2024届高三英语一轮复习阅读文体专项训练3：说明文
四选一阅读文体专项训练3 说明文
A
(2023·湖南邵阳一模)
Schoolchildren across the United Kingdom will learn how to prevent loneliness.In January,2018，British Prime Minister Theresa May appointed the first “minister of loneliness”．Her administration released an 84-page plan detailing the actions it would take to prevent loneliness.Starting in primary school，students will have lessons in “relationships education”．
The Brigham Young University psychologist Julianne Holt-Lunstad，one of the foremost scholars on loneliness in the United States，warns that the U．S.has a significant loneliness problem of its own and that schools desperately need to follow the U．K.’s lead and include preventive measures into their lessons.
Indeed，according to a recent report by the health care company Cigna，nearly half of adults in the U．S.reported feeling alone.Marriage rates and religious participation rates are also dropping and both are risk factors for social isolation and loneliness.The prevalence(普遍) of loneliness seems to be especially acute among young adults.One study found that Americans aged 21 to 30 reported feeling lonely twice as many days as adults aged 50 to 70.Studies suggest loneliness results in a variety of health issues，such as decreased immunity to viral infections，poor sleep，and cardiovascular(心血管的) issues.
The ideal school curriculum(课程) for teaching loneliness prevention would target social isolation as well as the cognitive processes that make people feel lonely.“Recognizing that it’s something that we need to take seriously for our health is a primary and critical step，” Holt-Lunstad says.She advocates for a sort of “social education” that would be put into existing health-education curriculum to teach students how to build and maintain friendships and relationships.
1．How does Holt-Lunstad find the loneliness problem in the United States?
A．It is not serious and easy to deal with.
B．It is serious and needs measures to control.
C．It is not as serious as in the United Kingdom.
D．It is more serious than it is in the United Kingdom.
2．What does the underlined word “acute” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A．Popular. B．Average.
C．Severe. D．Frequent.
3．What result may loneliness cause?
A．Poor sleep.
B．Higher religious participation rates.
C．Lower marriage rates.
D．Increased immunity to viral infections.
4．What is the best title for the text?
A．Finding the Cause of Loneliness
B．Learning to Fight Loneliness at School
C．Loneliness—the Cause of Many Health Problems
D．Loneliness—a Serious Problem in Modern Society
B
(2023·山东烟台一模)
A good conversation should proceed like a tennis match：players each take turns responding，knowing instinctively(本能地) when to speak and when to listen.This kind of complicated and back-and-forth talk is often considered to be possessed only by humans.However，according to a recent study，animals also seem to know when to speak and when to listen.
The study involved over 300 animals including birds，mammals(哺乳动物)，insects，and frogs which practice turn-taking behavior.These animals alternate their call and response in a similar way humans communicate.Monkeys，for example，often exchange calls to locate each other in the wild and figure out whether they know one another.
While forms of communication are mostly sound-based，several species have more creative forms of viewable communication.Baby monkeys let their parents know they want to be carried with arm gestures，while birds，insects and frogs can get their messages across through colorful displays.
Kobin Kendrick，the main co-author on the study，says that making comparisons among animals that take turns when communicating can give us a better understanding of how this feature evolved in humans and our ancestors.“We know very little about the evolution and origin of the human language，so any possibility of gaining insight into it is worth going after，” he says.
Additionally，while the idea of turn-taking might bring to mind a picture of orderly，well-mannered animals，Kendrick stresses that this isn’t always the case.Owl(猫头鹰) chicks may try to outdo each other by making louder sounds in an effort to attract favor from their mothers during feeding.“This can be seen as an exception to the rule，highlighting the importance of turn-taking in general，” says Kendrick.
One problem with the study is that researchers themselves don’t know how to communicate with others outside their particular species of interest.Kendrick stresses another goal of the study is
to create a wider framework that can bring together all the different researches on turn-taking，allowing scientists to conduct more cross-species comparisons.“We all believe strongly these fields can benefit from each other，and we hope the study will drive more crosstalk between humans and animals in the future，” says Kendrick.
5．What can we learn about the turn-taking behavior?
A．It is a unique human quality.
B．It is an acquired athletic skill.
C．It occurs between familiar relations.
D．It features complexity and interaction.
6．Which of the following is a form of visual intercommunication?
A．Frogs show skin colors.
B．Bees release smells.
C．Eagles scream in the sky.
D．Monkeys exchange calls.
7．Why are “owl chicks” mentioned in paragraph 5?
A．To propose a definition.
B．To give a contrast.
C．To present an argument.
D．To make a prediction.
8．What aspect of research does the last paragraph highlight?
A．Research budget.
B．Research range.
C．Research frequency.
D．Research background.
C
(2023·江苏南京二模)
Cars powered by batteries made from seawater and planes fueled by ammonia(氨) will become common over the next 10 years，Bill David，a professor of materials chemistry has predicted.
Most batteries for electric cars and smartphones are powered by lithium(锂)，which has to be mined，but David thinks that they will be overtaken by batteries made from sodium(钠)，which can be obtained from seawater and salt.The future of air travel could also be greener thanks to biofuels.
David said，“We are developing an ammonia-based plane.In principle，we can improve on an Airbus A320 or a Boeing 787 and essentially replace jet fuel with ammonia.”