Unit 3 Topic Talk & Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction-【高中必刷题】2024-2025学年新教材高中英语选择性必修第一册同步课件（北师大版2019）

英语 选择性必修 第一册 BS 1 选择性必修第一册 Unit 3 Conservation 2 01 Topic Talk & Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction Part Ⅰ Vocabulary & Grammar 3 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 1.It is of great ________ （urgent） to find out the main cause of the accident. urgency 解析 句意为：查明事故的主要起因是十分紧迫的事情。“be of+抽象名词”为固定结构，常用来表明事物的特点或特征，其含义相当于对应的形容词含义，即be of great urgency与be very urgent含义相同。故填urgency。 2.Human activities are very likely to cause the next mass __________ （extinct）. extinction 解析 句意为：人类活动非常有可能引起下一次大规模的物种灭绝。设空处作cause的宾语，根据语境可知应填名词extinction。 3.The society was set up to preserve ___________ （endanger） species from dying out. endangered 解析 句意为：成立这个协会是为了保护濒危物种不致灭绝。设空处修饰其后面的名词species，应用形容词作定语，故填endangered。 刷单句填空 4 4.The little girl was __________ （incredible） excited to see her birthday gift. incredibly 解析 句意为：看到自己的生日礼物时，这个小女孩极其激动。设空处修饰形容词excited，应用副词作状语，描述激动的程度。 5.The tour into history facts is so ___________ （information） and entertaining that it inspires me a lot. informative 解析 句意为：这次历史之旅如此丰富且有趣，给了我很多启发。分析句子成分可知，设空处与entertaining并列，作表语，应用形容词。故填informative。 刷单句填空 5 6.Two people were arrested yesterday at a Paris airport for bringing animals into Europe from South America ________ （legal）. illegally 解析 句意为：昨天，两名从南美洲非法携带动物进入欧洲的人在巴黎的一个机场被捕。设空处应用副词作状语，修饰动名词短语bringing animals into Europe from South America。根据语境可知，此处表示“非法地”，故填illegally。 7.All of these human activities pose a real threat ___ the hummingbird population. to 解析 句意为：所有这些人类的活动都对蜂鸟的数量构成了真正的威胁。pose a threat to… 为固定搭配，意为“对……构成威胁”，故填to。 8.It is not unusual that an increasing number of species are being wiped ____ on Earth. out 解析 句意为：越来越多的物种正在从地球上消失，这并不罕见。wipe out为固定搭配，意为“彻底毁灭”，此处为其被动形式。故填out。 刷单句填空 6 9.It is predicted that the number of the disabled will be ____ the decrease if a series of prevention policies are carried out. on 解析 句意为：据预测，如果一系列预防政策被实施的话，残疾人的数量将会减少。on the decrease为固定搭配，意为“减少；下降”。故填on。 10.Many young people, most of _______ were well-educated, headed for other regions to chase their dreams. whom 解析 句意为：很多年轻人，其中大部分是受过良好教育的，前往其他地区去追逐自己的梦想。分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句。在“代词+介词+关系代词”结构中，如果修饰的先行词指人时，使用关系代词whom；如果修饰的先行词指物时，使用关系代词which。句中的先行词为young people，故应用whom。 刷单句填空 7 根据提示补全句子。 1.我们不能简单地以破坏我们仅有的栖息地为代价，来寻求工业发展中的高利润。（名词risk） We can’t simply seek high profits from industrial development ___ ____ _____ ___ damaging our only living habitat. at the risk of 2.显然，人类活动应为日益恶化的生态系统负责。（blame） Evidently, human activities ____ ___ _______ ____ the increasingly worsened ecological system. 3.很多珍稀物种都面临着灭绝的威胁。（die） Many rare species are _______ ____ ______ ___ ______ ____. are to blame for facing the threat of dying out 4.我们每个人在环境保护中都有自己的作用，都可以为世界带来改变。（role; play） Every single one of us ____ ___ _____ ___ _____ ___ the career of conservation and can make a difference to the world. has a role to play in 刷单句表达 8 5.新的调查显示，我市高峰期的交通拥堵状况是非高峰期的三倍。（倍数表达法） According to new research, in our city, the traffic in the rush hour is ______ ______ ________ _____ normal. three times heavier than 6.如果不立即采取有效的措施，我们将不得不面临不可避免的损失。（虚拟语气） Without immediate and efficient measures taken, we _______ _____ ___ _____ the unavoidable damage. would have to face 刷单句表达 9 在空白处填入1个适当的单词。 1.But for all its ancient buildings, Beijing is also a place __________ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life…[全国乙2023] that/which 解析 句意为：除了它的古建筑外，北京也是一个欢迎现代生活快节奏发展的地方…… 分析句子结构可知，____ welcomes the fast-paced development of modern life是定语从句，修饰先行词place，关系词在定语从句中作主语，所以应用关系代词；先行词指物，关系词应用that或which。故填that/which。 刷单元语法 10 2.There was once a town in the heart of America _______ all life seemed to enjoy peaceful co-existence with its surroundings.