Unit 6 Section Ⅱ Using language—Grammar（Word教参）-【优化指导】2023-2024学年新教材高中英语必修第三册（外研版2019）

Section Ⅱ　Using language—Grammar 省略 [对应学生用书P155] [观察] 1．It's just typical that my journey is on one of the oldest lines, as well as one of the deepest. 2．My office is only on the third floor of the building, so quite low. [归纳] 为了避免重复，或为了使语言简洁明了，突出重点或使上下文紧密相连，在一些句子中常常省去某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变，这种语法现象在英语中叫省略。 [对应学生用书P155] 在英语句子中，常见的省略情况有以下几种： 1．省略主语 一般情况下，主语是不能省略的，但在祈使句或其他不容易引起歧义的情况下，特别是在口语中，主语常常省略，主要是祈使句中的you和疑问句中的主语。 (You) Shut up! 住嘴！ (You) Want a hand? 需要帮忙吗？ (I) Beg your pardon. 请再说一遍。 (It) Doesn't matter. 没关系。 2．省略宾语 当上、下或前后两个句子的宾语一致时，下句或后句常省略宾语。 —Do you know Miss Gao? ——你认识高女士吗？ —I don't know (her). ——不认识。 3．省略主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分) 在某些具体的场合下，主语和谓语都很明确，此时为了简化或显得亲切等，可将主语和谓语(或谓语的一部分)同时省略，只剩下表语、宾语、状语或其他成分。 (You come) This way, please. 请这边走。(省略了主语和谓语) (Have you) Got any ink? 你有墨水吗？(省略了主语和谓语的一部分) 名词所有格修饰的名词在表示店铺、住宅、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时经常被省略。 I met him at the doctor's (office). 我在诊所见到过他。 在由and或but连接的并列句中，常省略一些重复的词或词组。 1．省略共同的主语或宾语 当后文的主语或宾语与前文相同时，可以省略后文中与前文共同的主语或宾语。 Tom picked up a book on the floor and (Tom) handed it to his teacher. 汤姆在地板上捡起了一本书并把它交给了老师。 2．省略系动词、助动词或情态动词 若主语不同，而谓语部分的系动词、助动词或情态动词相同，则省略后文的系动词、助动词或情态动词。 Jack must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework. 杰克肯定一直在踢足球，玛丽肯定一直在做作业。 3．省略主谓成分 当后文的主语和谓语动词均与前文相同时，则省略后文的主谓成分。 His advice made me happy, but (his advice made) Jim angry. 他的建议使我高兴，却使吉姆生气。 4．省略主要动词及后续部分 若主语不同，但主要动词及后续部分相同，则省略主要动词及后续部分。 He has a knowledge of first aid but his friend doesn't (have a knowledge of first aid). 他了解急救知识，但他的朋友不了解。 1．状语从句的省略 (1)在when，while，if，as if，though，although，as，until，once，whether，unless，whenever等连接的状语从句中，当从句主语跟主句的主语相同且从句谓语中含有系动词be或从句的主语为it时，则从句中主语和be动词常被省略。 Wood gives off much smoke while (it is) burning. 木头燃烧时会产生很多烟。 Whenever (it is) possible, they would stop him and ask him the three questions. 只要有可能，他们就让他停下并问他这三个问题。 When (it is) heated, ice can be turned into water. 加热的时候冰可以变成水。 Will you be free this Sunday? If (it is) so, let's go camping. 这个周日你有空吗？如果有，我们去野餐吧。 ①省略句中的谓语动词和主语之间构成主动关系，则动词使用现在分词；若构成被动关系，则使用过去分词；若谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则使用不定式。 ②并非所有的状语从句都可以省略主语和be动词，由after, before, because等词引导的状语从句一般要改写成介词短语。 Because he was ill, he didn't attend the meeting. →Because of being ill, he didn't attend the meeting. (√) →Being ill, he didn't attend the meeting. (√) →Because ill, he didn't attend the meeting. (×) 由于生病了，他没有出席会议。 (2)在than，as等引导的比较状语从句中常省略某些成分。 They don't use more water than (it is) necessary. 他们使用的水没有超出需要量。 He runs as fast as Bob (runs). 他和鲍勃跑得一样快。 2．定语从句的省略 (1)在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词whom，which，that可省略(但whom，which紧跟在介词后时不能省略)。 The exact year (which/that) Angela and her family spent together in China was 2008. 安吉拉和她的家人一起在中国度过的那一年是2008年。 (2)修饰way的关系词that/in which可以省略。 The way (that/in which) he speaks to us is really annoying. 他跟我们讲话的方式真是让人讨厌。 3．宾语从句的省略 (1)及物动词后接宾语从句时，连接词that一般可以省略；但如果及物动词接两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句，那么只有第一个that可以省略。 I truly believe (that) beauty comes from within. 我真的相信美丽源自内在。 He said (that) the text was very important and that we should learn it by heart. 他说这篇课文很重要，我们应该牢记在心。 (2)when，where，how和why引导的宾语从句有时可以仅保留引导词。 I know that a movie star will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city). 我知道一个电影明星将要来我们市，但我不知道他什么时候来。 1．动词不定式的省略 (1)当不定式在形容词afraid，anxious，eager，glad，happy，ready，willing等后作状语时，to后的内容常省略。 You can't force him to answer the question if he's not ready to (answer the question). 如果他不愿意回答这个问题，你不能强迫他。 (2)某些使役动词，如make，let，have等和感官动词，如see，watch，notice，observe，hear等后面作宾语补足语的不定式须省略to，但若这些动词用于被动语态，则to不省略。 We often hear her sing English songs in the classroom. She is often heard to sing English songs in the classroom. (被动语态) 我们经常听见她在教室唱英文歌。 (3)并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符号to。但当两个不定式之间表示对比关系时，不能省略to。 He believes it is the most important to study rather than to make friends. (比较) 他认为最重要的是学习而不是交朋友。 (4)当不定式短语在某些动词后作宾语时，常可省略to后的内容。常见的动词有agree，afford，expect，forget，hope，know，manage，pretend，remember，refuse，want，wish，would like等。 I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you). 我愿意为你做这件事，但是我不知道怎么去做。 (5)介词but，except (除了) 前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后面的不定式不带to。 All he could do was nothing but wait. 他所能做的只有等着。 (6)当不定式在be going to，be able to，have to，ought to，used to后作复合谓语时，to后的内容可省略。 They didn't visit their parents as much as they ought to (visit their parents). 他们应该多看望父母，但他们没有。 省略的不定式内容若含有作助动词用的have或be的任何形式时，to后要保留原形的have或be。类似这样用的有动词短语ought to，be going to，be about to，be supposed to，have to，used to及形容词glad，happy，pleased，delighted等。 He didn't come, but he ought to have (come). 他没来，但他应该来。 —Are you a farmer? ——你是一个农民吗？ —No, but I used to be (a farmer). ——不是，但我过去是。 2．使用so，not等时的省略 可以用so，not或其他方式来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。 —Can you finish your work today? ——你今天能完成工作吗？ —I think so./I don't think so./I think not. ——我认为能。/我认为不能。 hope，guess，be afraid的否定形式只能用not的形式，不能用not ...so的形式。 3．介词的省略 (1)一些与动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常常可以省略，而保留介词后的动名词。常见的结构有： ①have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth. ②be busy (in) doing sth. ③spend some time (in) doing sth. ④stop/prevent sb. (from) doing sth. The heavy rain prevented him (from) arriving there on time. 大雨使得他没能按时到达那里。 (2)表示时间的介词at，on和in在next，last，this，these，yesterday，tomorrow，one，any，every，each，some等词之前时，一般省略。 We go to school (on) every day except Saturdays and Sundays. 除周六和周日外，我们每天都上学。 [对应学生用书P158] 1．(You) Come in, please! 2．John is a lawyer, and his wife (is) a teacher. 3．You'd better look out when (you are) crossing the street. 4．He is the man (who/whom/that) you can depend on. 5．The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother did not allow him to (play football in the street). 6．It shows (that) a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference. 7．What a wonderful victory (it is) for Tom! 8．How beautiful (it is) to be treated like a child! 9．To avoid making another mistake, spend time (in) doing research on other majors. 10．The car (which/that) his father gave him as a birthday present was stolen. 1．You have a seat, please! →Have a seat, please! 2．He gave up drinking several months, but he returned to his old way later. →He gave up drinking several months, but returned to his old way later. 3．My friend didn't come to school. I wonder why he didn't come to school. →My friend didn't come to school. I wonder why． 4．When I surfed the Internet, I downloaded the film. →When surfing the Internet, I downloaded the film. 5．The winters in Hangzhou are not so mild as they are in Guangzhou. →The winters in Hangzhou are not so mild as in Guangzhou． 6．Among the many dangers which sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. →Among the many dangers sailors have to face, probably the greatest of all is fog. 7．Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt that he could have expressed it differently. →Jerry did not regret giving the comment but felt he could have expressed it differently. 8．I have some trouble in learning English. →I have some trouble learning English. 9．The child wanted to go swimming, but her mother told her not to go swimming. →The child wanted to go swimming, but her mother told her not to． 1．我们在玛丽家度过了周末。 We spent the weekend at Mary's. 2．他摇摇头好像要说“不”。 He shook his head as if to say “no”． 3．如果是这样，我希望你玩得开心。 If so, I hope you will have a wonderful time. 4．在北京时，我参观了颐和园。 While in Beijing, I paid a visit to the Summer Palace. 5．他给了和以前一样的答案。 He gave the same answer as before. 学科网（北京）股份有限公司 $$