两种形式:①of+名词所有格;②of+名词性物主代词。 He is a friend of my brother’s.他是我哥哥的一个朋友。 Is she a daughter of yours?她是你的女儿吗? 注意　双重所有格和一般所有格的区别:a photo of John’s(照片属于John,但照片上的人不一定是John);a photo of John(照片上的人是John本人)。 6.表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常在名词后加上-’s代表全称。 at the doctor’s 在诊所 7.一些具有名词性质的复合不定代词,如someone,everybody等和else连用时,-’s应加在else后。 somebody else’s pencil别人的铅笔 8.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以在词尾加-􀆳s或-􀆳来构成所有格。 (1)用于时间two weeks’ time 两个星期的时间 (2)用于度量thirteen tons’ weight 13吨的重量 five hundred metres’ distance 五百米的距离 (3)用于价值a hundred yuan’s order一百元的订货单 a million pounds’ note一百万英镑的钞票 (4)用于天体the earth’s satellite地球卫星 (5)用于国家Belgium’s capital 比利时的首都 (6)用于城市Changchun’s agriculture 长春的农业 一．用所给单词的正确形式填空 ①I’ve got a toothache, so I need to go to the 　 　(dentist).  ②It’s not far from here. It’s only five 　 　 (minute)walk.  ③Yesterday I met a friend of my 　 　(father).  ④　 　(mother)Day is on the second Sunday of May every year.  二.单项选择 1.There are many 　　　teachers in this primary school.  A.woman　　 B.woman’s C.women　　 D.women’s 2.We see some 　　　rising into the air at the opening of our new library.  A.balloons　　 B.balloon　　 C.balloones 3.The pink hair band must belong to 　　　.  A.Linda’s　　 B.Linda　　 C.hers 4.Mr. Liu is a wise man, and he often gives us a few 　　　.  A.suggestions　　 B.advice C.hobbies　　 D.knowledge 5.On April 24, Xie Wenjun raced to gold in the 　　　110-meter hurdles at the Asian Athletics Championships in Qatar.  A.man　　 B.men C.men’s　　 D.mens’ 三.词汇运用 1.The wallpaper with cartoon patterns is ideal for my 　　　room. (son)  2.Over the years, Gong Bao Chicken has become one of the most popular 　　　(dish) in Chinese restaurants throughout the world.   3.　　　 (参观者) must show their health QR codes and check their temperature before they go into the museum.   4.Scientists have found that 　　　talk to each other all the time. Their language is a kind of chemical. (plant)  5.Have you read the report? Those 　　　　　　(英雄) stories really touched me deeply.  6.Mother’s cooking skills will not only satisfy our 　　　　　　(胃) but also our spirit.  7.Thomas Edison, one of the greatest 　　　　　　(invent) in the world, created over 1,000 things.   8.—Is this your umbrella? —No, it’s another 　　　　　　(visit).  一．名词的构词法 1.—The Government has taken action to stop water and air 　　　　(pollute).  —Yes. Clear waters and green hills are as good as mountains of gold and silver. 2.How many of you ever dreamed of becoming an 　　　　　　(invent)?  3.The little girl dreamt of becoming a good ballet 　　　(dance).   4.Chinese New Year is a 　　　marking the end of winter and the beginning of spring.(celebrate)  5.We are who we are today because of the 　　　　　　(choose) we made yesterday.  6.Surprisingly, my 12-year-old daughter is worried about her 　　　　　　(weigh).  7.My neighbour is a famous 　　　　　　(sing) and she often does charity work.  8.Wu Jing is a well-known 　　　　　　(direct). He is popular among film lovers.  9.The mother said goodbye with a smile, but her eyes couldn􀆳t hide her 　　　　　　(sad).  10.—I really hate myself for what I said to Mom the other day. —I know the 　　　　　　(feel). It’s awful, isn’t it?  二、词汇运用 1.Five soldiers have devoted themselves to protecting our motherland and we will remember these 　　　　　　(hero) names.   2.It is surprising that the rain didn’t make much 　　　　　　(different) to the game.  3.The girl’s sweet voice caught several well-known 　　　　　　(音乐家) attention.  4.—Whose handbags are these? —They are those managers’ 　　　　　　(wife).  5.I saw some 　　　　　　(德国人) and Englishmen dancing in the street the day before yesterday.  6.All the 　　　　　　(lead) names and numbers are on the list. You can call them one by one.   These days a video from the Beijing Wildlife Zoo has been going viral（走红).It shows a dog playing with lions and tigers four to five times its size! Is the dog in danger? Of course not. 1 Animals make friends with members of a different species(物种）. A zookeeper said that they raised the dog together with the lions and tigers when they were very young. 2 If you think this is too amazing, just remember that people have made friends with animals for a long time. 3 Maybe you have a pet yourself. There are some other stories of cross-species friends. At an animal center, a cat named Marina and a pig named Laura became friends after they came to the center. 4 They grew up in the wild(野外)without their mothers' care. They were close to each other and played happily together when they first met. Why can different species be friends? In the wild, animals are busy hunting for their food. They have to work hard to keep themselves safe and protect their families. 5 When they needn't do these things, animals will not have much to do. So it's possible for them to make friends with members of other species. A. They are a strange but loving family. B. It takes time and energy to take part in the activities. C. Both of them lived a hard life in the past. D. Actually, the dog and the big animals are friends. E. Some people keep animals like cats and dogs as pets. F. Animals are our friends. G. They like playing balls and enjoying the sunshine $$