[全国甲2023·改编] where 解析 句意为：从前在美国的中心地带有一个小镇，那里的万物似乎都与其四周的环境和平共处。分析句子结构可知，设空处前后都是完整的句子；设空处后的句子修饰限定前面的town，应是定语从句，先行词town指地点，关系词在从句中作地点状语，所以应用关系副词where引导该从句。故填where。 刷单元语法 11 【方法点拨】当先行词是地点名词时，使用关系代词还是关系副词关键是看关系词在定语从句中作的成分。 （1）如果先行词可以直接代入定语从句，且代入后在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语，则用关系代词。如：This is the city (which/that) you visited last year.中定语从句所修饰的先行词是the city；将先行词代入定语从句you visited last year中，它直接充当visited的宾语，变为：you visited the city last year。 （2）如果先行词无法直接代入定语从句，必须另外加上介词，且代入后在定语从句中充当状语，则使用关系副词。如：This is the city where you stayed last year.中定语从句所修饰的先行词也是the city；将先行词代入定语从句中，它不能直接充当成分，必须加上介词in，一起作从句的地点状语，变为：you stayed in the city last year。 刷单元语法 12 3.The reason _____ I love music is that the piece of music named Fate Symphony by Beethoven has inspired me a lot to move on when I am in difficulty. why 解析 句意为：我之所以喜欢音乐，是因为贝多芬的《命运交响曲》这首音乐在我遇到困难的时候给了我很多鼓励，让我继续前进。分析句子结构可知，设空处在句中引导定语从句，修饰名词reason，设空处在句中作原因状语，故用why引导该从句。 4.I can introduce Chinese painting skills to visitors, _______ can help them know more about Chinese culture. which 解析 句意为：我可以介绍中国绘画技巧给游客，这能帮助他们更多地了解中国文化。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面整个主句，即“介绍中国绘画技巧给游客”这件事，定语从句缺少主语，故填which。 刷单元语法 13 5.In history, Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games is the first Games _______ all venues （场地） are powered by clean energy. where 解析 句意为：在历史上，2022年北京冬奥会是第一届所有场馆都由清洁能源供电的奥运会。本题考查定语从句，先行词为Games，属于抽象地点，从句不缺成分，故填where。 6.The way _____ you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions.[全国甲2022·改编] that 解析 句意为：你拿筷子的方式对于避免惹恼你的同伴很重要。本题考查定语从句，先行词为The way，表示“方式，方法”，后面的定语从句不缺成分则可以用that或in which来引导，也可以省去关系词，故此处填that。 刷单元语法 14 7.In 1961 the UN set up the World Food Programme, one of _______ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation. whose 解析 句意为：1961年，联合国成立了世界粮食计划署，其目的之一是缓解世界范围内的饥荒。分析句子结构可知，逗号后面的部分为非限制性定语从句，先行词为the World Food Programme，关系词指代先行词，在从句中作purposes的定语，表示所属关系，应用关系代词whose引导该从句，意为“世界粮食计划署的目的之一”。故填whose。 8.Our school offers a variety of out-of-class activities, ________ which we all benefit a lot. from/by 解析 句意为：我们学校提供各种各样的课外活动，我们都从中受益匪浅。本句含有将介词提前的定语从句，由固定搭配benefit from/by… 可知，设空处应用介词from或by。 刷单元语法 15 9.The National Half Marathon, _______ popularity is growing much stronger, has become our annual sport gala. whose 解析 句意为：全国半程马拉松已经成为我们一年一度的体育盛会，其受欢迎程度越来越高。分析句子结构可知，此处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词指代先行词The National Half Marathon，在从句中作定语，故填whose。 10.____ it suggests, in baseball this means that a batter is out after making three unsuccessful attempts to hit the ball. As 解析 句意为：正如它所暗示的，在棒球运动中这意味着击球手在三次击球尝试失败后出局。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，指代后面的整个主句，在从句中作宾语，表示“正如”，所以应用as来引导该从句；设空处位于句首，首字母应大写，故填As。 刷单元语法 16 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 In the last 500 million years, there have been five mass extinctions in which all species were almost completely wiped out in Earth’s history. There are 1. . （vary） reasons for extinctions, volcano eruptions, climate change and asteroids hitting the Earth 2. . （include）. According to the scientists, it is very likely that the sixth mass extinction is around the corner, 3. . is attributed to human activities instead of those normal natural causes. What’s 4. . （bad）, the speed of extinction caused by human activities is 1,000 times faster than normal. Generally speaking, human activities vary from overfishing 5. . factory farming. With a sixth mass extinction 6. . （occur）, more than three quarters of all species 7. . （expect） to disappear altogether. As 8. . result, the survival will be put at risk without water, air, forests and other basic living resources. varied/various included which worse to occurring are expected a 刷课文改编填空 17 9. . （fortunate）, there are many efficient and immediate steps we can take to avoid the extinction before it is too late, like setting up natural preserve areas for wild animals. We also need to develop greener and more natural resources. In 10. . （conclude）, small changes make a big difference. Fortunately conclusion 刷课文改编填空 18 1._____________ varied/various 解析 设空处应用形容词作定语，修饰reasons，可填varied，意为“各种各样的；形形色色的”，也可填various，意为“各种各样的；各种不同的”。 2._________ included 解析 分析句子结构可知，此处为独立主格结构，独立主格的逻辑主语为名词短语和动名词复合结构，此处表示“包括在内的”，应填过去分词included。 3._______ which 解析 分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为the sixth mass extinction，引导词在从句中作主语，应用关系代词which引导该从句。 4.______ worse 解析 what’s worse为固定表达，意为“更糟糕的是”，在句中作状语。 刷课文改编填空 19 5.___ to 解析 from… to… 为固定搭配，意为“从……到……”。 6._________ occurring 解析 设空处所在部分为“with+宾语+宾补”结构，该部分在句中作状语。With后的宾语a sixth mass extinction和动词occur之间为逻辑上的主动关系，故使用其现在分词形式。 7.____________ are expected 解析 分析句子成分可知，句中缺少谓语；根据上下文时态和语境可知，应使用一般现在时的被动语态，表示“预计”。 8.___ a 解析 as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果；因此”。 9.___________ Fortunately 解析 此处为副词作评注性状语，表明看法。 10.__________ conclusion 解析 in conclusion为固定搭配，意为“总而言之”。 刷课文改编填空 20 01 Topic Talk & Lesson 1 The Sixth Extinction Part Ⅱ 拓展阅读训练 21 A [全国新课标Ⅰ2023] When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making. After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria（细菌）? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals?With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine. 刷阅读理解 22 The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge（污泥）. First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge. He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water. Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage（污水）from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China. “Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.” 刷阅读理解 23 【语篇导读】本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了约翰·托德从小就喜欢探索大自然，观察其如何解决问题，后来他从中受到启发创造了“生态机器”，助力大自然的环境修复。 1.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?( ) C A.He was fond of traveling. B.He enjoyed being alone. C.He had an inquiring mind. D.He longed to be a doctor. 解析 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.和第二段第一句… John went back to observing nature and asking questions.以及第二段约翰提出的两个问题可知，约翰是一个有好奇心、爱探索的人。故选C项。 刷阅读理解 24 2.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?( ) D A.To feed the animals. B.To build an ecosystem. C.To protect the plants. D.To test the eco-machine. 解析 细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句可知，约翰认为将动物和植物正确组合，也许就能像大自然那样清理垃圾，所以他决定制作“生态机器”。第三段首句点明了约翰的目的，即要去除污泥中的有害物质，其余几句说明了实验过程，即他用池塘和小溪里的动植物建成了一个小型生态缸，待缸内生态系统形成后，他放进污泥以查看此生态系统是否和现实环境一样，可以自我修复；根据第四段内容可知，他的实验成功了。由此可知，他放进污泥是为了检验其制作的“生态机器”。故选D项。 【方法总结】做阅读理解题时要树立语篇意识 有些题目虽然是细节理解题，但不能因为细节而忽略整体的结构。在做题时，一定要树立语篇意识，哪怕是细节理解题，答案的出处也未必就是一句话或只在某一个段落，而是要理解文章的内核，联系上下文进行理解。例如本题须结合二、三、四段才能得出答案。 刷阅读理解 25 【方法总结】做阅读理解题时要树立语篇意识 有些题目虽然是细节理解题，但不能因为细节而忽略整体的结构。在做题时，一定要树立语篇意识，哪怕是细节理解题，答案的出处也未必就是一句话或只在某一个段落，而是要理解文章的内核，联系上下文进行理解。例如本题须结合二、三、四段才能得出答案。 刷阅读理解 26 3.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?( ) B A.To review John’s research plans. B.To show an application of John’s idea. C.To compare John’s different jobs. D.To erase doubts about John’s invention. 解析 推理判断题。根据题干中的关键词Fuzhou可定位到文章第五段，根据第五段第一句Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs.及下文的例子可知，作者提到福州是为了举例说明约翰关于“生态设计”这一想法的应用。故选B项。 刷阅读理解 27 4.What is the basis for John’s work?( ) A A.Nature can repair itself. B.Organisms need water to survive. C.Life on Earth is diverse. D.Most tiny creatures live in groups. 解析 细节理解题。根据第一段第二、三句A dirty stream… When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.及最后一段中的Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.可知，约翰的“生态设计”的基础是大自然可以自我修复。故选A项。 刷阅读理解 28 熟词生义 spare 熟义：adj. 空闲的 生义：adj. 备用的；多余的 构词法 eco- prefix 与环境相关的；生态的 eco-machine n. 生态机器 刷阅读理解 29 B [福建师大附中2024高二期中] Coral reefs（珊瑚礁）are filled with a diverse range of fish. Some fish are more beautiful to humans than others, and many people firmly believe that beautiful fish deserve more conservation than the uglier species. Is the “firm belief” true? You can get the answer from a new paper published in the journal PLOS Biology. Researchers showed 481 photographs of ray-finned reef fish to 13,000 members of the public. With that data, they then trained a computer model to generate predictions for additional 4,400 photographs of 2,417 of the most common reef fish species. They next compared the aesthetic rating（美学等级）of each species with other characteristics, including evolutionary history, distinctiveness from other fish, conservation status and importance to fisheries. 刷阅读理解 30 After analysing the numbers, researchers found that the fish humans rated as the most beautiful tended to be less ecologically and evolutionarily distinct. Prettier fish were also more likely to be listed as species of “least concern” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. On the contrary, the fish that humans found to be the least attractive were the most ecologically and evolutionarily distinct, and they were more likely to be listed as “threatened” on the IUCN Red List. Unattractive species also tended to be more important to commercial fisheries, which put them at higher risk for overfishing. 刷阅读理解 31 “The less attractive species have the highest ecological distinctiveness, and thus provide the highest diversity of ecological functions,” the researchers write in the paper. “We need to pay more attention to the extinction risk of the less attractive fish species, or that might have overlooked effects on reef ecosystem functioning.” “Therefore, to minimise the impact of aesthetic biases, scientists, conservation groups and policymakers may need to change how they communicate about wildlife,” the researchers write. “Making people more aware of the roles uglier fish play in reef ecosystems could help them gain more support.” 刷阅读理解 32 【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。研究发现外表相对丑陋的鱼在生态和进化方面是独特的，它们也更有可能受到威胁。因此，它们更需要受到保护。 1.What did the researchers do for their research?( ) D A.They rated all the photos on their own. B.They hunted for reef fish in coral reefs. C.They stayed underwater to monitor fish. D.They used a computer to predict ratings. 解析 细节理解题。根据第二段中的With that data, they then trained a computer model to generate predictions for additional 4,400 photographs of 2,417 of the most common reef fish species.可知，研究人员利用电脑进行了等级预测。故选D项。 刷阅读理解 33 2.What does the researchers’ analysis suggest?( ) C A.The research is a failure. B.Fish’s role in nature is equal. C.The “firm belief” isn’t true. D.Uglier fish are less important. 解析 推理判断题。根据第一段中的Some fish are more beautiful to humans than others, and many people firmly believe that beautiful fish deserve more conservation than the uglier species.Is the “firm belief” true? 及第四段内容可知，人们通常认为美丽的鱼应该受到更多保护，但是研究表明并非如此。由此可推断，研究人员的分析表明这个“坚定的观点”并不对。故选C项。 刷阅读理解 34 3.What is the researchers’ advice?( ) D A.Building natural reserves worldwide for uglier fish. B.Making an attempt to raise people’s aesthetic levels. C.Raising awareness about the appearance of uglier fish. D.Educating people on uglier fish’s ecological importance. 解析 细节理解题。根据最后一段中的“Making people more aware of the roles uglier fish play in reef ecosystems could help them gain more support.”可知，研究者们建议提高人们的意识，即意识到外表相对丑陋的鱼对生态的重要性。故选D项。 刷阅读理解 35 4.What might be the best title for the text?( ) C A.Uglier Fish Are Facing Extinction B.Coral Reefs Rely on Various Fish C.Uglier Fish Need More Protection D.Aesthetic Biases Put Reef Fish in Danger 解析 主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是文章第一段和第四段可知，文章说明外表相对丑陋的鱼更需要保护。C项（更丑的鱼需要更多的保护）最适合作为文章标题。故选C项。 刷阅读理解 36 进阶词汇 1.evolutionary adj. 进化的；演变的 2.distinctiveness n. 独特；特别之处 构词法 over- prefix 太；过于；完全地 overfishing n. 过度捕捞 刷阅读理解 37 [浙江温州十校联合体2023高二期中] Climate change has increased average temperatures by 1<m></m> over the past century, making heat waves more frequent and intense than those at any point in recorded history. 1.. . . . A study published in the journal Nature Climate Change found global warming responsible for 37 percent of heat-related deaths between 1991 and 2018. The following is what happens if you’re the next to be killed. First, your brain sends a series of messages to your sweat glands（汗腺）telling them to increase sweat production. Then your heart starts beating faster to pump blood to the skin while blood flow is directed away from important organs like your liver, kidneys and guts（肠道）. 2.. . . . If heatstroke occurs, your body might get hot and direct so much oxygen-rich blood to the skin that it suffocates（把……闷死）vital internal organs. If your body fails to cool you down, its internal temperature might start to climb from a normal level to about 40<m></m>. 3. . . . You may feel it start as a dull headache. Before long, you might lose consciousness. Your brain might begin to swell. 刷7选5 38 While you struggle to stay awake and avoid dizzying confusion, the excessive internal heat is damaging your gut, thus causing an inflammatory （炎症的） response. 4.. . . . That’s just part of what we know about how extreme heat kills you. 5.. . . . .. . A lot of what we know comes from studies on animal models, like mice and rats, or from examinations of people dying of heatstroke. A.At that temperature, your brain becomes affected. B.As the heat rises quickly, so does the number of deaths. C.As temperatures tick ever higher, that figure may well rise. D.That’s because we can’t study it in humans in the laboratory. E.Surviving the organ failure might require an emergency transplant. F.Sometimes, that alone is enough to create problems for a weak or ageing heart. G.If left untreated, what follows is a flood of organ failure that leads to your death. 刷7选5 39 【语篇导读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了极端高温导致人类生病或死亡的过程。 1.___ B 解析 根据后文的A study published in the journal Nature Climate Change found global warming responsible for 37 percent of heat-related deaths between 1991 and 2018.可知，前文应该强调的是热浪造成死亡，即两者之间的正相关关系。B项引起下文，符合语境。故选B项。 2.___ F 解析 根据前文的Then your heart starts beating faster to pump blood to the skin while blood flow is directed away from important organs like your liver, kidneys and guts.可知，此处从热浪对身体各个器官产生影响的机理入手，对热浪如何会造成死亡进行分析，由此可知，后文应阐述该消极影响所产生的后果，故F项符合语境。其中，F项中的that指代前文内容。故选F项。 刷7选5 40 3.___ A 解析 前文的If your body fails to cool you down, its internal temperature might start to climb from a normal level to about 40<m></m>.提到身体内部温度可能会从正常水平攀升到40摄氏度左右，A项指出身体内部发生这样的温度变化，大脑开始受到影响。A项中的that temperature即前文中的40<m></m>。故选A项。 4.___ G 解析 根据前文内容可知，第一段介绍了极端的炎热会使人死亡；从第二段开始，文章介绍了极端炎热导致人死亡的过程；再根据本段中的While you struggle to stay awake and avoid dizzying confusion, the excessive internal heat is damaging your gut, thus causing an inflammatory response.可知，本段介绍的是体内温度过高会损伤肠道，继而引发炎症反应。G项（如果得不到治疗，随之而来的就是许多脏器衰竭，最终导致死亡）承接上文，符合语境。故选G项。 刷7选5 41 5.___ D 解析 根据上文的That’s just part of what we know about how extreme heat kills you.可知，关于极端高温如何会造成人类死亡这一问题，我们仅仅知道其中的一部分内容，后文说这是因为我们所获得的很多信息都来自对动物模型的研究，因为我们不能在实验室环境下对人类机体本身进行研究，D项解释了原因，承上启下，符合语境。故选D项。 刷7选5 42 核心词汇 intense adj. 强烈的；剧烈的；紧张的 进阶词汇 1.consciousness n. 神志清醒；意识；观念 2.swell vi. 肿胀；膨胀 刷7选5 43 $$